Respect or courtesy can be expressed in various ways depending on the culture prevalent in the country or region.

Culture contributes to the uniqueness of a certain group of people or country/region.

Culture:
 is a set of commonly shared standards that models the perception of people about how other people
should act or look like
 gives identity to a particular group of people which makes them distinct from other groups of people

CULTURE

 is a merged set of learned behaviors, beliefs, and characteristics

 is passed down from one generation to another within a certain group of people
 is a set of commonly shared standards that models the perception of people about how other
people should act or look like
 guides people on what to do and what not to do or what is “right” and “wrong”
 gives identity to a particular group of people which makes them distinct from other groups of
people
 binds a social group or social system together in order to create a sense of uniformity and
coherence

(Consolidated from Matsumoto, 1996 in Spencer-Oatey, 2012; Hofstede, 1994; Tyler, 1870, as cited by
Avruch, 1998; Rathje, 2009; Spencer-Oatey,)

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

 is the varying views, practices, and moral codes in different cultural setups
 emphasizes that some actions are valid in a certain culture but is invalidated in other
cultures
 points out that culture cannot be judged objectively and declared better or worse than
the other
 the moral code of people is shaped by their society; therefore, there is no objective
“right” and “wrong” that holds all humanity nor it is universal
 stresses that tolerance must be held by people in order to come into terms despite
having different cultures
(Consolidated from Rachels, 2009, as cited in Cahn, 2009; Tilley, 2000)

CULTURE SHOCK
 is the negative feelings associated to anxiety which rises from the loss of all symbols
and signs which are accustomed to the person or group
 is brought upon by the realization that there is a loss of meaning and a sense of
alienation because everything in the new culture is unfamiliar and foreign
 is the disbelief, disorganization, and frustration one experiences when he encounters
new or foreign cultural patterns
(Consolidated from Oberg, 1954; Irwin, 2007; Grossman, n.d., Bennett, 1986;)
SUBCULTURE
 pertains to the smaller groups in a bigger culture which have their own norms, values,
beliefs, and special languages which makes them distinct from the broader society
 though considered distinct, they still share their core values and norms with the broader
society
 subcultures may arise in particular locations and situations such as departments, work
groups, age groups, and geographical locations.
 is a group individuals who have similar goals, similar style, similar tastes, and similar
values
 (Consolidated from Corte, 2012; Khatib, 1996)
EXAMPLES:
- Music subcultures
- Bekimon subcultures
- Fashion subcultures
- Internet subcultures

ETHNOCENTRISM
 pertains to the tendency to see behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of one’s group as
the only right way of living and judge others by those standards
 is the fixation on one’s own group or culture, believing that it is the best, and other
cultures are irrelevant and wrong
 is described as a maladaptation of being culture-centered, resulting to negative outlooks
toward other cultures for the reason that they are simply not like their own
 has a vast influence as it may go across races, regions, religions, traditions, etc.
 is compared to egocentrism in an analogical manner wherein egocentrism:individual,
ethnocentrism:cultural;
(Consolidated from Keith, 2013; Neuliep, Hintz, & McCroskey, 2005)
XENOCENTRISM
 is the ideology or mentality that believes in what is foreign is best and that one’s own
lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior of others
 pertains to setting a scale or standards for ways of living according to a foreign culture
they fantasize about
 may exhibit tendencies to dislike the individual’s own culture but look up to a foreign
culture which they think is in line with their own preferences
PHILIPPINE SETTING

 FILIPINO PRIDE -”. As Filipinos, we are proud of our identity and we are glad when we
hear of a fellow Filipino’s achievement
 COLONIAL MENTALITY-We sometimes view that foreign standards are actually better
than our own. (A trace of xenocentrism)