100 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.

%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015

 úfÊisxy" r;ak Y%S" brngq ;rej" f.dvf.a" fld<U" 1998' fõoh

 úfÊisxy" r;ak Y%S" iqÿ fk¿u" f.dvf.a" fld<U" 1993'
 ùrisxy" iuka pkaøkd;a" wfma ldf,a iriaj;S" fld<U" 1990'
 iïm;a" ìfyaIa" yo ne¢ meÈ" .d,a," 2009'
 isoaOd¾: ysñ" rUqlk" ixidf¾ wms" fldÜgdj" 2005'
 isoaOd¾: ysñ" rUqlk" iir okõj" fldÜgdj" 2006'
 fyar;a" iuka;" isxy, Ñ;%mg .S; idys;Hh" f.dvf.a" fld<U"
1995'
 fya r ;a " iuka ; iy fj;a ; is x y" iuq ø " wcka ; d .S ; dj,S "
f.dvf.a" fld<U" 2002'
mQcH Wvfj, f¾j; ysñ
There are four Vedas which are the sacred texts of
Hinduism such as the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur
Veda  and Atharva Veda.  Scholars  have  determined
that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, was
composed about 1500 B.C., and compiled about 600
B.C. Besides its spiritual value, it also gives a unique
view of everyday life in India four thousand years ago.
The rigveda is also the most ancient extensive text in
an Indo-European language and invaluable source in
the study of comparative linguistics. The book is orga-
nized in ten texts known as mandalas of varying age
and qualities. From two to seven sections are said to
be “family books” that are considered the oldest and
shortest components of Rigveda. The first & the Tenth
Mandalas are the youngest and the longest texts. Each
mandala consists of hymns called Sukta. Within each
mandala the hymns are collocated in collections each
dealing with a particular deity. Agni comes first and
Indra comes second so forth. Within each section the
hymns are regulated in the descending order.

wdhH_ kaf.a m%dÖk;u idys;Hh fõohhs' Ndr;fha

muKla fkdj uq¿ f,dj u we;s me/Ks;u idys;Hh fuhhs'
fiiq idys;Hhka ys l%ñ l jQ wLKa v mßmQ K_ úldYkhla
wm%;HCIh' tfy;a fuh tf,i läka lv ¨ma; fkdjQ mßmQK_
idys;Hhls'1 bkaÈhdjg ixl%uKh jQ wdÈ u wdhH_ f.da;l
%s hkaf.a
men÷ï" yDoa.; Ndjd;aul fÉIAgdjka wvx.= .S;sldjkaf.ka
ffjÈl ixys;d idys;Hh iliaj we;' wdhH_ f.da;sl% fhda Ôú;h
m%S;sfhka .;l<y' Tjqyq ks¾NS; jQ o rKldó jQ o wd.ñl
© lÓldpd¾h mQcH Wvfj, f¾j; ysñ
ixia' uydpd¾h meÜá%la r;akdhl" wdpd¾h fla' î' chj¾Ok" fcHIAG lÓldpd¾h
Èk,s m%kdkaÿ
udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
udkjYdia;% mSGh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
102 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
yeÕSfuka fkdisia jQfjda o jk nj .S;sld ms<sn| úpdrmQj_l
wOHhkfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
me/Ks u bka§h idys;Hh iaudrlh f,iska fuka u
me/Ks u bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh iaudrlh f,i;a" f,dal idys;Hfhys
fõohg jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ' fuys mj;akd fm!rdKsl nj
ksid u fuh bka§h idys;Hfhys uQ,ia:dkh o fõ'2 ;j o fõo
idys;Hh ms<sn| wkNHdifhka" ;;ajQ mßÈ bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a
wdOHd;añl Ôú;h yd ixialD;sh jgyd .; yels fkdfõ'
iïNdú; ffjÈl idys;Hh uka;% fyj;a ixys;d yd n%dyauK
hehs fomßÈ fõ' uka;% fldgi ;s%msgl idys;Hfhys tk md<sh
jeksh' n%dyauK fldgi wgqjd jeksh' wgqjdj fkdue;sj fm<
f;areïl< fkdyels jkakd fia u" n%dyuKj,ska f;drj fõoh
f;areï.; o fkdyelsh' È' ks' wïnÜG iQ;%fhys fõol;_Dka
ms<sn| uk;dkx l;;dfrd - u;;dkx mj;;dfrd hk w¾:
újrK yuq fõ' uka ;% h ka ys wdÈl;_ D kï fjk nj bka
wNsfm%;Ndjh hs' fõofha ckauN+ñh jQfha wdhH_kaf.a f;jeks
jdiia:dkh jQ l=re rghs' ta m%foaYh wdhH_dj¾; kñka o ye¢ka
fõ'3 flfia fj;;a fõoh bkaÈhdfõ mQcH NdIdfõ iy
idys;Hfhys wdÈ;u yd jeo.;au wjêh ksfhdackh lrkakls'
tfy;a fõo .%ka: rÑ; ld,mßÉfþoh ms<sn| úúO ú;l_
mj;S' fõofha wdrïNh ls%( mQ( 2500 § muK ù hehs wkqudk
flf¾' 03 jk ishjfika miqjg Èk kshu l< fkdyels njg
o u;hla mj;S'4
fõo hkq l=ulao@
fõo Yíoh" úoa ^{dfk& úoa ^i;a;dhx& úoa ^,d,fk& úoa
^úpdrfK& hk i;r Od;=j, ksIamdokhls' - úok;s cdkk;s
úoHkaf; Njk;s úJok;s w:jd úofk; ,Nfk; úoajdxiYap
i¾fp ukqIHd# i;HúoHdx ffh¾fhIq jd ;:d Njk;s f;
fjod(-5 ish¨ ukqIHfhda i;H{dkh hulska oks;a o ,n;a o
úpdrKh lr;a o hfulays úoaj;ayq fj;a o" ta i;r Ydia;%fhda
fõo kï fj;a hk úhrK ú.%yhg wkqj óg fok Ydia;%Sh
w¾:l:kh {dkh hkak nj yefÕa' tkï ta ÈjH{dkhhs'
fõoh 103
úoa ^{dfk& Od;=fjka lu_d¾:fhys wÉ fyda i[a m%;Hh
ù fõo hehs iE§ we;'6 ±k.ekSu fyda ±kSu hkq tys idudkH
wre;hs' fõo hkafkys w¾:h ±kqu hs' ta o W;=ï ±kquhs' tkï
mQckSh wd.ñl ±kquhs' fõo .S;sld wOHhkfhka miq iïmQK_
{dkh - ±kqu ,o yels nj wdhH_ka úYajdi lrkakg we;'
fõohg àld ,shQ wdpdhH_ idhkfhda o"
m%f;HfCIKdkqñ;Hdjd hia;=mdfhd k nqOHf;
t;oaúoka;s fjfok ;iaud;a fjoiH fjo;d
hkqfjka" m%;HCIdÈ m%udKhkaf.ka o; fkdyels i;Hmod¾:h
fuhska o; yels neúka óg fjo hehs jHjydr lrk nj mji;s'
fõo Yíofhka Y=oO a O¾uh hk Ndjh o m%lg fõ' ta wkqj
Y=oO
a O¾u we;=<;a .%k: a Y=oO
a .%k:
a fyj;a fõo .%k:a fõ'7 wd.ñl
.%k:a flfrys mQcH;ajhla fuka u Y=oOa ;ajhla o wdfrdamKh lsÍu
idudkH iïuq;h s ls' ta kHdh fõo .%k:a hka flfrys o fhduq ù
we;s nj fõo hk jpkfhys w¾:úNd. mÍCIKfhka m%;HCI fõ'
fõodka;._; uka;% .S; moH m%Odk jYfhka fldgia ;%hlg
fnfoa' tkï" RÉ kñka olakd iQl; a .S; moH;a" hcqia kñka olakd
a K kñka olakd uka;% moH;ah'8 RÉ
hd. iQ;% moH;a" iduka yd n%yu
hkq iaf;%d;% Yaf,dlhg kuls' ta wkqj iaf;%d;% iajrEmS iQl;
a fuys
olakg ,efí' flfia fj;;a mQfj_dla; uka;% .S; fjk fjk u
tl;= fldg ilia lrk ,o .%k: a h ixys;d kï fõ'
R.a" hcq¾" iduka" w:j_ka hehs kdu jYfhka fõoh p;=¾úOh'
tfy;a R.a hcq¾ iduka hk fõo;%hg muKla m<uqj ixys;d
ms<f
s h< ù ;sìKs' ta wkqj fm!rdKslfhda p;=¾fõo hk iïuq;h s
fkdms<.s ;a w;r ;sf % õoh hk wNsOdkh ms<. s ;a nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
me/Ks jHjydrfha yeáhg fõo;%hls' i;rjekak fyj;a w:¾jka
fõoh miqld,Sk tl;=jls' fõo;%h - ;%hS - kñka o jHdjyD; úh'
-hoa Rffp fyd;%x ls%hf; hcqId wdèj¾hj
i;ïfkdaoa.S:x jHdríOd ;%hS úoHd Nj;s-
hk WoaOD;fhka o ta j. ;yjqre fõ'9 nqoaO ld,fha § o ms<f s .k
;snfq K ;s%fõoh muKls' ;s%msgl md<sfha ;skkx fõodkx mdr.=
- f;úcc n%dyuKd hk i|yka nyq,j yuq fõ' fuhska hf:dla;
104 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 105

lreK ;jÿrg;a ikd: fõ' w:¾jka hkq ñksidf.a ffoksl ks.ukh o l< yelsh' Ndr;Sh wd.ï oY_k yd iudch iïnkaO
ldhH_ka bgq lrkq jia Wmldr jkafka hehs úYajdi lrk ,o jeo.;a" yrj;a ft;sydisl lreKqj, m%Njh yd l%ñl úldYh
f,!lsl uka;% .Shg wNsOdkhls' w:¾jka moH;a iajlSh f,!lsl ms<n
s | wLKav jD;a;dka; R.afõofhys wka;¾.; fõ'
´kE tmdlï bgqlr.ekSu i|yd Ndú; l<y' fï ksid me/Ks
ffjÈlfhda w:j_ka fõoh fõohla f,iska fkdms<s.;ay'
R.a w¾: úNd.h
RÉ hkq PkafodnoaO uka;%hs ^mdfokd¾oaO¾fpf;d
w:¾jka fõoh fõohla f,i ms<. s ekqfka miqld,Skjh' fm;djD;;noOd uk;%d# Rp#&12 hkqfjka Y=l, a hcq¾fõo lKaj
tfy;a tys we;=<;a uka;% - moHhka wE; w;S;hg kElï lshk ixys;d NdIHfhys i|yka fõ' RÉ Yíoh ia;;
= H¾: RÉ ^Od;=fjka&
njg idOl yuq ù we;' Ndr;Shfhda fuh fõohla f,iska ms<.
s kakg ksIm
a kakh' ^RpHf; ia;h+ f; wkhd b;s RÉ&13 fuu újrKfhka
ue,sfj;s' th mYapd;a ld,Sk tl;=jla ùu yd tys we;=<;a úIh o m%i;
a ;
= h ms<n
s | hï t<shla ,efí'
fCIa;h
% ms<n s | wdl,amh o fuys,d ;Èka u n,md we;' lreKq
tkï fuys l,am; s foaj iuQyhla flfrys wdÈ hq.fha
fufia jqj;a" idrh" úIh yd iajrEmh jYfhka fõoh tllauh'
ñksidf.a yo m;af,ka Wmka wjHdc ia;; = s .dhkdjka iuQfma; ù
woH;kfhys m%lgj mefKk fõo .%k: a 04 ls'
we;s njhs' ta ìh yd f.!rjh uqiq Y%oO
a d Nla;s mokula u; ùu
i' R.afõoh
úfYaI ,CIKhls' RÉ hkq iaf;%d;% Yaf,dlhg o wNsOdkhls' -
ii' hcq¾fõoh
wf,!lslx mqreIdf:_dmdhx fj;a;s wfkk b;s fjo Yío ksjp _ kï-
iii' idufõoh
wf,!lsl mqreIdf:_dmdh fuhska ±k .kS' hkq fõo Yíofhka úys;
iv' w:¾jkafõoh10 hkqhs'
w¾:hhs' fõo Yíoh {dkd:_l úoa Od;=fjka Wmkakls' ta wkqj R.a
miqld,Skj uka;% .S; fjk fjku tl;= fldg fïjdg nyq, fldg we;s fõoh R.afõo kï fõ' R.a fyj;a RÉ lSmhl
ixys;djka mneªy' ta ksid R.a fõoixys;d" idufõo ixys;d - tl;=j iQl; a kï fõ' iQl; a hkq W;=ful= úiska lshk ,oao fyda
hcq¾fõo ixys;d yd w:¾jkafõo ixys;d kñka o mQfj_dla; W;=ï f,i lshk ,oao fyda W;=ful= .ek lshk ,oao hk Ndjhka
.%k:
a p;=¾:h ye¢kafõ' jdpH lrkakls'14 ta wkqj R.afõoh hkq mQcHmoH we;=<;a fõohhs'
R.a fõoh R.afõoh R.afõo ixys;d hk wmrkdufhka o jHjyD;
p;=¾fõo .%ka: ika;;sh w;=ßka m%:u fõolD;sh h' fuh fiiq fõo;%hg mQjj _ tkï ls%( mQ( 600 § muK momdG"
R.afõohhs' uq¿ f,dj u úlis; ij_ idys;Hh w;r R.afõoh l% u mdG" ixys ; d mdGdÈ ia u rfKda m dhj,s k a mdrïmßlj
me/Ks;u lD;sh fõ' bJÿ wdhH_ ukqIH j._hdf.a NdIdj yd wÉpðkakj meje; we;' ix+Od Od;=fjka ksmka ixys;d hkak
iNH;ajh ms<ns | m%dudKsl wOHhk ldhH_fhys woaú;Sh uQ,dY%hla tlg ;enQ" tla/ia lsÍu hk wre;a ckkh flf¾'15 R.afõofha
jYfhka o fuh úoajcack iïNdú;h' Ndr;Sh idys;H jxYh fndfyda Rla we;=<;a neúka tys m%dudKsl m%d{fhda th nyjDp
ms<n
s | úpdrmQjl
_ wOHhkhl fhfok úkag¾ksÜia kï c¾uka kñka o y÷kaj;s' hd.lrk nuqfKda hd.ldrlfhda kï fj;s'
mçjrhdf.a - Ndr; foaYjdiSkf a .a is; lsh
% d l< yeá muKla Tjqyq i;r fofkls' fyd;d" wèj¾hq" Woa.d;d yd n%yaud hkq
fkdj bJÿ hqfrdamh
S kñka y÷kajkq ,nk l,am; s NdIdj jHjydr Tjqyqh'16 R.afõoh Ndr ;eke;a;d fyd;d kï fjhs' hd.
l< ukqIH iuQyhd ms<n s | ;;a;j
a djfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug R.afõoh wjia:dfõ§ R.afõo .S .ehSu Tyqf.a ldhH_hs'
ufydamldÍ fõ'11 hk ks¾jpkh o fuys,d mQfj_dla; u;h u R.afõoh tall;_Dl lD;shla fkdfõ' tfuka u tys
ikd: lrhs' ta wkqj R.afõo ix.Dys; fCI;%hka ljrdlr±hs iQla; tl u ld,hlg wh;a tajd o fkdfõ' fiiq fõo;%hg
106 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 107

mQj_j ls%( mQ( 600 fuys rÑ; ld,h nj nyq;r ms<s.ekSuhs' fõo moH .Kkla fõ' ;j o ta tla tla iQla;hg foaj;dfjla o
hq.fha úiQ fm!rdKsl wdhH_ lùkaf.a iaf;%d;% moH rpkd ta RIsjrfhla o Pkaoila o ysñj ;sfí' RIsfoj;d - PJoia hk
lúhdf.a mdrïmßlhka úisk a mjq f, jia;= f,isk a uq L jpkj,ska l=ula jdH lrkafka±hs u;fNao mj;S' fï ms<sn|
mrïmrd.; j ixys;d rpkd ld,h f;la wdrCId lrk ,È' újrKhla jd;aiHdhkfha iaj_d;%l%uKS fhys uq, yuq fõ'
- hiH jdlHx i RIs# hd flkdjHf; id foj;d
flfia jqjo" R.afõo .S;sldjkays tla;rd úúO;ajhla
hoCIrmßudKx ;ÉPJo# -
we;s w;ru" tla;rd iu;djla o olakg ,efí' tfia u NdId
- w¾:maij RIfhd foj;dYaPfJodNsremdOdjka -
ú,dih w;ska o Yíoud,d w;ska o rpkd ffY,sh w;ska o
hkqfjka mQfj_dla; jpkd¾:hka úYaf,aIKh fõ' fï yer ls(% j(
jHdlrKh w;ska o Pkaoi w;ska o .eí ù we;s woyia wkqj o
14 ishjfia úiQ idhKhka fõod:_ml
% dY kï R.afõo NdIHfhys
m%lg fkal fjkialï wkqj R.afõo .S;hkaf.a rpkd ld,h
o RIs;ajh újrKh lr we;' tkï w;SJøshiH fjoiH
ms<sn| fmrmiqlï fndfydaúgu ;SrKh l< yelsj ;sfí'
mrfuYajrdkq.f a ï - hkqfjks'19
% yK m%:uf;d oY_kd;a RIS;j
R.afõofhys uKav, R.afõo RÉ fyj;a ia;; = s .S;l
s dj,ska mßñ;h' tn÷
R.afõo iQl; a fnod olajd we;s l%uoajhls' bka tlla kï .S;dj,s iïNdrfhka cks; iQl;a fyj;a moHnJOk (hymns) 1028la
wIagl - wOHdh - j._ jYfhka fn§uhs' fojeka kï uKav," fuys ix.Dys;h'20 uKav,hkays tk iïmQK_ RISjdlH iQl; a hk
wkqjdl yd iQl;a jYfhka fn§uhs' R.afõo ixys;dfõ wIaglh kñka jHdjyD; flf¾' ^iïmQK_ RIs jdlHka; iQl; a ñ;HNsëhf;&
- uKav,h hkq m%lg m%fNaooajhls' fuys wIagl wg^08&ls' tla tla uKav, ish,af,ys iQl; a 1017 la muKla we;s njg o u;hla
wIaglfhl wOHdh 08 ne.ska wOHdh 64 ls' tla wOHdhla j._ mj;S' tfya; wIagu uKav,fhys jd,Å,H kï w;sßla; iQl; a
.Kklska hql; a h' tn÷ j._hkays tl;=j 2006 ls'17 tla j._hla 11la o olakg ,efí' tajd o tl;=j ish,a, 1028la fõ'
idudkHfhka RÉ fyj;a moH mylska hql; a h' tfy;a we;eïúg
Bg jeäj o we;eï úg wvqj o we;' mYapd;a ld,Skhkaf.a uKav,h iQla; .Kk
wOHhkfhys myiqj i,ld fuf,i j¾.SlrKh lr we;' I 191
II 43
fojk l% u fha fn§u fm!rdKs l l% u hhs ' tys § III 62
ft;sydisl jQ o Ydia;%Sh jQ o lreKq hgf;a th j¾.SlrKh lr IV 58
we;' fuu fn§ï l%uh n%dyauK .%ka:hkays i|yka ù ;sîu o V 87
ie,lsh hq;= lreKls' fï oaú;Sh j¾.SlrKhg wkqj R.afõo VI 75
ixys;dj uKav, fyj;a .%ka: oyhlg fnod ;sfí' m<uq VII 104
uKav,fhys wkqjdl fyj;a fldgia 24 ls'18 fojekafkys 04 VIII 114
ls' f;jeks yd isjqjeks uKav,oajfhys we;af;a wkqjdl 05 IX 114
ne.sks' wkqjdl 06 ne.ska miafjks" yhfjks yd y;afjks X 19121
uKav,;%fhys wvx.= fõ' wgjekafkys 10 ls' kjjekafkys tl;=j } 1039
wkqjdl 07 la jk w;r" wjidk uKav,h fyj;a 10 jeks hkqfjka wmr iQla; j¾.SlrKhla o olakg ,efí' tfy;a
uKav,fhys we;af;a wkqjdl 12 ls' fï wkqj wkqjdl ish,a, ish¨ iQla; ixLHdj 1028la nj nyq;r úoaj;a ms<s.ekSuhs' fï
85ls' tla wkqjdlhl iQl; a .Kkla we;=<;a fõ' tl iQla;hl yereKq úg R.afõofha wvx.= .S;sld ms<sn| ld,ks¾Kh o
108 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
újdodmkak ù we;s nj fmfka' R.afõofha b;d me/Ks fuka
u kjH iajrEmS moH fyj;a .S;sld wh;a jk nj;a" bka b;d
me/Ks iQla; idudkHfhka ls%( j( fmr wjqreÿ 2000la muK
mrK tajd úh hq;= hehs hqfrdamSh m~qjkaf.a ms<s.ekSuhs'
.x.dOr;s,la uy;d fcHd;sYdia;%Sh idOl u; tu iQla;fhka
ls%( mQ( 4"000l fm!rdKsl wjêhlg ;,a¨ lrhs'22
flfia fj;;a" iQla;hl we;s tla tla uka;%hla R.a
^Rla& hkqfjka y÷kajhs' tn÷ uka;% fyj;a Rla 10185la
R.afõofhys we;=<;a fõ' tfy;a prKjHqy .%k:
a fhys 10580lehs
o Y%S mdoYu_ ixialrKfhys 10552lehs o úúO ú;l_ mj;S'23
fuf,i ia : djr jQ ks Y a Ñ ; ixLHdjla fkd ola f k
RISldka;djkaf.a rpkd ms<sn| j úpdrlfhda ork wdl,amh
ksidh' fï ms<sn| talu;sl njla kï fkdolakd ,efí' fuu
R.a" .oH yd moH jYfhka fofldgilg fnfoa' PkafodanoaO
fkdjQ uka;% hkq bka m<uqjekakhs' tajd .oHfhka úrÑ;h'
fojekak PkafodnoaO uka;%hs tajd moHfhka ks¾ñ;h' fï
yereKq úg R.afõod.; ij_iQla;hka uydiQla; yd CIqø iQla;
jYfhka fn§ula o olakg ,efí'24 uydiQla;hlg Rla 10lg
jeäfhka o CIqø iQla;hlg Rla 10lg wvqfjka o we;=<;a úh
hq;= nj idudkH ms<s.ekSuhs'
R.afõofhys ieleiau
R.afõoh l;_D mrïmrdjl iduQysl m%h;akhl w.% jQ
m%;sM,hls' fuys iQla; ixLHdj 1028 ls' jd,Å,H iQla; 11 yer
.ksf;d;a 1017 ls' R.afõoh ixys;dj wo mj;akd ;;aFjhg
iliaùu ms<sn| wOHhkfha § th wjia:d ;=kla hgf;a
uydpdhH_ frda;a újrKh lrhs'25
^1& ixys;dldrlhskaf.a ld,h jk ;=re ta ta iQla; ta ta
l;_Djrhdf.a mdrïmßlhka úiska uqLmrïmrd.;j
f.k tau'
^2& tfia lgmdvñka f.k wd iQla; ,sms.; ùu'
^3& wo olakg we;s iajrEmfhka ta iQla;hkaf.ka R.afõo
ixys;dj iliaùu' hkqfjks'
fõoh 109
R.afõo .%ka:h iajrEm follska mßñ;h'
^1& ixys;d mdG
^2& mo mdG
ixys;d mdG hkq iJê iys; iajrEmhhs' iJê úiJê l<
iajrEmh momdG kï fõ' ixys;d iajrEmfhka hq;a yeu mohlau
ffjhHdlrK u;dkql+, iJê kS;s hgf;a iJê lr we;s w;r"
mo mdGfha yeu mohla u fjka j m%lg j fmfk fia iJê
úrys;j fhdod ;sfí'
R.afõofhys uKav, oyhla we;s nj;a" ta ksud_ K tall;_Dl
rpkdjka fkdjk nj;a by; i|yka flßKs' R.afõo iQl; a
rÑ; ld,h wkqj;a ia:dkh wkqj;a fkdfhla ld,j,g;a"
l;_Dkag;a" ia:dkj,g;a wh;a fjhs'26 uKav, oyh w;=frka 2-7
jekak olajd uKav,j,ska lshfjk lreKq w;ska o ms<f s h< ù
;sfnk wdldrh w;ska o wfkHdkH iduH;ajhla m%lg fõ' n%dyauK
.% k a :hka yd fõodx.hka ys yd ;okq . ; uQ , dY% h dka ;._ ;
úYaf,aIKhdkql, + j oaú;Sh uKav,fha isg ima;u uKav,h f;la
we;s Iâ uKav,hkays l¾;D;ajh ms<n s | .eg¨jla fkdue;' ta
tla tla uKav,hl wvx.= iQl; a tl u l=,fha lùka fyda bisjreka
úiska ix.%y fldg we;' tfia u ta ta l=, úiska u ish Wreuhka
f,i f.fkk ,oafoah' iQl; a ix.Dys; bisjreka yd ne÷Kq
wNHka;r idCIs yd we;eï ;efkl yuqjk O%jh ^w;aje,a .dhkh&
o u.ska iïm%odh t<s ±lafõ' ;j o tla tla bisl, = hg wh;a
uKav, ms<f s h, lsÍfï § wkq.ñ; l%uh o taldldÍ h' ta wkqj
tajd wkqlu % fhka .D;aiuo > úYajdñ;% > jdufoj > w;%S > Ndroajc
> jYsIG a hk RISka yd Tjqkf.a RIs f.da;ls% hka úiska iïmdÈ;h'
ta ksid fï IÜ uKav,h f.d;%uKav, kñka o y÷kajhs'
- Y;¾Ñf;d udOHud .D;aiufod úYajdñf;%d jdufofjda;%S
a d-27
Ndroajdfcda jisIaG# m%.d:d# mdjuJHd# CIÿiQla;d uydiQl;
hk WoaOD;fhka o mQfj_dla; uKav, yfhys l¾;DFjh ;yjqre
fõ' R.afõohg wh;a me/Ksu .S;l s d wh;ajkafka o fï uKav,
ihgh' ta ksid fï .S;sldj,g .DyH iQ;% hehs o lshkq ,efí'
l=,.%ka:h hkq o óg Ndú; wfkla kuls'28 flfia fj;;a"
fï uKav, wfkHdkH idOrK .=fKdm,CIs; jqj;a fiiq
110 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
uKav,hkays ;;a .=Kh wm%lgh' 1" 8" 9" 10 hk uKav, y;r
ta ta uKav,hg úfYaI jQ lreKq hgf;a ms<sfh, ù we;' ta
w;r wgfjks uKav,h lKaj yd wx.Sria hk RISjreka fofokd
iy ;oa jxYslhka úiska ksmojk ,±hs úYajdi flf¾' 9 jeks
uKav,h fidau mdkfhys .=K jK_kdNs,dih úIh fldg
.;a;ls' fï ksid fuh mqoa.,sl mrïmrdjlg wh;a fkdfõ'
;j o" fuhg mjudk uKav,h hehs o lshkq ,efí'29 fuys
ish¨ u iQla;j,ska tl u foúfhl=g tkï" mjudk fidaug
wu;k tajd ùu Bg fya;=jhs' fidauh foajFjhg keÕ= .S;sld
fuys we;=<;a fõ' BrdKshkaf.a wfjia;d kï wd.ñl lD;sfha
yXud kñka fuu fidau hqIhu y÷kajd we;s nj úh;=kaf.a
s ekSuhs'30 09 jeks uKav,fha j._hkaf.a wkkH;dj Pkaoihs'
ms<.
tys 1 - 67 olajd .S; .hd;%S PJoiska o 68-86 olajd .S; c.;S
PJoiska o 87 - 97 olajd .S; ;s%Iagqia PJoiska o b;sß ish,a,
fjk;a Pkaoiaj,ska o ix.%y ù we;'31
RIsl=, úiska rÑ; tkï 2-7 jeka k ola j d
uKav,dka;._; iQla;hkaf.a m<uqjk j._fhka bJøg muKla
fojeks jk w.aks wu;hs'32 blaì;s jeo.;alñka wvq foúfhda
wu;;s' fuh fï uKav,hkays oDYHudk iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls'
fï foaj .K ms<sn| iQla; fm< .id we;af;a tajdfhys wvx.=
.Sj, .Kkska wjfrdayK ms<sfj<sks' th o fïjd w;r we;s
lemS fmfkk ,CIKhls' fojk uKav,fha iQla; 10fha
w.akj s ._h .S; 16l iQla;hlska we/ö .S; 6l iQl;a hlska wjika
flf¾' ;;a uKav,fha u B<Õ j._fha m<uqjk iQla;fhys .S;
21 ls' wjika jekafkys we;af;a .S; 04 ls' fï ksid mYapd;ald,Sk
tl;= lsÍï o isÿjQfha wdfrdayK mámdgHdkql+,jh'33 fï l%uh
fojeks uKav,fha úoHudk fõ' tys m<uq j._fha iQla; 43 ls'
;=kajekafk 62 ls' ijekafka 75 ls' i;ajekafka 104 ls' fuf,i
R.afõofhys úkHdih ilia ù we;'
R.afõohg lrk ,o wjika tl;=j oijk uKav,hhs'
tys NdIdj;a" úIh fCIa;%h;a miqld,Sk ,l=Kq m< lrhs' m<uq
yd fuu wjika uKav,fha iQla; fm<.eiau iudk iajrEmhla
orhs' fuys wvx.= we;eï iQl;
a wjfYaI uKav,hkays o úoHudk
fõoh 111
fõ' tfia u bisjre iuQyhl iduQysl m%h;akhl m%;sM,hla
f,i fuu oijk uKa v ,h ye¢ka ú h yels h ' we;= < ;a
lreKq j,s ka " kQ ;k ,CIK m% lgjq j" fiiq uKav ,hka g
wdfõKsl fm!rdKsl ldjHuh .=Kh fuys ke;=jd fkdfõ' ta
wkqj mQj_ uKav,hka w;=frka w;ayeÍ .sh iQla;j, tl;=jla
f,i oijek uKav,h y÷kajkafkda o isá;s'34 NdIduh jYfhka
kjH;djla ms<sìUq fjk w;r od¾Yksl úuY_khla o fuys
wka;._; iqúfYaI ,CIKfhda h'
jhiska nd, u uKav, f,iska ms<sf.k we;af;a 01 jk
yd 10 jk uKav, folhs' fuu woHka; uKav,oajfhys l;_D;ajh
yd ld,kshuh ms<sn| úpdrl f,dj talu;sl njla fkdue;'
tajdys úYaf,aIs; lreKqj,g wkqj fïjd mYapd;ald,Sk jk
nj nyq;rhlf.a úYajdihhs' m%:u uKav,fhys uOqPJodÈ RISka
l< uka;%dÈh úoHudk fõ' oYu uKav,fhys ;s%;" ;s%YsridÈ
RISka úiska rÑ; uka;d% Èh we;=<;a fõ'35 flfia fj;;a" woHka;
uKav,oajfhys ix.%y ù we;s iQla;hkays Ndú; jHdlrK Í;ska
yd w~x.= ù we;s od¾Yksl ffp;islhka o ksid tajd
mYapd;ald,Sk nj Tmamq fõ' úfYaIfhka il= idys; jxYfhys
miqld,Skj úlis; jQ oY_kjxYfhys uQ,îcj, Pdhdj fuu
woHka; uKav, folays úoHudk nj m%;HCI ldrKhls' fï
yereKq úg uKav,Sh iQla; yd iïnJOhla fkdolakd jd,Å,H
.Kfhys,d .efKk iQla; o momdGfhys i|yka fkdjk R.a
fõofhys VII 59, 12, x 20, x 120,10 x 190 1 - 3 hk Yaf,dal o
mYa p d;a l d,S k tl;= l s Í ï jYfhka i,lhs ' 36 fuf,i
R.afõofhys nys# iajrEmh ms<sn| úuiqul fhÈh yelsh'
ndysrdlD;s úuY_kfhka muKla" yqfola m%ia;=;h ms<sn|
h:djfndaOhla ,o yels fkdfõ' ;;a wNsu;d¾: idOkfhys,d
we;=<dka;fhys m%nqoaO ukiska hd;%d l< hq;=uh'
R.a fõofhys wka;._;h
R.afõoh p;=¾fõohka w;=frka fm!rdKslu lD;shhs'
tys ndysrdlD;s úYaf,aIKfhka o tys ieleiau ms<sn| muKla
fkdj tys ikao¾Nh ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu ÿIalr
fkdfõ' flfia fj;;a" R.afõoh wdÈ bJÿ - wdhH_ ckhdf.a
112 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
is;=ï - me;=ï úYajdi we±ys,s we;=<;a fl!;=ld.drhls' ienúka
u" Tjqkf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| j" Ôjk oY_kh ms<sn| levm;ls'
ffjÈl wdhH_hd tla ia:dkhl fkdúiq ixpdrYS,j S Èúf.jqfjls'
Tjqkf.a m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh lDIslu_dka;h úh' tl u úYd,
m%foaYhl úiQ fudjqka ÿrd;S;fha bJÿ BrdKSh ck iuQyh kñka
ye¢kaúK' Tjqyq ysJÿ l=Ia l÷ w;ßka bkaÈhdjg ixl%uKh
fldg we;a ; dy' flfia fj;;a " ixpdrYS , S jQ fudjq y q
iajNdjOu_hdf.a fkdfhla Yla;sj, yd fkdfhla isoaëkays
h:d ;;a;j a h jgyd.ekqug wfmdfydi;a jQy' ta ksid woDYHudk
n,hla we;ehs o ñksidg thska Y=NdY=N M, úmdl fj;ehs o
l,amkd l<y' pJø" iQhH_" ;drld .c_kd .sksl÷ c,dY wdÈfhys
l,ska l,g we;sfjk úúO úmßKduhka ;;a jQ mßÈ fkdo;a
tl, ñksid tajdg wkj.uH woDYH n,hla we;ehs is;+y' ta
n,h foaj;ajh - foaj n,h hkqfjka y÷kajkakg we;'
;okka;rj ta n,hkag Ôj;ajh yd iudcfhys Wiia ;ekla o
ysñlr § msysg b,a,Sug .S;sld o ilia lr .;ay' iajdNdúl j
isÿfjk whym; foajfldamh fyda Ydmh ksid jkaklehs o
;ud leue;s fohla isÿ jqjfyd;a th foajm%idoh ksid jkaklehs
o úYajdi lrkakg fm<UqKy'
fuf,i R.a f õofhys foa j l:djka f .a wdrïNh
iksgqykaj we;'
fõoh yd foa j ;a j h YÍrh yd m% d Kh fuka
taldnoaOj mj;skka ls' R.afõo .S;sldj, m%dÿ¾Ndjh
jQfha o foaj;ajh Wvh'''37
hk ks¾jpkh o fuys,d jeo.;a fõ' wdhH_kf a .a úYajdi yd
m%d¾:kd wdÈfha mgka u foaj úYajdi mokula u; f.dv keÕS
we;' fï ms<ns | c¾uka mçjrfhl= jQ lhs .S f.a ks¾jpkh
jeo.;a fõ'
R.afõofhys iQla; w;=frka jeä fldgi tjlg
wdhH_ka msÿ foújreka wu;d msßkuk wheÿï iy
m%Yxid;aul jK_kdh' Tjqkfa .a yo m;af,ka mek
kÕsk wjHdc yeÕSï o iodld,sl foújrekaf.ka
b,a,k wdOdfrdamldr yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk mQcdj
ms<.
s ekSu msKis flfrys wdrdOkd we;=<;a is;=ï
fõoh 113
me;=ï o ffjÈl .Sj, ks;ru ±lsh yelsh' i;H
jYfhka u lúhdf.a uqj fmdmshkafk foúhd ;ud
;=< we;sl< m%idoh yd ish yo ;=<k
s a kÕsk yeÕSï
m%ldY lsÍugh'38
hkq f jka Tyq úpdrmQ j _ l újrKhla lrhs ' ieneúka u
R.afõofhys ikaoN_h ixCIsma; j f.dkq l<fyd;a hf:dla;
ks¾jpkh idOdrK jQ is;sú,a,ls' R.ays foajl:djkaf.a m%Njh
yd l%ñl úldYh we;=<;a fõ' tys tk fndfyda iQla;fhda
foaj;d ia;=;s msKsi u fjka j we;' R.afõoh ms<sn| úuiqul
fhfok úkag¾kSÜia mçjrhd - fuys foajl:d yev .efik
yeá wmg m%;HCIj fmfka hehs39 mjihs' R.ays mefKk
foújrekaf.a kï muKla f.k ksÍCIKfhka foújrekaf.a
wdrïNh yd Tjqkf.a iajrEmh ms<sn| o; yelsh'
R.afõoh l< RISkf a .a {dk pCIqihg uq,k
s a úIh jQfha
iajNdjOu_h (Naturalism) yd Bg u wh;a iQhH_ pJø úoHq;a wdÈ
fkdfhla jia;h= ' is;y
a s we;s jQ pu;aldrh ksid fujeks iajdNdúl
jia;k
+ g
a ukqIHFjdfrdamKh (Anthropormorphism) l<y' uq,a
ld,fha úiQ ffjÈl RISyq m<uqj ysre foú - i÷ foú - .sks foú
wdÈ foújreka fkdheoaody' Tjqyq wdhdpkd mQjl _ jJokudkdÈh
lf<da iajNdjOu_fha úúOdx.hkagh' Tjqkf.a ie,ls,, a ysñ jQfha
ffoksl wyfia fmfkk úÿ,sh" ñysmg s ks;r Êj,s; .skk a yd
;j;a oDYHudk fkdfhla iajdNdúl jia;k + g
a h'
R.afõofha foaj jK_khg n÷ka fjk iQhH_" fidau
^i÷&" w.aks" mDÓú" W!Iia ^Wodysre&" ure;a ^iev iq<Õ& hk
foúhkaf.a m%lD;s ;;a;ajh iajNdjOu_fha ta ta foag ysñ
wkkH;dfjkau hqla; jQ nj ta kdu ix{d úNd.fhka o;
yelsh' tfy;a kdñlj muKla yuqfjk Tjqkg wdfõKsl jQ
m%lD;sh wm%lg foaj iuQyhla o yuqfõ' ta w;r bJø - jreK -
ñ;% - wÈ;s - mQIka - wYaúka - reø - m¾ckH hkdÈ foújre
m%Odk fj;s' ld,dka;rhla ;siafia wd¾h cd;Skaf.a f.!rj
nqyqukg ,la jQ reø yd úIaKq o fï .Khg tlaj isá;a' tfy;a
R.ays mene÷ï w;r wdhH_kaf.a uy;a iïudkhg md;%jQfjda
jQfha bJø - jreK - w.aks wdÈ foújreh'40
114 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 115

w.aks hkq .skk

a hs' w.akh
s foaj;ajfhka ffjÈlfhda ms¥y' fhd cd; taj m%:fud ukiajdka
jeo.;alñka w.aks fojeks jkqfha bJø foú÷g ^II 12& muKs' w.aks fofjda foajdka l%;=kd m¾hN+I;a
hiH Y=Iafud fødaoms wNHfia;dx
foaj j¾Kkhg R.afõofha iQl; a 200 la muK jeh fldg we;' kDïKiH uyakd i ckdi bJø#45
w.aks ixl,amfhka flfrkafk hd. .skk a ifÉ;kSlrKhhs' hkdÈ mßÈ bJø foú÷kaf.a iajrEmh .ek úia;r fõ' ta
foúhkag msfok hd.fhys idrh f.k hkafka w.akh s ' fï ksid wkqj Tyq Wm;skau fiiq foúhka wNsNjkh l< nqoaêfhka
w.akgs fiiq foaj mrmqr w;r úfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ' yd Yla;sfhka wdVH;r jQfjls'
h# mDÓùx jH:udkduoDxyoa
w.aksàf< mqfrdys;x h# mj_;dka m%l=ms;dx wrïKd;a
h{iH fojuDoaúcï fhd wka;ÍCIx úufï jßfhda
fyd;drx r;akOd;uï41 fhd oHduia;Nakda;ai ckdi bJø#46
^uu& hd.fha ÈjH ixúOdhl .DymQcl" hÈkakd fjk Okh ;j o i,s; mDÓúh ksYap, lsÍu" m%fldams; mj_; tla;eka
;ekam;a lrk w.akh s jK_kd lrñ' hkd§ mßÈ w.aks foaj lsÍu" wjldYh mq¿,aj úia;S¾K lsÍu hkd§ ùrls%hd lf<a
jekqu wrUhs' blaì;sj w.akg
s iïmQK_ ukqIH;ajfrdamKhg hfula o Tyq bJøhs' hkqfjka bJø foúhka i;= ùr;ajh
W;ailq ù we;' tfy;a th wid¾:l ù we;' yd Tyq l< ùr ls%hd .ek jK_kd lrhs'
w.afk hx h{uèjrx fhd y;ajdNsußKd;a ima;isJOQka
úYaji;# mßN+ris fhd .d WodcomOd j,iH
i bfoaofjIq .ÉP;s42 fhd wYaufkdrka;r.aksx ccdk
w.aks fj~re msvla we;af;ls' .skso¿ fliska hq;af;h' ixjDlaiu;aiq ickdi bJø#47
;shqKq ykq we;af;ls' rkajka o;a we;' Tyqf.a Èj.ek ;jÿrg;a fuf,i Tyqf.a ùr úl%udkaú; lsh % d iy tajdhska
ks;r úia;r flf¾' foúhkaf.a msoú,a, ld oukafk f,dajeiaidg jQ fi; .ek i|yka fõ' bJø hkq idudkH
thsks' fï yereKq úg isjqmdjqka iu. o Tyq iïnJO ukqIH rEmdlD;sh blaujd .sh ldhsl jYfhka úYd, jQ foú
lrjhs' - Tyq ;mamq,k f.dfkls' Tyq ÈjHuh l=re,af,ls' flfkls' jD;yka" mqßkao o" Yl% hkq fudyqg jQ m¾hdh kdufhdah'
w.aksh wjldYfhys rdcd,shdh' l=re,af,l= .ila u;
,e. isákakdla fuks' jkh fyda .sf;,a Tyqf.a wdydrhhs'43 R.afõofha bJø yereKq úg foúhka w;r fY%aIaG;uhd
jreKh' Tyq jekSu i|yd R.afõofhys iQla; fod<ila fjka
fuf,i w.aks foú R.afõo lúhdg jvd;a ióm lr we;' OD;jD;" kS;sOdrl hkq fudyqgu jQ úfYaIfhdah'
foúflfkl= f,iska jecUqkq nj fmfka' yjH jdyk- Yla;s
ërd ;ajiH uyskd cdkqxIs
mq;% - cd;fõo hkq w.akshg Ndú; l< úfYaIfhdah' ú hia;ia;ïN frdaoiS úÿ¾ù
m% kdluDIajx kqkqfo nDyka;x
ik# msf;j iQkfj - Yafk iQmdhfkd Nj ipiajd k# iajia;fh44 oaú;d kCI;%x mmq:Ép N+u48 (vii 86, I)
zzw.aksh" tfia mq;d flfrys mshd fuka wmg myiq m%fõY hk WoaOD;fhka Tyqf.a iajrEmh yd ldhH_Ndrh ms<sn|
u._hla jkq ukeú' wfma hym;g wm iu. Ôj;ajkq uekú'ZZ j o; yelsh' iodpdr md,lfhl= jYfhka wjfYaI foúhka
hk i|ykg wkqj w.aks foúhd yd iuld,Sk ffjÈl .Dym;shd wNsNjkh l< jreK Èjd ? folays wdf,daldêm;shdh'
w;r meje;s ióm;r nj ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ' k i iafjda olafId jreK O%e;s# id
iqrd uJHq¾úNSofld wÑ;a;s#
R.a fõo iQla; w;=frka y;frka tlla ;rï jehfldg wia;s cHdhdkalkShi Wmdfr
we;af;a bJø foú jekqugh' ffjÈl ck;djf.a ckm%sh u iajmakYapfkao;kD;iH m%fhdakd49  (vii 86 - vi)
foúhd ùu Bg fya;=jhs' hk WoaOD;fhka o Tyqf.a iajNdjh ms<sn| j úia;r fõ'
116 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
fuf,i w.aks > bJø > jreK hkdÈ foújreka yereKq
úg" iú;D" ure;" úIaKq" oHdjd - mDÓú" reø" wmdxkmd;a" ñ;%"
nDyiam;s" WIia" m¾ckH" mQIka" ñ;%d-jreK" iQ¾h" wYaú;d"
fidau" úYajfojd hkdÈ foújreka ms<sn| j o i|yka fõ' ta
w;r iú;D ms<sn| j iQla; 11lska j¾Ks;h' fjka fjka jQ .S;
fndfyduhlska u o iú;D .ek jK_kd fldg we;' iajK_dCIS
- iajK_yi; - iajK_Ôjk hk .=Kjdpl o Tyqgu Ndú; j
we;' iú;D hkak iq fm<Uùfï Od;=fjka jHq;amkakh' ure;
fyj;a iq<Õ o foúfhla f,iska ie<l+y' iQla; 33lska Tyq
.ek jK_kd flf¾' ta yereKq úg bJø foú÷ iu. iQla;
07lska o w.aks yd mQIka (VI 54) iu. iQla; 06lska úIaKq
foúhka .ek yd Tyqf.a ;%smo úl%uh yd <ufhl=j fkdisg
w;súYd, ;reKfhl= ùu ms<sn| j úia;r fõ'
oHdjd - mDÓú } ^wyi - fmd<j& R.afõofhys foaj
hq.,hla f,i kï fldg we;' iQl; a 06lska Tjqka .ek jK_kd
flf¾' oafh!ia lsisu iQla;hl ;ksj wu;d fkdue;' mDÓú o
;ksj wu;d we;af;a .S ;=klska hq;a tl iQla;hl muKs'
R.afõofhys wm%Odk ;;a;ajhla ysñfjk reø .ek iïmQK_
iQla; ;=kl;a" fldgia jYfhka tll;a" fidau iu. wkqnoaO
fldg tll;a úia;r fõ' ñ;% yd jreK foú" w;r mj;afka
b;d lsÜgq iïnJOhls' ñ;%foú ;ksj wu;kq ,nkafka tla
iQla;hl muKs' tys § mjd ñ;%f.a pß;h ms<sn| j f;dr;=re
,efnkafka w,am jYfhks' flfia jqj;a ffjÈl idCIsj,g
wkqj ñ;% iQ¾h foúfhl= nj Tmamq fõ'
n%dyauK# m;s fyj;a hdÉ[dfõ wêm;shd f,i wu;k
nDyiam;s foú jekqug idl,Hfhka u R.ays iQla; 11la fjka
fldg we;' ;j;a iQla; 2lska bJø foú÷ iu. jK_kd flf¾'
Tyqf.a fN!;sl ,CIK i|yka jkqfha u| jYfhks' foúhkaf.a
mshd f,iska fudyq nqyqukg ,laj we;' foúhka .ek muKla
fkdj fojÕkka ms<sn| lrk jekqï o R.afõofhys yuqfõ' ta
w;r WIia fyj;a Wid fojÕk iQla; 20lska muK fuys
wu;kq ,efí'50 Wiia ysre iu. lsÜgq iïnJOlï mj;ajk
fõoh 117
nj;a" ysreg .uka lsÍug ux fm;a fy<slrkafka WIia nj;a
;;a iQlaf;dla; mdG Ndjhkaf.ka wkdjrKh fõ' j<dl=,
hk w¾:h fok m¾ckH hkq o R.a f õofhys yuq j k
foúflfkls' fudyq ms<ns | f;dr;=re úr,h' ta ksid u R.afõo
foaj ksjyfka fudyqg ysñjkafka wm%Odk ;ekls' fudyq ms<sn|
j jK_kdjg fjkaù we;af;a o iQla; 03la muKs' úuqla;smq;%
^úuqfpd kmd;a& hk kñka ye¢kafjk mQIka foúhd iQla;
wgls k a fuys j¾Ks ;h' bka myla u we;a f;a VII jk
uKav,fhysh' fudyq ms<sn| j o f;dr;=re úr,h' Tyq ish¨
i;a;ja hka .ek okakd iy Tjqka foi n,disák wdrCIlfhl=
f,iska i|yka fõ' wdmia fyj;a c,h iQla; 04 lska jK_kd
flf¾' bJø - w.aks - fidau hkakjqkag miqj w;Hka;rfhkau
lemS fmfkk foújre kï wYaùkajrekah'51 fï fofok ms<sn|
j iQla; 50 lg;a wêl m%udKhl o ;j;a tla tla fjk fjk
iQla;j, o f;dr;=re ix.%y ù we;' wYaùka hkq wkkHfhdah'
;j o fudjqka r:dpdhH_fhda fofofkla jYfhka o wdldYfha
orefjda jYfhka o i,l;s'
iïmQK_ iQl;
a 40lska muK ish¨ foúfhda fyj;a úYafõ
foajd .ek j¾Kkd flfr;s'52 iEu foúflfkla u we;=<;a
fldg jK_kd lsÍug woyia fldg we;s fuys újß; foúfhda
hd.h yd ne÷Kq lD;%s foaj fldgils' kula i|yka fkdfldg
ta ta foúhkag wdfõKsl jQ .=Kdx. tla tla moHlska úia;r
flf¾' fldákau fïjd m%fya<sld fyda f;rú<s iajNdjhla
orhs' .S wkqms<sfj<g wkqj ta fojiuQyh kï fidau" w.aks"
FjIagD" bJø" reø" mQIka úIaKq wYaùkajreka" ñ;% - jreK yd
wx.Sria hk foújrekah'
nN%efrfld úIqK# iQkfrd hqjdl=cHxlaf; ysrKHhï viii 29 - i
fhdksfïl wd iido oafhd;f;dka ;¾foafõIq fïêr# viii 29 - ii
jc%fïflda ìN¾;s yia; wdys;x f;k jD;%dKS ð>akf; viii 29 - iv
m: tal# mSmdh ;ialfrd h:dka taI fõo ksëkdï viii 29 - vi53
iQl;
a 120lska muK fidau foaj j¾Kkh o R.afõofhys
isÿ lr we;' jeo.;alu w;ska w.aks foúhdg muKla fudyq
fojeks fõ'
118 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
iajdNdúl jia;=j,g foajFjdfrdamKh (Deification)
lsÍug fõo hdÈkakd fm<UqKq nj R.afõodkd._; mQfj_dla;
iQla;hkaf.ka fmfka' tfy;a thska fkdkeje;=Kq Tjqyq ta ta
foaj jia;= i;= úfYaIK ,CIK o foaj;ajhg keÕ= nj
R.afõoh ksÍCIKfhka fmfka' iú;d yd újiaj;a hk kï
úNd.fhka ;;a lreK ukdj jegfya'54 iú;d hkq iQhH_df.a
W;amdol Yla;sh yd m%dKj;a lsÍfï n,hhs' újiaj;a hkq tys
È,sfik iajNdjhhs' fuf,i iQ¾hfoaj úfYaIK kdu m¾hdh
kduù miqj fjka fjkaj foúhka njg m;a jQ whqre meyeÈ,s
fõ' fï yereKqúg mQfj_dla; ñ;% - jreK - mQIka - W!Iia hk
jpk o wdÈfhys iQ¾hdf.a u úfYaIK kdu jQ w;r" tajd o miqj
foaj;ajhg m;a úh'
ffjÈl wd¾hhka fuf,i fidndoyfï n,fõ.hka
j¢kakg mqokak g jQfha ñksia j._hd ms<s n| wdÈ hq. fha
wdl,amj,ska wE;g ysi Tijd fkd;enQ ksidh' fidndoyfï
wÑka;H jQ ls%hdldÍ;ajh ±lSfuka wdÈ ffjÈlhd mqÿuhg;a
ìhg;a m;a úh' ta ksid ñksia n,h blaj jQ n,hla Yla;shla
Tjqkg wdrEV l<y' ;j o Tjqkg m%Yia;s NdIK mQj_l
hdpkfhka iïm;a ,dNh o tfia fkdls Í fuka Wjÿre
lïlfgd¨ Woa.;fjk nj o úYajdi l<y' fï ksid Tjqkf.a
.=K .dhkd lsÍug fm<ôKs' R.afõofha X uKa,fha 52
iQla;fha 06 fjks .S;sldfõ -
;%SKSY;d ;s%iyi%dKH.aksx
;s%xYÉpfojd kppdim_hka
T!CI;aRff;ria;DKka n¾ysriaud
wdÈofOd;drx kHidoh;a;
hkqfjka foújre 3339 ms<sn| i|yka fõ' fï wkqj m%drïNfha
§ foújre w,a m jq j l,a . ;ùfï § l% ñ lj úldYh ù
foajmrïmrdjl iïNjh isÿjk nj fmfka' oHdjd - mDÓú -
wÈ;s - ñ;% - jreK - Od;D - whH_ud - wxYN. - újiaj;a -
iú;d - mQId - úIaKq - bJø - w.aks - foHd# - WId - reø - jdhq
- hu - mqreI - úYajlu_d - wYaùka - m¾ckH wdÈ foaj kdu
fuys,d ksoY_ kfhda h'55 fuf,i fndfyda foúhka ms<s n|
fõoh 119
wdl,amh tkï - nyqfoajjdoh (polytheism) R.afõofhys l%ñlj
ye§ jeã ia:dms; jQ whqre fmfka'
R.afõofha foújreka .Kk 33la jk nj o i|yka
fõ' ta ish,af,da ffjÈl wd¾hdf.a mQcdjg md;%jQfjda fj;s'
wdÈ ld,Sk .%Slhkag fukau ffjÈlhkag o f,dal ;=kla jQy'
tkï(- mDÓúh;a" jdhqf.da,h;a" wyi;ah' R.afõo foúfhda
fï;=ka f,dfjysu úiQy' Èõ hkq wyihs' foaj hkq wyfiys
bkakd hkqhs' ffjÈl wd¾hd msÿ foúhka fï wkqj iaj._ia:
(situated  in  the  heaven) N+ uia: (situated  in  the  earth)  yd
wkdÍCIia: (situated in the sky) hkqfjka j._ l< yelsh' foH!ia
j¾K ñ;% wdÈ;H iQ¾h iú;D mQIks úIaKq wYaúka WIia rd;%S
hk fudjqyq iaj._ia: foaj;dfjda fj;s' mDÓú w.aks nDyiam;s
fidau hk fudjqyq N+uHia: ^N+uia:& foaj;dfjdah' iaj._hg;a
mDÓúhg;a w;r msyá s jdhqf.da,h wka;ÍCI kï fõ' bJø - reø
- ure;a - jdhq - wmdxkm;a - m¾ckH - wdma hk fudjqyq
wka;ÍCIia: foújreh'56 mQfj_dla; il, foaj iuQyhdf.a u
wdydrh jQfha .sf;,a" OdkH yd udxidydrh jeks ukqIH
wdydruh' fidau me,Eáfhka .;a hqIfhka fmrd.;a fidaumdkh
foúhkaf.a ms%h;u mdkh úh' w.aks" whH_uka" iú;D bJø" ñ;%"
mQIka" úIaK"q nDyiam;s" m¾ckH" iQhH_" jreK yd wYaúka fofokd
msßñ foúfhdah' WIia iriaj;S" jdÉ" rd;%S" mDÓú" bJødKS"
jreKdkS yd wdrKHdkS hk fudjqka ia;%S foaj;dfjdah'57 wdmia
ure;a wdÈ;H wmairia foaj.K fyj;a rdYS foaj;dfjda kï
fj;s' wYaúka" ñ;% - jreK" oHdjd - mDÓú hq.au foaj;dfjdah'
wiqr - odi - oiHq - jD;% - j, - økj - úYajrEm - iaj¾Ndkq
- foúhkag úreoaO rdCIifhdah' hu - hó kï ksU¨ q fidfydhqre
fidfydahqßhka fofokd ñksia j._hdf.a uq,a uõmsh fofokdh'
fuf,i foaj mrïmrdjl Wmam;a;sh R.afõofhys m%drïNl
wjêfhys ±lsh yelsh' mYapd;a ld,Skj .xÕfjda o foaj;ajhg
keÕ=y' isJOq - úmdYa - Y=;%§ iriaj;S hk .xÕdfjda o N=uHia:
foaj.Kfhys,d ie,fla' fï yereKq úg Y%oaOd - uJHq - N. -
wÈ;s wdÈ .= K kduhka g o foa j ;a jdfrda m Kh lr we;'
miqld,Skj R.afõo iQla; rpkd l< RIsjre o foajFjhg
120 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 121

kÕd we;' fõol;_ D jre muKla fkdj l,a hdfï §
hd.fydaudÈhg .kakd NdKavj,g o foaj;ajh wdfrdamKh lr
we;' fï wkqj fndfyda foúhka ms<sn| j úYajdih fyj;a nyq
foajjdoh R.afõofhys m<uqj mefKk iqúfYaI jQ wjia:djla
jQ nj fmfka'
fudjqkaf.a Pdhd ud;% jYfhka o ie,l+y' tfy;a l,ska l,g
m%Odk foaj wiqfkys Wreuh fjkia úh'
fï wkqj iuia; foaj iïNjh yd úldYh yl=¿jd
mshjr y;rla hgf;a fuf,i fm<.eiaúh yelsh'

fuf,i fndfyda foúhka ms<sn| úYajdi wiqk u; ^1& nyqfoaj jdoh (Polytheism)
ffjÈl wd¾hhd ;u wd.u f.dvkÕhs' tfy;a l,a h;au ^2& wdjiaÓl tal foajjdoh (Henotheism)
iajdNdúlj we;sfjk Ñka;kfha mßKdufha m%;M s ,hla jYfhka ^3& talfoaj jdoh (Monotheism)
Tjqyq nyqfoaj we±ys,af,ka ñ§ tla foúfhl= ms<ns | j is;kakg ^4& ij_jHdmS Yajrjdoh (Pantheism)
fm<efU;s' tkï talfoajjdofha (Monotheism) iïNjhhs' tys hkqfjks'
§ bJø - jreK - w.aks wdÈ foújreka fuf,i l,ska l,g tal
foajjd§ mqoiqfka lsre< ysñlr .;ay' tfy;a Nla;us ;a hÈkakdf.a fuf,i R.afõofha foajl:djkaf.a wdrïNh yd l%ñl
Ñ;a; úmhH_dih u; fjk;a foújrekag o ish¨ fiiq foúhka úldYh jQ whqre iúia;rj we;=<;a fõ' flfia fj;;a bJø
w;r m%Odk ia:dkh ysñlr § we;' bJø jreKdÈ foújreka i;= jreK ñ;% wdÈ foújrekaf.a f;aci l,a h;au Èhù ta fjkqjg
ksYaÑ; .=Kdx. ms<sn| wjOdkhla ful< fkdmeje;sKs' ;u úIaK"q reø ^Ysj&" n%yu
a hk foúfhda lr<shg meñfKa' woH;kfha
is;eÕs fÉIagdjka uia;l m%dma; lr.ekSfuys,d ;udg yels o ;s%uQ¾;sh kñka Tjqkag Nla;s mQfcdamydr olaj;s'
whqßka foúhdf.a .=K .dhkhg ful< hdÈkakd fm<UqKy' R.afõofha X uKav,fha 129 iQla;h úYajiïNjh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lrkakls' úYaj iïNjh hkq wi;a
ffjÈl hq.fha fnfyúka ckm%shjQ cd;sl foúhd jQfha i;a njg mßKduh ùula f,i úia;r flf¾' tkï(- kia;; s ajh
bJøh' w.aks foúhd hdÈkakdg jvd;a ióm;u jQ foúhdh' ^wi;a;Fjh& wia;s;ajhg i;a;ajhg m;aùuhs'
R;hg wêm;s fyj;a iodpdrfhys kshuqjd jQfha jreK foú÷h'
fuf,i ta ta foúhka ta ta wxÕhka w;r; m%Odk ;ek fynjQy' kdiodiSkafkd iodiS;a;odkSx
th wdjiaÓl talfoj jdoh (Henotheism) kï fõ' kdiSøfcd fkd fjHdud mfrd h;a
lsudjßj# l=y liH Y¾uka;a
wïN# lsudiSoa .ykx .NSrï58 (x, 129 - i)
l,ah;au úYd, foajmrmqrlg lrk mqo i;aldrj,ska ^tl,ays ke;s nj fkdùh' we;s nj fkdùh' jd;h fkdùh'
fyïn;aj fjfyi ù isà mqokakd ij_jHdmS ij_{jQ wêldÍ hï wkka; wjldYh fkdùh' jd;h fkdjqkq w;r" l=ula
n,hla we;s tlu wiydh foúfhl= iajiqLúyrKh i|yd wvx.= ù o@ fldfya ldf.a wdrCIdjla o@ lshkq lsu@ ñksh
we;slr.;ay' ij_jHdmS Yajrjdoh (Pantheism) kï fuhhs' n,h fkdyels .eUqre c,ialkaOh ù o@&
m%;dmh ohd odCIsKH m%{dj iEu ffjÈl foúfhl=gu idOdrK hkdÈ mßÈ uq,k
s a iEu ;eku c,h me;sr ;snqKq nj i|yka fõ'
,CIKfhdah' tfy;a ta w;r; iqúfYaIS .=fKdam,CIs; foújre ;u wdiS;a;uid .=<ayuf.%
o jQy' úYajlu_ka - mqreI - m%cdm;s - n%yuka hk foújre m%fl%;x i,s,x ij_ud boï
fuys,d ksoY_kfhdah' iodld,sl jQ ij_n,OdÍ wkH ish¨ ;=fcHkdNjmsys;x hodiS;a
foúhkag wêm;s jQ fY%aIaG foúfhl= jYfhka o fiiq foúhka ;miia;kauys kdcdhff;lï59  (x, 129 - i)
122 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 123

lduia; of.% iuj¾;;dê we;' th miqj il= idys;H ,;dfjys yg.;a iQfmdaIs; oDYH
ukdfid fr;# m%:ux hodiS;a ldjH M,fhys uq,a wjia:dj fy<sorõ lrkakls' X - 85 §¾>
if; nJOqui;s ksrúkaoka
yDÈ m%;SIHd ljfhd ukSId60 (x, 129 - i)
újdy .S;hls' X 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 hk iQla; mi wdodyk
u;l .S;fhdah' X - 95 mQrErjia rcqf.a yd W!¾jia wmairdjf.a
i;aNdjhg hk hula Y+kH;ajfhka jeiqfKa o ta tlu foni jK_kd fõ' miqld,fha § fuh ld,sodif.a úl%fud¾jYS
i;aNdjh n,j;a ;dmfhka Wmkafkah' uqksjre m%{dfjka ish kï kdgH .%ka:hg fya;= úh' WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmS iQla; o
m% { dfjka is h yojf;ys fidhd n,d wi;a N djh ;= < yuqfõ x  84 iQl;a h iQÿfjka me/ÿKq wfhl=f.a ÿlaui
q q ú,dmh
i;aNdjhdf.a nkaOkh fidhd .;ay' - hkdÈ mßÈ l%ñlj isÿjQ iys; .S tn÷ WmfoaY wka;._; wjia:djls'62 fun÷ WmfoaY
f,dafld;am;a;s jD;a;dka;h .ek úia;r fõ' mYapd;ald,Skj wka;._; wjia:d 04 la .ek i|yka fõ' x 112 iQla;fhka
úlis; jQ idxLHoY_kfhys b.ekaùï o fï mqj; iu. ieief|a' ñksiqka ,dN ,nk l%u .ek lshefõ' ix 71 fjks iQla;fhka
fï wkqj R.afõofha miqld,Sk úlis; oY_khkays uq,aîc nq oa ê u;a l:dfõ w.h ls h fjk w;r  x,  117 iQ l a;fhka
jHdma; j mj;sk nj fmfka' fï yereKq úg x - 90 - 12 .Sh mqKHlu_hkaf.a w.h w.h flf¾' R.afõofhys viii 29, iy i
mYapd;ald,Sk iudcfhys uq,a nei.;a p;=¾jK_h ms<sn| j o 64 hk .S; m%fy<sld iajrEmfhka hqla;h'
o;a; imhhs' ta wkqj"
wdka;sl igyka(
n%dyaufKdaZiH uqLudiSoa 1' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh"
ndyqrdcJH# lD;# 31 ms'
W!re ;oiH hoaffjYH# 2' tu" 32 ms'
moaNHdx Y=føda wcdh;61 (X - 90 - 12) 3' tu" 31 ms'
4' meÜßla" kdrdú," ^1997& R.afõo.S;dj,S" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
Tyqf.a ^n%yauhdf.a& lg nuqKdf.a ^Wmka;ek& úh' ndyq ifydaorfhda" ix ms'
5' tu" 31 ms'
hq.,h laI;%h
s hd ksuùh' hï ffjYHfhla ù o ta Tyqf.a jfgdr
6' ysßhkak" weï'" ^1970& ixCIsma; bka§h oY_kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk
hq.,hs' Y=øhd fom;=<ska Wmkafkah' - 10 jeks uKav,h fomd¾;fïka;=j" 39 ms'
mYapd;ald,Sk tl;=jla jYfhka i,lhs' ta wkqj nuqKka úiska 7' tu" 39 ms'
iaj wdêm;H iudch ;=< ia:dms; lsÍug fuu .Sh we;=<;a 8' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh"
lrkakg we;ehs iel my< lr;s' R.afõofha fjk lsisÿ wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 7 ms'
9' tu" 9 ms'
uKav,hl fun÷ i|ykla fkdue;s ùu o fuys § wjOdkh
10' ysßhkak" weï'" ^1970& ixCIsma; bka§h oY_kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fhduq l< hqla;ls' fomd¾;fïka;=j" 40 ms'
11' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
10 uKav,fha mqreI iQla;h o tu uKav,fhysu 34 ifydaorfhda" 1 ms'
jeks iQla;h iQÿldrhdf.a .S;h ±lafõ' tysu 127 fjks iQla;h 12' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh"
rd;%S kï fojÕk ms<ns | jekqug o 135 fjks iQla;h hu ms<sn| wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 10ms'
j f;dr;=re l:khg o fjka ù we;' R.afõofha 10 fjks 13' tu" 10 ms'
14' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh"
uKav,fha 14 fjks iQla;h u<.u ms<sn| j úia;r lrk w;r"
32 ms'
;;a uKav,fha u hu yd hó w;r we;sfjk ixjdoh o wka;._;j
124 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 fõoh 125

15' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy 36' fiakdkdhl" Ô' tia' î'" ^1960& ixialD; idys;Hh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak
ifydaorfhda" 1 ms' iy idu.u" 14-15 ms'
16' ysßhkak" weï '" ^1970& ixCIsma; bka§h oY_kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk 37' tu" 15 ms'
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 121 ms' 38' tu" 13 ms'
17' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh" 39' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 07 ms' ifydaorfhda" 3 ms'
18' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh" 40' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh"
32 ms' wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 10 ms'
19' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh" 41' meÜßla" kdrdú," ^1997& R.afõo.S;dj,S" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 10 ms' ifydaorfhda" 05 ms'
20' fiakdkdhl" Ô' tia' î'" ^1960& ixialD; idys;Hh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak 42' tu" 09 ms'
iy idu.u" 11 ms' 43' tu" m%ia;djkdj
21' tu" 12 ms' 44' tu" 14 ms'
22' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh" 45' tu" 63 ms'
33 ms' 46' tu" 64 ms'
23' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh" 47' tu" 65 ms'
wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 10 ms' 48' tu" 191 ms'
24' tu" 10 ms' 49' tu" 196 ms'
25' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh" 50' tu" 129 ms'
33 ms' 51' tu" 181 ms'
26' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy 52' tu" 209 ms
ifydaorfhda" 2 ms' 53' tu" 209 ms'
27' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh" 54' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 7-10 ms' ifydaorfhda" 4 ms'
28' ysßhkak" weï'" ^1970& ixCIsma; bka§h oY_kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk 55' fiakdkdhl" Ô' tia' î'" ^1960& ixialD; idys;Hh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 43 ms' iy idu.u" 22-26 ms'
29' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uf q ¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk l,dmh" 56' wiaið ysñ" wUl=Uqf¾" ysßudkak" fm%auisß" ^1962& idOkd fojk
32 ms' l,dmh" 35 ms'
30' ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ^1988& ffjÈl idys;Hh" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy 57' m[a[df,dal ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" ^1952& ixialD; .%k:a jxYh" wïn,xf.dv"
ifydaorfhda" 2 ms' úch uqøKd,h" 10 ms'
31' fiakdkdhl" Ô' tia' î'" ^1960& ixialD; idys;Hh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak 58' meÜßla" kdrdú," ^1997& R.afõo.S;dj,S" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iy idu.u" 14 ms' ifydaorfhda" 293 ms'
32' meÜßla" kdrdú," ^1997& R.afõo.S;dj,S" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy 59' tu" 294 ms'
ifydaorfhda" 1 ms' 60' tu" 295 ms'
33' ysßhkak" weï'" ^1970& ixCIsma; bka§h oY_kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk 61' tu" 284 ms'
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 44 ms' 62' tu" 363 ms'
34' meÜßla" kdrdú," ^1997& R.afõo.S;dj,S" urodk" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" Xii-Xiii ms'
35' m[a [ df,da l ys ñ " fmd,a j ;a f ;a " ^1952& ixia l D; .% k a : jxYh"
wïn,xf.dv" úch uqøKd,h" 10 ms'