140 Relative c ‘Study the explanations and examples in the chart. Make your own examples. aUSES Relative clauses provide additional information about a preceding noun. Relative pronoun _ Explanation Example Arestrictive relative clause provides information that helps to define the noun. It can refer to the suibject or the object of the preceding clause. Commas are not used, which, who, that, Use which or that for things or ‘Achild -> who / that has not yet where, why places, who or that for people, acquired language will point to objects. where for places, and why for Language is a system of signs or deme symbols that represents things. whose Use whose when the clause Children whose language skils have describes something that belongs to not yet developed will have difficulty the noun in the previous sentences (a explaining whether they understand pperson or a thing). a concept who or whom Use whom when refering to a Piaget isthe behavioral scientist to person whois the object. (Wiom whem many refer when discussing is more common in formal writing, _ theories of cognitive development. especially after a preposition.) Omission of relative The relative pronoun (except whose) Intelligence is not something (that) pronoun can be omitted in clauses that refer you can easily measure, to the object, Relative clauses _In formal English, the preposition is The stage of development at which with prepositions placed before the relative pronoun. _a child leams to remember objects (who, whom, which) usually occurs before two years ald Anon-restrictive relative clause provides additional information that is not essential to defining the noun, Commas are used to separate the clause from the rest ofthe sentence. which, who, whom, Use which for things or places, whe Language use, which shows evidence where (Note: These for people, where for places. Cf symbofc thinking, does not develop are not omitted in Until about two years of age, object clauses.) which Which can also refer back to a Piaget designed tasks to measure whole clause (see referent pronouns children’s inteligence, which led him Grammar Unit 11). to develop his theory of cognitive development. Notes: 1. You can combine more than one relative clause in a sentence. For example, A child who / that has not yet acquired language will point to objects (that) they want. Be aware that the use of that for a person is used in informal writing and speech.\ (GRAMMAR: RELATIVE CLAUSES Practice Exer TEE ‘A Combine the sentences into one sentence using relative clauses. 1. Aphobia is an irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity, Itis accompanied by an intense wish to escape. The root word phobia means fear or extreme dite. Use your dictionary to find the meanings ofthese words: claustrophobia, xenophobia, sarachnophobia 2. Agoraphobia isa phobia tis a fear of open spaces. People most often seek treatment for it 3. Agoraphobia may be caused by stress. itis very dificult to treat. This may be connected to the cause of the phobia. 4, Agoraphobia is a complex condition. We don’t fully understand the causes of it and there is so single explanation for it. B Complete the passage by writing the letter of each relative clause in the correct place. ‘The Concept of Personal Space Personal space is the invisible area of space '____. This personal space is important as it protects us ‘rom other people, »____. The boundaries of this space vary depending on the people *_. tt also varies according tothe culture ‘__. In countries °__, you can cause offence by standing too close to another person. Conversely, people * ___, could cause offence in countries ”__. Research also suggests that there is a difference between the personal space of men and women. Women tend ‘to have a smaller personal space with friends than with people © Men, ®___ especially wien interacting with other men, have a more similar size of space for people in which we live that they dislike that surrounds each individual person f which is why we feel uncomfortable if the space is invaded 9 they like and dislike h_ who stand too far away i i where personal space is larger whose personal space is generally larger Where personal space is smaller with whom we interact Sa Using relative clauses correctly will help you in the writing and speaking sections ofthe test. Review your written work and find places where you could combine sentences using relative clauses. You can use relative clauses in the speaking section, too. For example, in question 1 of the speaking section (personal experience) you might start your response as follows: A person that I admires... A place that Ilike to visit is... A subject that I would love to study is... In question 2 (paired choice) you might include sentences such as: People who travel alone don't have the chance to discuss their experiences, but people who travel with a friend can exchange opinions all the time. Traveling with a friend is something that Ihave always enjoyed because 141