Meaning:​Legislature is the organ of the government which is concerned with the​ law

making.
2)​’Legg’ Means law​ and ​‘lature’ means place.
3)It is also known as ​Parliament ​which has been derived from a ​French word parle ​which
means to talk or to discuss or to deliberate.
4)Legislation has the power to make, amend or repeal any law. it is an integral and
inseparable part of every democratic government.
5)It is a body of representatives which is directly elected, active and powerful people. It acts
as a mirror of public opinion.
“ it is the legislature which formulates the will of the state into laws and vests these
with legality and legitimacy. "

Functions of Legislature:
1) law making function-
The first and foremost function of Legislature is to legislate that is, to make laws. legislature
is the chief source of law. It is always described as the organ of government which is
concerned with law making. legislature processes the demands of the people into
authoritative law statutes and public policies. the authoritative values (laws, rules and
policies) made by the legislature by the entire society. all the people are bound by legislative
statutes.​ laws made by the legislature are known as statutes or act​.

2)Deliberate functions of the Legislature-

to deliberate on matters of national importance of public issues or problems and policies is
an important function of the Legislature. ​JS mill​ referred to the legislature as-​"congress of
opinions".
Through this function, the legislature makes The executive power of aspirations come off
use, difficulties or grievances of the people. The deliberate function of the Legislature serves
as a basic process by which the executives come to know about the demands of the public
opinion. it also comes to know about possible alternative policies and decisions which can
be adopted for securing demands of people and goals of national interest.

3)Custodian of national finances-

A nearly Universal rule has been-​ "the Legislature of the state is the custodian of
national purse. "​;exercises to control over National finances. no money can be raised or
spent by executive order expenditures can be charged on consolidated funds of a state
without consent com approval of knowledge of Legislature. The executive prepares the
budget and the legislature passes it in which the executive has two place accounts of actual
income and expenditure of the previous year and estimated income and expenditure for the
new financial year.
legislature maintains avigilon financial transactions made by executive in respect of budget
allocation. In India- estimates committee reviews the estimates of government departments
and public accounts committee reviews the expenditure incurred by the government
departments.

4)Control over executive-

A modern legislature has power to exercise control over executives to stop the nature and
extent of Legislative control over executive differences from state to state.
parliamentary​-legislative control our executive is fundamental features; members of
Executive are individually and collectively responsible for legislature for their actions,
decisions, policies and programs.Legislature has the power to remove the executive by
passing a vote of no confidence or by rejecting a policy of budget or any law proposed by the
executive. if a major sponsored by the executive fails to get approval of the Legislature, it is
taken to be a vote of no confidence against the executive and it resigns giving an opportunity
to the nation to have a new executive. executive works under alert and active control of
Legislature and its committees like public accounts committee estimates committee,
Mrpublic sector undertaking committee, privilege committee,etc. the executive always fears
checking and controlling powers of Legislature.
presidential-​2 there is a separation of powers between the legislature and executive and
each is powerful in its own sphere of activity, through a system of checks and balances are
the legislature exercise control over the executive. through its path to legislate and pass the
budget it also exercises a fair amount of control over the executive. The legislature
extensively uses its powers of creating a special investigating committee is, in addition to
several permanent standing committees to investigate the working of any government
department and decisions of the secretary (minister) who had a department.
CURTIS-” probably the most significant contemporary function of assemblies is the
supervision over and enquiry into performance and behaviour of governments. "

5)Constituent functions Colin amendment of constitution-

In almost every state, it is the legislature which has the power to amend the constitution. For
this purpose, the legislature has to pass special laws called amendments in accordance with
the procedure laid down in the constitution. in some States the requirements to pass an
amendment with2/3rd or 3/4th or an absolute majority of votes. In some other states the
passing of an amendment requires legislative action in the form of an approved amendment
proposal which becomes an amendment on the when it gets ratified by the purpose in the
referendum.

6)electoral functions-
each legislative reforms some Electoral functions. The two houses of Indian Parliament elect
the vice president And elected members from both the houses form part of the electoral
college which elects the President of India. members of Lok Sabha elected one of their
members as speaker and other as deputy speaker. in Switzerland, Federal assembly
election members of Federal Council and Federal Tribunal. in US, when in presidential
election, no candidate gets the required absolute majority of votes in presidential electoral
college, US HOR elects one of the top three candidates (on the basis of votes polled by
them) as the next President of US.

7)judicial functions:
It is customary to West the legislature with some judicial powers. the legislature is usually
assigned the role to act as a court of impeachment,i.e., legislature acting as an investigating
court and trying high public officials on charges of treason, misdemeanor and high crimes.
Example Congress in the US has the power to conduct impeachment proceedings against
the president, vice president, chief justice and other charges of the Supreme Court. In India,
either of the two houses of union Parliament can press an impeachment charge for
impeachment of the president. If Loksabha preferred the charge, and Rajya Sabha sits as
trial court and vice versa, the impeachment succeeds when the investigating house passes
resolution by 2/3rds majority that charge has been sustained. Indian Parliament has the
power to move for removal of judges of supreme court and of High Court on Grounds of
proven misbehaviour and incapacity for resolution for such removal must be passed by a
2/3rds Majority in each house. It is only Then that the President of India can remove the
concerned judge.

Difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature:

1) definition:
Unicameral legislature is the one which has a single house. the bicameral legislature is the
one which has two houses.

2)Suitability:
unicameral legislature- it is found mostly in small states.
bicameral legislature- it is found in a large number of big States

3)Mode of election:
Unicameral legislature-Directly elected.
bicameral legislature- the first house is usually called the lower house and is constituted by
the directly elected representatives of the people of the state, and the second house (called
Upper house) is mostly constituted for equal representation of all states and are indirectly
elected.

4)Functions:
Unicameral legislature-
1) public opinion and popular will is represented.
2) prevents dealer in legislation
3) special interests are represented.
4) it eliminates the chances of ill considered and hasty legislation.

Bicameral legislature-
1)it is an essential means for safeguarding ourselves against the arbitrariness of the
Legislature with a single chamber.
2) it prevents the mistake of passing ill considered measures in a Haste with a view to satisfy
mass passions and demands.
3) performs the role of a revisor.
4)Two houses can together share the legislative work and handle the entire work
systematically.
5) the two houses better represent public opinion.
6) it ensures equal representation to all units and helps the crystallization of public opinion
on all bills before they become laws.

5)example:
Unicameral legislature-Eg-China, Turkey, Portugal, Zimbabwe, New Zealand.
Bicameral legislature- Eg- India, USA, UK, France, Canada.Basically democratic countries
like Germany, Switzerland, Italy,Japan and others.

Q)Why is the senate the second largest chamber in the world?

1)Small size-
The senate is a small house of 100 members. It helps to carry out its business systematically
and effectively. Small size makes it possible for the senators to know one another and carry
out the work of the house efficiently. It also ensures equal representation of all states be it
big or small in size.

2) Long tenure-
Senators have a long tenure of six years. One elected, the senate remains in office for six
years. A HOR member has a tenure of only two years. The longer tenure and convention of
re-electing the able and efficient senators together provide a good opportunity for them to
understand and carry out the work effectively on securing their interests or wishes through
necessary legislation.

3) quasi-permanent character-
The Senate is a quasi-permanent body and ever continuing house of Congress. It never gets
dissolved as a whole. Only one third members are elected after every two years. The 2/3
members continue as before. No other American institution has an ever continuing character
as has been the case of the Senate. The long tenure and continuity of presents is a source
of experience for the senators and efficiency for the Senate.

4) Direct election-
Since 1913, senators have been directly elected by the people of each State of the US
Federation. All of them together elect their two senators. Replacement of initially followed
indirect method by a direct election has strengthened greatly the popularity base of the
Senate. Increased popularity has been a source of increased popular faith in the Senate. It
has considerably increased the influence of the Senate upon the people. Direct election of
one third of the senators after every two years keeps the Senate responsive and responsible
to the public opinion.

5) special powers of the Senate-

The Senate's powers to approve or disapprove the appointments made by the President, its
power to ratify or deny ratification to treaties concluded by the President, and its role as a
court of impeachment have together given to the Senate a special and high status in the US
constitutional system. It has made its position stronger than the HOR. It also has the power
to form federal courts.

6) Power of filibuster(senate’s freedom of speech)-

Members of both the houses of the Congress enjoy the privilege of absolute freedom of
speech. However, this privilege is of distinct advantage to the senators. The Senate has only
100 members. They, therefore, get proportionately more time to speak then members of
HOR in which 435 of them share the time. The traditionally established respect for this
freedom of speech has made the Senate a forum of free and high-quality speeches.

7) solidarity of state –
It has been an important element in maintaining and increasing the power and influence of
the Senate. Irrespective of their party affiliations, senators acted unitedly and steadfastly to
maintain and exercise the power and authority of the Senate in the US constitutional system.
Practice of senatorial courtesy simply reflects this unity and solidarity. This consciousness in
favour of mutual respect and unity has helped the Senate to act decisively in exercising its
role in the system and has considerably strengthened its position.

8) wider representative base of a senator-

T​he Senate represents the sovereign equality of all the states constituting the US
Federation. Each senator acts as the ambassador of his state in the Senate. He represents
the entire population. The representative base of a senator is broader than that of HOR.

9) equal lawmaking powers-

In the USA, the Constitution framers decided to give equal share to the Senate in the
legislative sphere. Due to the joint conference committee method of conflict resolution, the
Senate has come to play a dominant role in the lawmaking sphere. The fate of the financial
legislation finally depends upon the amendments made by the Senate in the bills passed by
the house of representatives. It hasStrengthened the position of the Senate both in
comparison with HOR and President and the government in the USA.

WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH LOK SABHA KEEPS CONTROL OVER
EXECUTIVE?

1) putting questions to the executive –

Members of the legislature can put questions and supplementary questions to the ministers,
which latter has to answer, orally or in writing. During each day of the session of the
legislature, an hour is fixed for this purpose. It is followed by a zero hour in which legislators
can raise any issue in the house and called for a government action.

2) moving of motions against executive –

The legislature can pass several types of motions to affect its control over the executive.
a) adjournment motion:
Used by the legislature to make the executive discuss a topic of immediate concern after
suspension of agenda for days work.
b) call attention motion:
Used by the legislature to focus the attention of the executive on a particular issue which
needs special and urgent attention.
c) Cut motion:
Used as a means to force a minister either to resign or to accept the view of the legislature.
It involves the decision to cut down the grants of the department or the salary of the minister.
If it is passed it is taken to be a vote of no confidence against the minister and he has to
resign. Used as a means to force the minister either to resign the decision or the salary of
the Minister. If it passed it was taken to be a vote of no confidence against the Minister and
he asked to resign.
d) censure motion:
Bypassing this motion the legislature can show its displeasure or dissatisfaction with the
working of the department or minister. A passing of the censure motion also means an
expression of lack of confidence in the minister against whom a censure motion or a
condemnation motion is passed and he has to resign.
e) no confidence motion:
By this motion, the legislature can withdraw its support to the government and it leads to the
resignation of the government along with that of the Prime Minister.

3) investigation committee –
The legislature can constitute investigation committees for investigating any matter of
serious concern pertaining to the actions of the government. Any adverse report of any
investigation committee can cause the fall of the government. The executive has to place all
facts and records before such a legislative committee as well as to answer all its queries.

4) legislative committees and privileges of the legislators –

Legislators constitute several communications like the estimates committee, the Public
accounts committee, committee on delegated legislation, committee on Public undertakings
and the light, for investigating the work of the executive and bringing to light the acts of
omission and commission of the executive. The members of the legislature enjoy several
privileges like freedom of speech and freedom to criticise the government. No minister can
violate the privileges enjoyed by the members.

5) audit-
Audit is the watchdog of administration. It is used to check the financial dealings and
accounts of the executive departments. Audit reports always form the basis for a legislative
action against the executive. They keep a watch on legislators on how they are spending the
collected taxes and in which field. It keeps a Record of all economic transactions.

6) legislative and financial powers of the legislature –

No bill can become a law until and unless both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha passes them. In
case of a deadlock between the two, which exceeds a period of six months, a joint session
of the two houses is held which is presided over by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. The bill gets
passed by 2/3 majority and Lok Sabha generally dominates the show because of its large
membership.

COMPARISON OF:

THE LOK SABHA AND THE HOR-

BASIS THE LOK SABHA THE HOR

NAME OF THE PARLIAMENT CONGRESS

BI-CAMERAL
LEGISLATURE

STRENGTH OF 545 435

EACH (543 (NUMBER OF MEMBERS
HOUSE MEMBERS ARE FROM EACH FEDERAL
DIRECTLY ELECTED UNIT DEPENDS ON THE
FROM THEIR POPULATION OF THAT
CONSTITUENCIES FEDERAL UNIT)
WHICH ARE MADE ON
THE BASIS OF
POPULATION) REST 2
ARE NOMINATED BY
PRESIDENT TO GIVE
REPRESENTATION TO
ANGLO INDIANS

METHOD OF DIRECT DIRECT ELECTION OF

ELECTION ELECTION OF THE MEMBERS FROM THEIR
MEMBERS FROM FEDERAL UNITS
THEIR ELECTORAL DEPENDING UPON THE
CONSTITUENCIES POPULATION OF THE
THAT ARE MADE ON FEDERAL UNIT
THE BASIS OF THE
POPULATION ( 2
ANGLO INDIANS ARE
NOMINATED BY THE
PRESIDENT

TENURE MAXIMUM ​5 YEARS​( NO 2 YEARS​ ( FIXED TERM

FIXED TERM IT CAN BE CANNOT BE DISSOLVED
DISSOLVED BEFORE BEFORE THE COMPLETION OF
THE COMPLETION OF THE
TERM ) TERM)

QUALIFICATIO 1.He must be a citizen of 1.He must be a citizen of

NS USA
2. he must be at least ​25
years of age
3. he must be a resident of
USA for at least ​7 years
4. he must be the
representative of the
district which he represent
5.He must fulfill all those
qualifications which the
Congress may prescribe
India
2. He must be above the
age of 25 years
3. he must not hold any
office of profit under any
government
4. He should not be
insane or bankrupt
5. he must possess all
the qualifications as may
be laid down by the
 From time to time. parliament
6.He must not have been
declared an offender of a
Grave crime by any Court
of law

LEGISLATIVE ALL THE SAME AS SENATE

POWERS ORDINARY BILLS CAN ( MONEY BILLS ARE
BE INTRODUCED IN INTRODUCED IN HOR)
EITHER OF THE
HOUSES YET IN
PRACTICE 90% BILLS
ARE INTRODUCED IN
LOK SABHA ONLY.NO
ORDINARY BILL CAN
BECOME A LAW IF NOT
PASSED BY LOK
SABHA.IN CASE OF
DEADLOCK FOR SIX
MONTHS PRESIDENT
SUMMONS A JOINT
MEETING WHERE THE
LOK SABHA DUE TO ITS
LARGER MEMBERSHIP
DOMINATES THE SHOW

FINANCIAL ALL MONEY BILLS ARE MONEY BILL CAN ORIGINATE

POWERS INTRODUCED IN LOK ONLY IN HOR. IN FACT, THE
SABHA ONLY.IT PLAYS BUDGET IS ALSO FIRST
A DOMINANT ROLE IN INTRODUCED IN THIS HOUSE
PASSING OF MONEY ONLY, HOWEVER THE FINAL
BILL AS RAJYA SABHA DECISION LIES WITH THE
CONSENT IS NOT SENATE.
NECESSARY IT CAN
ONLY AT THE MOST
DELAY IT FOR 14
DAYS.LOK SABHA HAS
FINAL CONTROL OVER
THE FINANCES OF
UNION.IT IS THE​ REAL
CUSTODIAN OF
NATIONAL PURSE.​ANY
DISPUTE REGARDING A
BILL A MONEY BILL OR
NOT IS ALSO DECIDED
BY THE SPEAKER OF
LOK SABHA.

JUDICIAL PLAYS A CO-EQUAL ROLE IN It also acting along with

POWERS THE IMPEACHMENT OF the senate has the power
PRESIDENT,VICE-PRES to create new Federal
 IDENT,CHIEF JUSTICE
OF SUPREME COURT
AND HIGH COURT.IT
CAN INVESTIGATE THE
CHARGES OR ACT AS A
TRIAL COURT.IT CAN
ALSO ASK THE PRESIDENT
FOR THE
REMOVAL OF HIGH
OFFICERS LIKE
ATTORNEY
GENERAL,CHIEF
ELECTION
COMMISSIONER, AUDITOR
GENERAL OF INDIA
ELECTORAL Elects president ,vice president
POWERS along with the members of
Rajya Sabha and also elect their
speaker and Vice speaker from
amongst themselves
AMENDMENT Both the
OR houses have same
CONSTITUENT amendment powers
POWERS regarding the Amendment
of the constitution. the
Amendment Bill can be
introduced in either
House of the Parliament it
will be considered passed
only when both the
houses pass it by majority
. both the houses are
capable to amend each
and every article of the
courts and decide their
jurisdictions.as far as
impeachment is
concerned the house of
representatives only
frames the charges ​and
pass resolution of
impeachment By two third
majority. the trial and the
conviction is done by the
Senate.
If no presidential
candidate secures an
absolute majority of votes
then it is the house of
representatives that
elects ​one out of the
first three candidates
securing the highest votes
in PEC. the person
nominated for the vice
president post by the
president should be
approved by it also along
with the Senate. it also
elects it speaker which
usually belongs to the
majority party as
absolute majority of votes
are required for the
election of the speaker
Both the houses have
same amendment powers
regarding the amendment
of the constitution both
the houses will together
initiate the amendment
proposal and will together
pass it by Two third
special majority. it will be
further ratified by the
states . none of the
houses can initiate the
Amendment Bill on their
own neither can they pass
 constitution including it on their own.
Article 368( keeping in
mind the basic feature of
the constitution). both the
houses can alone change
the constitution except in
few cases where at least
one half of the
ratification by state legislatures
is required.

EXECUTIVE It has an extensive role in the HOR does not have an important
POWERS exercise of Executive role in exercising the executive
powers in fact the life and powers. It can only form
death of the cabinet ( investigation committees for
EXECUTIVE)is decided investigating the work of various
by the Lok Sabha. the Lok government departments.
Sabha keeps various
check on the executive by
asking questions and
criticizing policies. it can
pass various motions like
adjournment motion, call
attention motion , cut
motions, censure motion,
and no confidence
motion(Pg 62).Executive
survives at the will of Lok
Sabha.

SPECIAL 1.Approval of the ordinances TO CALL UPON ONE

POWERS issued by the president AMONG THE FIRST
2. change of the THREE CANDIDATES IN
boundaries of the state CASE OF A TIE IN
creation of new states PRESIDENT’S
and change in the name ELECTION
of the states
3. change in the
jurisdiction of the
supreme court and high
court
4. change in the
qualification of the
membership of the
Parliament and state
legislatures

THE RAJYA SABHA AND THE SENATE​-

BASIS THE RAJYA SABHA THE SENATE

NAME OF PARLIAMENT CONGRESS

BICAMERAL
LEGISLATURE

STRENGTH OF 245 100​ ( TWO

EACH HOUSE (SEND BY MEMBERS FROM EACH
STATES ON THE BASIS FEDERAL UNIT FOR
OF POPULATION)12 EQUAL
MEMBERS ARE REPRESENTATION AT
NOMINATED BY THE CENTRE)
PRESIDENT FOR THEIR
WORK IN THE FIELD
OF EDUCATION , ART ,
LITERATURE ,PUBLIC
SERVICE ETC)

METHOD OF INDIRECT ELECTION DIRECT

ELECTION OF THE MEMBERS ELECTION ​OF TWO
FROM THEIR FEDERAL MEMBERS FROM EACH
UNITS ON THE BASIS FEDERAL UNIT
OF POPULATION IRRESPECTIVE OF THE
THROUGH POPULATION OF
PROPORTIONAL FEDERAL UNITS
REPRESENTATION BY
SINGLE
TRANSFERABLE VOTE(
12 ARE NOMINATED BY
THE PRESIDENT)

TENURE QUASI QUASI

PERMANENT​ BODY PERMANENT​ BODY ONE
ONE THIRD OF ITS THIRD OF ITS MEMBERS
MEMBERS RETIRE RETIRE AFTER EVERY
AFTER EVERY 2 TWO YEARS TERM OF
YEARS.TERM OF INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
INDIVIDUAL MEMBER IS 6 YEARS.
IS 6 YEARS

QUALIFICATIONS 1.He must be a citizen of 1.He must be a citizen of

India USA
2. He must be above the 2. he must not be less than
age of 30 years 30 years of age
3. he must not hold any 3. he must be an inhabitant
office of profit under any of the state which he
government represent
4. He should not be 4. he must be the​ resident
 insane or bankrupt of U​nited ​S​tates for at least
5. he must possess all 9 years
the qualifications as may 5. he must satisfy the rules
be laid down by the of membership which the
parliament Senate may prescribe
6.He must not have been
declared an offender of a
Grave crime by any Court
of law

LEGISLATIVE ONLY AN ORDINARY BILL SENATE ENJOYS COEQUAL

POWERS CAN BE INTRODUCED POWERS WITH THE HOR. ALL
IN RAJYA SABHA. NO NON MONEY BILL CAN
BILL WILL BECOME A BE INITIATED IN
LAW IF NOT PASSED SENATE WHICH AFTER
BY RAJYA SABHA. IN PASSING FROM IT
CASE OF DEADLOCK GOES TO HOR AND
THAT REMAINS THEN TO PRESIDENT
UNRESOLVED FOR SIX AND AFTER 10 DAYS
MONTHS A JOINT THAT BILL IS DEEMED
SESSION IS TO BE LAW WITH OR
SUMMONED BY THE WITHOUT THE
PRESIDENT . IF THE SIGNATURE OF THE
DEADLOCK STILL PRESIDENT. INCASE
REMAINS UNSOLVED OF ANY CONFLICT
THE BILL IS DEEMED BETWEEN THE
TO HAVE BEEN KILLED. HOUSES THEn A JOINT
COMMITTEE OF SIX
MEMBERS( 3 FROM
EACH HOUSE) IS MADE
WHICH FINALISE THE
FATE OF THE
BILL.USUALLY SENATE
MANAGES TO HAVE ITS
WAY.

FINANCIAL PLAYS SENATE:NO MONEY

POWERS A MINOR ROLE .IT CAN BILL CAN BE
NOT INITIATE MONEY INTRODUCED.But still
BILL.CAN ONLY DELAY the Senate has a power
IT BY 14 DAYS to make any amendment
MAXIMUM AFTER in a money bill to the
WHICH IT IS DEEMED extent of making all
TO BE PASSED OR CAN changes except the title of
RECOMMEND SOME the BILL. therefore the
AMENDMENTS IN THE shape of the money bill
BILL WHICH IS NOT depends upon the wishes
BINDING ON LOK and decision of the
SABHA. Senate.
JUDICIAL PLAYS A CO-EQUAL ROLE
POWERS IN THE IMPEACHMENT OF
PRESIDENT,VICE-PRES
IDENT, CHIEF JUSTICE
OF SUPREME COURT
AND HIGH COURT.IT
CAN INVESTIGATE THE
CHARGES OR ACT AS A
TRIAL COURT.IT CAN
ALSO ASK THE
PRESIDENT FOR THE
REMOVAL OF HIGH
OFFICERS LIKE
ATTORNEY
GENERAL,CHIEF
ELECTION
COMMISSIONER, AUDITOR
GENERAL OF INDIA.
ELECTORAL ELECTS PRESIDENT,
POWERS VICE-PRESIDENT ALONG
WITH MEMBERS OF LOK
SABHA AND ALSO
ELECTS THEIR DEPUTY
CHAIRMAN FROM
AMONGST
THEMSELVES.
CONSTITUENT COEQUAL POWERS WITH
AND AMENDMENT LOK SABHA
POWERS
EXECUTIVE It has Limited role in the
POWERS exercise of executive
power it can only check
the ministers by seeking
information . can criticize
their policies, ask
questions and
supplementary questions
and can move
adjournment motion.
1.It has the power to
create new Federal courts
and decide their
jurisdictions.
2.SENATE alone sits as
the court of impeachment
for investigating the
charges against the
president ,the vice
president, the judges of
the supreme court and
other high Federal
officials. the senate gives
the verdict.
If no vice president candidate
secures the absolute
majority of votes the
Senate has the power to
elect one out of the first
two candidates as a vice
president of USA.When
the president nominates a
person for filling a
vacancy in the office of
vice president it becomes
valid only when the name
is approved by both the
houses of the Congress.
COEQUAL POWERS WITH THE
HOR
It has a power
to constitute investigating
committee To keep a
check on the working of
the executive. It also has
a special power to keep a
check on the head of the
executive the president in
following ways:
1. all the appointments
including the appointment
of judges made by the
president become valid
 only when approved by
the Senate
2. all treaties concluded
by the president become
valid and operational only
when ratified by the
Senate by two third
majority
3. Senate alone act as a
court of impeachment for
investigating the charges
against the president vice
president judges of the
supreme court and other
high federal officials. it
alone gives the verdict.

SPECIAL POWERS 1.Power to declare a subject 1. ITS ROLE IN

of state list as a subject of APPOINTMENT MAKING
national importance under 2. ITS POWER TO
article 249 after which RATIFY TREATY
the union Parliament can 3.SPECIAL ROLE IN
legislate on that subject IMPEACHMENT
for one year which can be 4. TO CALL UPON ONE
repeatedly pass by Rajya OF THE FIRST TWO
sabha year after year. CANDIDATES IN CASE
2.Under article 319 it OF TIE IN VICE
can create any all India PRESIDENT ELECTION
service and under article 5.POWER OF
312 it can abolish any of FILIBUSTER
the all India services
3.Power to approve an
emergency declaration
when the Lok Sabha
stands dissolved