EXERCISES

o Dependent sources will add an additional equation to nodal analysis

if the controlling variable is a current, but not if the controlling variable is
a nodal voltage. (Conversely, a dependent source will add an additional
equation to mesh analysis if the controlling variable is a voltage, but not
if the controlling variable is a mesh current). (Examples 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 4.9,
4.10, 4.12)
O In deciding whether to use nodal or mesh analysis for a planar circuit, a
circuit with fewer nodes/supemodes than meshes/supermeshes will
result in fewer equations using nodal analysis.
O Computer-aided analysis is useful for checking results and analyzing
circuits with large numbers of elements. However, common sense must
be used to check simulation results.

READING FURTHER
A detailed treatment of nodal and mesh analysis can be found in:
R. A. DeCarlo and P. M. Lin, Linear Circuit Analysis, 2nd ed. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2001.
A solid guide to SPICE is
P. Tuinenga, SPICE: A Guide to Circuit Simulation and Analysis Using
PSPICE, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995.

EXERCISES
4.1 Nodal Analysis
1. Solve the following systems of equations:
(a) 2v2 - 4VJ = 9 and VJ - 5v2 = -4;
(b) -VJ +2v3=8; 2vJ +v2-Sv3=-7; 4VJ+5v2+8v3=6.
2. Evaluate the following determinants:
0 2 11
(b) 6 4 1
3 -1 5
3. Employ Cramer's rule to solve for v2 in each part of Exercise 1.
• 4. (a) Solve the following system of equations:
VJ V2 -VJ VJ - V3
3= _ +
5 22 3
V2 -VJ V2 - V3
2-1=--+--
22 14
V3 V3 - VJ V3 - V2
-
O = 10 + 3- + �
(b) Verify your solution using MATLAB.
• 5. (a) Solve the following system of equations:
?= VJ _ V2 -VJ + VJ - V3
2 12 19
V2 -VJ V2 - V3
15=--+--
12 2
_ V3 V3 - VJ V3 - V2
4
- 7 + 19 + 2
(b) Verify your solution using MATLAB.
 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

• 6. Correct (and verify by running) the following MATLAB code:

>> el = '3 = v/7 - (v2 - vl)/2 + (vl - v3)/3;
>> e2 = '2 = (v2 - vl)/2 + (v2 - v3)/14';
>> e '0 = v3/10 + (v3 - vl)/3 + (v3 - v2)/14';
>>
>> a = sove(e e2 e3, 'vl', v2, 'v3')

7. Identify the obvious errors in the following complete set of nodal equations if
the last equation is known to be correct:
VJ Vz - V VJ - V3
7=----+--
4 1 9

Q
= Vz - VJ + Vz - V3

2 2
V3 V3 - VJ V3 - Vz
4=-+--+--
7 19 2
8. In the circuit of Fig. 4.34, determine the current labeled i with the assistance of
nodal analysis techniques.

■ FIGURE 4.34

9. Calculate the power dissipated in the 1 n resistor of Fig. 4.35.

■ FIGURE 4.35

l 0. With the assistance of nodal analysis, determine VJ - v2 in the circuit shown in

Fig. 4.36.

1n

sn
2A t 2n t 15 A

4n

■ FIGURE 4.36
 EXERCISES

11. For the circuit of Fig. 4.37, determine the value of the voltage labeled v1 and
the current labeled i 1•

■ FIGURE 4.37

12. Use nodal analysis to find Vp in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.38.

100

2000

■ FIGURE 4.38

13. Using the bottom node as reference, determine the voltage across the 5 Q
resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.39, and calculate the power dissipated by the
7 Q resistor.

30
4A

70
so

■ FIGURE 4.39

14. For the circuit of Fig. 4.40, use nodal analysis to determine the current is.

10 40

t 2A

20 60

■ FIGURE 4.40
 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

15. Determine a numerical value for each nodal voltage in the circuit of Fig. 4.41.

v-,

t IA t 6A

■ FIGURE 4.41

16. Determine the current i2 as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.42, with the
assistance of nodal analysis.

iz 5 ll

- V, +
30 20
2n

1A t 0.2v,

■ FIGURE 4.42
17. Using nodal analysis as appropriate, determine the current labeled i I in the
■ FIGURE 4.43 circuit of Fig. 4.43.

-
4.2 The Supernode
1111 10 18. Determine the nodal voltages as labeled in Fig. 4.44, making use of the
I - supemode technique as appropriate.

•• 19. For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.45, determine a numerical value for the voltage
4 -

•••
labeled v 1.

_.,_
r111m 20. For the circuit of Fig. 4.46, determine all four nodal voltages.

10 n
• I I I
I • I t '

I I I 1n
I I I
Ref.
■ FIGURE 4.44 5V
--------+ -1-----�

9V
50 90 2n

■ FIGURE 4.45 ■ FIGURE 4.46

 EXERCISES

21. Employing supemode/nodal analysis techniques as appropriate, detennine the

power dissipated by the 1 Q resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.47.

�------1-1------�

2n
■ FIGURE 4.47
22. Referring to the circuit of Fig. 4.48, obtain a numerical value for the power
supplied by the 1 V source.

6A
�-------1---+-I-------�

3V

3n

2n

■ FIGURE 4.48
23. Detennine the voltage labeled v in the circuit of Fig. 4.49.
24. Detennine the voltage Vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.50, and the power supplied by
the 1 A source.

�----<- + >----� ■ FIGURE 4.49

2n

■ FIGURE 4.50
25. Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.51. Detennine the current labeled i,.

■ FIGURE 4.51
CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

26. Determine the value of k that will result in vx being equal to zero in the
circuit of Fig. 4.52.
1o vx 4o vy 3o

,vITf},�

Ref.
■ FIGURE 4.52
27. For the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.53, determine the voltage labeled v1 across
the 3 Q resistor.
+ VJ -
3 0

20 so

■ FIGURE 4.53
28. For the circuit of Fig. 4.54, determine all four nodal voltages.

■ FIGURE 4.54

4.3 Mesh Analysis

29. Determine the currents flowing out of the positive terminal of each voltage
source in the circuit of Fig. 4.55.

IV 2V

■ FIGURE 4.55
 EXERCISES

30. Obtain numerical values for the two mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.56.

7fl 3 fl
sv 1 12V
14fl. )

■ FIGURE 4.56
31. Use mesh analysis as appropriate to determine the two mesh currents labeled in
Fig. 4.57.

9fl 9fl

15V

■ FIGURE 4.57
32. Determine numerical values for each of the three mesh currents as labeled in
the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.58.

6fl

2V + f7;)
7fl

■ FIGURE 4.58
33. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.58.
34. Employing mesh analysis as appropriate, obtain (a) a value for the current iy
and (b) the power dissipated by the 220 n resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.59.
35. Choose nonzero values for the three voltage sources of Fig. 4.60 so that no
current flows through any resistor in the circuit.

sv

■ FIGURE 4.59 ■ FIGURE 4.80

 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

36. Calculate the current ix in the circuit of Fig. 4.61.

lOA

sn 12 n 20 n

3V sn

■ FIGURE 4.61
37. Employing mesh analysis procedures, obtain a value for the current labeled i in
the circuit represented by Fig. 4.62.

3n

2V +

■ FIGURE 4.62
38. Determine the power dissipated in the 4 Q resistor of the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.63.

IV

■ FIGURE 4.63
39. (a) Employ mesh analysis to determine the power dissipated by the 1 Q
resistor in the circuit represented schematically by Fig. 4.64. (b) Check your
answer using nodal analysis.
40. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.65, and employ
mesh analysis to obtain a value for each.

u1 sn

2n 2V sv

■ FIGURE 4.64 ■ FIGURE 4.65

 EXERCISES

41. Employ mesh analysis to obtain values for ix and Va in the circuit of Fig. 4.66.

7 !l

■ FIGURE 4.66

4.4 The Supermesh

42. Determine values for the three mesh currents of Fig. 4.67.

1 !l

lV +

2 !l

■ FIGURE 4.67
3V + �
43. Through appropriate application of the supermesh technique, obtain a numerical
value for the mesh current i3 in the circuit of Fig. 4.68, and calculate the power 5A
dissipated by the 1 Q resistor.
44. For the circuit of Fig. 4.69, determine the mesh current i1 and the power
dissipated by the 1 Q resistor.
■ FIGURE 4.88
45. Calculate the three mesh currents labeled in the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.70.
2A

4.7 k!l
3 !l

10 !l 3.5 k!l
� + 7V

7V
+
1 !l 2.2 k!l
5 !l

■ FIGURE 4.89 ■ FIGURE 4.70

 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

46. Employing the supennesh technique to best advantage, obtain numerical val­
ues for each of the mesh currents identified in the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.71.

�----�+ 11------�

2V

■ FIGURE 4.71

47. Through careful application of the supennesh technique, obtain values for all
three mesh currents as labeled in Fig. 4.72.

12 fi + Vx -

4 n

+
IV

�----I-+- 1----�

SA
■ FIGURE 4.72 ■ FIGURE 4.73

48. Determine the power supplied by the 1 V source in Fig. 4.73.

49. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.74, and employ
the supennesh technique to obtain a numerical value for each.
50. Determine the power absorbed by the 10 Q resistor in Fig. 4.75.

1n

4!1 sv 10 n
X
1.8 v,
3V +

4V

■ FIGURE 4.74 ■ FIGURE 4.75

 EXERCISES

4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison

51. For the circuit represented schematically in Fig. 4.76: (a) How many nodal
equations would be required to determine is? (b) Alternatively, how many
mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your preferred analysis method
change if only the voltage across the 7 Q resistor were needed? Explain.

1 ll 4 ll

t 2A

2 ll 6 ll

■ FIGURE 4.76

52. The circuit of Fig. 4.76 is modified such that the 3 A source is replaced by a
3 V source whose positive reference terminal is connected to the 7 Q resistor.
(a) Determine the number of nodal equations required to determine is. (b) Al­
ternatively, how many mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your pre­
ferred analysis method change if only the voltage across the 7 Q resistor were
needed? Explain.
53. The circuit of Fig. 4.77 contains three sources. (a) As presently drawn, would
nodal or mesh analysis result in fewer equations to determine the voltages v 1
and v2? Explain. (b) If the voltage source were replaced with current sources,
and the current source replaced with a voltage source, would your answer to
part (a) change? Explain?

lOA
.--------1-t-----,

3 ll 6 ll 12 ll

240V 60V

■ FIGURE 4.77

54. Solve for the voltage Vx as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.78 using (a) mesh
analysis. (b) Repeat using nodal analysis. (c) Which approach was easier,
and why?

22V

2 ll llA

■ FIGURE 4.78