NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES

THE PHILOSOSPHY OF NASS

 It is a subject designed for students in tertiary institutions

 It is about those issues that are critical importance to us as Zimbabweans

 It is about Zimbabwean’s past, present and future

 It is about Zimbabwe’s heritage and challenges that face her as a nation

 In the face of challenges, how our ancestors, leaders and our children strategized the

safeguard of Zimbabwe as a nationhood

The subject is divided into 3:

1. Historical component

2. Civic education component

3. Business studies a social and economic development component

HISTORICAL COMPONENT

 It compromises the study of the history of Zimbabwe from pre-colonial to post

colonial time

 History plays an important role in the process of learning ,it links with our culture

 Nation building ,a culturing ,patriotism ,nationhood ,consciousness and love for one’s

country

 History is compulsory from Grade 4 to Form 4 so the NASS give history and

commerce

 Africa and Africans looks to long back history which has demeaned his person and

belittled his culture ,injustice of history portraying Africa as a dark continent with

neither culture nor civilisation

  Africa has to contain anguish as well as the stigma of people presented as having no

history ,no culture , no civilisation and therefore a people who have invented nothing ,

have written nothing ,have made no discoveries and contributed nothing to human

progress

 Africans were therefore nothing but a parasite people , therefore NASS a pan-African

is attempting their cultural coats of behaviour ,to re-inscribe black personality and

dignity into a wild landscape overland with colonialism and racism

 Africans are neither mere ‘passengers without luggage’ in march of

civilisation/cultural orphans/insolvent on lookers of history

 Every people have a past and no society exist that has no culture

 Africans must try to overcome basic sense of inferiority and weakness that

colonisation indoctrinated in them

 It is necessary to show the sneering world that Africa has a civilisation to be proud

of ,lets refloat the past and reconstruct African culture and identity

GOOGLE

IF AFRICA IS THE CRADDLE OF NATIONLISM AND ASIA IS THE CRADDLE OF

CIVILISATION

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

PHILOSOPHY ON NASS (continued)

 Elders ,griods and story tellers not only ensure the continuity of history and norms

and also influence the fashion both the collective conscience and individual

conframity ,the guardians of African knowledge ,heritage and its cosmos ,with the

mysticism ingrained in the frauna and flora objects and shrines

Such legendary heroes as Tshaka the Zulu ,Cecil John Rhodes used the ‘Divide and Rule’

concept to colonise Zimbabwe ,also by using the C3 ,commerce ,civilisation and

Christianity

 Assume great and more contemporary relevance ,their exploits as

Empires ,administrators ,warriors and great military strategic whose valour old have

equal to that of Alexandra the great Napoleon the 1 st assumed cultural and political

importance as they were turned into Father of the Nation symbols

 They quelled international strikes or tribal wars ,founded empires ,restored peace and

justice initiated social reforms and ensure agricultural prosperity as well as organised

kingdoms

 But the to the whites all these were scorned ,they saw them as blood thirst tyrants or

demented tribal chiefs who imposed themselves on the people

 The folk-tales ,songs ,proverbs and puzzles were part of a big reservoir of African

wisdom and codes of conduct which inspired corrective writing and thinking and they

portray the traits of African humanisation such as respect for traditions

elders ,ancestors and parents ,the merits of a good relationship

(UBUNTU) ,hospitality to strangers the importance of solidarity ,clan

unity ,friendship truthfulness ,community ,the values of courage and valour

CIVIC EDUCATION COMPONENT

 It compromises of government and its institutions ,it includes issues such as the

human rights in a national and international context and institutions such as

governance ,judicial ,legislative and executive ‘President and Cabinet’ and media

 Law is initiated at cabinet level then parliament ,it also includes the role of civic

society e.g. NGO’s it answers question such as What are your rights as a citizen and a

student? ,What rules govern us? ,What advenues of appeal do you have if treated

unfairly?

 Why study civic education?-For the empowerment of individual so that we both

become active and reflective in the country

 It also seeks to play an active role in imposing governance for the betterment of the

society e.g. individuals are aware of the rights to government

BUSINESS STUDY COMPONENT

 Business targets women + children

 The study will compromise the basics of economics ,supply demand ,cash flow and

budget

 Most of our education has been educated for employment i.e. white collar jobs

resulting in 1000s of school leavers failing to jobs and so now there must be educated

for future employers ,instead of seeking employment one creates employment for

others by embarking in a business venture

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

1. ECONOMICS

2. INDEGINISATION
 3. LAND REFORM

4. ENTERPRENUERSHIP

WAS THE INTRODUCTION OF NASS A POLITICAL EXERCISE?

YES: For political exercise because,

 All education is a political exercise as desired and manipulated by the government to

the state to further political goals

 Politics plays a pivotal role in establishing the objectives of education system e.g.

with coming of Independence in 1980 there was need to change the education system

to fit the goals objectives of new state

 So politics and educations are closely linked and indeed different to separate

NO: It is an intellectual and not a political exercise

 It is about rational thinking and objective analysis of Zimbabwe’s situation/reality

NASS AND TEACHER

 Education is a cultural process of moulding an individual within the prevail political

and socio-economic conditions of society

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

LATER SHONA CIVILISATION

REFERENCES

1. Abraham ,D.P. Muhnumutapa Dynasty

2. Beach ,D.N.

3. Mudhenge ,S.I. Political History of Muhnumutapa

 4. Northling ,F.J. Pre-Colonial Africa: Her Civilisation and Foreign Contacts

A STATE

 It is a large but compact area under control of one dynasty ,whether control through

sub-rulers or central dynasty or through non-related groups ,rulers of the state would

have considerable control over the state except during civil wars

OUTLAYING/OUTLINE TRIBUTARIES

 Means areas that might from time to time pay tribute to the ruler of the state but who

would at the other time independent and even at war with him

 Sub-rulers of the tributaries might or might not be related to the ruler

GREAT ZIMBABWE STATE

 The 1st settlement dates from 4th AD

 The 4 distinct cultures emerged: Leopards Kopje which settled in the Southern West

of the Platue from about 1940:Gumanie culture which settled in an area much closer

to the ruins of Great Zimbabwe in 1090

 The other 2 cultures were Harare and Musengezi

 It was the Gumanie culture an ion aged society which develop into the state of

Zimbabwe

 It lasted until the end of 15th century from 1090-1490 ,at its peak it had more than 10

000 people

 These were Shona speaking pupils contrary to Euro-centric views that Great

Zimbabwe was a result of foreign influence or Arabs/Indian/Solo manic influence

RISE OF THE STATE

 One of the silent features of Shona history is the fact that the Shona have never been

united under one ruler at any point in their history ,a fact emphasised by the absence

of any single man accepted by all the people before of the 20th century

 Although the Zimbabwe State the Torwa ,Mutapa and Changamire states are

undoughtdly brought large number of Shona speakers under their rule they did not

succed in imposing the sense of common history is a sprawling patchwork of

traditional of various dynasties as compared to the Ndebele state

 The 4 political units varied greatly in size and their rulers varied equally in their

wealth and power

 They survived in one form or another until the 19th century

 As stated ,the state arose out of Gumanie culture

 One of the dynasties of the Gumanie people appears to have managed to build up

enough power to dominate trade between the South Western Gold Fields of the

Leopards Kopje and the Coast

 And this led to the foundation of the state of Zimbabwe situated in the complex of

rocky hills and the valley West of Mutirikwa River ,in the place of some Alluvial

Gold Fields in thed river valley

 Therefore the rise of the state was directly linked to the development of the

economy ,ability to manipulate their environment ,to control long distance trade

which brought with it external influence and wealth ,they kept large herds of

cattle ,sheep and goats

 The state was able to raise large armies and exert tribute payment

 It was able to interfere in the political of other territories for a long time

 Therefore sheer economic and social complexity is revealed by a scale of a large

public work ,it also led to change in lifestyles of ruling class and it was able to finance
 skilled builders who improved stone building techniques and to direct labour from

agriculture cycle into cutting ,dressing ,carrying and laying of stones for the walls in a

much greater scale

STONE WORK

 Zimbabwe is a country which is derived from the Shona term Dzimbadzemambwe –

meaning house of stone

QUESTION

DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF THE GREAT ZIMBABWE

STATE?

 And it was widely used for in the 16th to mean Shona capitals

 These Madzimbabwe are the most construction in the state ,they are our great heritage

national monuments symbols of wealthy symbols of power and influence of the state

at time

 It was possible to built suburb like structure because of granite stones and labour

 It is very artistic – 7.3m height ,9m elsewhere ,5.5m at the bottom ,1.3m – 3.6m at the

top

 It was built without mortar ,inside the enclosure is the unfinished enclosure wall as

well as the conical tower

 It acted as the residence of rulers ,stone walls were used to enclose/screen the huts of

the rulers from gaze of the ordinary people and social stratification

 They were the outer sign of wealth of rulers who lived in the huts behind them

 They were lavishly fed and clothed with important skills

ECONOMY

 It was diversified economy they kept herds of livestock

 they hunted ,they got tributes from vessels states ,traded in

ivory ,gold ,pottery ,farming ,their nuts were made of pole and dagga ,mined

ion ,made tools

BASIS OF POWER

 Not much is documented

 Even evidence of rulers is lacking

 The basis of power also not distinct only religion is highlited

 Therefore it was the strength and numbers of the Kegn Folks and relative of maim

dynasty

LEGACIES

 ART

 RUINS

 POTTERY

 ZIMBABWE BIRD

 CRAFT

 MONUMENTS

 ENVIROMENT ISSUES

 CONSERVATION

 FERTILITY CULT
  CRAVINGS IMPORTANCE OF RELIGION

DECLINE OF THE STATE

 Ecological disaster

 Environment disaster – soil erosion ,pollution ,outbreaks of epidemics due to poor

sanitation ,no grazing land

 Serious shortage of salt

 Mysterious fire

 Balance of power ,trade ,economy shifted Northwards

 Severe droughts

 Succession system (KINGSHIP)

 Coming in of foreigners

 Nguni people – 1stNyamazana

 British Imperialism in 1890

WHY DID IT EVENTUALLY COLLAPSE

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

DECLINE OF GREAT ZIMBABWE STATE

  The Zimbabwe state which was flourishing in the 1 st half of the 15th century seems to

have come to a relative sudden end by the beginning of the 16th century

WHY:

ECOLOGICAL DISASTER

 The state simple grew too big to be supported by its environment

 The mere presence of so many people at the same spot could have seriously affected

the ability of its site of territory to supply crop ,firewood for breaking granite stones

for construction ,game meat ,grazing land

 There was environment degradation and deforestation

COMPETITION FOR LIMITED RESOURCES

 It might have led to quarrels over grazing lands ,hunting

 This might have led to the civil wars

DESTRUCTION BY FIRE OF RULING CLASS DWELLINGS

SANITARY FACILITIES

 Matabele have been poor leading to epidemics

SHORTAGE OF SALT

THE PLACE MIGHT HAVE BEEN HAUNTED

SHIFT OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POPWER TO THE SOUTH-WEST AND

NORTH OF DANDE AREA

 In around 1490 the strong clan ROZWI broke away under ChangamireDombo
  Therefore Torwa state and Kami is seen as actual successor of Great Zimbabwe

EXPANSION OF THE MUTAPA STATE POWER

 Using the same trading routes suffocated the state

QUESTION

1. Describe the political economy of the Great Zimbabwe state ,why did the state come

to an end

2. Discuss the various explanation to the foundation/decline of the Great Zimbabwe .In

your opinion which factors led to the collapse of the state

THE MUTAPA STATE 1490 – 1890

 It was founded by NyatsimbaMutota who moved North and settled in the Dande

Valley – it was during his movement that he conquered areas around

Hurungwe ,Guruve and Dande and drove the Tonga across the Zambezi

 The Tavara people gave him a title Mutapa (pillagers) or Mwenemutapa i.e. the

master of the of the ravaged lands

 Mutapa was an Empire not a state it stretched from the Zambezi – Limpompo and the

Kalahari and the Indian

 It expanded that far because of the need to control salt areas ,the need to get more

tribute and the need to control long distance trade

 This became the source of its destruction/collapse – external trade brought in the

Portuguese leading to the weakening of the state

 Because of never ending civil wars with neighbouring seriously disturbed the state
  Because of the size of the state its survival depended on the personality of the Mutapa

as it was too large

FALL OF THE STATE

 Weak succession system

 Weak tributary relation – it was not highly centralised

 Foreign influence especially the Portuguese

 Drought

 Break away of the Rozwi state

 Nguni invasion – Imfecane

 British imperialism

THE ROZWI STATE

 It was founded by ChangamireDombo of Guru

 He was militarily and politically ambitious – broke away from Mutapa state and

founded his own state taking advantage of the Mutapa body politic

BASIS OF POWER

 Mambo – their royal fire was kept burning throughout his life time

 The vassal Chiefs took the royal fire and lit it in their areas every year

 The fire was a symbol of authority and was used to combat magic

 It was extinguished at his death or an act of discidentry

 The Mambo was the all important ruler he could decade one’s death through his word

 He was not to be looked at by the commoners hence the great enclosure

 When he died he became Mondhoro – a national ancestral spirit

  He ruled by divine right ,therefore the well being of the Mambo meant the welfare or

the state ,hence gifts were given to him to avoid misfortune

 He was Chiefs Judge ,Army Commander ,he owned all the land and distributed it

 The wealth of the state was in his hands

RELIGION

 Legitimacy and the basis of power rested on the ability to consult and worship

ancestral spirits

 It was a key integrative factor in the Shona political system kept them united

 The Mambo was the ultimate authority for him alone could communicate with the

spirits of his ancestors and no one else

 Religion bound the people together/state

 The Shona believed in one supreme God and the veneration of the ancestral spirits

 Therefore religion was important for centralisation and control

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

NASS IN MAN POWER DEVELOPMENT

EURO-CENTRIC VIEWS

 Poor mentally – an inferior mind

 We don’t have democracy

 Poverty is due to our laziness ,corruption ,tribal wars

  Hungry and poor because of the climate which is too comfortable for us this is why

we don’t think

CRITICISM

1. Africans are not lazy but they are hardworking ,it is through the work of Africans that

Western countries developed

Africans are being forced to work very hard for the benefits of the Whites

2. Africans are forced to run foreign systems (democracy)

Africans are not war like but they are being used by the whites to fight one another

Whites encourage us to fight each other so that they can have the economy and the

resources

Democracy is a tool used to achieve something, and it means to an end

It can be used as a tool to have a better future

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

LAND POLICIES

THE LAND APPORTIONMENT ACT (1930)

 It was rooted in the land commission of 1925 which called for the demarcation of land

according to races

 The major aim of the act was to safe guard settler agriculture through giving big

pieces of land to the settlers and securing cheap labour for them

 This was among the 1st notorious pieces of legislation to be passed by British settlers

in Colonial Zimbabwe

 The act allocated about 51% of arable land to about 50 000 settlers whilst about 30%

was allocated to about 1million and 81 thousand Africans around the 1930s (Moyana

2002)

 White areas were fertile, well watered, big and close to lines of communication and

markets on the hand native reserves were small and ecologically unfriendly for human

habitation, temperatures were usually high, rainfall was low and unreliable, soils were

infertile and sandy and most of them were tsetse fly infested e.g. Gwayi, Shangani,

Natha, Seke reserves among others

 There were also native purchase areas were which rich Blacks could buy lands

provided they were in possession of a Mater Farmer Certificate

 These areas were far away from the White areas and they were not very fertile

 This arrangement was an insult to the Africans who were not used to the system of

buying land

 After 1930 thousands and thousands of Blacks were evicted from their lands, whilst

some remained on ‘White areas’ as squatters, these Africans paid rent in the form of

labour provision
EFFECTS OF LAND APPORTIONMENT ACT

1. African agricultural output drastically dwindled due to adverse ecological conditions

in short; Africans had lost their basic means of production. It is no surprise that in

1961 the estimated 5 million Africans in Southern Rhodesia only contributed 6.5% to

the gross national product from agricultural produce whilst about 6 thousand White

commercial farmers contributed about 14.5%

2. Artificial poverty on Africans drove thousands and thousands of them into the

capitalists labour market where both working and living conditions were appalling,

some of the Africans could not accept meagre payments they got their white masters

hence migrated in Transvaal in South Africa for better paying jobs

3. Socially, families separated as women and children remained under hopeless

conditions in the reserves whilst man moved to the farms and mines owned by Whites

in search of greener pastures

4. White farmers became rich as there was reduced competition between them and Black

farmers in agricultural production and marketing

5. Over stocking and over population led to serious soil erosion by 1943 about 38

reserves were overstocked, cattle diseases were rampant in most reserved

6. There was the genesis of perpetual and dangerous racial tension which culminated to

the 2ndChimurenga of 1965-79, whose main rallying to point was the desire to address

the land imbalances

THE LAND HUSBANDRY ACT OF 1951

 This act castigated the African way of farming and blamed it for overstocking, soil

erosion, falling harvest, endemic starvation and general economic stagnation of the

Africans
  It did not touch on the biased and unfair land distribution introduced in 1930

 It stipulated that each African household should the keep only 5 herd of cattle and

cultivate about 8 acres of land to ease the congestion on the land

 Land allocation was to be done by the District Commissioners in charge of African

affairs not by traditional chiefs

 Destocking was done through force, whereby the police confiscated ‘excess cattle’

from villagers without paying compensation

 African eviction were intensified, villagers who resisted were either beaten or killed,

their homes destroyed by bulldozers and the remaining ones were thrown into truck

and scattered all over the country in the reserves

 Africans had to have their own private land allotments instead of practicing the

traditional tenure system

 Land eviction were also intensified after the 2nd world war as war veterans flocked

into the country from Europe and were rewarded large tracks of land for their services

 Land shortage on the part of Africans was also worsened by the fact that vast amount

of land were owned by absentee who were still in British, New Zealand e.t.c

 Whilst the individual white farmers had multiple farms in Zimbabwe, some land was

reserved for the unborn children

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

LAND POLICIES (continued)

EFFECTS OF LAND HUSBANDRY ACT

I. The act worsened the African predicament by making them extremely poor,

African agricultural continue to planet (declined) due to poor soils, inadequate

rains, small land, lack of capital, inadequate manpower etc.

II. African political agitation was radicalised as they started to organise at a national

level to confront the settler regime

III. African traditional chiefs lost their power and authority to distribute land,

IV. Some Africans who worked in the urban areas lost the right to own land as land

ownership was privatised

V. More and more Africans flocked to the towns and mining centres in search of

employment

OTHER REPERSIVE POLICIES

I. They were grazing and Deeping fees which were meant to ensure that the Africans

reduced their number of livestock, these fees created insurmountable economics

obligations to an already inpoveraged African population

II. Wife tax discouraged polygamy which was a source of wealth and prestige in

African traditional society

III. The maize control act of 1981created a maize control board mean to implement

the provisions of the act. There were 2 outlets through which Africans could serve

their maize, 1st it was through the white traders who could then sell it to the maize

control board at higher prices, 2nd it could also be sold to other Africans who were

not employed by the whites. These had no means with which to purchase it at

reasonable prices resultantly, African maize was bartered for products such as salt,
 cigarette, sugar by both white traders and African buyers. This did not give

Africans any incentives to produce more

LABOUR EXPLOITATION

 The expropriation of thousands of hectares of cultivable land from Africans and the

creation of artificial poverty was a strategy meant to generate an inexhaustible supply

of cheap labour from white settlers

Labour recruitment and retention strategies

I. Force was used to get able bodied man from the villages, however before the

end of the month these labourers will be severely treated so that they would

run away and leave their pay, this strategy forced a lot of people from

accepting employment

II. Comparative unscrupulous strategies by the settlers were the missionaries who

preached docility, humility and perseverance even though African workers

were toiling in their work places, they kept on working believing that life will

be better in the next world

III. Numerous taxes like the hut dog, bicycle and wife taxes were meant to induce

Africans to seek employment were they could derive the income to meet tax

and rent obligations

IV. The pass system tied down Africans to their employers since they could not

abandon their jobs willy-nilly without the employer’s consent, passes were

signed and stamped by bosses and anyone found without a stamped pass he

will be deserted and thus was harsed through ally

 V. In other areas a practice known as delayed payment system was used. This

was borrowed from south Americans, under this system farm workers were

not payed up

VI. until the harvest season to ensure that they did not desert at the time their

farmer needed their labour most

VII. African chiefs were used as labour recruiting agents

Working and the living conditions

 These were very bad. Workers got meagre wages which were only adequate to keep

soul and body together so that workers continued to work

 The wages were not enough to buy other items for investments nor to support

families that remained behind in the reserves

 The accommodation situation was grossly inadequate and there was lack of privacy

 Workers lived in temporal compounds which were initially made of poles and dagga

but were later made of dome shaped tin popularly known as Magabha

 overcrowding led to the spread of diseases such as TB

 African did not have adequate money to buy better / high quality food, they did not

eat balanced diet while at the same time they were undertaking laborious tasks as a

result were very thin, weak and miserable

 Entertainment facilities were scarce except for Beer Gardens

 Due to lack of proper medication for African workers a lot of them perished from

curable diseases

 Due to dust and cold floors many workers succumbed to phthisis, a deadly TB of the

lung

 Syphilis also infected many workers in the compound

  Mine accidents and explosions were common to due to inadequate safety measures

 Labour unions were forbidden and the right to strike, demonstrate and collectively

bargain for higher wages was not there

 There was no compensation for a injured worker nether were there pension for older

workers to continue working

NB* bad and working made Africans to be resentful of the white settler

regime and drove them into political activism which was directed towards

correcting the eels of the colonial system

LAND LABOUR AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM

 Between 1945 and 1965 political parties were formed in the southern Rhodesia by the

Africans which were intended to remove the settler government and have the land

grievance addressed

 The promise of land redistribution was the rallying/unifying point for the African

nationalists

 Many people led the academy training to enable them comprehend ideas about equals

representation in the parliament, to understand what the franchise, democracy and the

constitutions actually meant

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

COLONISATION OF ZIMBABWE: THE ROLE OF MISSIONARIES (continued)

 African customs such as polygamy, witchcraft etc were regarded as barbaric

backward, unchristian and therefore needed to be destroyed through laws or decrease

or by acculturation
  This made them to see colonialism as a humanitarian responsibility therefore conquest

before Christianity theory made missionaries partners

 J.S Maffat 1887 held the roles to acquire a treaty, The Moffat Treaty to cancel the

Grobler Treaty that had been signed

 This was a step in the colonisation of Zimbabwe

 Charles Helm also claimed a part in cheating Lobengula into sign the Rudd

Concession, hence the name of God was a willing instrument to bring the Ndebele

state under the British rule

 The Rudd Concession tricked Lobengula’s right, powers and gave mining rights to the

British

 The missionaries henceforth recommended and coordinated the colonisation of

Zimbabwe

 The missionaries above all hosted the European visitors and the roads they made

became gateways into the interior of Southern Africa

THE EXPLORES

 One of the most important explorer was David Livingston, he was viewed as a

missionary

 He was unsuccessful in his missionary work but recorded much success as an explorer

 He explore the Zambezi River, Chive River, Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika, Lake

Shire and Mwero River

 In his 3rd day his aim was to locate the sources of the Nile River

 The motives behind these expectations was to open up Southern and Central Africa

for white missionaries, traders and all those who were interested in coming to Africa

and spread European culture and civilisation

  Livingstone even appealed to his fellow country man whom later formed an

organisation named University Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) to spread the so

called pure religion and legitimate commerce

 The African trade and religion were underpaid as backward and hearthern

 In his missionary journeys he made some discoveries by claiming to have discovered

a Mosi-a-tunya which he renamed after the British Queen Victoria Falls

 He also discovered the Shire hindrance of Malawi ,also met some sketch-maps

 The sketch maps that he drew were later used by other explores, missionaries ,traders

and hunters to penetrate into the dark continent hence favouring way for colonisation

HUNTERS

 One of the notable hunters who came to Zimbabwe was Selous F.C who came at the

age of 18

 Being so young in the eyes of Lobengula he was given permission to hunt anywhere

 He was a distractive hunter who killed thousands of Elephants a year under Selous

influence a road – the hunter’s road was constructed between Bulawayo and Chegutu

Hills for the transportation of ivory

 The road facilitated therate of exploitation of the country’s resources

 The raod was later used to occupy Zimbabwe and Selous himself was us by Rhodesas

a guard of Pioneer Column

 Other hunters were Jacob Heartley, who is said to have killed about 1200 elephants a

year an average of 100 a month

  Piet Jacobs and Viljoen also operated in Zimbabwe and in one expectation they

obtained about 6 tonnes of ivory and were later allowed into Mashonaland

 They went as far as Msuri River were they discovered some abandoned gold mines

and made reports

 These reports and those of KarlMauch caused some serious problems to the King for

he had to adjust foreign policy

 William Finauhty was a very destructive hunter, at one time he shot 95 elephants a

day

TRADERS

 Some notable traders were Sam Edward, who came to Matebeleland with Robert

Moffat in 1854

 Edward Cherpman, also frequented the Nyathi mission and used to bring medicines

 However there is not much to say about traders, some later changed and started

hunting and mining

THE CONCESION SEEKERS

 The mining revolution in South Africa which resulted in Gold discovery which caused

the Europeans to scramble for the region Zimbabwe

 Some of the 1st people to make reports about the existence of gold in Zimbabwe were

Heartley after he observed the old gold workings which were no longer in use and

Karl Muach

 In 1867 gold was discovered at Tate and Sir John Swinburne of London and

LimpompoMining Company was given permission to survet Tate in 1869, he later

claimed the area to be his

  The levert succeeded Swinburne continued by changing the area to his

 In 1871, Thomas got a concession to prospect the area

GROBLER TREATY 1887

 Piet Grobber

 It was assigned whose terms amounted to

 The Boers had to have a permanent representation at Lobengula’s court

MOFFAT TREATY 1888

 Rhodes was disturbed with the signing of the Globbler Treaty therefore he had to act

fast, he sent J.S. Moffatwho was now the assistant commissioner

 Lobengula trusted Moffat as an old friend and that their fathers were also friends

 The treaty was signed which cancelled the Globbler Treaty, Lobengula did not really

understand the meaning of the treaty

 Moffat’s contact was treacheries for he presented himself as a man of God and a

friend while he was actually working for Rhodes

 He advised Lobengula that he should be a British Ally not Boers, Portuguese or

Germans

 Moffat was therefore also a British nationalists and a willing instrument to bring the

Ndebele state under the British influence

 The treaty laid down the foundation for Moffat to revenge to the breakup of the

Ndebele state

 This was evidence by the way he presented the treaty to Sir Sydney Shippard when he

said ‘ the days of Matabeleland are now numbered…..’

  Under this treaty the Ndebele King was not to sign any other treaty without the

approval of her Majesty high commission

Rudd Concession

 Rhodes sent 3 representatives to Lobengula: Charles Rudd who was Rhodes associate

of long standing at Kimberley and a number of De-beers

 Richford Macquire a lawyer and compatriot from Oxford

 Thomas Thomson a South African experienced in the Ndebele language and customs

 Rudd’s party was supported by Sir Sydney Shippered and Charles Helm

 Charles Helm appeared to be a fellow of the King while he was working in Rhodes’s

favour and hence conspired for the King’s downfall

 Rudd’s party also bribed Lotshe the King’s closest Induna to support the Rudd’s

party

 Lobengula granted Rudd concession

 It had verbal and written agreements

 It was preassembly Lobengula’s death warrant

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

INDIGENISATION

 A process where indigenous people of a country make deliberate policies for

economic empowerment for the citizens

  In other words it’s for the citizens to own and control the means of production

The indigenisation concept

 Economic indigenisation is a strategy for development of a democratic socio-

economic system, nation building and poverty eradication

Poverty eradication

Majority empowerment Economic development

 The aim being to enable people :

1. To be self reliant

2. Develop production skills

3. Save money for economic development

Importance of indigenisation

 It arises from the need to eliminate the socio-economic development imbalances of

the past

 It assumes a strategy to bring blacks to the main stream of the economy

 It seeks to destroy the colonial economic structure which was dominated by

foreigners; the foreigners were dominating economic sectors such as agriculture,

mining, manufacturing, financial etc.

 So the programme seeks to lay a foundation for the development of a fully fledged

democratic society in which all citizens equally enjoy economic and social justice
  It aims to create employment and wealth so as to eradicate poverty among the

majority of the indigenous people and also to expand the domestic market and the tax

base

Strategies for Indigenisation

 4 types of indigenisation can be identified:

I. Change from foreign to local ownership of means of production through

nationalisation

II. Indigenisation of control – that is localisation of directorship through appointing

blacks into managerial positions in enterprises, parastatals and government offices

III. Indigenisation of manpower – it’s a process which rapidly applied to the civil

services following independence

IV. Indigenisation of technology – that is commitment to the development and use of

technologies suitable for local needs and domestic resources

Economic Indigenisation in Zimbabwe

 Zimbabwe did not employ the nationalisation strategy because independence came

through the Lancaster House Agreement which placed some control to effectively

indigenous the economy

 Zimbabwe also feared that if it could use this strategy international capitalist will

control international trade, finance and technology would retaliate as they since done

during the current land reform programme

 Zimbabwe adopted the other prior strategies:

I. The Indigenisation of the economic control

 Were encouraged to bring blacks into the main stream of economy

 People were encouraged to bring resources together to form cooperatives in

various areas such as agriculture, commerce etc.

 Most cooperatives however were unsuccessful because members lacked

managerial, marketing, accounting skills, funds and support from loan

providers (banks)

 It also localised the directorship through appointing blacks to manage

parastatals and the government offices in the civil service

 For capital accumulation the government also abolished slave wages and job

reservation policies introduced by the colonial government

 It adopted the indigenisation of manpower in various sectors of the economy

especially in the civil service so that the government policies are easily

implemented

 However these blacks occupying high positions who were supposed to have

fellow blacks did not do much to help because they felt that their blacks

counter parts were economically incapable e.g. black managers in banks could

not advance loans to other blacks because they thought they were incapable of

servicing the loans so the managers were anti their black counter parts

 According to Kurotwi argues that these were managers were affected by a

bug, a virus because they were from a humiliating school that is a white

colonial school which taught them that blacks are incapable

 The managers had wrong mental software which needed to be eradicated

through a serious deprogramming and restoration of black pride

 They had become a white’s man tool to burr indigenous people to come into

the main stream of economy

  The enforced white man’s rules which sort collaterals of land and buildings

which many blacks did not have

 Almost all blacks who were put in big positions in banks were fulfilling white

man’s objectives of denying blacks some loans

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

INDEGENISATION (continued)

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

REASONS FOR THE COLONISATION OF ZIMBABWE (continued)

Reaction

 Lobengula wanted to avoid war - he was aware of the technological superiority of the

whites so he followed a diplomatic contact of the Europeans

 He wanted to satisfy all concession seekers, it was this failure to find a compromise

that will satisfy all the concession seekers that led to his downfall
The process of occupation of Zimbabwe

 There was a stiff completion among European powers seeking ‘friendship’ diplomatic

and bilateral relations and exclusive mining rights

 In order for the European powers to enhance their monopoly capital investments they

bribed the chiefs and the locals so as to get support from them

 4 imperialist who were interested in the occupation of Zimbabwe:

1. Boaures

2. German

3. Portuguese

4. British

 Grobbler treaty of 1887 signed by the Boers

 Moffat treaty

 Rudd concession

Rudd Concession

 Rhodes was not content with the Moffat treaty and wished to persuade Lobengula to

make a firm commitment to the British that will discourage other concession seekers

 This treaty is regarded as a fraud on the parts of Rhodes and the BSAC on Lobengula

 The latter (Lobengula) being illiterate of the language depended and trusted on white

interpreters on the contents of the documents signed

 Historians argue that Lobengula was meant to believe that the British will bring 10

unarmed man to dig one hole in their search of the gold

 However the document he signed had the following demands:

 a. The right to all metals and minerals in the country

b. The power to do all things necessary deemed to procure the same – once

lobengula get the correct interpration of the concession through the he quickly

protested and withdraw through the queen of England

 The British government ignored the king’s protest against the concession and

supported Rhodes

 The campaign for a charter that will then give the company political and

economic rights over Lobengula’s kingdom which was duly granted to him

since no British funds will be used and hence no burden of administration -

impose taxes, passing laws, making treaties and having a police force

 This was a clearly violation of Rudd concession which Lobengula had signed

Pioneer column

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

IMPERIALISM

INDUSRIAL REVOLUTION/COLONIALISM/IMPERIALISM

 1870 – 1950

 The main aim was to find the sources raw materials for their industries that they had

established

 To find the markets for the goods produced by these industries

 They wanted to make good profits from selling these goods outside Europe

 To find dumping grounds for excess products- poorly made products, for excess

capital stock

 Dumping grounds for criminals in England

 Dumping grounds for excess populations and labour

 The main aim for colonialism was to control the land and the people who provided all

the above

Actions/activities of imperialism

i. European dispatch sent colonists to the areas they have identified as sources of raw

materials

ii. Destroy indigenous livelihood African systems so that they substitute colonial

systems

iii. Built capitalists infrastructure – roads, railway, schools, hospitals

iv. To exploit resources – mining, growing crop, employing Africans to produce the

needs of the Europeans

v. Control the people they have conquered by telling them that they were

savages/barbarians because they thought that they brought goodness to them

 vi. To enslave the peoples which came with different ideas, Christianity

NEO-COLONIALISM

 1950 - UP TO DATE

 Control former / formally colonised people and their countries through remote control

 It is to allow the formally colonised people to say that they are independent but still

continue to control them

 The British, Dutch, Americans are the ones who are controlling others

 It aims at continuing the control of these countries for them to gain resources

 Control their minds through education

 Continue to exploit and lands for the benefit of the former colonial masters or mother

countries

 To determine and control values, culture, attitudes of the formerly colonised countries

so that they continue enjoy being associated with the White people

Actions

 Dominates culture – THEY DERTEMINE

 They destabilised post independence states e.g. Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan

 Coup de coupes – removing the government from power

 Wars which are fought

 Aid/help- economic or technological help usually from NGO’s

GLOBILISATION/GLOBALISM
  1990 up to date

 Create a uni-polar world - a world which has one super power which is USA

 To open poor economy to goods from outside the country

 To close rich economies to goods from poor countries

 To exploit, get third world resources as little as possible

 To ensure that America dominate all aspect of life in the world

Actions

i. They define democracy, human rights and governance for everybody in the world

ii. To link aid with democracy, good governance

iii. Finding excuses for invading and taking over resource rich countries

iv. Control global institutions like the UN, IMF

v. Instil fear / awe to force the idea that those who are powerful are there by the will of

God

vi. Indoctrinate people through well managed press/media

FAINANCE IPERIALISM

 1990 up to date

 Current form

 Main agency are the IMF, WORLD BANK, NGO’s and WUTO

 To ensure that all countries of the world have their finances controlled by Americans

and Europeans through the WOLD BANK

  Beneficial are the Western Europe , Japan, North America

 They are industrialised of rich countries of this world

Organisation that are used by the Imperialists

i. UN

 USA is the one funding for the organisation who enforces what is to be done

 France, Britian use veto power to protect their interests

ii. Bretton – woods

 Include IMF, WORLD BANK and WTO

 Provide economic support and social support

 Give direction to donors all other certain conditions

 Set conditions under which they can borrow money

 Control trade – tariffs for the imports and exports

iii. Common wealth

 Headed by the Queen of England and the administrators are led by white people

 They must be democracy, good governance and human rights

iv. NGO’s

 Represent their home countries

 They are like missionaries

 They also issue the conditions

v. Foreign aid

 Transfer the money from the poor to the rich countries

vi. G- AID

 Include Japan, USA, Italy, Russian - the advanced countries

  They meet every year and determine what to do with Africa

vii. TNC

 E.G. coca-cola, delta

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

PIONEEER COLUMN

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

WEAKNESS IN THE CONSTITUTION

NATONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

ZIMBABWE’S FOREIGN POLICY

 A country’s foreign policy is usually motivated by a country’s self-interest, as such

every country forges ties with either on country bilateral or a group of countries

multilateral with which it shares common interest

 Zimbabwe’s foreign policy objective is fundamentally to help safeguard and enhance

the security and the prestige of the country and the quality of life of the people, by

engaging with various countries at various levels in order to influence their behaviour

so that an international environment is conducive to the attainment of the gaols

created and maintained

 From independence Zimbabwe has tended to follow the Realists World View or

Pragmatic Realism
  This follows that Zimbabwe’s relations with other countries have not been fuelled by

fixed ideas

 No friends or organisation has been perceived as being indispensible

 Zimbabwe appears to have no permanent friends but interests

What is a Zimbabwe’s foreign policy?

What shapes Zimbabwe’s foreign policy?

To what extent has Zimbabwe’s domestic environment affected her foreign policy?

How has Zimbabwe related itself within a SADC region, Non Allied movement and the EU

NON ALLIED MOVEMENT

 It now has 115 countries with the recent admission of South Sudan

 It started in 1961 with 25 countries represented at Belgrade

 It was largely initiated by the president of Yugoslavia Tito

 He had expressed concern that an accelerating arms race might result in war between

the Soviet Union and USA

 Therefore it was very much a child of the cold war

 It was meant not to be associated with either Washington or Moscow – positive

neutrality

 Subsequent conferences involved participation by developing countries – mainly

condemning Western colonialism and the retention of foreign military installations

 There after the focus shifted away from essentially political issues to the advocacy of

the solution to global economic and other problems

Structure of the Organisation

  The founders of Num and their successors recognised that the movement would

probably be destroyed if they created such formal structures for the movement as a

constitution and national secretariat because of its composition, states of ideologies

and purpose

 Its activities are unique; its administration is non-hierarchical, rotational and

inclusive, providing all member states, regardless of size and importance with an

opportunity to participate in global decision making and world politics

 This summit is the occasion when the movement formally rotates its chair to the Head

of State of the host country of the summit who holds the office until the next summit

 The chair is at the same time also delegated certain responsibilities promoting the

principles and activities of the movement

NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES

Conflict Resolution and peace Building

 Different conflicts have ravaged the whole world leaving a trail of socio-political and

economic destruction.

 Since they can never be any development without peace human beings have worked

hard to prevent and resolve conflict.

 a conflict arises when individuals, groups of people or countries are involved in

disagreement over certain issues.

 Such disagreements may lead to a crisis and violence

 dysfunctional conflict leads to loss of life as well as destruction of property whereas

functional conflict leads to improved relationships and impacts positively on the

parties involved.
  Conflict can also be latent or manifest. The latter is visible whilst the former is not. It

can be detected through simmering tensions, despair, lacking of communicationand

love.

 According to Mpangala (2004) it is important to understand the nature of

relationshipsas well as the actors involved in it so as to determine the most

appropriate and workable approaches of conflict resolution.

 conflict is both a centripetal force as well as

 Functional conflict strengthens relationships whereas dysfunctional conflict leads to

the collapse of relationships, death or injury.

ZIMBABWEAN CONSTITUTION

A COMPROMISE DOCUMENT

 the latest amendment of 2013 is the 20th amendment to that of Lancaster House

 there are two things that make Zimbabwe a Republic

 Chapter 1 of the Constitution states that Zimbabwe is a Unitary, Democratic and

Sovereign Republic

 The first mark of Zimbabwe being a republic is that

1. Ruled by a Constitution.

 These are Laws which direct the government in their day to day

working in running the country’s affairs

 Zimbabwe has been a republic since 1968, though then under the

Smith regime

 The first republic was established in 1968, under Ian Douglas Smith,

which later was succeeded by that of the nationalist in 1980

HOW IS THE CONSTITUTION MADE, HOW DOES IT COME ABOUT?

 After declaration of independence, the victorious group has a right to craft a new

constitution

 They it write to protect the gains of their struggle

 It is crafted and is signed by the President of the State into Law

 But the nationalist where cheated into being “helped” in writing a constitution

 This came to be known as the Lancaster house Constitution

 They were cheated into accepting it, resulting in them not being happy about it

 They accepted it because it was imposed on them, and it resulted in it being amended

19 times from 1980-2013

 It was amended these many times because it was poorly crafted and was heartily

accepted by the Nationalist

 The first amendment dealt with the the-then two voters’ role which existed

 Whites, under these role, voted for whites, with the blacks voting for blacks

THE 2013 CONSTITUTION

 These came up as a compromise settlement between ZANU-PF and MDC’s

 Each group wanted its views to be followed

WHAT DID ZANU PF WANT THE CONSTITUTION TO BE LIKE?

1. A constitution that guaranteed the heroes, living and dead, of Zimbabwe

2. A constitution guaranteeing that Zimbabwe is a product of the Liberation war

led and guided by liberation ideology

3. A constitution that protects the gains of the Liberation Struggle which are

a. Independence
 b. Freedom

c. Self-determination

d. Sovereignty

4. A constitution that improved and protected our democracy

CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIMBABWEAN DEMOCRACY

1. One person one vote

2. Elections when due

3. Participatory in the making of the constitution

WHICH SECTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION HAS ZANU PF GOALS

1. Preamble

 It defines Zimbabwe as an independent free country from any foreign

interference in its domestic affairs

“We the people of Zimbabwe we are united in our struggle against any

influence … “

2. Sections that require the government to recognise the heroes of the struggle

3. Sections again that state the irreversibility of the land reform

4. Irreversibility of Indigenisation and Black empowerment

5. Section 328 requires that the constitution can only be amended by two thirds

majority

6. Chapter eleven part two gives the Zimbabwe Defence Forces necessary

freedoms from civilian persons and institutions so that they are able to deal

with any treats to national security.

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES

CONTNUATION

 The victim faces the offender so as to find a resolution whilst in the western system,

the offender faces the state, pays the state and after serving in prison

 After serving the term in prison, he/she comes back to community that was wronged

 This often happens without reconciliation

 Indigenous conflict resolutions are inclusive and participatory because they include

witnesses, victims, perpetrators, and the community at large

 Consensus is sought before arriving at a decision

 That promotes local ownership peace processes

 On the other hand, liberal peace processes are superimposed from outside and from

above

 It has its own deterrence mechanism which operates through the deployment of

avenging spirits (uzimu, ngozi)

 These avoid beating, killing, raping other people

 Ensures compensation

 Acknowledges inter-relatedness of community members

 it rehabilitates the wrong doer back into the community

LIMITATIONS OF THIS SYSTEM

 as it depends on consensus building, it takes a long time and can be indefinite at times

LIMITATIONS OF THE INDEGINOUS CONFLICT MANAGEMENT (cont.)

 they have been diluted/polluted by the western Criminal Justice System

 some of the processes have been forgotten

 have also been affected by migration, urbanisation, and resettlements

 can be subjective, depending on the wisdom and knowledge of Elders, cries of the

same magnitude may have different results

 agreements reached are verbal and compliance depends on the commitment, goodwill

and the character of those involved

 blanket guiltiness soils the names of some innocent people

 victims can refuse to forgive

 perpetrators may refuse to acknowledge crimes committed

 if they confess or acknowledge responsibility they may be attacked

 fails to protect witnesses against vengeance

UBUNTU/UNHU AND PEACE BULDING

 it is a state of being human

 it is a world view of philosophy or way of life wildly in African societies to positively

manage conflicts and build sustainable peace

 the idea behind the Ubuntu/unhu world view philosophy is that “a person is a person

through other people”

 a person with Ubuntu/unhu is open and available with others and does not feel

threatened by achievement of others, because she/he recognise that they belong to the

same society
  a person with ubuntu is:

1. generous

2. hospitable

3. modest

4. friendly

5. loving

6. caring

7. remorseful

8. compassionate

9. merciful

10. forgives and reconciles

11. co-operates

12. reciprocates

13. shares

14. humble and believes in collaborative problem solving

How can the concept of Ubuntu help you to relate to other people (25 marks)

How has Ubuntu helped African societies in conflict management (25 marks)

 The values of ubuntu/unhu are not predicated on revenge and retribution but on

restitution and rehabilitation

 The ubuntu conflict management processes can take place at the level of your family,

village, ethnic group, between ethnic groups and at a national level

 It also talks about hard work

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND PEACE BUILDING BASED ON UBUNTU

 According to Muriti (2008), ubuntu society resolved their differences through an institution
known as inkundla/idale/dare
 This forum was communal in nature in that every member of the community could attend
 Proceedings would be led by a Council of Elders with wisdom and knowledge on cultural
customs and traditions of the concerned community
 The institution allowed members of the public to share their views and to generally make
their opinions known
 Members of the community had the right to put questions to the victims, perpetrators and
witnesses as well as to put suggestions to the council of elders on the possible ways forward
 Council of Elders could advise on possible solutions which could promote reconciliation
between aggrieved parties
 The process went through five crucial stages:
1. Fact finding process where views of the victims perpetrators and witnesses are
heard
if one is considered t o have done wrong he/she would be encouraged to
acknowledge responsibility or guilt
2. Perpetrators would be encourage to exhibit genuine remorse
3. Perpetrators will encouraged to ask for forgiveness
Victims will be encouraged to show mercy
4. Where possible, and at the suggestion of the council elders, perpetrators will be
encouraged to pay appropriate compensation/restitution
This is always symbolic and not equal to the damage inflicted
It usually re-enforced the remorse that would have been demonstrated by
the perpetrator
In some societies, a girl was sent to the wrong family for marriage so as to
cement relationships
The Somalis said, “Where blood has been shared, it should be soaked with
birth fluids”.
5. Parties would be encouraged to consolidate the whole process by committing
themselves to reconciliation
A ritual will be done to solemnise the whole process whereby parties to the
conflict will sometimes share a beer, dance together, slaughter a beast, goat
or chicken and eat together and vow never to repeat the crime
 Ubuntu society has always avoided death penalties as that would only serve to cause
injuries to the whole society, trigger cycles of revenge and reduce the amount of man
power needed in the field and other duties