The most common irregular plurals

Nouns ending in -f and -fe

To make a plural of a word ending in -f, change the f to a v and
add es. And if a word ends in -fe, change the f to a v and add an s.

Singular (-f, -fe) Plural (-ves)

knife knives
life lives
wife wives
calf - телёнок calves - телята
leaf - лист leaves - листья
Exceptions: roofs and proofs.

Nouns ending in -o

Plurals of words ending in -o are usually made by adding -es.

Singular (-o) Plural (-oes)
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
hero heroes
torpedo torpedoes

Exceptions: pianos, photos, and zeros.

Nouns that change vowels

Singular Plural (vowel change)
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
man men
woman women

Irregular nouns that change substantially

Singular  Plural
mouse mice
ox - бык oxen - быки
child children
person people

Irregular nouns that do not change at all

Singular/ Plural (no change)
sheep
fish
moose - лось
deer - олень

Nouns ending in -us

Singular (-us) Plural (-i)
focus foci (also focuses)
radius radii (also radiuses)
cactus cacti
octopus octopuses (or octopi)

Irregular formation of nouns ending in -is

Singular (-is) Plural (-es)
analysis analyses
crisis crises

Irregular formation of nouns ending in -on

Singular (-on) Plural (-a)
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria

Irregular formation of nouns ending in -um

Singular (-um) Plural (-a)
datum data
memorandum memoranda
bacterium bacteria
curriculum curricula (also curriculums)