Capili, Patricia Joy S.

BSE English 2

1. Reproductive Role, Productive Role, Community Politics Roles, Multiple Roles.

The way these forms are valued affects the way women and men set priorities in planning
programmes or projects. The taking or not taking into consideration of these forms can enhance
or limit women’s chances of taking advantage of development opportunities.

In most societies, low-income women undertake all three roles, while men primarily undertake
productive and community politics activities, which usually generate payment, status or power.

The reproductive role of women includes the care and maintenance of the actual and future
workforce of the family (childbearing responsibilities and domestic tasks). The productive role of
women relates to work performed by women and men for pay in cash or kind (market
production, informal production, home production, subsistence production). The community
managing role of women includes work mostly related to care and unpaid work, and provision of
collective resources as water, healthcare, etc.

Reference: https://eige.europa.eu/thesaurus/terms/1442

2. Difference between Sex Roles and Gender Roles

The terms sex roles and gender roles often are used interchangeably to denote a repertoire of
emotions, attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions that are commonly associated more with one
sex than with the other. Individuals are deemed to adopt a gender role self-concept, which is
the amount of gender stereotypical traits and behaviors that persons use to describe
themselves and to influence their dispositions. These traits reflect expectations a society holds
toward men and women (see Eagly et al. 2000). The classic conceptualizations of the male
gender role associates it with instrumental/agentic behaviors and traits that reflect
independence, assertiveness, and dominance; the female gender role has been associated with
expressive behaviors and traits that reflect sensitivity to others and communality (Bem 1974).
The conceptualization also includes androgynous traits, which are mixtures of traditional male
and female gender roles (Bem 1974).

Reference: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_602

3. Difference between Gender Equality and Equity

Gender equality means that an individual’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not be
determined by the sex they are assigned at birth. While gender equity is the equal treatment or
 treatment that might be considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations, and
opportunities.
Gender equity means fairness of treatment for all genders according to their respective needs. It
strives to bring all the genders to an equal playing field. Gender equity doesn’t equate one
gender with another, instead, it attempts to facilitate equal opportunities for all genders to
overcome their historical and social disadvantages by ensuring fairness and justice in the
distribution of resources to all genders.

It recognises the individual needs of each gender and addresses them in an intersectional
manner that can redress the gross imbalances created between the male-female binary.

Reference: https://feminisminindia.com/2022/01/21/what-is-gender-equity-and-how-is-it-
different-from-gender-
equality/#:~:text=Gender%20equality%20means%20that%20an,benefits%2C%20obligations%2C
%20and%20opportunities.

4. Gender Mainstreaming

Gender mainstreaming has been embraced internationally as a strategy towards realising

gender equality. It involves the integration of a gender perspective into the preparation, design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, regulatory measures and spending
programmes, with a view to promoting equality between women and men, and combating
discrimination.

Reference: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/what-is-gender-mainstreaming

5. Gender Violence

Gender-based violence is a phenomenon deeply rooted in gender inequality, and continues to

be one of the most notable human rights violations within all societies. Gender-based violence is
violence directed against a person because of their gender. Both women and men experience
gender-based violence but the majority of victims are women and girls.

Reference: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/what-is-gender-based-violence