introduction

The deterioration of RC structures over the course of their

lifespan is inevitable due to such factors as mistakes in the initial design
of the concrete mix, overloading more than the Code's maximum
standards, environmental factors that affect the reinforcement (i.e.,
corrosive), and long-term creep and shrinkage cracking of concrete. This
latter phenomenon has the unfavorable effect of allowing water to seep
into the structure with a significant potential for long-term corrosive
effects.

AL-Ghanim et al. carried out an experimental investigation on

the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with CFRP sheets and
laminates utilizing varied configurations. With a maximum observed
improvement of 51%, the authors demonstrated that increasing the
number of layers increased the load capacity of the beams in both the
vertical and horizontal orientations. They also demonstrated that adding
laminate strips to the length of beam widths between supports
increased flexural strength by 26%, and up to 9% when using narrower
strip widths.

To do this, twenty-four simply supported RC rectangular beams

were strengthened in shear and flexure utilizing CFRP laminates and
sheets that were externally connected in a variety of ways. The stirrups'
spacing was optimized, and the longitudinal steel design for shear-
strengthened beams was set to the maximum reinforcement ratio
(max). The maximum steel reinforcement ratio (max) was designed at
half for those beams strengthened in the flexural direction. According to
the guidelines of ACI 440.2R-17, predictions of the shear and flexural
strengths were made, and the results of the experiments were then
compared with the predictions.

Definition

The tensile strength of concrete beams or slabs is measured in

terms of flexural strength. An unreinforced concrete slab, beam, or
other structure's flexural strength describes how much stress and force
it can sustain before failing to bend. Flexural strength is sometimes
referred to as bend strength, fracture strength, and rupture modulus.

A crack is referred to as a flexural shear crack when it develops

along with a shear fracture. Take a simple supported beam that is
carrying a load that is evenly distributed as an example. In this instance,
the midpoint of the span is where the largest bending moment occurs,
and because the bottom face of the beam is under tension, tension
cracks or flexure cracks develop. Yet, the shear stress is at its highest
near the supports, which causes shear cracks. Flexure shear cracks are
those that form in the region between the maximum bending moment
and the maximum shear force.

A material's ability to bend or flex is assessed via flexural testing. It

entails positioning a sample between two points or supports and
applying a load with a third point or two points, known as 3-Point Bend
testing or 4-Point Bend testing, respectively. This procedure is
sometimes referred to as a transverse beam test. (ametektest).

Importance

A flexure test is most frequently used to assess flexural

strength and modulus. The highest stress at the outermost
fiber on either the compression side or the tension side of
the specimen is what is referred to as flexural strength. The
slope of the stress vs. strain deflection curve serves as the
basis for calculating the flexural modulus. These two
numbers can be used to assess the sample material's
resistance to bending or flexure forces. (testresources)

PROCEDURE
To learn more about the bending behavior of materials, a specimen
is loaded under uniaxial bending stress (tension and compression)
in the bending flexural test. Flexural tests are used to evaluate
particularly brittle materials including hard metals, tool steels, and
grey cast iron. Flexural strength, deflection at fracture, and
modulus of elasticity, among other properties, are measured during
such a bending test.
A standardized specimen is attached on two supporting pins of an
all-purpose testing device for this purpose. As the load increases, a
loading pin that is positioned in the middle bends the specimen.
Typically, round cross-section round specimens with diameters
that have a certain relationship to the distance between the pins are
employed (e.g. factor 20 for grey cast iron). This test setup is also
known as a three-point flexural test because of the three pressure
points at the pins.
On the outside of the curve, the material is stretched; on the inside,
it is compressed. As a result, the material experiences tensile stress
on the surface and compressive stress inside. Due to the greatest
compression or strain, the stress values are greatest at the material's
surface layer. In each scenario, the strains reduce inside. This leads
to a linear stress dependency inside the elastic limit, especially
when Hooke's law is followed. (T)
Advantage And Disadvantage
The simplicity of the specimen preparation and testing is the
principal benefit of a three-point flexural test. The findings of the
testing method are susceptible to specimen and loading geometry
as well as strain rate, which is a drawback of this method.
Flexural testing is a straightforward vend test that doesn't require
end tabs, but findings must be interpreted cautiously due to the fact
that test conditions might differ significantly depending on the test
technique used. Still, the test is helpful as a quality control
procedure.(Park & Seo,2011).
Applications

Flexural shear strength determination is an important test used to

evaluate the mechanical properties of materials. The results of this test
can be used in various applications, such as:

Structural engineering: In structural engineering, flexural shear strength

determination is used to evaluate the strength of materials used in
structural components such as beams, columns, and slabs. This
information can be used to design safe and efficient structures.

Manufacturing: The flexural shear strength test is used to determine the

strength of materials used in the manufacturing of products such as
pipes, tubes, and other components. This information can be used to
ensure that the products are manufactured to meet certain
specifications and quality standards.

Aerospace industry: In the aerospace industry, flexural shear strength

determination is used to evaluate the strength of materials used in the
construction of aircraft components. This information is critical in
ensuring the safety and reliability of aircraft.

Automotive industry: The flexural shear strength test is also used in the
automotive industry to evaluate the strength of materials used in the
construction of car components. This information is used to ensure the
safety and durability of vehicles.

Material research: Flexural shear strength determination is used in

material research to evaluate the properties of new materials and to
compare the properties of different materials. This information is used
to develop new materials with improved properties and performance.

Overall, flexural shear strength determination is a valuable tool for

evaluating the mechanical properties of materials and is used in a wide
range of applications across different industries.
conclusion

In conclusion, flexural shear strength determination is an important test

used to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials. This test is
used in various industries, such as structural engineering,
manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and material research. The
results of this test provide valuable information that can be used to
ensure the safety, reliability, and quality of products and structures.
Flexural shear strength determination is a valuable tool for researchers,
engineers, and manufacturers to understand the behavior of materials
under bending and shear loads, and to develop new materials with
improved properties and performance.