LESSON TARGET

Explain how the structures of biological

macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and
proteins determine their properties and
functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22).
LESSON TOPICS
BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
 CORE VALUES
MOTIVATION
The learners will become prepared to acquire
knowledge and skills to achieve their goals.

INNOVATION
The learners will become effective collaborators
and communicators.
 CONCEPT MAP
BIOMOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS LIPIDS

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

“How do biomolecules help

living organisms to survive?”
Biomolecules are any
molecules that are
produced by a living
organism, including large
macromolecules such as
proteins, polysaccharides,
lipids, and nucleic acids.
These are carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids which perform
different functions.
Biomolecules (Updated)
• Carbohydrates are commonly
called energy-giving molecules
because they are the main
sources of energy used by the
cells.

• They are made up of the

elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
• Carbohydrates can be
represented by the
stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n,
where n is the number of
carbons in the molecule.
• The main sources of carbohydrates
come from plants.
 MONOSACCHARIDES
• These are carbohydrates
that are made up of only
one sugar monomer.
• Examples are glucose
(simple sugar), fructose
(fruit sugar), and galactose.
• Of these monosaccharides,
glucose is the most
common monomer from
which the more complex
carbohydrates are formed.
• Monosaccharides have a
chemical formula of C₆H₁₂O₆. • They have 12 carbon atoms,
DISACCHARIDES
• Also called double sugars,
disaccharides are
composed of two sugar
monomers.
• Examples include maltose
(malt sugar), which is made
up of two glucose units;
lactose (milk sugar), which is
made up of one glucose unit
and one galactose unit; and
sucrose (table sugar), which • Another polysaccharide that
is made up of one glucose
unit and one fructose unit.
and their chemical formula is
C12H22O11.
POLYSACCHARIDES
• These are carbohydrates
that are composed of more
than two sugar monomers.
• An example is glycogen,
which is the stored form of
carbohydrates in animals
that is usually stored in the
muscles and liver. Among
plants, the stored form of a
polysaccharide is called
starch.
is found in plants is
cellulose. This is found in cell
walls and in the bark of
trees.
• The exoskeleton of certain
insects and crustaceans is
composed of chitin, another
type of polysaccharide.
• Formula: (C6H10O5)n
• Proteins are the
body-building molecules
which help us grow.

• Proteins perform many

functions and serve as major
structural components of
living things.
The monomers of this group
are called amino acids.
 Proteins have a general formula of
RCH(NH2)COOH, where C is carbon, H is
hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen, and R is a
group, varying in composition and structure, called
a side chain.
● Polypeptides and
proteins are
formed when
amino acids are
linked together by
a peptide bond.
 Amylase Lipase
(C9H14N4O3) (C45H69NO8)

Keratin Collagen
(C28H48N2O32S4) (C65H102N18O21)
• Nucleic acids are the
biomolecular components of
hereditary materials.

• The monomers are called

nucleotides. They are
present in our DNA.
Structure of Nucleic Acids
● The five-carbon sugar
component of a
nucleotide can either
be a ribose or a
deoxyribose.
○ For DNA, the sugar
is deoxyribose;
while for RNA, the The basic structure of
sugar is ribose. nucleotide
Purines and pyrimidines
• Lipids are also energy-giving
molecules, but they are more
commonly referred to as the
stored-energy molecules.

• They store more energy than

carbohydrates and protein.
• They store more energy than
carbohydrates and protein.
• They are composed also of
hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
• They are made up of large
molecules of fats.
• The monomers of lipids are
called fatty acids.
• Aside from being storage
molecules, lipids provide
mechanical protection for the
internal organs of the body and
serve as waterproof covering in
some plants and animals.

• They also serve as a source of heat

for animals such as seals and polar
bears.
 SIMPLE LIPIDS
● Simple lipids are esters of fatty
acids and glycerol or alcohols.
● They do not carry other
substances, unlike complex
lipids.
● There are two types of simple
lipids: fats/oils and waxes.
● Fats or oils are esters of fatty
acids with glycerol while waxes
are esters of fatty acids with
alcohols.
● They are soluble only in
chloroform and benzene.
COMPLEX OR COMPOUND LIPIDS
● Complex lipids or compound lipids are
another group of lipids composed of fatty
acids, alcohols and other groups such as
phosphate, nitrogenous bases, proteins,
carbohydrates, etc.
● There are two common types of complex
lipids: phospholipids and glycolipids.
● Phospholipids are compounds containing
fatty acids and glycerol in addition to a
phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases and
other substituents. They are present in
large amounts in nerve tissue, brain,
liver, kidney, pancreas, and heart.
● Glycolipids are essential components of
all membranes in the body. Its functions
include regulation of cellular interactions,
growth and development. It is most
abundant in the nerve tissue.
 GENERALIZATION .

CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

• most abundant • consist of either

biomolecule in • water insoluble • a diverse group of ribose or
nature molecules that are biomolecules that deoxyribose, at
composed of consists of amino least one phosphate
• consists of carbon, carbon, hydrogen acid group, and a
hydrogen, and and oxygen nitrogen containing
oxygen on a 1:2:1 • has various base.
ratio • used by cells as functions that
energy stores, and include: structural • directs process of
• used by the body as as structural components of protein synthesis
transportable or components in cell cells, transport
storage form of membranes substances • has a major role in
energy heredity
 LESSON TARGET
Explain how the structures of biological
macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and
proteins determine their properties and
functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22).
 CORE VALUES
MOTIVATION
The learners will become prepared to acquire
knowledge and skills to achieve their goals.

INNOVATION
The learners will become effective collaborators
and communicators.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION

“How do biomolecules help

living organisms to survive?”
THANK YOU!
PHYSICAL SCIENCE