Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute 10015 Old Column Ftoas Sine B25 (Coumbia, MO 21046 hy 202/886-2585 Fcc 301/588 2604 Please visit our web site at wirw.chainlinkinfo.org A GUIDE FOR THE SELECTION OF LINE POST SPACINGS FOR CHAIN LINK FENCE (WLG 2445) ‘Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute 10015 Old Columbia Road Suite B-215 ‘Columbia, MD 21046 Copyright, 1999 Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute All Rights Reserved, March, 1999The Guide for the Selection of Line Post Spacings for Woven Wire Chain Link Fencing is published by the Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute as a general information service in the selection of spacing for fencing line posts for chain link fence systems. However, because exposure, workmanship, soils, drainage, emplacement problems, wind and other weather conditions may vary, even at various locations in a single site, each application should be assessed by a qualified professional engineer. Accordingly, no representation or warranty is made, and none should be implied, respecting the suitability or adequacy of the information in this Guide for any particular application, nor is this Guide intended to establish industry "standards" respecting the selection of spacing for fencing line posts, or for any purpose.TABLE _OF_ CONTENTS Introduction... . seven Factors Which Influence the Size and Spacing of Line Posts. Figure 1, Line Post Spacing Details Methodology . 7 How to Use the Guide Examples . Tables . sé Table 1; Line Post Selection Guide for 70 Mph Wi ‘Table 2; Line Post Selection Guide for 80 Miph Wind ‘Table 3; Line Post Selection Guide for 90 Mph Wind ‘Table 4; Line Post Selection Guide for 100 Mph Wind ‘Table 5; Line Post Selection Guide for 110 Mph Wind ‘Table 6; Line Post Selection Guide for 120 Mph Wind Table 7; Line Post Selection Guide for 150 Mph Wind Table 8; Mesh and Febrie Size Coefficients "Cf." Table 9; Wind Exposure Category Coefficients "C&" ‘Table 10; Iee Exposure Effect Probability Coefficients "CB" ‘Table 11; Line post Material Properties Table ‘Table 12; Wind Speed / Velocity Pressure Table Figure 6-1, Minimum Basic Wind Speeds Map Metric Conversion Factars .. Appendix References 25 10 28 aINTRODUCTION ‘The Chain Link Fenee Manufacturers Institute (CLFMI) would like to acknowledge the consultant responsible for the technical analysis of this Guide, Mr. Kenneth H. Pukita, P-E, R.A., as well as members of the CLFMI Technical Committee, for their complete and thorough editing effort. Also, further acknowledgement is extended to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) for agreeing ta the use of its copyrighted materials, and especially to the American Fence Association (AFA) for its financial support of this project CLFMI wishes to extend special recognition to Charles Naegele, Chair of the CLFMI Technical Committee, for his leadership in the production of this Guide, This Guide is intended to provide background information in the forms of charts and tables to assist fence designers and installers in the appropriate selection of fencing line posts for chain link fencing. However, because conditions vary from site to site, the information in the Guide should ‘not be relied upon without the evaluation of a qualified professional engineer. PLEASE READ THE DISCLAIMER. ‘The Guide includes seven tables for the specings of line posts exposed to wind speeds of 70 mph ‘up to and including 150 mph, These tables are based on the applicable ASCE wind load standards, "The spacing vallcs listed in the seven tiles aust be aliurad using sBproprate and seleies coefficients to account for the size and spacings of the fabric mesh, wind exposure and the ‘probability for the development of icing conditions at that location. Moreover, the tables do not ‘take into account wind speeds exceeding 150 mph, which may occur in category 5 hurricanes, tornadoes, at high elevations, or as the result of explosions. Seven of the more commonly used fabric wire gage sizes and seven of the most commonly used mesh sizes when used in any combination and acted upon by the several sets of wind pressures (not wind speed or velocity) offers the user choices in the selection and/or specifying line pasts ‘based ont local wind conditions, economics, aesthetics, functionality of other design criteria ‘established for a specific application. It should be noted that other types and sizes of feneing ‘materials can be used with these tables by applying the appropriate correction factors to account for the specific differences between the materials being considered, ‘The guide considers the following assumptions as being applicable in the design analysis based on the wind loading criteria outlined in ASCE 7-98, “ Maximum Load Design Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures", Section 6, Wind Loads: ‘Wind is acting in a direetion normal to the plane of the feacing fabric and applied on the fabric side of the line post ‘Tension wire at the base of the fence accommodates the normal tensile Joatiing being applied to take up vertical sag of the fence. Additionally the line posts are considered to be embedded in the ground surface in accordance With the minimum size and depth established according to ASTM F-567-93, "Standard Practice for Installation of Chain Link Fence". All posts are considered to be embedded in concrete, minimum 2,500 psi, air-entrained, of a depth consistent with local conditions for three ranges of soil types; ie., loose sand, medium dense clay or dense elay. ()FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE SIZE AND SPACINGS OF LINE POSTS* + HEIGHT OF FENCE The height of the fence influences the actual amount of wind force that must be resisted by the post and the required anchorage to the ground. The fence height times the line post spacing sets the total force acting on a solid panel of the fence which is transfered to the line posts and then into the footing. . STYLE AND SIZE OF FABRIC ‘The style and size of fabric determines the net surface area of the solid fence panel exposed to the wind pressure which inturn must possess adequate tensile strength to transfer the developed loading to the supporting members of the fence assembly; i.e, line posts, top rail and base tension wire, ° MATERIAL STRENGTH AND SHAPE OF POST Material strength and shape of post determines the size of posts and their spacing which will provide the required resistance to the maximum expected wind forces that may develop over the anticipated normal life-span of the installation and to remain serviceable subsequent to the maximum wind event. . SOIL TYPE AS IT RELATES TO THE FOOTING SIZE AND DEPTH ‘The type of soil that will be encountered at the site of the fence installation will influence the post size and spacing by way of the passive soil pressures that can, reasonably be expected to resist the tendency for the line posts to overturn and also to remain in an essentially plumb position after the wind event. For footing design criteria, itis adviseable to contact a competent geotechnical professional for the appropriate soils information at the particular site. The minimum dept of footings in accordance with ASTM. F567-93 is 24” plus an additional 3" for eack one (1) foot of fence height over 4 feet. . WIND PRESSURE Wind pressure is the most dominant factor that influences the post size and spacing since itis the only force that ean reasonably be predicted and will be acting on the posts under normal conditions. Reference Table 12 for values of various wind speeds. Wind pressure in itseif is further influenced by other factors; ie., geographical region, exposure, topography and ground surface features in the local area, ‘Reference Figure |, "LINE POST SPACING GUIDE DETAILS" for graphie description of fastars. @)FENCE SUPPORT SELECTION. NOMINAL SPACING 2) GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE. OF LINE POSTS © b) COLD ROLLED FORMED : MAX. RECOMMENDED ' STEEL ‘C’ SECTION. SPACNG - 10-2 6) HOT ROLLED STEEL ‘I! SECTION &) ALUMINUM PIPE (ALLOY Te-@@63) | wisp DIRECTION - aLuaye aesumeD To BE ACTNG NORMAL TO PLANE OF ' FABRIC IN DIRECTION TOWARD THE | FABRIC SIDE OF LINE POST. . DETERMINED BY REGION, LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY. | popeereia pene t FOLLOWING ASCE 1-35 (FIGURE &-l) TOP RAIL OR TENSION WIRE —* | Live post - gE TABLE 1 FOR SCHEDULE OF TYPES, SIZES AND MATERIALS OF POST. L TENSION WIRE CIRCULAR CONCRETE FOOTINGS EMBEDMENT DEPTH DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF SOIL THAT EXISTS ON SITE, THE OD. OF THE FOOTING. IS EXPRESSED AS dd, (WHERE: “at = POST ODJREF, ASTM F-567 TIONS. 2) POSTS ARE SET IN CIRCULAR CONCRETE FOOTINGS USING 2800 PSI, AB. CONCRETE EMBEDMENT INTO GROUND ACCORDING TO PREVAILING GROUND CONDITIONS AND LOCAL PRACTICE FOR THE FOLLOWING SOIL TYPES. (ALLOWABLE PASSIVE SOIL, PRESSURE? + LOW PRESGURE- SANDY SOILS + MEDIUM PRESSURE. SANDY CLAYS + HIGH PRESEURE- r EFFECTIVE SURRACE AREA IN ONE (|) SGUARE DENSE CLAYS FOOT OF FENCE PANEL THAT RECEIVES POSITIVE EXTERNAL PRESSURE IS DETERMINED BY THE NUMBER OF DIAMONDS FORTIED IN THE AREA AND THE DIAMETER OF THE FABRIC WIRES (COATED OR WNCOATED) FIGURE “| T SPACING Gul TA @METHODOLOGY ‘The methodology applied to develop the tabular values of “S", the unmodified maximum. spacings of line post materials, sizes and shapes most commonly employed in the chain link fencing industry, for the fence heights and wind speeds was based on wind loading eriteria outlined in ASCE 7-95, Section 6, Wind Loads, excerpts of which are included in the Appendix of this Guide. This application of the recommended loading criteria as it applies to fence construction takes into consideration all factors that influence the wind forces applied to the primary force resisting element of the fence; inthis instance the line pasts, which in-turn must transfer that loading to- the ground. This guide is based on the assumption of 2 solid panel of fencing and uses ‘multiplication factors for various percentages of free area of the fence panel. To establish the magnimde of the wind force that will be acting on the line post, it must be first established what the net surface area of the fence panel will be; ie, the solid panel area, "h x 8" Jess the Void spaces within the fenee. The net surface area of the wire fabric is what the wind foree impinges on and is directed on to the post, Since the panel of the fence is essentially a pecforated plane, it as necessary to quantify the actual solid surface to void area. The arca of wire surface was determined by establishing the number of diamonds in a square foot of fabric and totaling the length of wire that area, This is the value used in combination with the computed wind velocity pressures that when applied as a load to the fence post acting as a flagpole design; ie., a vertical cantilever, fixed at it's base to the footing and ground. Now with the value known for the wind velocity pressure that develops for each of the selected range of the seven Wind Speed Classes of 70 Mph thru 150 Mph acting under normal conditions for a Wind Exposure Category "A", these forces are then applied to the face area of the fence pane! assumed to be solid. With the height "Hl" of the fence known, the only variable that needs to be established to set the total gross area "Ac" of the panel is the line post spacing "S"", The values of "8" were generated based an the loading applied to the post as a vertical cantilever, in a similar fashion as the “classical” flagpole design. Table 1 thru Table 7 are set up for fence heights that range from 3 feet up to and including 20 feet and twenty-two combinations of line post sizes and types, in a solid panel configuration, ‘The "8" values were computed om the basis of their physical, material properties and formulas listed in Table 11 with a limiting value based on the maximum allowable stress. To account for the variations in the fabric wire sizes and sizes of mesh, Table 8 was developed and lists the Coefficient "Cfi" which accounts for the variation and is based on a ratio of net area to gross area of a solid panel for each of the commonly used styles employed in the industry. 4‘The base program for the line post spacing, was set up using the condition where Wind Exposure Category "A" is the normal situation; to account for the other three Wind Exposure Categories, "B","C", and "D", Table 9 was developed to list the Coefficient "CB" which is a ratio of the ‘Wind Exposure Coefficient "Ke" for Exposure "A to the other three exposure coefficients as listed in ASCE 7-97, Table 6.3 In Table 10, lec Effect Probability Coefficient "Cfs" is included in the guide and was set up using arbitrary Values to permit the designer the ability to make an intelligent decision relative to his perception and experience as to the probability that a severe icing condition may develop concurrent with the listed maximum wind speed for that particular geographical location. for non-solid fencing. Although Fig. 6-1 from ASCE 7-95. shows wind speed categories in the range of 90 Mph to: 150 Mpb, most all building codes in effect in the United States list design wind speeds ranging from 70 Mph up to and including 120 Mph. This guide provides values of wind speeds that cover the entire range af velocities that may be encountered in all eades. For those intermediate wind speeds, it is acceptable to interpolate linearly, The user of this guide is advised that he may want to consider use of the full allowable stress of ‘the material being employed which has a built-in Factor of Safety equivalent to 1.5; ie., 0.66 Fy , Reference Table 11. The user may also want to consider the merits of using a higher maximum allowable stress increase due to the fact that wind loadings usually may not be a sustained ‘condition for that specific location where the fence installation is being planned, 6HOW TO USE THE GUIDE For the fence fabric configuration and size of line post being considered, go to the appropriate table ( Table 1, 2, 3, .... ,7) that closely agrees with the maximum anticipated wind speed designated by the local codes for that geographical area where the fence installation is planned. From that table, find the value of "S" for the line post size and height desired. This value of "8" must then be multiplied by correction coefficients that account for the type, size and mesh ‘of the wire fabric, "Cfi"" from Table 8; Wind exposure category coefficient , "Cf" from Table 9; Icing effects probability coefficient , "Cis" from Table 10, The recommended post spacing S'= Sx CfixCh x Cf EXAMPLE |: Select a line post spacing for a 12' high Chain Link fence, constructed of #9 gage wire, having a mesh size patter of 1-3/4", The installation location is for a park in an urban location in the Eastern U. S., where the wind exposure is cansidered, "Exposure B', Assume the local governing code indicates that the maximum wind speed for this application is 90 mph; localized icing effects are considered to be moderate, One possible line post material selection for this example is Group LA, Schedule 40 steel pipe From Table 3, Wind Speed 90 Mph, for a 3" diam. pipe, the listed "S" value for a 12' high fence is 3.5. From Table 8, the Coefficient "Ch", fora #9 gage, 1-3/4" mesh fabrie= 6.4 From Table 9, the Coefficient "Cf", for a Wind Exposure Category B = 0.85 From Table 10, the Coefficient "Cf", for Moderate Icing Effects = 0.85 ‘Thus the recommended maximum spacing for the 3" diam. Schedule 40, steel pipe post for the 12 high fence with a #9 gage wire and 1-3/4" mesh would be: =S xChxChx Ch= 35x6.4x055x085= 1047" ‘The maximum recommended spacing would be 10'-0" c/e for the posts. If a greater spacing for this installation may be appropriate, consider using a 3-1/2" diam. Group 1A, Schedule 40 steel pipe where the "S" value is 5.6 and taken from the same table: Here a maximum spacing is established from the ratio 5.6 / 3.5 x 10.47 = 16.75" which may be excessive. Or for a 3" diam Group 1C, high carbon steel pipe where "S"* = 4.8 ; the maximum spacing ‘would be based on the ratio 4.8/3.5 x10.47 = 14.36', or 14,0" the recommended maximum, (3)EXAMPLE 2: For a situation where the Wind Velocity is other than for one of the seven listed tables of ‘ine post spacings in the guide. Select a line post size and spacing for an. 18° high chain link fence installation for which the fabric is to be a #9 gage - 1/2" mesh pattern. Assume the fence location is in an open terrain where the Wind Exposure Category is "C" and the code listed maximum wind speed is 105 mph; icing effects potential is considered to be moderate, From Table &, the coefficient "Cfr" for mesh size and gage = 2.20 From Table 9, the coefficient "Ch" for wind exposure "C" = 0.37 From Table 10, the coefficient "Cf" for moderate icing effect = 0.85 From Table 4, fora 100 Mph wind and an 18' high fence, select a Trial line post size spacing factor "$" = 9.0 for a Group LA, 6-5/8" nom, diam. steel pipe. For this arrangement the maximum spacing would be the result of 9.0-x 2.20 x 0.37 x 0.85 = 6.23" ; obviously this is not an economical or practical spacing, ‘Therefore try the spacing for a Group 1A, 8-5/8" nom, diam. steel pipe where "'S" = 17.8 whose maximum recommended spacing would be 17.8/9.0 x 6.23" = 1231, Now for the 105 Mph condition the recommended spacing would be 100/108 12.31" = 11.73" say 11.8" or 10'- 0" on centers, which would be more consistent with the usual standerd spacing followed in the industry.EXAMPLE 3: For a site location with a high wind condition and the design selection of an appropriate footing size and depth. Sclect 2 line post size, it's spacing and footing for a 10' high chain link fence that will consist ofa #9 gage 1-3/4" mesh fabric, Installation will be in Southern Florida in an open terrain with, a wind exposure category "C" and a maximum wind velocity of 120 Mph. Soil condition is assumed to be a medium dense clay, ( Actual soil properties should be established by e qualified geotechnical engineer familiar with local soil conditions.) From Table 6 for 120 Mph wind and under the 10' high fence and a trial size line post of Group 1A, 3" nom. diam, steel pipe "S" =2.8 "Chi" for the fabric size and gage = 6.4 "Cha" for the wind exposure category = 0.35 "Cis" for icing condition = 1.0 ‘Thus the maximum spacing for the Group 1A, 3" diam. pipe = 2.8 x 6.4 x 0.35 x 1.0= 6.27". This may not be an economical spacing; try another trial size post. Checking the spacing for a Group LA, 3-1/2" nom. diam pipe where "S" = 4.6 ‘Maximum spacing will be 4,6/2.8x627' = 10,30' say 10.0° For the 3-1/2" diam line post the minimum footing size is 4 x Pipe Diam per ASTM F-567 or 14"; However, it is recommended that footing size of 20" diam, be used. The minimum depth of footing embedment in the medium dense clay soil is to be calculated as follows: Allowable soil beating pressure ( $1) for medium dense clay =6,000 psf» Factor of Safety = 1.2 Design maximum allowable soil pressure = Si/F.S. = 6,000/1.2 = 5,000 psf (8)EXAMPLE 3 (Continued) : Distance of applied force above footing "o" = 5.0" Applied Force "P" = Net Area of Fence x Wind Pressure ** = (0.18 sflsf) (80 sf\34.8 Tbvst) = 50] Ths ‘Diameter of footing "d" = 20" = 1.67" Solving for"D" D=4p+(36p"+ ye 28id - + @)(5,000)(1.67) =2.08' minimum depth of footing by calculation, However, footing depth by calculation does not agree with the minimum footing depth as set by ASTM F-876 which is 24" + [3" x (10'- 4)]= 24" + 18" = 42" which is the footing depth that should be utilized. + Assumed allowable soit bearing pressure; actual valuc should be determined by appropriate means. ‘Wind Velocity: Pressure taken front Table 12, oy)(10)“WORRUBISOG “CO 8x5 Open jeujwiou S| ezIg = J ev] ev [vs] os] eo] oe] 66] Sit] sei| lor] rer] Oe] poe] Tee * re[ Se) ee, er] or] zo ce] ce [er or eii| ere sec] ose aE ve] v2[ ep ocle rs | oo ta] oe] cor] ser] ozi| ove] ove = oz[ ez] ce[ec[ec[orp os] tz] ce | oz] cor ree ae (9-1-2909 Aojry) edig wnulunjy OY ainpauas (gzya WISy) 9] dnois ez] se ee Te] ve] sv[es[ oo] oc] re] rm] sa] os wieg-H Peo’ ion (fvold Wisy) +I dnag ez [ret vet vel ev es] sol ze] cor ori] ove oze Seon oe} ce] cel ce] es] se] es | ce] ve | eer] wal cae BETH RET adbyg-9 peuuiey Payoy PIoD (evold WiSy) ‘II dnaS ze] ss | rs] el] 18] vor] oi] eel] carl car] eee] onc] fon 3 se] tr eri rs) be} ez] O68] vor] cen] se] SLi] Liz! wuz] oe ane ge] er) cel oe} ov) rs] es] as] oe] sets] evi] ool] sez] ave < oc) ce) ez) ce} gel ry] cs} 62 | oor] ost) wee] ase ae ze] oz} ot] vel sv] as] si] corfu] oz « be | ge] bel] ov] 25) bi] Corl est] eez at (isx0s PILA) edig 19215 voqIDD YBIH (evOLd WISW) 191 daar Sb2| Lee] wSE] woe! Loe Gri| st eee] 62) Vee] see] ror ane: cv oo] rel] 96 heb] ssh] seL| ez] vez) wee + oe 4y] 09] 69 re | Ziel ser] eer) et2| sue] sze ae 6c] re} tr gs] ee] pe] col rer] var] cee] vee + oz | ce ie] oft WS] 69 | OG | cz] git) Suz me vz | oe] ze zs] bi | ear] oo! sez < did 19045 OF SINPAUDS (EPOLd WISY) ‘VI dnoIg oz él BL t St ol El a 1 OL 6 g £ ? § ¥ £ (aaa) 1HO1aH 3DNad 180d ANN 7 SOR (€15 ¥ 2i9 X 10) / (3) : Way) ONIOVaS MININIXWW 480d 3NIT HaWOZ G3adS GNIM : 30ND NOLLOS 13s 180d ANT baa anUoHeUBIseq “CO azIs Spey /EUINIOU S| SzIS— cel oe] or] sv] bs] 90] ol] ee] oi] eet) evi] cel] cee] cue tz[ acy ec ee| se ay | ss] col vz] oe | cor] til cor| are| cee ane oc| cz} 6z/ re] ee] op | ss] so] tal col ser] ee] vec = ve] we] oe] se] er] rs] be] ro] eet) riz] ose (9-L-€909 Aonry) edig winuuniy oy einpey2s (6z¥9 WIS) :aI dno rele] se] re] se] or] vs] pe] ce ee] ei on] sie] oo ET — TE Wdg-H Ploy JOH (EPOLd WLS) ‘Ill dnote) oz[ rz] oz] ft] OF] OS] Se] ew [ellie rec aT te] wz] oz] sc] tr] ss] ez] go] ov] oie aeKee SdDus-5 PaUoY PalloY POD (EPOLd WIS) +I dno Bel er] ery rs] be] 2] Vey SOL) rzb] Z| ext] oe] size] roe ee|ze| sel rel or osl eal el ee] ti) rer] ser] oval rie] cue ane tz] voz] ce! oe] ge! sr] cs! bel] c4| ee] eor| Lee] eee} wve| ese ae ze | sz] ez( vel ov] 6>| oo| oz] oor oet| ser) sor ae oz] ec] ez] se] rr] vs |] ae] cit! oes] oie = re] oe] ov] ws] ee | cei] ore at (isWos PISIA) edid 1921s UoquE> YBIH (EPOLA WASY) 21 dno1g Cet] wee] Tle] Soe! bee! Shr bob] cel] Len] rst] wit | ee2| ose] zoel ese] ber eee kel se] sey cy] er] rol ce] se] oor] ott! wee] eet) rez] cee] Bee ¥ eel se] ac] rel se | ov] es] val ez] se) eor| ger) cor| riz| cee| vie one ze] ge} cel ee] rr] es | re] sz] COL] Geb] Lub] s'sz| cee # oc] tz} oe! rel tr) es] Go] 6 | ser) oe] ree er oe] re} be} ov] ws | oe | cer] vie adid 2215 OF 2INPe4>s (EOLA W1SV) ?¥I dno1S Oe ra Le Let fl Sk tk OL 6 a v € ts a34) LHOI3H SONA aso ann soa (649% 210 ¥ 119) / (5) : LL) ONIOVES MINIXWN LSOd SN HdWoe d33d$ GNIM = SdiNS NOWOS1as 1S0d ANTI calavi 12)Uajeub}s9q “CO S216 ope. [EUNUOU S| SzIg - az] ez| ze[ cel tel 25] 65] 09) be] so|eu| orl cor ce[ee| ae | ve] eyv| os] os | 60) pe] porte ez|oz[ rel oel er) es] ve] ve ez[uz| vel er (9-1-2909 Aoi) dig Winuunpy op ajnpayas ve, ee vey se, ev] os] a] sz] se wibeg-H Patiod 1H (ev0L4 WISW) :III dnors zz| oz/ ze] oe] ev ro Let] bse tz] ez] vel! ev] os ZL] 90E SET XBT edpys-5 Peuoy Paroy PIOD (evold WIS) vel se| se] ter] or] zo 8) 46 | oli] orp ect] eiz|] saz + w2| oe] oz] ee] cel re gol ec] cel sorf ost] ser] sie we be] ez} be! Sel] be! ee] us] sel sal gol rer bey a oe} ez] 22} vel we] eel oe] ae ove| ocr are cz} 22] se] se wen se = wel] be 96] OL ih (isyos PI!) odtg 19245 UoquED BIH (Eh014 WISW) 91 dno1g Blt! £6) ete] ave) wie] ese] FOr] Sor! ve oe | oor| ves | ret] ovr | wii | vor) ree] ere] Vee] toy ane se | ge/ ic] se} or] os] as[ is) ez[ ee fen ett] out] oz] cre] vor o oc | ez] sz] az] oc! trl] ov] os ce] vel ootl fz] oo1| acel sce ie ee | oc] oc} sel ie] os] eo] a2 | coll oer] roe # ez| oz[ cel trl rs] er] oar] sor rez an. we] vel ev[ col cel rar adjd 1515 OF S19pe4>s (EvOLd WIS¥) “WI dNoID aa wT hm ha ho ZF 5 b € aus (i334) 1HO13H SNA asd ann THODSLYS x (e192 aio * 140) / (3) : LLB) ONIOVES MININIXWIV 150d 3NI7 Hdiios G43dS GNIM? SGIND NOLO31as 180d ANN caavi ag,WoREUBISEG “O'O Sais OPEN [EUTMOU 8] O7Ig = bejvc| oz] ez] col er er] ss] oe) 2] se] culen| re] rec] oon ve | wz] o¢ [sel ov[ er ss) oe] re] coil on| oer eae) cer zz|sz|ez[ sel zr] 2s] o8| 98] ati] oo zz[uz| se sp] eo] ea] oer (9-1-€909 Aomy) adig winununty oF eInpey>s (6zva WAS¥) :81 dno zz[ se] cel ve re wipag-H Petow 1H (ep0L4 WISW) ‘II noisy Z| oz] eel] ov] es] vet co ez | az] sel or] zo] o6 edoys-3 pouuey parioy PID (epO14 WISW) ‘Il dnoig ge| ec) ce] se] ov] ts] os] fo] 62] ve| ri] ir) oul] eer fe] osy q tej rc} ic] oc} ee] ee Ps ool rc [oe | oor] rer) sai ete] ere STE: oz] sz} ec| ce! et | s+] os] ool ge tL] Osh] 22] ise « zz| oz} vel ec] e+] ve| ce] sz] ser] cre ee| gz} vel os] ez] zitl oor < st] se] os) ez/ eer ah 1d OFS UOGUDD YBIH (eOLd WISW) ‘31 dno1g ae BETCRTE BST aT ve Cis¥og Preta) & vei] Oer[ ees] aoc] sec) Lec] 6ee| coe] opr a cel Fe] oe [vor] eit] ser [ oar] cer] ee] waz) oze| zor =F Ve { ce) szpez| cel ielir[ +s] rs] or] ee] eu ve col sce] coc ve] ez] ez] rel eel ay] ss] 99| ce] eo) str] re] soz] clr mae vel ye] sc] vel re|os| re] ee | en)es| set) psy + cz| cz) vel vy] oo| ge | ver] occ aT ot] ez] sel os] ez] eer did 19915 Op EINPEY>s (EvOLd WIS) :¥i INCID % 6 Bt tt St vl EL ut 0 a 9 s t 32S (iaa4) LHOISH 3DN34 isod ann ¥ See (elo x Zi * Wa), (s) : Waa) ONIOVdS INNINIXYIN LSOd SNM Halt00l Ga3dS GNIM } 3diN5 NOILoa Tas 180d ANI parev agUoneubised CO Szis Open [eUWOU S| og zi] re] ce] sel or] vv] ss] so] ac] ee] rar] ea] oz] aa yi oe] sz] ec[ ve [orl te [Ts] oc oe] on| os val ve[ et] sc] er] ss} ez] oe ez] 62] se] eo (9-1-2909 Aoiry) adja woupuinty oy einpeyas (6zva WIS¥) :a| dno tel rel et] pel ef te resale] eT | wHAE-H Ploy JOH (ChOLY WISW) Ili dnoig ve] oz] vel vy] ool oe] rer] eee neem: ee] ez] sel esp sup ri] soe SRK aT edoys-2 PaUUel Pao’ PIOD (EpOLd WISW) 2 dnoig ve | ez | oz] ez] esl zy] er] os] ae] e2| se]zi| bl] ell roc] rae E oe | ez | sel eel ret er| os| es| ec] eo] et] on] oa oa) cr ane vel ve] ac| cel ee] cv os| cz | a8 | ott| ie) rez = ez] oe | ce] vel es] zz | ror] cor] 062 r ez] vel zr] ool re | cor fd te] ee[ ev] seo aT (iswos Pista) edia 12845 UoqDD YBIH (EpO1d WLSV) :21 dno1g O@b| cet! avi] sor] el Sez] Suz] eve] rie] soe ool val si[ vel re/ tel oe] vol oar] sacl zuz| occ] sev, aa tz] vel vel veloey s+] es] eo] ce] s6| oa] cs] ciz| coc] eur ¥ sz[az| cel eel ov) ss| #o| oa) culfest| sec] ove 2He oz] rz| cel rel er) es| 02) so] ser eae i zz} ez} cel os ze] etl oo Sida ve} ez] tr] sal] ou Sad 2318 Ov eInPeyss (EpOLd WIS) Wi dnoI5 we aa vw a oe 7 Fy © aa (334) IHSBH 3DNad 4sOd 3NN ¥ vo ae (cho x 10 * WO) / (S) : 4/334) SNIOWdS WAINIXWIN L803 NIT HdWObL G43dS GNIM ! 30iNS NOWLOa1as 180d SNTT saa 5 as)WoREUBIEAG CO ozs open eUNWON a] BUG oz} ec] 6z| re] sel] oy] rs] oo] bel cor Le a ve| ve] az] sep ee lay] es| re] ae cet] oat) ger oz| z/ cz] oe [or] og] re]ai| eer sz ye] ve} eet zo] oe] rar aE (9-1-2909 Ally) adjg Winupunyy oy eInpayas (6zva WISW) :@1 dno oz{ vel] ez] ve] cry rs] oc] se] iti) ri) pee] oT tWD2G-H PSTON JOH (CPOLd WISW) “Il dno1g ze|{ ez[oe[ os] tel rit] aor ms we| ze; er] esl rel ea eat edpys-9 pauuod Paley plod (evoLd WIS¥) «Al dnoi5, so] #8] 67] se] ez| ie oe] ow ee[ re] ie] se vepec| ort sel trl ar[es[er| ce] rz] sor) ez] ere ie oz] ez] ce[cc| ee ve | oe [eo] oor] eve] cor = zz ve| vy] os] cep serf re] a sc| scl os| ec[ee ¥ ve] se| rs] o6 aT (isos piata) edia j29)5 Uoqie> yBIH (EvOLd WISV) 86 | Ob cei] cer[ sot] eer] gez] Sac] ble] Ole I noisy os | ss| zal es| ez oor| stl ver| cosl cor oz| ez| ez) cel ee| vel es oz| ez] iz| cel ve oz | ee uz] est] rer. 62 [oor] or] cat] ssc vee zs] zi] re) ce] rer cee se] vr es| expen) cal sve ez] oc| ty] oo| ce] oor ve[ st] ys] o6 Odd 1921S Op SINPaUDS (EhO Ld WIS) “v1 dno) ea a a at F € ams (4334) LHI 3DNad iso ann Wn Tae a (G10 x 210% 10) NS)! (L334) ONIOVes WINDY LSOd ANI HdW021 GaadS GNIM : SGIND NOWOa1as 180d SNM 9a Tev. as)WoReUBESE CO Sais OPER eUMIOU 5 OFS ~ ee] se] oc] st] tr] 2s] 98] fe) en] on] ae 3 A ae ez] cel ee] zs] oz] vl oe = oz] ez] or] ze “ETE (3-L-2909 Aonty) adja winuuniy ay oinpayrs (6za WASW) ‘al dnai5 eel ee] se] sr] va] ee] we) ove PTE WD29-H PAHO JOH (EPOLd WIS) “It dros sel ze] ov! ce] ez BS Tb ke] ee] ov] eo] zi OS PKR T edDYs-5 paullioy Palo pod (fPOLd WASY) =I dnoID, ee] sey ocy st] ev] ts] ©9) 08] rorjen| roe oe] eet ieee, se | ty] os | #2 | col rat] ove ie vel se|[ vel ee oz | ror] fst] euz © ze ee | os] fal sor zz| ee] os| oe = eel] se| ce war an (ISNDS PIOIA) Scie JaE45 UOqIDD YBIH (epOLd WAS¥) 21 dnoIg vo] ri] el] oe] oor| eat| re] Ta] vee] ete] oe ve | oepor| sy] rs] sol sz] oe] ror] ver] er] oct) ez ace ae vel rz | ez Ves [re] re] ru] sal ose = ve oe | cel ar] oo| cele ser ove aaE et | ee) ve] rs| ez] vt] cor = oz| fe] 6e| o0| fo Bae ze| se] co did 1991S Ob 2InPaY>S (e¥OL4 WIS) :vI dno, of i a9 weet I @ © 2 © 2 oS ans (1333) LHOIBH 3DNad isO4 ann FEGSIN ORE (e40 X 249 * LO) F(S) | (L384) ONIOVES WWNINDOHNY Leod NNT HaN0St G3SdS GNIM : AGIND NOLLDITaS 180d INIT amev.FABRIC Mesh and Fabric Size Coefficients (Cf1)* TABLE 8 MESH SIZE (inches) WIRE SIZE (0.0) | ae i se € te [ae ic equiv. (mm) =] #5 27 158 a a8 5 iia. (in) [ear (mm) #5(0.207)| 5.26 as2_ | 473 #6 (0. 192) 375 | 5.06 #8 (0-162) 436 | 6.88 89 (0.138) 473 | 640 40 (0.438)] 236 | 280 5.13 | 6.06 700 | 8.82 44 (0.420) 3.05 20s | 260 | 310 By 77 a6 | 9.86 f2(ot1a| 267 are | 272 | 325 6.04 822 335 | 04a (Cf) =1 for solid panel fence (18)TABLE § Wind Exposure Category Coefficients (Cx)" Large sity comers with at least 6036 of the buildings heving @ height i excess of 70 feat (21.3m). Exposure 6 Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous Ciosaly spaced obstructions having tha size of single family dwellings or larger. Exposure C* Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 feet. This category includes flat opan country and grasstands. Exposure D* Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water for a. distance of at least 1 mile (1.6tkm), Source: ASCE 7-95, See appendix. (18)TABLE 10 Ice Exposure Coefficients (Cx) Regional Condivors Regions Thay arperencs heavy be sors Regions subject o moderato ry aes Regione nt sje! tothe fects of cg NOTES: 1) Maximum spacing of posts may be limited by top rat design 2 Recommended maximum spacing of posts not to exceed 10-0" 3 Fer solid fence use exposure coefficient (Cp) = 1.0. 4 foe Exposure Coaficient is an arbitrary value that may be assigned based on the judgment of the designer, considering the probability of an event occurring where maximum ice accumulation and peak wind velocity occurs at the same time in the lopality the fenoe is instalied, (20)TABLE 11 Line Post Material Properties Table 1.0. Sx be Fy Mate En in) fin in’ inf?) __(hip-ft)__(kipin') 7.900 1610 0.33 Oat 30. 054 20000 2.375. 2.087 0.56 0.87 30, 99329000 2.875 2.469 1.06 1.53 30. 7.76 29000 3.500 3.068 1.72 3.02 30 2.84 29000 “4.000 S548 239 4.78 30 ‘398 29000 6.825 6.085 850 28.14 30 14.02 23000 8.625 7.984 jos1__72.49 27.74 _29000 gto ASTM 6429 Tie 2375 2.067 066 ig ‘at 096 10000 a 2.875, 2.489 i 153 31 48119000 oue 3.500 3.068 172 3.02 ‘at 784 10000 a 4,000, 3.548 2.39 479 3t 408 10000 STM F 1043) High Carbon Stes Pips (Yield 60KSI minimum) TE 1 oe 2a ct 5 ‘Section Madulss Moment of Inertia Minium Yield Strength ‘Allowable Moment Capacity of Post: (F.){S,)0.86/12 inf. Modulus of Elasticity of Material (21)TABLE 12 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE (LB/SF) ‘Wind Verccity (iPr) [The values in Table 9 are based on the ratio of exposure lof the other Exposure Category values B,C, For Exposure Category B (0-15 foet) Cg = Exposure ‘A'/Exposure B! = 4.2/7.6 =0.85 (Tabular Value in Table 8) ea -saguaayar 99g *S6-4 ASV 9IROG Peds pea aera “19 ‘out “BtORIpUO PU Fenn 20) peuRUIXD og yous suOIEO: (aston, ew 24 Faas: PUB 'SBUCIUOUIOJd UBAdD “SeL0E ‘uELa) sROUEUNOW “py wot i (esioes ejsa00 yo snajuoa peeds puIM Bsn joys suesR jBjse0D puv spURIS| “E "poURwied 8} singiLOg peuds PUI UeGAIeq LopBjodienU ZeEUT] “z "20'G 10 Aiqsgoud jonuue Ue opposer ave pun AuoBerwo 5 einsode3 404 purios6i anoge (uO WCE 1 (srw) snoy Jed Sew U] speeds ysnG puddES-¢ ow SON[EA “| :BaION (esiozt ono (eshost {69)081 rcoL Kes)ori\) Norio (eslow fealori aos: “sputqa) pu sary feIseG 20.4 SOON mre sequeg vogpindog va6ou pum moods KY (eodorsMETRIC CONVERSION FACTORS LENGTH: 1Ft 304 8m Tin 234mm AREAL Isqft = 0.0929 sqm Isqin = 645.16 sq mm YELOcITY. SPEED: 1 Mph = 1.6093 kan/h MASS: 1b = 0.4536 ke Tibieq ft = = 4.88224 ke/sqm EORCE: 1 kip (1,000 Ibf} = 4.44822 KN 1 Tof (pound-foree) = 4.44822 N FQRCE PER UNIT LENGTH: 1 IA 14.5939 Nim 1 Ibvin 175.1268 N PRESSURE, STRESS, MODULUS oF ELASTICITY (FORCEAINIT AREA): 1 Ibisq, im 6.8947 kPa 1 Thisq ft 47.8803 Pa (4)(25)6.5 Velocity Pressure "65.1 Procedure for Calculating Velocity Pressure, The velocity pressure g, shall be ealeu- Jated from the formula, c= 0.00256KaKaV7T (bsg ft) (inSh ge" O.613KKV(Nin?)] Eq, 61) where the basie wind speed ¥'is sclected-in accond- ance with the provisions of 6.5.2, the importance factor Tis set forth fn Table 6-2, and the velocity ‘eessure exposure coefficient Ky is given jn Table 6= 3 fs accordance with the provisions ef 6.5.3, Provi- sions of 6.5.5 shall be used to determine Ke where spplisable, but Kershall not be lese than 1.0. Tbe tumerical coefficient 0.00256 (or 0.613 in SI) ‘shall be used except where sulficient climatic data sare available to justify the selection of a differeat ‘value ofthis fastor for a specific design applica- on, ‘652 Selection of Basle Wind Speed, The ba- sic wind speed Fused in the determination of de- ‘im wind loads on bulldings aad other strectures Shall be 4s given in Fig, 6-1 except as provided in 652.1 and 65.22. 2. Special wind regions, The basic wind speed shall be increased where records or experience indicate that the wind speeds are ‘higher than those reficcted in Fig. 6-1. Mountzin- ‘ous terrain, gorges and special regions shown in Fig. 6-1 shall be examined for unusual wind cot ditions. The authority having jurisdiction shall if ‘necessary, adjust the values given in Fig. 6-1 to Secount for higher local wind speeds. Such ad- juitment shall be based on meteoralagical infore ‘ution and an estimate of the basic wind specd ebtained in accordance with the provisions of 632.2. “6522 Estimatton of basic wind speeds from regional climatic data. Regional climatic data shall only be used in licu of the basic wind speeds given in Fig. 6-1 when: (1) Approved extreme. ‘value statisdonl-analysis procedares have been em- Ployed in reducing the dats; (2) and the length of Tecord, sampling ereror, averaging time, anemome- tor height, data quality, and terrain exposure heve been taken into account, *6.5.2.3 Limitation. Toradaes have nat been considered in developing the basie wind-speed dis- ‘sibutions. TABLE 6-2 Importance Factor, J (Wind Loads) cusgery t 1 087 Hy 100 a las wv 1s NOTE: 5. The buiding and srusueelasifiatlon categorie we sted ia Table HI. TABLE 6.3 ‘Nelocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Ku and Ke —— a cen Re 4g, binsrinptaon for ntereatevalus of big in accep 2, Foc mus of eight = prose han 00 (1524). hal be ‘slated fom Ea {03} * 43. Bepovum categacin as defied io 653 Source: ASCE 7-95, See references (26). eeaees 4 BEEGESESE F & = 2 are as oa = BF sf = eS & = = e 2 = = ee e 8 BR - tet of wind pees sal ot be rquired wo be assounis (or wes Kika 0.2 oF wah M15. (45 a) far pore D, 2-30 (@ for Expose C, 0 < 600 (18) fo all ter expan oan: ‘A Help ofl escarpment relive oth upwind rn i feet (ees). ‘Le Distance pind of eet te here hy eieece em proundeevtow ube Bagh! ofl anearpoen, et (rate) ‘Ry Fito to arened for ape of lepographe fete ed avium speecup effet. ’ ‘Hy Futr to ecco for tedurion is pes-up wih uoce upwind or devavind of exes. ‘x Futar io accaut far edwin in speceup with igh sbve lal erin - Diane (igwind or down) ram fe reat the bling ae, fet (mete. [Height above loa! ground Sve, fet ea}. FIG. 6-2. Muldpliers for Obtalning: Topographic Factor K,, a Source: ASCE 7-95. See references6.5.3 Exposure Categories 65.3.1 General. An exposure category that Adequatcly reflects the characteristics of ground surfuce ieregulsfites shall be determined for the site at which the ‘or structure is to be constructed, Account” tiation i ground earfuce roughness that arise from natu- tal topography and vegetation as well as froin constracied features. The exposure ia which a specific building or other structure is sited chal be assessed as being onc of the following catego- 1, Exposure A, Latge city centers with at last 50% of the buildings having a height in ex cess oF 70 8 13 m), Use of this exposure category shall be Limited to these areas for ‘which terrain representative of Exposure A prevails in the upwind direction for a dis- tance of at least 0.5 mi (0.8 km) or 10 times the height of the building or other structure, ‘whichever is greater, Possible chanacling oft fects or inoreaged velocity pressures dus to the building or structure being located in the wake of adjacent buildings shall be taken into accowat. . Exposure B. Urban and suburban areas, ‘wooded areas, or other termin with numer ‘ous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings oc larger. ‘Use of this exposure category shall be lim ited to those areas for which terrain repre- seatative of Exposure B prevails in the up- wind direction fora distance of at least 1,500 ft (460 m) or 10 times the height of the building or other structure, whichever ig greater. 3, Exposure C. Open terrain with scattered ob- stnictions having heights generally less than 30 (9.1 m), This catngory includes fiat open country and grasslands. 4. Exposure D, Fist, unobstructed areas ex- posed to wind flowing aver opea water for 8 istance of at Teast 1 mi (1.61 Sam). This ex- posure shall apply only to thote buildings ‘nd other structures exposed to the wind coming from over the water. Exposure D ex- tends inland from the shoreline a distance of 2 8) "6.5.5 Wind Speed-up over Hills and Escarp- micas, The provisions of this section shall apply to isolated hills or escarpanents located ia Exporute 1B, C,orD where the upwind terrain is free of such topographic features for a distance equal to SOA or ‘mile, whichever is smaller, as measured from the poiatat which A'is determined. Wind speed-up over isolated bills and escarpments that constitute sibrupt changes in the general topography shall be ‘considered for buildings and other structures sited ‘on the upper half of bills and ridges ar near the ‘edges of escarpment, ilustrated in Fig. 6-2, by us- ing factor Ket Ka= (1+ RGR? 4.62) ‘where Ki, Ki and Ky re given in Fig. 6-2. The ef fect of wind speed-up shall not be required to be considered when Ali <02, ox when H < 15 f (4.5 m) for Exposure D, or < 30 ft (9 m) for Expo- ssure C, or < 60 ft (18m) forall other exposures. Source: ASCE 7-95. See referencesREFERENCES. + ASCE Publication ASCE 7-95, "Maximum Load Design Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, Section 6, Wind Loads, . American Society of Testing Materials Standard, ASTM F-1043, Standard Specification for Strength and Protective Coatings on Metal Industrial Chain Link Fence Framework. + American Society of Testing Materials Standard, ASTM B-429, Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Structural Pipe and Tube, * American Society of Testing Materials Standard, ASTM F-567, Standard Practice for Installation of Chain Link Fence. + American Society of Testing Materials Standard, ASTM F-1083, Pipe, Steel, ‘Hot-Dipped Zine Costed (Galvanized) Welded for Fence Structures, : Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute Publication, "Measurement of Wind Velocity for Solid Covered Fences, Steel and Aluminum. January 1976, . ‘Transmission Structures, Chapter 2, "Concrete Footing Design and Details DS - 10-7, 3/8/65. “Copyrighted material reproduced by permission of the author and publisher, The American Society of Civil Engineers, from ASCE 7-95. 29)