Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Revised Research Chapter 1-3
Revised Research Chapter 1-3
Revised Research Chapter 1-3
Christian Rich E. Palmos, John Kenneth R. Borabien, Samantha Shane Ravin A. Catalan
Practical Research 2
February 2023
CHAPTER I
This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem,
significance of the study, scope and delimitations, and definition of terms used.
The Philippines is the last country in Asia and one of the three nations that has a
ten year pre university education program before the implementation of the K-12 system.
K-12 program indicates a good quality of education especially for the standard of
with basic skills for lifelong learning and employment. This program promoted the
mutual recognition of Filipino learners and professionals in other countries because they
were able to master the skills and learn the core competencies which were necessary to
Masuhay (2019), stated that K-12 program is an educational system under the
Department of Education aims to enhance learner’s basic skills produce more competent
citizens and prepare graduates for lifelong learning and employment. "K" stands for
Kindergarten and "12" refers to the succeeding 12 years of basic education (1 year
kindergarten, 6 years of elementary education, 4 years of junior high school, and 2 years
of senior high school), At present, the Philippines is the last country in Asia and one of
only three countries in the world with a 10-year pre university program. In fact, K to 12
has been push through because of its conclusive reasons. On May 15, 2013, Republic Act
NO.1 10533 otherwise known as the Enhanced Basic education Act of 2013 was passed
into law. RA 10533 added two years of senior high school to broaden the goals of the
high school education for college preparation, vocational and technical career
makes education learner-oriented and responsive to the needs, cognitive and cultural
capacity, and the circumstances of learners, school and communities through the use of
According to Uy & Martinez Jr. (2019), SHS students undertake a standard core
curriculum and can choose from four tracks of specialization: academic track, technical-
vocational, and livelihood (TVL), sports track, and arts and design track. The academic
track is further divided into four strands: accountancy, business, and management
social sciences (HUMSS); and general academic. The TVL track also has four strands
and various specializations under each one: home economics; information and
communications technology (ICT); agri-fishery arts; and industrial arts. There are two
specialization a modified STEM curriculum and the TVL maritime specialization. (Uy&
Martinez Jr., 2019). Alcantara (2019) stated that Sports Track provides a variety of
opportunities to learn about the world of athletics and sports from the perspectives of
athletes and coaches. It makes it easier to comprehend that sports are more than just a
game; they are also a job that is vital to the community. Students who choose this career
path are prepared to either pursue a career in athletics or a related field in college after
graduating from high school. Arts and design track is for those who are interested in
pursuing careers on the performative and creative field. Get to discover the capabilities
and stretch what students can do in industries of music, theatre, visual arts, media arts,
and dance. Students can gain various skills such as song composing, stage performing,
illustrating, sculpting, photography, or choreography under this track. Arts and Design
also aims not only to ensure that you can get a livelihood out of their interest in arts and
design but also to help various regions in the country in preserving their local culture
(Edukasyon.ph, n.d).
The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that could influence the track
preference of junior high school students. It can be used as the basis for a career guidance
This study aims to identify the factors in choosing their preferred tracks. This
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.4 Section
2. What are the different tracks offered for senior high school program?
3.What are the factors affecting the students in choosing their preferred track for
This study is an investigation of the factors affecting the choices of the students
under K-12 on which track they would take for senior high school. The study is only
limited to the junior high school students of the Legacy of Wisdom Academy of
Dasmariñas, Inc. This study will focus on the following: parental influence, interests, and
personality.
Definition of Terms
consists of kindergarten and 12 years of basic education. This system aims to foster
lifelong learners, give students enough time to master concepts and skills, and prepare
entrepreneurship.
Senior High School – is the second part of secondary education under the K-12 program,
wherein the students would take up the subjects under their career pathway
specialization.
Tracks - Specific areas of study much like college courses and they fall under four
& Design. These are the subjects that will give the students competencies and advanced
important, life.
Students - The results of this study would help and motivate future senior high
school students to create and carry out their professional plans. It also gives them an
Parents -This study will assist parents in assisting their children in choosing their
paths, as well as in knowing their children's interests so that they can support them in
those interests.
CHAPTER II
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies, and theoretical
Literatures
The students’ lack of career information, and wrong decisions was found to be the
most contributing factor to the country’s problem on unemployment and job mismatch
and underemployment. As cited by Braza and Guillo (2015), the report of Labor Force
Survey done in January 2012 revealed that there are around 7.1 million underemployed
system and unassisted career decision making. With the given facts, there is a need for an
enhanced educational system and career guidance activities that will help students choose
their appropriate career oath based on their interest and competency, as well as the
market demand must be strengthened. Although studies shown by Braza & Guillo (2015)
and Pascual (2014) are relevant to the present study, mentioning about unemployment
regarding students’ career preferences, this study will highlight the “undecidability”
which is a prior state of the mind before one can decide which can be right or wrong. The
objective of the study is not to identify the factors affecting their career choice but rather
the factors affecting the students’ undecidability. It is focused more on the reasons why
students are incapable of making decision in terms of their career choices ( as cited in
Manapsal, 2018).
Herbart (2005) opines that a child coming from an environment where he/she
receives parental support and lives harmoniously is more likely to be dictated by them.
students’ surroundings, society, and family etc. Peer group and students’ environment are
strong predictors in affecting students’ decision making in selecting their strand that they
socialization process, and their effect and pressure in molding an individual's trajectory
has been generally acknowledged. It aids in the development of career options and
and classmates are commonly sought for advice (Manapsal, 2018). When it comes to
making career options, there are a number of elements that impact students'
indecisiveness. Students are not given adequate guidance in selecting subjects based on
their interests and aptitude. The majority of high school students make poor course
2018).
Parental influence
According to Hashima&Embong (2015), that parents are always believed to play
a key part in guiding and influencing the prudent career decisions that their children
make, which inevitably influence their future career choice. From another perspective,
parents are also considered as influential, which says that they have the power to affect
their child's future. Numerous studies have strongly supported and confirmed the
Dang & Tran (2020), postulated that the family's cultural and social settings have
educational attainment and their level of involvement in their children's job decisions are
positively correlated. Accordingly, parents' influence over their children's career choices
increases with their level of education. The career plan for a family's children also
becomes more definite the higher the income is, particularly the plan for jobs needing
more education and advanced abilities. Parents offer their children several forms of
support for their job choices. Additionally, parental encouragement and career counseling
encourage children to follow their professional goals and lessen the stress that comes
qualities impact their work, their study, based on interviews with more than 1,000
working people, demonstrates that the number of personal character strengths, or so-
called "signature strengths," used at work correlates positively with the degree of positive
experiences. This would suggest that the key to a person's happiness at work is knowing
what roles they are most suited based on their personalities (as cited in Japitan, 2015).
can result in different relationships between the variables chosen for the study. For
instance, in Kenya, personality types and subject interests are factors that have a
conducted in South Africa, where demographics and culture are completely different,
revealed that financial factors have an impact on students' career decisions (Ahmed,
2015).
certain topic or subject, preference for a particular work, and compatibility between his
personality and chosen professions are major factors that influence career path.
Personality and career interest in a certain field are related. According to a study done on
Irish Institution of Technology (IOT) students, personality variations also exist in terms
of the students' profession preferences. The Greater Education Authority (HEA) provided
evidence that this is due to making the wrong first career choices. Statistics showed that
there is a three times higher ratio of dropouts of adolescents from courses/subjects than
from universities. Another important element that Clement (2014) investigated is the
personality mismatch with a course or career. Personality plays a vital role in the
productivity, and fulfillment. The most hazardous reason for unhappiness and what
According to Pimpa (2001), peer groups can influence students’ choices in three
(3) ways: information, competitiveness, and persuasion. Work options and information
from peers about the prices of living and education standards, as well as the cost of
living, may influence students' career decisions. Rin (2021), Found a significant
influence of peer factors on student’s career preferences. However, it was the opposite in
the study of Ouano et al. (2019) that concluded an insignificant influence of peer factor
on student’s career choice, and similar results were yielded in the study of Kaneez and
Medha (2018) and Pascual (2014) that peer factor has only less effect on students career
choice.
Environmental factor
Environmental play a significant role in the career position. The students attain in
many ways, the environment that is spoken about here is a factor thatis to nurture
decisions in career choice. Availing a better environment for astudent who wants to cross
gender lines while choosing a career, skills present inmales and females alike have been
indicative of their vocational interests. GraceLalerger, in her Ph. D dissertation set out to
ascertain the skill levels of girls asthey applied to interest that the girls had. The
conclusion showed that there wasa disappointingly low correlation of skills to interest,
(Lalerger, 1942).
Studies
According to Rebecca J. et al. (2016), 399 students in Kenya found a link between
personality types and profession choice. The majority of students were happy with the
courses they chose before enrolling in college, which suggests that choosing a good job
will increase students' contentment with and success in their academic programs and
future employment. On the other hand, it showed that their topic selections did not
correspond with their future career choices when students changed their course section.
As a result, it develops the likelihood of the status of the association between personality
affecting the choices of the students under K-12 on which they would take for senior high
school. This mainly focused on parental influence, interest, aptitude, and job opportunity.
A total of 173 respondents were chosen through statistical random selection. The 8
sections from grade 10 have been focused on this study. The research used statistical
information to see if dependent variables related to parental influence, peer influence, the
environment, and aptitude. A poll was made by the scientist to accumulate information,
breakdown the data, and appropriate it to every segment of the grade 10 understudies. A
interest, and environmental factors. The results of their study showed that their decision
According to the study conducted by Japitan (2015), there are factors affecting
students' choices of their preferred tracks. The study used the descriptive method as a
design to determine the factors that affect the senior high school track preferences of the
grade 9 students. This descriptive research would use quantitative methods to assess the
feedback from the respondents. The research respondents in this study are all grade 9
students from a total population of 190 students, garnering an 87.89% using a survey
rating questionnaire. Family, job opportunity, personality, and interest were the factors
Theoretical framework
Super (1957), which focuses on the development of people. They place a strong focus on
a life-span perspective on career choice and adaptation. The working life is typically
divided into stages, and these ideas attempt to describe the normal occupational behaviors
at each stage. When Super started developing his theoretical ideas in the 1950s, career
one's abilities and interests. As a result, career counseling was generally viewed as a
procedure that assisted people in matching their skills and other characteristics with those
helped their clients select the "correct" profession, that is, one that is well matched or
The study is anchored on the theory of Holland (1997) which states that in order
to make an informed career decision many factors have to be taken into account, such as
first make a fitting or appropriate career choice. Individuals will select, and be more
decision-making style, and career maturity. Watson and Stead (1999) supported the
individual who is making the career choice involves the investigation of the
characteristics of the chosen work environment in order to ensure the best possible
‘goodness of fit’ or match. In short, the better the match the more likely the individual is
The Social Cognitive Career Theory promoted by Lent et al. serves as the
theoretical foundation for the study (1994). The theory is based on Bandura's general
theory of cognitive and motivational practices and later expanded to include research on a
behaviors, and management effectiveness (Bandura, 1986). The idea identified three
professional and vocational interests, academic and professional choice, and academic
and career achievement. The theory includes various ideas such as interest, skills, and
earlier career models. Self-efficacy beliefs, result expectancies, and goals were the three
closely connected variables that served as the theory's fundamental building blocks. Self-
efficacy refers to a person's personal beliefs about his or her capacity to carry out
particular acts or courses of action. Self-efficacy beliefs, unlike global confidence or self-
Choice of Preferred
V
Super’s Career
Development
by Donald
Holland’s
Super (1957) theory
(1997)
Social Cognitive
Career Theory
(1994)
Figure 1. Factors Affecting the Choice of Preferred Tracks among the High School Students
Teachers - The findings of this study may yield information about the factors
affecting junior high school students in choosing their preferred track, which may serve
as the basis for coming up with a more precise teaching style that will suit the students'
interests.
strategies for enhancing the students' capacities and competencies, enabling them to
pursue fulfilling jobs. They can learn more about the level of instruction they currently
Future researcher - This can serve as a reference study for upcoming and future
researchers. The study's findings may be useful to the researchers in determining how to
improve their knowledge and may also encourage them to conduct additional research on
the subject.
Curriculum Planners – This study would give insights to them in designing and
implementing a feasible Senior High School curriculum that would teach the skills and
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research design, research locale, respondents, research
instruments, data gathering procedures, statistical tool and sampling procedures of the
study.
Research Design
This study utilizes the descriptive method of research to determine the factors that
affect the high school students of Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmariñas, Inc. This
descriptive research will help to emphasize the observation to the respondents that will be
used by the researchers. This study will use quantitative method to assess the feedback
Research Locale
located at BLK-45, Lot-8 PH-3 Golden City Subdivision, Brgy. Salawag, Dasmariñas
provide the study a convenient surrounding to make a handful study with an adequate
There are 243 total population of high school students of Legacy of Wisdom
Academy of Dasmariñas, Inc. to calculate the sample size, Slovin’s formula was used. As
a result, 150 students were chosen to be respondents with 66 male and 84 female
students.
GRADE 7 26 30
GRADE8 18 27
GRADE 9 25 32
GRADE 10 28 27
GRADE 11 4 8
Research Instruments
For this study, a survey rating scale and questionnaire were used to gather the
respondents’ feedback, which was adapted from the study conducted by Japitan et al.
(2016). Part I of the questionnaire covers the profile of the respondent, such as name, age,
gender, year, and section. The respondents were asked for their preferred response on a
18-item rating scale that is under Part II, wherein they would rate each item on a scale
For this study, to identify the respondents of the study the researchers used simple
1. Ask for approval. The researchers asked for approval from their respective
teachers who are in charge of the thesis. It was to know whether or not the study will
be accepted. They checked if there were further corrections and revisions to be made
2. Adapt a survey. When the study was given the go-ahead, the researchers got to
able to accomplish each study's objective, the researchers used related questions.
3. Distributing. The questionnaire was created and then given to each section of the
junior high school students. The statistical random sample approach was used to
4. Analyze the data. The questionnaire given to respondents among junior high
school students was gathered by the researchers. The researchers reviewed each
questionnaire and collected the data. They also examined the outcomes and had
solutions.
Statistical tool
For Part I, which covers profiling of the respondents, frequencies and percentages
are used. For Part II, weighted mean was used with the following formula: where: =
weighted mean ( f x w) = summation of the product of each frequency and the assigned
Formula:
Part II comprises a 5-point likert scale, with 1 for the lowest and 5 for the highest. The
following describes the weight and the mean range of the degree of influence, represented
by each point:
MEAN INTERPRETATIONS
Alcantara, C. (2018) ”Perceptions of Senior High School Sports Track Students toward
https://www.academia.edu/24519450/Factors_Affecting_Senior_High_School_Track_
Preferences_of_Grade_9_Students_of_Don_Bosco_Technology_Center_Inc_Academic_
Ye ar_2014_2015_A_Basis_for_Career_Guidance_Program.
Ahmed et al. (2017), " Factors Influencing Students’ Career Choices: Empirical Evidence
from Business Students ",retrieved from Journal of Southeast Asian Research, Vol.
Divino, D et al, "Factors Affecting Grade 10 Students in Choosing Their Preferred Tracks
https://www.academia.edu/35074962/Factors_Affecting_Grade_10_Students_in_
Choosing_Their_Preferred_Tracks_for_Senior_High_School
Dublin, B. (2020) “Factors influencing career preference of junior high school students
for senior high school”, Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354162069_Factors_influencing_career_prefere
nce_of_junior_high_school_students_for_senior_high_school_study
Edwards, K., & Quinter, M. (2012).’ Factors Influencing Students Career Choices among
tracks/arts
Embong, A.M &Hashim, H.K (2015).Parental and Peer Influences upon Accounting as a
W00065.pdf
https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JSAR/2017/718849/
Ibrahim, K.K, Umar, A., Mohammed, K. & Garba, A. et al. (2017). Factors Influencing
Japitan, J. O. (2016, April 18). Factors Affecting Senior High School Track Preferences
of Grade 9 Students of Don Bosco Technology Center, Inc. Academic Year 2014-
https://www.academia.edu/24519450/Factors_Affecting_Senior_High_School_Tr
ack_Preferences_of_Grade_9_Students_of_Don_Bosco_Technology_Center_Inc
_Academic_Year_2014_2015_A_Basis_for_Career_Guidance_Program
Japitan, J et al. (2015), Factors Affecting Senior High School Track Preferences of Grade
9 Students of Don Bosco Technology Center, Inc. Academic Year 2014- 2015: A
https://www.academia.edu/24519450/
Factors_Affecting_Senior_High_School_Track_Preferences_of_Grade_9_Students_of_D
on_Bosco_Technology_Center_Inc_Academic_Year_2014_2015_A_Basis_for_Career_G
uidance_Program
Khoo, K., Ban, T.K., Neng, C.Y., Hooi, B.K. & Joan, C.Y. (2015).Students Choices of
choosing Colleges and Course of Study inPenang. ABC Research Alert, 3(1), 1-7.
Martinez Jr., Arturo, &Uy, E. (2019, August 7). Factors Affecting Senior High School
https://development.asia/insight/factors-affecting-senior-high-school-track-offerings-
philippines
Masuhay, E. (n.d.). Globalization has changed the system of education, shaping the
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344248289_Globalization_has_changed
_the_system_of_education_shaping_the_education_doesn
%27t_make_any_changes
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247335094_Person-
Environment_Congruence_and_Holland's_Theory_A_Review_and_Reconsideration
Survey Questionnaire
This survey is purely confidential and is purposely designed to determine the factors which could
have influenced you in choosing your track preference for Senior High School and establish a
basis for a Career Guidance Program. Please answer this survey questionnaire TRUTHFULLY in
order for the researchers to be able to gather reliable data for this research work.
Name: ________________ Age: ___________ Gender: ____ Year and Section (optional):
________
DIRECTION: Place a check mark on the space before the option that you have chosen.
What Senior HS course/track would you like to pursue? CHOOSE ONE ONLY. Follow the
directions specified at the end of each option after selecting it.
( ) Academic Track
( ) Technical-Vocational-Livelihood
( ) Sports Track
Academic Track
(STEM)
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood
d. ( ) Home Economics
e. ( ) Agriculture-Fishery
f. ( ) Industrial Arts
g. ( ) Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
The Track that you have chosen would help you in pursuing further specialization towards your
preferred career. A list of factors could have influenced you in choosing your Track for Senior
High School. On a scale from one to five, check ONE answer that would best describe the extent
of each factor (as expressed in each of the statements) had influenced you or still influencing you.
Each response option on the scale is rated as in the following:
Rating Description
4 Influenced
3 Somewhat Influenced
2 Less Influenced
1 Not Influenced
PERSONALITY 5 4 3 2 1
1. My personality fits best in my chosen career that I would take from this
Track.
2. My traits and understanding of them will give me an advantage on landing
to my pursued career.
3. I am more productive in the career that I’ll practice due to my traits.
4. My attributes should be ideal for the career that I would focus on.
6. Preferences are made by a relative since they will provide for the expenses.
INTEREST 5 4 3 2 1
9. I am particularly interested in this career that I’ll pursue from this Track.
10. I like doing things related to the career that I would specialize in this Track.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
13. The career I want can help the community.
15. The career I chose can help in solving some environmental problems.
16. My career has a great contribution in the society.
PEER GROUP 5 4 3 2 1
15. My friends and I chose this strand.