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    Assignment 1

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    Toga Brandon
    The document summarizes David Baltimore's virus classification system which groups viruses into 7 classes based on their genome type (DNA or RNA), structure (single or double stranded), sense of single stranded genomes (positive or negative), and mechanism of replication. The classes include: I) double stranded DNA viruses; II) single stranded positive sense DNA viruses; III) double stranded RNA viruses; IV) single stranded positive sense RNA viruses; V) single stranded negative sense RNA viruses; VI) positive sense single stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate; and VII) double stranded DNA genomes replicated through an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Examples are provided for each class.

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    Assignment 1

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    Toga Brandon
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    The document summarizes David Baltimore's virus classification system which groups viruses into 7 classes based on their genome type (DNA or RNA), structure (single or double stranded), sense of single stranded genomes (positive or negative), and mechanism of replication. The classes include: I) double stranded DNA viruses; II) single stranded positive sense DNA viruses; III) double stranded RNA viruses; IV) single stranded positive sense RNA viruses; V) single stranded negative sense RNA viruses; VI) positive sense single stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate; and VII) double stranded DNA genomes replicated through an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Examples are provided for each class.

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    The document summarizes David Baltimore's virus classification system which groups viruses into 7 classes based on their genome type (DNA or RNA), structure (single or double stranded), sense of single stranded genomes (positive or negative), and mechanism of replication. The classes include: I) double stranded DNA viruses; II) single stranded positive sense DNA viruses; III) double stranded RNA viruses; IV) single stranded positive sense RNA viruses; V) single stranded negative sense RNA viruses; VI) positive sense single stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate; and VII) double stranded DNA genomes replicated through an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Examples are provided for each class.

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    12 views3 pages

    Assignment 1

    Uploaded by

    Toga Brandon
    The document summarizes David Baltimore's virus classification system which groups viruses into 7 classes based on their genome type (DNA or RNA), structure (single or double stranded), sense of single stranded genomes (positive or negative), and mechanism of replication. The classes include: I) double stranded DNA viruses; II) single stranded positive sense DNA viruses; III) double stranded RNA viruses; IV) single stranded positive sense RNA viruses; V) single stranded negative sense RNA viruses; VI) positive sense single stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate; and VII) double stranded DNA genomes replicated through an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Examples are provided for each class.

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    of 3

    2.

    David Baltmore’s virus classification system


    The Baltimore Classification system was created by an American Biologist based on type of
    genome and replication strategy. Viruses are grouped according to their manner of mRNA
    synthesis and the characteristics on whether the genome is made of DNA or RNA, the
    strandedness of the genome either single or double stranded together with sense of a single
    stranded genome which is either positive or negative. (Baltmore 1971).Six classes developed
    into 7 groups of classification.
    Class 1: Double-Stranded DNA viruses
    Viruses with double strand DNA genomes enter the host’s nucleus before they can replicate
    except the poxvirus family.They use the host’s DNA polymerases to replicate the viral
    genome.They synthesise their mRNA in 3 processes whereby in the 1st step a transcription
    preinitiation complex at the transcription site on DNA causing the need of host RNA
    polymerase.In the 2nd step, the RNA polymerase synthesis mRNA strands from the negative
    strand by using it as a template.The transcription processes stop in the last step when mRNA
    reaches a specific site known as the polyadenylation.Different types of genomic replication are
    used by these viruses which include bidirectional replication and rolling circle
    mechanism.Examples of double stranded DNA viruses include Herspesviridae,Adenoviridae and
    Papoviridae.(MN Editors 2022)

    Class II: Single-Stranded (+) DNA viruses

    Viruses have single strands of DNA as their genome.DNA replication occurs in the nucleus which
    involves formation of a negative(-) sense strand and acts as a template for positive(+) strand
    RNA and DNA synthesis. DNA is first converted into double-stranded before RNA is transcribed.
    e.g., Parvoviruses such as Canine parvovirus. (Tankeshwar 2022)

    Class III : Double Stranded RNA Viruses

    Viruses with double strands of RNA undergo replication process in the core capsid in the
    cytoplasm. Unlike other viruses, they do not use the host’s replication polymerases and
    replication is monocistronic which includes, individual segmented genomes that is each gene
    codes for one protein. Examples include Reoviridae and Birnaviridae. (Apraku 2015)
    Class IV : Single-Stranded(+) sense RNA Viruses

    Viruses have single strands of RNA as their genome and possess a positive(+) polarity. In the
    process of copying the genomic RNA, replicative intermediates are made from double-stranded
    RNA.These intermediates form most full length RNA stands with negative(-) polarity
    complimentary to the positive(+) stranded genomic RNA. Replicative intermediates will serve as
    templates for the synthesis of RNA with positive (+) polarity and also shorter viral mRNAs.
    (Biology for Majors II) Examples of Class IV viruses are
    Caliciviridae,Coronoviridae,Flaviviridae,Picornaviridae,Arteriviridae and Togaviridae

    Class V: Single Stranded RNA Viruses

    Viruses in class V have a negative(-) sense strand RNA genome. Viruses must undergo
    transcription by a viral polymerase in order to produce a readable strand of messenger
    RNA.The genomes of Class V viruses can either be segmented or non-segmented.(Dr Shaffer
    2019).Replication occurs in the cytoplasm for non segmented genome viruses with negative
    strands while viruses with segmented genome under replication in the nucleus whereby each
    genome segment produes monocistronic messenger RNA.(Apraku 2015) Examples include
    Arenaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae,Paramyxoviridae,Bunyaviridaem,Filoviridae.

    Class VI: Positive Sense Single Stranded RNA Viruses

    Viruses replicate using reverse trancriptase and possess single strands of RNA genomes.
    Replication occurs through DNA intermediates[Bionity.com]. Viruses are classied as reverse
    transcribing since the viral DNAs are a product of reverse transcription.[Ryu 2017,Burell et
    al.,2017] Examples include Retroviruses,RNA tumor viruses such as leukemia viruses.

    Class VII:Double Stranded DNA Genomes Replicated by Reverse Transcriptase

    Viruses use reverse transcriptase to replicate through single-stranded RNA intermediates. RNA
    strands are transcribed from the genome in the cytoplasm using the host’s RNA
    polymerase.The double stranded DNA genome is produced from pregonomic RNA strands.
    [ViralZone 2020] Examples include Hepadviridae, Hepatatis B

    References

    ViralZone Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. August,2020

    (Apraku 2015), https://www.slideshare.net/theophilus74/baltimore-classification-of-viruses-


    presentation

    microbiologynote.com (MN Editors, 2020)

    (Dr Shaffer, 2019), https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/The-Baltimore-Classification-


    System

    (Biology for majors II), https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/virus-


    classification

    (Ryu 2017,Burell et al.,2017), www.sciencedirect.com

    .(Tankeshwar 2022), https://microbeonline.com/baltimore-system-classifications-viruses

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