DEFINITION OF TERMS

Subject Code: LEA 4

Subject Description: Law Enforcement Operations & Planning with Crime Mapping

1. 1: 500- The standard manning level of the police

2. 1:1000- the maximum manning level of police
3. 10 million times- a dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.
4. Active- these are activities that block the enemy's attempts to gain information or to engage in sabotage,
subversion, espionage. It includes counter-espionage, counter subversion and counter terrorism.
5. Advocacy Planning- beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended
and negative side effects of plans.
6. Aircraft Patrol- necessary for the police in performing both routine and specialized patrol activities.
7. Automobile Patrol- the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation for police
on patrol.
8. Beat- the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.
9. Bicycle Patrol- a simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry police officers
throughout their patrol district.
10. Blending patrol- the use of officers dressed in civilian clothes and blended into an area and patrol in foot
or unmarked police cars in an attempt to catch criminals in the act of committing crime. In order to
blend, officers assume the role of an ordinary citizen to be close enough to observe and intervene if a
crime would occur.
11. Bloodhounds- these tracking dog; a large powerful dog with drooping ears, sagging jowls, and keen sense
of smell, formerly used for tracking.
12. Clockwise Pattern- usually done during the first hours of patrolling.
13. Community Oriented Policing System (COPS) - the primary purpose of addressing the crime by
knowing its root causes, and to maintain peace and order through the involvement of the citizenry.
14. Community Oriented Policing System (COPS) It is new policing concept that combines the familiarity,
trust and sense of belongingness characterized by the “beat cop” with the professionalism and expertise of
the professional policing model.
15. Counter-clockwise Pattern- usually done before the tour of patrol duty ends.
16. Crime Mapping- is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime
incident patterns.
17. Crime Prevention- the suppression of the desire of potential criminals to commit crimes.
18. Crime Suppression- elimination of the opportunity of criminals to perform acts against the law.
19. Criss- cross Pattern- more or less similar to zigzagging.
20. Decoy patrol- the use of distracter to deceive or lure somebody into a trap.
21. Directed deterrent patrol- a patrol strategy in which officers are given specific directions to follow, which
they are not responding to calls. The directed patrol assignments are given to officers before they begin
their tour and are meant to replace uncommitted random patrol time with specific duties that police
commanders believe will be effective.
22. Discovery Time- interval between the commission of the crime and its discovery.
23. District Orientation Tour- its purpose is to familiarize and orient a policeman about the patterns and
characteristics of his patrol area before he conducts actual patrol.
24. Egyptians- were the first to use dogs in patrolling.
25. Emergency Call- in most cases, this category requires the use of the flashing light and fluctuating siren
although there are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise criminals in the act.
26. Extra- Departmental Plan- are activities outside if the organization.
27. Fixed Foot Patrol- usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades, and special events.
28. Freak Crime Accident- situations when all the three elements of the crime are present and merged at
the same time and the same place; however the victim is not intended one due to error in persona.
29. German Shepherds- the most frequently used and highest scoring dog for police work.
30. High visibility patrol- the strategy of employing uniformed police officers and marked police vehicles in
conducting patrol in order to deter people from committing crime.
31. Horse Patrol- widely used for crows and traffic control.
32. House Visitation- it is a function of NCOBs where police officers on patrol visit every house and work
place to offer crime prevention advice and to organize the neighbourhood crime watch groups.
33. Immersion- the process by which a policeman merged with the community in order to know them. This
can easily be dome through patrol.
34. Incremental Planning- concludes that long range and comprehensive planning are not only too difficult,
but inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together and easier to
solve when they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual adjustment over time.
35. Instrumentality- the means or instrument used in the commission of crime.
36. Integrated Patrol System- a concerted effort of the whole PNP organization with other government
agencies.
37. Intermediate Planning- also known as medium range planning- relates to plans, which determine
quantity and quality efforts and accomplishments.
38. Line Functions- those that are directly responsible for accomplishing police goals and objectives.
39. Low visibility patrol- the strategy of using plainclothes officers and unmarked police vehicles while
conducting surveillance to catch offenders in the act of committing crime.
40. Mobile Foot Patrol- is used where there is considerable foot movement such as patrolling business and
shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are many or multiple family dwellings.
41. Motive- the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a crime or the purpose or
aim of doing something.
42. Motorcycle Patrol- has speed and manueverability and this has a greater access than automobiles to
some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain.
43. Neighborhood Oriented Policing- a philosophy of police suggesting that problem solving is best done at
the neighbourhood level, where issues originate not at a far-off central headquarters.
44. Operational Plan- subdivided into broad operational activities of the police such as operational plan for
traffic, patrol, investigation etc.
45. Operational Planning- also known as Short Range Planning- refers to production of plans, which
determine the schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week or less than year duration.
46. Opportunity- refers to the chance or twists of fate; consist of the acts by a person that enables another
person or group of persons to perpetrate the crime.
47. Participative Law Enforcement- a system where the citizenry and the police work together to reduce
crime prevent juvenile delinquency and criminal behaviour. Maintain the peace and reduce local problems
which are mutual responsibility of the police and the people.
48. Patrol- as the heart of the Police Organization. Patrol force incorporates all objectives inherent in the
police organization.
49. Patrol Hazard- a term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that requires a patrol
officer’s special attention.
50. Patrol- is from the French “Patrouiller” (Patrouller) meaning to go on puddles or to walk through mud in
a military camp.
51. Patrol- is the backbone of the police department.
52. Patrol- refers to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order.
53. Patrol- serves to be the “eyes and ears” of the police department.
54. Patrol- the essence of police function. The only police service that directly attempts to eliminate the desire
and opportunity to commit crime.
55. Patrol- the single largest element in the police organization
56. Phantom Effect - "residual deterrence" most people believe that the police is present even when they are
not in sight
57. Planning- essentially a process of combining all aspects of public safety activities and a realistic
anticipation of future problems, the analysis of strategy and its correction to detail.
58. Police Block- this is the NCOB (New Cops on the Block) Center of Command and Control of its activities
and the police base from which the citizen may seek assistance whether in person by radio or telephone.
59. Police- came from the Greek word POLITEIA (government of a city), which was used to describe the group
of civil officers governing the city and not necessarily the armed men guarding/ policing the city.
60. Police- the agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining
public order, and preventing and detecting crime.
61. Police Discretion- the wise use of one’s judgment, common sense, and personal experience in making
decision on a particular situation.
62. Police Omnipresence- It is a crime suppression activity of the police which is accomplished by making
their presence known in a such a way that even if they are no longer present in a certain location, would
be criminals would still have the impression that they are still around and would therefore refrain from
committing an offense.
63. Police Operational Planning- the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and
operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department.
64. Policing System- originated in Aberdeen Scotland
65. Policy or Procedural Plan- guideline for routine office work, routine field operation and related special
procedures.
66. Post- a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty.
67. Preventive Enforcement- progressive and continuous patrolling.
68. Primary Line Units- concerned with the police operational task such as; Patrol, Investigation, Traffic &
Vice & Juvenile Patrol
69. Proactive Patrol- An alternative patrol system which means the fielding of the field units in their
respective area of responsibility with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks schedule of the day to
augment the calls and other on sight activities that makes up the patrol officers day.
70. Proactive Plan- are developed in anticipation of problems.
71. Problem oriented policing- this strategy focuses on the underlying causes and conditions that lead to
the increase in police called for services. It recognizes incidents as merely overt symptoms of problems.
72. Processing Time- interval between receiving the call and dispatching the officers for service.
73. Radical Planning- first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the
immediate future. The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they
permeate the character of social and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine the structure
and evolution of social problems.
74. Reactive Patrol- a patrol activity which consists of driving around the district, waiting for something to
happen.
75. Reactive Plan- are developed as a result of crisis.
76. Reporting Time- interval between the discovery of the crime and when it is reported to the police.
77. Repression- the act of preventing the actual commission of crimes.
78. Robert Peel- is the father of Modern policing system.
79. Routine Call- under this category, the mobile car is required to observe all traffic laws and rules and
does not normally use its flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene.
80. Secondary/ Auxiliary Units- concerned with the service task such as Records, Property Custodian,
Jails, Crime Laboratory Services, Transportation & Communication.
81. Selective Enforcement- research and investigation.
82. Situation/ Locator Map- also called spot map; the key point in the Police State Desk; capable of
providing a visual IPS situation because it shows the; area of responsibility; Real Time Current Situation;
and Real time Status of the Integrated Patrol System.
83. Split force patrol- in this patrol strategy, a portion of patrol force is designated to handle all calls
dispatched to patrol units. The remaining numbers of officers are given directed patrol assignments in
which they should not be interrupted, unless there is an emergency. This is purposely done to avoid
interruption of directed patrol assignments.
84. Staff/ Auxiliary or Support Functions- designed solely to support and enhance the operation of line
units.
85. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) - are products of police operational planning adopted by the
police organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and functions, especially
during field operations.
86. Station Desk- is serves as the 3 Cs of the police force: communication; coordinating and center/
command post.
87. Station Desk- plays the most important role in the implementation of the police mission- to serve and the
protect the community.
88. Stop and Frisk - the situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their
hands lightly over the suspects outer garments to determine if the person is carrying a concealed weapon.
89. Straightway Pattern-the easiest to observe because as the name implies, the patrol officer just follow the
length of the street.
90. Strategic Plan- also known as Long Range Plan- it determine the organization’s original goals and
strategy.
91. Strategic Planning- a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn guides subsequent
decisions that generate the nature and direction of an organization.
92. Street Knowledge- a thorough geographic knowledge.
93. Synoptic Planning- the rational comprehensive approach is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also
the point of departure for most other panning approaches.
94. Tactical Plan- procedures outlining the steps to be taken in solving or taking care of specific situation of
known location.
95. Team policing- a grass-root approach taken to bring the people and the police closer together in a more
cooperative manner. It involves the establishment of a neighbourhood crime watch in which, the residents
are primarily in charged in patrolling their communities.
96. Transactive Planning- carried out in face-to-face interaction with the people who are to be affected by
the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries.
97. Travel Time- the amount of time it takes for the police to travel to the scene of the crime.
98. Urgent Call- similar to the routine call, which also requires the responding police car to observe traffic
rules and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, t proceeds directly to its destination and does
not stop unless an incident or far more serious nature occurs.
99. Visionary Plan- are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a
future conditions or state to which the department can aspire.
100. Water Patrol- extremely specialized and are not in great use except in areas with extensive coasts
or a great deal of lake or river traffic.
101. Zigzag or Free Wheeling Pattern- start at one corner of the patrol area and work your way
diagonally across it to the opposite corner.
102. EMPLOYMENT- Refers to the utilizations of units or elements f the PNP for purpose of promote.
103. EXECUTION- Deals with performance of orders followed and done with commensurate authority
to fulfill the responsibility.
104. EXONERATION - Is the declaration of the respondent’s innocence y the disciplinary authority
under summary proceedings.
105. EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL PLANS- These are plants designed to guide the organization o
the community of the to assists in accomplishing the police objectives in the field of juvenile
and delinquency prevention, traffic control , and organized crimes.
106. FINANCE CENTER - Headed by a director with the rank of Chief Superintendent, the finance
center shall be responsible for providing finances services to the PNP.
107. FIELD OFFICERS - Also known as “Senior Officer”, these categories includes Senior
Superintendent, Superintendent and Chief Inspector.
108. FIELD PROCEDURES - They are intended to be used in all situation s of all kinds and
serves as a guide to officers in the field on the procedures tat relate to the following. Reporting,
Dispatching, Raids, Arrests, Stopping, suspicious persons, Receiving complaints, Patrolling,
AND Conduct of investigation of crimes.
109. FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM - All uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a field
Training Program for twelve ( 12) months involving actual experience and assignment in
patrol, traffic, and investigation as a requirement for permanency of their appointment.
110. FINANCE SERVICE- Unit which shall provide the commission with staff services and
assistance of the budgetary and financial matters includes the overseeing of the processing and
disbursements of funds pertaining to the scholarship program and surviving children or decease
and/or permanently incapacitated PNP personnel.
111. FORUM SHOPING OR MULTIPLE FILING OF COMPLAINTS – Refers to the charges
or complaints regarding one single offense, filed simoutaneously with different venues.
112. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION- This type of organization is operated wherein the
performance of certain duties, at all level is controlled and directed by a separate organizational
authority.
113. GENERAL OR FLAG OFFICERS - This category includes all Directors and Chief
Superintendents.
114. GRADING - the simplest system of performance appraisal.
115. GUARDIA CIVIL- organized the dual function of a soldier and a policeman whose duties
ranges from the suppression of brigandage by means of patrolling unsettled territories,
detention of petty and local insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was armed by
the Spanish Peninsula Troops of their work in policing towns.
116. GUARDDRILLEROS – The Rural Police during the Spanish regime in the Philippines
established in each town. The laws provided that five percent (5%) of able bodied male
inhabitants of each province were to be drafted in the police service for a three years tour of
duty.
117. HEADQUATER POCEDURES –Usually found on the duty manual because they pertain to
the responsibility of one person or one class of persons. Procedures that involve coordinate action
on activity of several offices shall be established separately.
118. HOME RULE THEORY – Law enforcers or policemen are regarded as servants of the
community, who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people.
In these concepts, policemen are servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace
and security.
119. Macro-intelligence - An overall view of general demographic, social, and crime trends which
indicate environments and types of crimes which are emerging or projected to emerge.

120. Micro-intelligence - Intelligence activities focusing on current problems and crimes for either
case development or resource allocation.
121. General intelligence - Intelligence unit will collect infonnation on crimes in general in support of
an agency's 'investigative responsibility -- typically associated with a municipal, county, or state law
enforcement agency with general law enforcement responsibilities.
122. Specialized intelligence - Intelligence unit (or section within a unit) focuses on an exclusive issue
whether it is a crime (e.g., narcotics, terrorism, etc.) or entity (e.g., organized crime, right wing extremist
groups, abortion protests, etc.)
123. Tactical intelligence - Evaluated information on which immediate enforcement action can be
based; intelligence activity focused specifically on developing an active case.
124. Operational intelligence - Intelligence infonnation is evaluated and systematically organized on
an active or p'otential target. This process is developmental in nature wherein there is sufficient
articulated reasons to suspect criminal activity.
125. Strategic intelligence - Statistical crime patterns and crime trends are collected, analyzed, and
evaluated for management use in decision-making, resource development, and policy planning.
126. National security intelligence - is the collection and analysis of infonnation concerned with the
relationship and homeostasis of the United States with foreign powers, organizations, and persons with-
regard to· political and economic factors as well as the maintenance of the United States' sovereign
principles.
127. The Intelligence Community - is a phrase that customarily refers to those agencies which gather
National Security intelligence information-they can be classified as being 'an exclusive or non .. exclusive
policy intelligence agency.
128. Exclusive (National Security Intelligence Agencies) - Intelligence gathering agencies whose
responsibility and resources are focused solely on information which may be used in national policy
decisions.
129. Non Exclusive (National Security Intelligence Agencies) - Intelligence gathering agencies whose
responsibilities and resources address both issues of national security and enforcement of criminal laws.
130. Collection. "The acquisition of specified infonnation ... through the use of both special human
and technological means, . .. in relation to our national security."
131. Counterintelligence. " ... the countering of similar intelligence activities by other groups,
governments, or individuals through the identification, neutralization, and manipulation of other states
or groups intelligence services."
132. Analysis and estimates. "The processing, analysis, production, and disserrrination of all available
infonnation from collection and counterintelligence and presentation to policymakers of a fmished
product that has more clarity than may be inherent in the data itself."
133. Covert action. "Influencing events and behavior in other states or groups without revealing
one's involvement."
134. The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice - "There
needs to be a greater exchange of (intelligence) information among federal, state, and local agencies".
135. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders - "Police departments must develop means
to obtain adequate intelligence for planning purposes, as well as on-the-scene , information. for use in
police operations during a disorder".
136. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence - the process of crime control in
most Cities lacks any central collection and analysis of criminal justice information.
137. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals - "Every police agency
and every state immediately should establish and maintain the capability to gather and evaluate
infonnation and to disseminate intelligence in a manner which protects every individual's right to
privacy while it curtails organized crime and public disorder".
138. Philosophy - serves as the foundation for the organization's perspective of its mission and the
performance of intelligence activities.
139. Tradition-Based - The historical context of LA WINT wherein information was amassed on
persons who were either suspected of directly of being involved in criminal acts or persons whose
characteristics, beliefs, or associations indicated the potential for criminal involvement or that they may
have knowledge about persons involved in crimes.
140. Value-Based - LA WINT activities which are clearly designed in support of legitimate
organizational goals and performed in a manner which is consistent with law and ethical standards.
141. Policing - the community involves major responsibility and authority. The police cannot carry out
their responsibilities alone; thus they must be willing to involve the community in all aspects of policing
which directly impacts the quality of community life.
142. The Police Department - believes it has a responsibility to react to criminal behavior in a way
that emphasizes prevention and emphasizes rigorous law enforcement.
143. VALVES SPECIFIC TO THE LA WINT FUNCTION - While a law enforcement organization may
articulate fonnal broad values applicable to the agency as a whole, there are some principles which are
particularly idiosyncratic to LA WINT operations.
144. The mission - is the role which the unit fulfills in support of the overall mission of the agency-it
specifies in general language what the unit is intended to accomplish.
145. Outlaw motorcycle gangs - organizational structure, participants, and types of crimes.
146. Racial/Anti-Semitic activity - monitor, record, and give investigative assistance to operational
units regarding these types of criminal activity.
147. Labor/strike activity - monitor and gather strategic intelligence to be supplied to the Operations
Bureau with regard to this activity.
148. Subversive/Extremist groups - to closely monitor and disseminate information regarding
extremist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, Nazi Party, etc., whose actions typically involve criminal
activity.
149. Major Narcotics Traffickers - provide tactical intelligence and information analysis to the
Operations Bureau on persons identified as being involved in narcotics trafficking enterprises.
150. Responsibility - reflects how the authority of a unit or individual is used and determining if goals
have been accomplished and the mission fulfilled in a manner that is consistent with the limits of
authority.
151. ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS - There are extensive organizational principles which apply to
every element of law enforcement administration. The issues discussed below are not intended to be
comprehensive.
152. Organizing - The rational coordination of the activities of a number of people for the
achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal through division of labor and function and
through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility.
153. Coordination - The processes of interrelating work functions, responsibilities, duties, resources,
and initiatives directed toward goal attainment.
154. Division of labor - Tasks within the organization are divided among personnel based on expertise
required to perform the tasks, demand for the tasks to be performed, or, due to the inherent nature of
the tasks, there is a need for close supervision and/or security; specialization of duties is part of the
division of labor.
155. Unity of Command - The principle -of organization referred to as "one man, one boss". Each
person within the organization should be operationally and functionally responsible to only one
supervisor.
156. Convenience - The INTEL UNIT needs to be placed so personnel have access to needed resources
such as records, lock-ups where suspects may be interviewed, and computer facilities (depending on the
nature of computer resources the agency has)
157. Sufficiency - As with any organizational unit, the INTELUNIT needs sufficient space to perform its
function.
158. Security - Because of the sensitive nature of the intelligence function, the physical placement of
the unit must be one which maximizes the security of records, activities, personnel, and persons visiting
the unit as part of the intelligence function.
159. Policy - The principles and values which guide the performance of a duty.
160. Procedures - A method of performing an operation or a manner of proceeding on a course of
action. It differs from policy in that it directs action in a particular situation to perform a specific task
within the guidelines of policy.
161. Rules - A specific requirement or prohibition which is stated to prevent deviations from policy or
procedure.
162. STAFFING - Personnel represent the organization's largest investment, its greatest source of
productivity, and its greatest source of problems.
163. Intelligence Analyst - A person who takes the varied facts, documentation of circumstances,
evidence, interviews, and any other material related to a crime and places them into a logical and
related framework for the purpose of developing a criminal case, explaining a criminal phenomenon, or
describing crime and crime trends.
164. Articulated qualifications - those which are required as minimum by law, charter, or regulation-
will be easily identified following a review of applicable statutes.
165. Performance qualifications - those minimal requirements which can be clearly articulated and
measured (e.g., ·college degree, no felony arrests, etc.) and can be demonstrated to bejob related (a
Bona Fide Employment Qualification-BFOQ)
166. Preferred qualifications - those additional qualifications desired for job candidates (e.g.,
intelligence experience, knowledge of computerized statistical packages, etc.)
167. Desired characteristics - factors manifest in an individual's personality, experience, education,
values, interests, and other factors which are determined through the interview process, personality
exams, background investigation, or other source.
168. Field Training - working in the intelligence unit to apply the techniques presented in the
classroom training.
169. Reinforcement Training - following a defined time period in field training (probably about six
months) the analyst returns to classroom training for forty hours to have techniques refined, critical
subjects reinforced, and questions answered.
170. The intelligence cycle - is an organized process by which information is gathered, assessed, and
distributed in order to fulfill the goals of the Intelligence.
171. COLLECTION of Information - The identification, location, and recording of unanalyzed
information, typically from an original source and using both human and technological means, for input
into the intelligence cycle to determine its usefulness in meeting a defined tactical or strategic
intelligence goal.
172. Routinized Input - The intelligence unit has arranged for certain types of information to be
regularly submitted for review.
173. Selected Access - The intelligence unit has access to information sources which can be used as
needs demand.
174. Special Access - The intelligence unit utilizes a means to especially collect information on a
targeted person, group, organization or issue.
175. Casework Availability - The intelligence unit has access to information simply as a product of a
specific case which is being worked. Sometimes the information may be a product of the analyst's
initiative or it may be the product of simple circumstances.
176. Unsolicited Input - The intelligence unit receives information which is initiated by a source other
than the unit itself or it is information which is serendipitiously discovered outside the established
information collection chain.
177. Efficient - Doing the job right. It is concerned with the judicious use of resources and effort to
accomplish the intended tasks without expending undue time, money, or effort.
178. Effective - Doing the right job. It is performing the tasks and expending the effort to accomplish
the specifically defined goal of the task(s) at hand.
179. Overt Methods - The analyst or investigator directly accesses information with the expressed or
implied purpose of obtaining the information for use in a criminal investigation.
180. Internal Sources - those sources an analyst has access to within the law enforcement system.
(e.g., criminal histories, police reports, suspect interviews, INTERPOL, etc)
181. External Sources - those sources an analyst accesses outside of the law enforcement system
(e.g., tax rolls, phone records, newspapers, etc.)
182. Covert Methods - Direct collection of information from an individual, organization, or
intelligence target through some form of active or passive observation wherein the subject is unaware
that the information is being collected for an intelligence investigation.
183. Active observation - covert technique interacts with the target; the target's actions are
frequently a reaction to the stimulus or opportunity provided by the investigating body.
184. Passive observation - covert technique is non-reactive in that there is no interaction with the
target by investigator/intelligence officer.
185. Access by Permission - The custodian of the records, whether governmental or private,
knowingly gives permission to review the records.
186. Access by Status as a Public Record - As a matter of custom, statute, or court decision the record
is open to for review by any member of the public including law enforcement officials.
187. Access by Legal Process - Investigators request the court to order access to records, public or
private, when either the records are not public or permission cannot be obtained.
188. Subpoena duces tecum - a court order mandating the records' custodian to bring forth the
records described in the subpoena.
189. EVALUATION of the collected information - All information collected for the intelligence cycle is
reviewed for its quality with an assessment of the validity and reliability of the information.
190. COLLATION of the information - A review of collected and evaluated information to determine
its substantive applicability to a case or problem at issue and placement of useful information into a
form or system which permits easy and rapid access and retrieval.
191. Alphabetical - words and labels are simply placed in the storage and retrieval system in
alphabetical order (manual or automated).
192. Hierarchical - words and labels are arranged in a hierarchy beginning with the most general
topic and going to more specific topics (manual or automated).
193. Key Word In Context (KWIC) - This is an automated system which indexes selected key words
which represent the evidence or information being stored.
194. ANALYSIS of the information - Analysis is that activity whereby meaning, actual or suggested, is
derived through organizing and systematically examining diverse information.
195. Conclusion - a definitive statement about a suspect, action, or state of nature.
196. Prediction - Projection of future criminal actions or changes in the nature of crime trends based
on analysis of intelligence information.
197. Estimate - Strategic projections on the economic, human, and/or quantitative criminal impact of
the crime or issue subject to analysis.
198. REPORTING the results of the analysis - The process of taking the analyzed Information and
placing it in the proper form for the most effective consumption of that information as dependent on
the type of intelligence.
199. DISSEMINATION of intelligence - This is the process of effectively distributing analyzed
intelligence information in the most appropriate format to those in need of the information to facilitate
their accomplishment of organizational goals.
200. Estimate - Strategic projections on the economic, human, and/or quantitative criminal impact of
the crime or issue subject to analysis.
201. Protocol of Intelligence Collection - Information collection procedures employed to obtain
verbal and written information, actions of people, and physical evidence required for strategic and
tactical intelligence analysis.
202. Overt Activities - A collection activity which is conducted openly and may be acknowledged by
and attributed to its agency/sponsor and participants.
203. Discrete Activities - A collection activity which must be conducted cautiously to avoid undue
curiosity and public interest, to minimize interference with the collection activity, and to minimize the
suspicions of the intelligence target. Discrete activities may be acknowledged by and attributed to its
agency/sponsor.
204. Covert Activities - A covert activity is planned and executed to conceal the collection of
information and/or the identity of any officer or agent participating in the activity.
205. Clandestine Activities - An activity which is usually extensive and goal-oriented, planned and
executed to conceal the existence of the operation. Only participants and the agency sponsoring the
activity are intended to know about the operation.
206. Human Intelligence - Intelligence gathering methods which require human interaction or
observation of the target or targeted environment.
207. Direct Interaction - The LAWINT analyst or investigator interacts in an official capacity with the
intelligence target or principals of the case usually through an interview or interrogation.
208. Undercover Investigation - Active infiltration (or attempting to infiltrate) a group believed to be
involved in criminal activity and/or the interaction with a LA WINT target with the intent to gather
incriminating information or "lead" information which is used for the furtherance of a criminal
investigation.
209. Surveillance - The observation of activities, behaviors, and associations of a LA WINT target
(individual or group) with the intent to gather incriminating information or "lead" information which is
used for the furtherance of a criminal investigation.
210. Informants - The solicitation of information from persons not affiliated with the LA WINT agency
for purposes of gathering incriminating information on the intelligence target or information which will
further the investigation.
211. Citizen Informant - is a person whose motives are based on. their personal interest in
maintaining order and minimizing crime in their community.
212. Criminal informant - is a person who gives the police information for ulterior, personal reasons.
213. Intrusion - Information is gathered by intelligence officers/agents through the physical intrusion
into a residence, building, or vehicle.
214. Confidential Informant File - Files maintained in order to document all information that pertains
to confidential informants.
215. Unreliable Informant File - files containing information pertaining to individuals determined
generally unfit to perform as informants.
216. Communications Intelligence (COMINT) - This is the capture of information-either encrypted or
in "plaintext" -exchanged between intelligence targets or transmitted by a known or suspected
intelligence target for the purposes of tracking communications patterns and protocols (Traffic analysis),
establishing links between intercommunicating parties or groups, and/or analysis of the substantive
meaning of the communication.
217. Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) - The interception of various radio frequency signals, microwave
signals, satellite audio communications, non-imagery infrared and coherent light signals, and
transmissions from surreptitiously placed audio micro transmitters in support of the COMINT activity.
218. Physical Intrusion - The interception of communications as a result of a physical intrusion into
the communications medium such as opening mail; seizure of non-public written communications or
documents; tapping telephone lines; interception of cable communications; or accessing computer
driven communications systems through direct or remote surreptitious access to the system.
219. Open Communications (OPCOM) - 'The collection of open or publicly available commUl1jcations,
broadcasts, audio or video recordings, propaganda, published statements, and other distributed written
or recorded material for purposes of analyzing the information.
220. Cryptology - is the study of communications encryption methods which deal' with the·
development of "codes" and the "scrambling" of communications in order to prevent the interception of
the communications by an unauthorized or unintended party.
221. Cryptanalysis - The process of deciphering 'the encrypted communications of an intelligence
target.
222. Cryptography - The creation of a communications code/encryption system for communication
transmission with the intent of precluding the consumption and interpretation of one's own messages.
223. Remote Sensing - The collection of information which is typically not communications but can be
viewed or interpreted by intelligence personnel to learn more about the intelligence target and provide
support for case preparation.
224. Imagery - The representation of an object or locale produced on any medium by optical or
electronic means.
225. Sensing Media - the technology and procedures used to capture and record the image.
226. Platform - the location or vehicle on which the sensing equipment is mounted.
227. Telemetry - The collection and processing of information derived from non-communications
electromagnetic radiations emitting from sources such as radio navigation systems (e.g., transponders);
radar systems, and information/data signals emitted from monitoring equipment in a vehicle or device.
228. Motion Sensing - Various methods exist to detect the presence, direction, and nature of moving
people, vehicles, or objects. Motion sensors may be on either a fixed or mobile platform.
229. Acoustic Sensors - Acoustic energy may be radiated in wave form through either air or water.
230. Seismic Sensors - Energy transmitted through reverberations in the earth ranging from
footsteps, to vehicle movements, to the detonation of explosives.
231. Disturbance Sensors - Sensors designed to emit a notification signal if a "trip" or "switch" is
disturbed as a result of the presence or passing of a person or object.
232. Legal Limitations - LA WINT is subject to important constitutional and statutory provisions with
respect to information collection. Certain methods of information gathering may only be used under
limited conditions or not at all.
233. Resources - The agency may not have the equipment, personnel, or money to employ some
collection methods.
234. Access - A LA WINT agency may not have access to certain technologies due to security
restrictions or availability.
235. Expertise - An agency may not be able to employ certain protocols because personnel have not
been trained in the use of the collection procedure or interpretation of the information collected.
236. Jurisdiction - The authority of the agency and/or the geographic characteristics of the locale may
preclude reasonable use of certain methods.
237. Ramifications of the Collection - An agency may decide against using a given protocol if it is
perceived that public discovery of the protocol would adversely affect the agency's reputation or
integrity.
238. Ethics - LA WINT personnel may determine that a particular protocol or situation may be
inconsistent with ethical standards or values of the agency.
239. Direct - Information is obtained through interviews, conversations, undercover interaction, or
physical surveillance of the target.
240. Enhanced Direct - Information is gathered through direct surveillance of the target from a
distance through the use of technologies which enhance images or sounds.
241. Unobtrusive Collection - Information gathered from records (public or private), newspapers,
credit bureaus, and other sources.
242. Data Analysis - Includes examination of aggregate data in individual information which can be
distilled to present probabilistic or circumstantial information about the target.
243. Signal Interception - The interception of radio, telephone, or cable messages of the target.
244. Image Recording - The spectrum of methodologies range from traditional panchromatic
photographs with standard photographic equipment to thermal infrared sensing from satellites.
245. Telemetry - The remote measurement and observation of air or sea vessel movements based on
propellant characteristics, noise/vibration, radar, or sonar detection methods.
246. Electronic Surveillance of Human Characteristics - In collecting intelligence information a
method of frequent importance is electronic surveillance.
247. Movements - "where someone is "-Individuals can be tracked electronically via beepers as well
as by monitoring computerized transactional accounts in real time
248. Actions - "what someone is doing or has done"-Electronic devices to monitor action include:
monitoring of keystrokes on computer terminals (the so-called "Tempest System"), monitoring of
telephone numbers called with pen registers, cable TV monitoring, monitoring of financial and
 commercial computerized accounts, and accessing computerized law enforcement or investigatory
systems.
249. Communications - "what Someone is saying, writing, hearing, or receiving"-Two-way electronic
communications can be intercepted whether the means be analog or digital communication via wired
telephones, cordless phones, cellular phones, or digital electronic mail.
250. Actions and Communications - "the details of what someone is doing or saying” electronic visual
surveillance, generally accompanied by audio surveillance, can monitor the actions and communications
of individuals in both private and public places during either daylight or darkness.
251. Emotions - "the psychological and physiological reactions to circumstances"-polygraph testing,
voice stress analysis (which has some notable reliability problems), breath analyzers, and brain wave
analyzers attempt to determine an individual's reactions to issues and/stimulants.
252. Undercover operations - An important strategy relied on heavily by law enforcement for
information collection and case building.
253. THE JEOPARDY ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS - Any covert or undercover
activity has the potential for danger and abuse. Cognizance of these threats is necessary for not only
undercover operatives and their managers but also for intelligence unit personnel and others who may
have to deal with the information gathered and actions taken during undercover operations.
254. Manipulation of the political process - undercover operations, particularly those involving public
officials where wrong doing is not proven, carry the potential for manipulating the political process and
tampering with history.
255. Loss of public confidence in government or an institution - undercover operations focusing on
public officials should be painstakingly controlled so as to collect necessary evidence yet avoiding any
activity which exaggerates the extent or overly dramatizes any corrupt acts of officials.
256. Undermining respect for the law - if undercover investigations do not maintain the sanctity and
respect of law then the principles under which public institutions operate may be undermined
encouraging others to disregard the law and those principles.
257. Injury caused by informants - In efforts to maintain an informant's confidentiality and credibility
as well as to keep the informant actively involved in the pursuance of a "higher level" criminal; agencies
may give informants "tolerance" in behavior and, in fact, support the informant's limited involvement in
criminal acts.
258. Injury caused by agents - In the furtherance of an undercover operation, agency personnel have
caused losses of respect and trust to innocent persons and loss of income, even damage, to businesses
only peripherally associated with the investigatory target.
259. Generation of crime - Evidence exists that some undercover operations actually increase or
generate crime.
260. Injury to agents, their families, and law enforcement agencies - Danger of socialization into the
criminal subculture targeted by the undercover operation.
261. Unwarranted prosecution - As a result of time, effort, money, reputation, and ego invested in a
lengthy investigation, there is a tendency to not want to "go away empty handed"-thus, there may be
prosecution on some charge to justify the investments.
262. The taint of being investigated - Being the subject of an investigation places suspicion in the
minds of many persons associated with the target (including friends, family, and employers).
263. Safeguards Prior to Implementing Undercover Operations - Initiate investigations and employ
undercover operations only when an agency reasonably suspects criminal activity of a given type or
pattern is occurring or is likely to occur and an undercover operation is the most viable method to
collect evidence and information concerning the crimiinal activity.
264.