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Trignomentija
Trignomentija
Definicija
Trigonometrijske funkcije su: sinus (sin), kosinus (cos), tangens (tg), kotangens
(ctg), sekans (sec) i kosekans (csc). [1]
Odnosno:
sin
�
=
a
c
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha ={{\mbox{a}} \over {\mbox{c}}}}
Sinus ugla uz vrh A jednak je odnosu suprotne katete i hipotenuze pravouglog
trougla.
csc
�
=
c
a
{\displaystyle \csc \alpha ={{\mbox{c}} \over {\mbox{a}}}}
cos
�
=
b
c
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={{\mbox{b}} \over {\mbox{c}}}}
sec
�
=
c
b
{\displaystyle \sec \alpha ={{\mbox{c}} \over {\mbox{b}}}}
tan
�
=
tg
�
=
a
b
{\displaystyle \tan \alpha ={{\mbox{tg}}A}={{\mbox{a}} \over {\mbox{b}}}}
Tangens ugla uz vrh A jednak je odnosu suprotne i bliže katete pravouglog trougla.
cot
�
=
ctg
�
=
b
a
{\displaystyle \cot \alpha ={{\mbox{ctg}}A}={{\mbox{b}} \over {\mbox{a}}}}
Trigonometrijska kružnica
Trigonometrijska kružnica je kružnica sa centrom u centrom u koordinantnom početku
�
(
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle O(0,0)} , tj.
�
2
+
�
2
=
1
{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1}
Definicija 1
Trigonometrijske realne funkcije ugla
�{\displaystyle \varphi } definišu se jednakostima
cos
2
�
+
sin
2
�
=
1
,
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\phi +\sin ^{2}\phi =1,\,} sinus i kosinus su realni
brojevi.
tg
�
=
sin
�
cos
�
,
ctg
�
=
cos
�
sin
�
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \phi ={\frac {\sin \phi }{\cos \phi }},\;\
operatorname {ctg} \phi ={\frac {\cos \phi }{\sin \phi }},} tangens i kotangens
sec
�
=
1
cos
�
,
csc
�
=
1
sin
�
,
{\displaystyle \sec \phi ={\frac {1}{\cos \phi }},\;\csc \phi ={\frac {1}{\sin \phi
}},} sekans i kosenkans
vercos
�
=
1
−
sin
�
,
versin
=
1
−
cos
�
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {vercos} \phi =1-\sin \phi ,\;\operatorname {versin}
=1-\cos \phi ,} kosinus versus i sinus versus
Funkcije sekans, kosenkans, kosinus versus i sinus versus rijetko se susreću
cos
(
�
−
�
)
=
−
cos
�
,
sin
(
�
−
�
)
=
sin
�
,
{\displaystyle \cos(\pi -\phi )=-\cos \phi ,\;\sin(\pi -\phi )=\sin \phi ,}
cos
(
�
+
�
)
=
−
cos
�
,
sin
(
�
+
�
)
=
−
sin
�
,
{\displaystyle \cos(\pi +\phi )=-\cos \phi ,\;\sin(\pi +\phi )=-\sin \phi ,}
cos
(
−
�
)
=
cos
�
,
sin
(
−
�
)
=
−
sin
�
.
{\displaystyle \cos(-\phi )=\cos \phi ,\;\sin(-\phi )=-\sin \phi .}
Funkcije kosinus i sinus imaju period
2
�{\displaystyle 2\pi } , a tangens
�{\displaystyle \pi } :
cos
(
2
�
+
�
)
=
cos
�
,
sin
(
2
�
+
�
)
=
sin
�
,
tg
(
�
+
�
)
=
tg
�
.
{\displaystyle \cos(2\pi +\phi )=\cos \phi ,\;\sin(2\pi +\phi )=\sin \phi ,\;\
operatorname {tg} (\pi +\phi )=\operatorname {tg} \phi .}
Period sinusne i kosinusne funkcije nalazimo iz formule [4]
�
=
2
�
�{\displaystyle T={\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}}
Period funkcije
sin
2
�{\displaystyle \sin {2\alpha }} je
�
=
2
�
2
{\displaystyle T={\frac {2\pi }{2}}}, odnosno
�{\displaystyle \pi }.
Funkcije uglova većih od 360 stepeni prethodnim formulama se svode na funkcije
manjih uglova, a zatim dalje, ako je potrebno, na prvi kvadrant, na način vidljiv u
sljedećoj tabeli
�
{\displaystyle \beta \,}
�
2
+
�{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}+\alpha }
�
+
�
{\displaystyle \pi +\alpha \,}
3
�
2
+
�{\displaystyle {\frac {3\,\pi }{2}}+\alpha } T
�
2
−
�{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}-\alpha }
�
−
�
{\displaystyle \pi -\alpha \,}
3
�
2
−
�{\displaystyle {\frac {3\,\pi }{2}}-\alpha }
2
�
−
�{\displaystyle 2\,\pi -\alpha }
sin
�
{\displaystyle \sin \beta \,}
cos
�
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha \,}
−
sin
�
{\displaystyle -\sin \alpha \,}
−
cos
�
{\displaystyle -\cos \alpha \,}
cos
�
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha \,}
sin
�
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha \,}
−
cos
�
{\displaystyle -\cos \alpha \,}
−
sin
�
{\displaystyle -\sin \alpha \,}
cos
�
{\displaystyle \cos \beta \,}
−
sin
�
{\displaystyle -\sin \alpha \,}
−
cos
�
{\displaystyle -\cos \alpha \,}
sin
�
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha \,}
sin
�
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha \,}
−
cos
�
{\displaystyle -\cos \alpha \,}
−
sin
�
{\displaystyle -\sin \alpha \,}
cos
�
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha \,}
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\beta }
−
ctg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
−
ctg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
−
tg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\beta }
−
tg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
−
tg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
−
ctg
�{\displaystyle -\operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
U opšte slučaju to se može zapisati na sljedeći način
�
(
�
�
+
�
)
=
±
�
(
�
)
{\displaystyle f(n\pi +\alpha )=\pm f(\alpha )}
�
(
�
�
−
�
)
=
±
�
(
�
)
{\displaystyle f(n\pi -\alpha )=\pm f(\alpha )}
�
(
(
2
�
+
1
)
�
2
+
�
)
=
±
�
(
�
)
{\displaystyle f\left({\frac {(2n+1)\pi }{2}}+\alpha \right)=\pm g(\alpha )}
�
(
(
2
�
+
1
)
�
2
−
�
)
=
±
�
(
�
)
{\displaystyle f\left({\frac {(2n+1)\pi }{2}}-\alpha \right)=\pm g(\alpha )}
f — proizvoljna trigonometrijska funkcija,
g — odgovarajuća joj funkcija (kosinus za sinusa, sinus za kosinus i analogno za
ostale funkcije), a n — cio broj.
Vrijednosti trigonometrijskih funkcija
Za neke od uglova iz prvog kvadranta funkcije selakše izračunavaju: [5]
�
{\displaystyle \alpha \,}
�
12
=
15
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{12}}=15^{\circ }}
�
10
=
18
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{10}}=18^{\circ }}
�
8
=
22.5
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{8}}=22.5^{\circ }}
�
5
=
36
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{5}}=36^{\circ }}
3
�
10
=
54
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {3\,\pi }{10}}=54^{\circ }}
3
�
8
=
67.5
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {3\,\pi }{8}}=67.5^{\circ }}
2
�
5
=
72
∘{\displaystyle {\frac {2\,\pi }{5}}=72^{\circ }}
sin
�
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha \,}
3
−
1
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {3}}-1}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
5
−
1
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}}
2
−
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {2-{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}}
5
−
5
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {5-{\sqrt {5}}}}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
5
+
1
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{4}}}
2
+
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}}
5
+
5
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5}}}}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
cos
�
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha \,}
3
+
1
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {3}}+1}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
5
+
5
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5}}}}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
2
+
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}}
5
+
1
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{4}}}
5
−
5
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {5-{\sqrt {5}}}}{2\,{\sqrt {2}}}}}
2
−
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {2-{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}}
5
−
1
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}}
tg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,\alpha }
2
−
3
{\displaystyle 2-{\sqrt {3}}}
1
−
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {2}{\sqrt {5}}}}}}
2
−
1
2
+
1
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {{\sqrt {2}}-1}{{\sqrt {2}}+1}}}}
5
−
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {5-2\,{\sqrt {5}}}}}
1
+
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {5}}}}}}
2
+
1
2
−
1
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {{\sqrt {2}}+1}{{\sqrt {2}}-1}}}}
5
+
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {5+2\,{\sqrt {5}}}}}
ctg
�{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,\alpha }
2
+
3
{\displaystyle 2+{\sqrt {3}}}
5
+
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {5+2\,{\sqrt {5}}}}}
2
+
1
2
−
1
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {{\sqrt {2}}+1}{{\sqrt {2}}-1}}}}
1
+
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {5}}}}}}
5
−
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {5-2\,{\sqrt {5}}}}}
2
−
1
2
+
1
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {{\sqrt {2}}-1}{{\sqrt {2}}+1}}}}
1
−
2
5
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {2}{\sqrt {5}}}}}}
Redovi
Trigonometrijske funkcije se mogu predstavljati (beskonačnim) redovima.
sin
�
=
�
−
�
3
3
!
+
�
5
5
!
−
�
7
7
!
+
.
.
.
=
∑
�
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
�
�
2
�
+
1
(
2
�
+
1
)
!
{\displaystyle \sin x=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}
+...=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}}}
cos
�
=
1
−
�
2
2
!
+
�
4
4
!
−
�
6
6
!
+
.
.
.
==
∑
�
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
�
�
2
�
(
2
�
)
!
{\displaystyle \cos x=1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}-{\frac {x^{6}}{6!}}
+...==\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n}}{(2n)!}}}
Ovi redovi se mogu upotrebiti i za definisanje trigonometrijskih funkcija
kompleksnog broja z, i hiperboličkih funkcija. majući u vidu jednakosti
tg
�
=
sin
�
cos
�
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {tg} \,x={\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}},}
ctg
�
=
cos
�
sin
�
{\displaystyle \operatorname {ctg} \,x={\frac {\cos x}{\sin x}}},
sec
�
=
1
cos
�
{\displaystyle \sec x={\frac {1}{\cos x}}}
cosec
�
=
1
sin
�
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {cosec} \,x={\frac {1}{\sin x}},}
u Tejlorov red se mogu razložiti sle