PARUNGAO CHRISTIAN JOSH M

11 GAS 5

HOPE PETA

BASKEYBALL
HISTORY
-The history of basketball began with its invention in
1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical
education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-
prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year old
graduate student when he created the indoor sport to
keep athletes indoors during the winter.

OFFICIALS

-two referees, a scorekeeper, timekeeper and a

shot clock operator.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
-Only five players per team on the court. ...
-Score more than your opponent to win. ...
-Score within the shot clock. ...
-Dribbling advances the ball. ...
-The offense has five seconds to inbound the ball. ...
-The offense must advance the ball. ...
-Ball and ballhandler must remain inbounds.
HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME
The ball is tossed in the air to start the game. One
of the players deflects it to a teammate. It is
dribbled and passed among the teammates to
protect the ball and to make a goal. The basket or
the hoop is placed horizontally at the height of 10
feet on a back board. Each team tries to protect
the goal on their side while trying to make a goal
on the opponent’s side of the court.
The opposite team tries to get the ball, take
control of it while bouncing and tries to grab it
while it is passed among the team mates to
prevent a goal. When a player commits a foul, the
other team gets a chance of free throw or to
inbound the ball. Each goal carries two points and
each free throw one point. The team with higher
score wins the game. Players may be substituted
when a substitute asks for it.

The game starts when the referee throws a jump

ball. In the international sport, each game is
divided into four 10 minute periods. However, if
there’s a tie between the teams they play for an
extra period of 5 minutes.

After the first period and after the third period, the
players take a 2 minute break. After the second
period the players take a 15 minute break and
exchange baskets. After a break, the last player
holding the ball throws the ball in and starts the
next period.

VOLLEYBALL

HISTORY
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G.
Morgan, physical director of the Young Men's
Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport
for businessmen who found the new game of
basketball too vigorous.

OFFICIALS
A first (or main) referee, second referee, a
scorer and two line judges.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and 3
on the back row.
-Maximum of three hits per side.
-Player may not hit the ball twice in succession
(A block is not considered a hit)
-Ball may be played off the net during a volley
and on a serve.i
-A ball hitting a boundary line is "in"
HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME
Packed with thrills, bumps, sets and spikes,
volleyball is a brilliant spectator sport – but it’s
even better when you get stuck in yourself. This
high-speed game requires athleticism,
endurance and power.

If you’re a beginner, there are plenty of ways to

build up your skills and learn how to play
volleyball – both indoor and beach. Say
goodbye to the sidelines and hello to the
adrenaline-packed court with this handy guide.
We’ll take you through the basics, cover the key
moves to learn and give you top tips on how to
develop your prowess on the court.

What are the basics of volleyball?

If you’re thinking about taking up this
exhilarating sport or just want to learn more,
read through our basic rules on how to play
volleyball. From team formations to how to
score a point, we’ll help you pick up the
essential rules before you get started.

An indoor volleyball match is the best of five

games. The team who takes the majority (three
games) is the overall winner of the match. For
beach volleyball, it’s best of three.
To win a game, a team must score 25 points
with a two-point difference. If they’re too
closely matched, the game can continue over
the 25-point maximum. On the final deciding
game of the match it’s only played until 15
points, but the two-point difference still
applies. In beach volleyball, a game is played to
21 points, with the same final round and
tiebreak rule. You can find out more in our
video guide to beach volleyball.

Each indoor volleyball team consists of six

players, whereas beach volleyball is played in
teams of two. For indoor volleyball, there are a
number of positions. Usually, there are three
players at the front near the net and another
three towards the back of the court.
FOOTBALL
HISTORY
Records trace the history of soccer back more than 2,000
years ago to ancient China. Greece, Rome, and parts of
Central America also claim to have started the sport; but
it was England that transitioned soccer, or what the
British and many other people around the world call
“football,” into the game we know today.
OFFICIALS
Three
Referee (R), umpire (U), line judge (LJ)
Four
Referee, umpire, line judge, head linesman (HL)
Five
Referee, umpire, line judge, head linesman, back judge
(BJ)
Six

Referee, umpire, line judge, head linesman, field judge

(FJ), side judge (SJ)

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-Teams will be told which way they are kicking at start of game.
-Teams cannot score directly from a kick off.
-There is no offside
-All free kicks and corners are direct and opposition must be 3
metres away.
-Goal kicks to be taken anywhere inside penalty area.
Opposition must be 3 metres away and ball must leave penalty
area for play to recommence.
-Substitutions can be made at any time from the half way line.
Substituted player must leave the pitch before replacement
goes on.
-Compulsory line up and handshake to finish.
-Games will be 10 minutes each way in duration with a 2
minute half time
-There is a 6 minute gap between each game. Teams must be
ready to take the pitch as soon as the previous match has
concluded.
-A size 4 football shall be used
-Teams to have a matching kits in school colours with
goalkeeper having a distinctly different coloured shirt – a bib
may be used to facilitate this differentiation
-Correct equipment i.e. long socks, shin pads, football is a
compulsory requirement
HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME
Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the world and
with that; it’s also one of the most recognised. The pinnacle of
the international game comes in the form the Football World
Cup. There are also tournament such as the Euro
Championships, Copa America and the African Cup of Nations.
Domestically the strongest leagues come from England (English
Premier League), Spain (La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and Germany
(Bundesliga). In parts of the world the sport is also known as
Soccer.

Object of the Game

The aim of football is to score more goals then your opponent
in a 90 minute playing time frame. The match is split up into
two halves of 45 minutes. After the first 45 minutes players will
take a 15 minute rest period called half time. The second 45
minutes will resume and any time deemed fit to be added on by
the referee (injury time) will be accordingly.

Players & Equipment

Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up of one
goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The pitch dimensions vary
from each ground but are roughly 120 yards long and 75 yards
wide. On each pitch you will have a 6 yard box next to the goal
mouth, an 18 yard box surrounding the 6 yard box and a centre
circle. Each half of the pitch must be a mirror image of the
other in terms of dimensions.

Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is

pitch and a football. Additionally players can be found wearing
studded football boots, shin pads and matching strips. The
goalkeepers will additionally wear padded gloves as they are
the only players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will have
a designated captain.

Scoring
To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal. The whole
ball needs to be over the line for it to be a legitimate goal. A
goal can be scored with any part of the body apart from the
hand or arm up to the shoulder. The goal itself consists of a
frame measuring 8 feet high and 8 yards wide.

Winning the Game

To win you have to score more goals than that of your
opponents. If the scores are level after 90 minutes then the
game will end as a draw apart from in cup games where the
game can go to extra time and even a penalty shootout to
decide the winner. Players must use their feet to kick the ball
and are prohibited to use their hands apart from goalkeepers
who can use any part of their body within the 18 yard box (of
which more can be found out in the next section).

BASEBALL
HISTORY
The history of baseball in the United States dates to
the 18th century, when boys and amateur
enthusiasts played a baseball-like game by their
own informal rules using homemade equipment.
The popularity of the sport grew and amateur
men's ball clubs were formed in the 1830–50s.
Semi-professional baseball clubs followed in the
1860s, and the first professional leagues arrived in
the post-American Civil War 1870s.

OFFICIALS
An Umpire is a person designated to
enforce the rules of baseball during a game.
In Major League Baseball, there are four
umpires per game working as an umpiring
crew.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
General Baseball Rules and Regulations
-Baseball games last for 9 innings where both
teams get to bat once. ...
-The team batting second in the bottom of the
9th innings does not need to complete their
batting innings if they are already ahead on
points.
-Batting orders cannot get changed after the
order gets

HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME

Baseball is a sport that dates back as far as
1744 and formats of the game have been in
place until the modern era today. The game is
predominantly big in North America, Canada
and Japan. The game is played worldwide with
the pinnacle of sport coming from the World
Series of Baseball. Ironically, this event is only
competed by North American teams.

Object of the Game

The object of baseball is to score more runs
than your opponent. The idea is to hit the ball
thrown at you as far as you can before running
around 4 bases to complete a run. Once a
player manages to get around the four bases
before being tagged out, then another batter
steps in.

Players & Equipment

A game is played out between two teams, each
made up of 9 players. The game lasts for 9
innings with each team alternating between
batting and fielding in each inning. The scores
at the end of the innings are added to a
cumulative score and the team with most
points wins. Each team has three outs per
inning before they then swap roles. Each inning
can be broken down into the top (where the
away team bats), and the bottom (where the
home team bats).

The field is split into two sections: infield and

outfield. Separating the infield and outfield is a
diamond shape with four bases, spaced at 90
feet apart each. In the center of the infield is
the pitching mound where the pitcher stands
and throws the ball toward the batter. The
batter stands at the home plate. The other
three bases are known as first base, second
base and third base. The batter must touch all
bases before successfully scoring a run.

The bats are made out of either wood,

aluminium or metal materials. The ball is white
with red stitching and is roughly 3 inches in
diameter. The fielding team wear ‘mits’, which
are basically an oversized glove to help them
catch and pick up the ball. The catcher
(standing behind the batter to catch any balls
missed) wears extra padding in their glove,
along with leg guards, a body pad, and a
helmet.

Scoring
To score, a batter must hit the ball with the bat
into the designated fielding area and make it
around all four bases (before the fielding team
is able to collect the ball and throw it to the
base the batter is running to). A player can
score a mandatory point if they hit a home run,
which usually means the ball has left the
playing area, often landing in the crowd. A
player can stop at any base if they feel they
might not make it to the next base before being
tagged out.

Players can score multiple points from one hit if

more than one player is already on one of the
bases. When you hear the phrase 'the bases are
loaded', this refers to the instance where there
is a player on every base. So, every time a
batter successfully makes it to first base, the
other players on the second and third bases are
able to trickle home, earning a point for their
team each time. Depending on how many
players get around to home plate before being
tagged will depend on how many points you
score. A maximum of four points can be scored
on one hit.

Winning the Game

To win a game, you must outscore your
opposition through the 9 innings played. The
team with the most points after 9 innings is
deemed the winner. In the event of a tie, extra
innings are played until a winner has been
concluded.
ICE HOCKEY

HISTORY
The modern sport of ice hockey was developed in
Canada, most notably in Montreal, where the first
indoor game was played on March 3, 1875. Some
characteristics of that game, such as the length of
the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been
retained to this day.

OFFICIALS
-Goal Judges. The goal judges, who are positioned
behind each net, make the initial decision as to
whether a goal was scored or not. ...
-Game Timekeeper. The game timekeeper is
responsible for starting and stopping the game
clock. ...
-Penalty Timekeeper. ...
-Penalty Box Attendants. ...
-Official Scorer. ...
-Video Replay Judge.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-Legal teams are 5 skaters and a goalie. ...
-All Leagues: Games are 30 minute straight play. ...
-No over-time during the regular season; tie games
will be recorded as suchq.
-No slap shots (shots taken from above the waist) at
all - not during warm-ups or games.
-Offside & icing is called in the Granite League only.

HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME

The origins of ice hockey date back to the 19th
century in Canada where adaptations of the
modern day hockey game were played in icy
conditions. Since then the sport has gone on to
become one of the largest in the world with the
major participants originating from North America.
The NHL (National Hockey League) is the largest
league in the world and currently turns over
millions of dollars each year.
Object of the Game
The object of the game is to hit a small puck across
the ice before then hitting it into a goal with a
hockey stick. Every time the puck goes into the goal
then one point is awarded for that team. The puck
can be passed around the players on the ice and it’s
the job of the opposition to try and prevent the
other team from scoring. The team with the most
goals at the end of the game are declared the
winners. Should the game end in a tie then the
game will go into overtime where the first team to
then score will be crowned winners.

Players & Equipment

The game is played on an ice rink measuring roughly
61m in length by 30m in width. The rink is split into
three main sections. The middle section is the
neutral zone and includes a centre circle where the
games start. At either side of the neutral zone are
attacking and defending zones of which are
determined by whichever team has the puck at the
time. In each attacking and defending zone are two
end zone faceoff circles and spots. There is a goal
crease which is a half circle surrounding the goal.
Behind the goal is the boards area.

Each player will have their own hockey stick along

with ice skates and a series of padding which may
include face mask, helmet, padded shorts, shoulder
pads, arm guards and gloves. Each goal tender will
have the same but on a much denser scale due to
them being in the firing line of the puck much more
often.

Each team can have a maximum of 20 players. Of

these 20 players only six may be on the ice at any
one time. The rest will be used as substitutes but
can come and go from the game as often as
required. The six starters include a goal tender and
5 outfield players. Whilst each player will be given a
position, the players are free to move around the
ice as they choose. This does exclude the goal
tender of which must remain within their half and
not pass the center red line.

The players hit what is called a ‘puck’. The puck is

heavy object made from dense rubber and weighs
roughly 6 ounces. The puck is hit by either a players
stick or foot but at no point can the puck be
handled by any player other than the goal tender.

Each game lasts for three 20 minute periods. For

every stoppage in the game the game clock is
stopped and as soon as the time is up in each
period then the game will instantly cease.
Scoring
To score a goal a player must hit the puck over the
goal line. They can use any part of their body or
their stick to do so but cannot use their hand. The
whole of the puck needs to cross the line to be
deemed a goal. In professional leagues like the NHL
the goal line has a sensor running across it which
indicates when the puck has fully crossed the line.
In amateur leagues the judgement of the umpires
are taken into account.

Winning the Game

To win a game one team must score more goals
than their opponents. If the game is a tie then the
game goes into overtime and an additional quarter
is played out until one of the teams score. The first
team to score will be the winners.
RUGBY

HISTORY
Where does rugby come from?
Rugby is said to have originated at Rugby School in
Warwickshire, England, in 1823 when during a game
of football, William Webb Ellis decided to pick up a
ball and go with it. Although there is very little
evidence to support this theory, the Rugby World
Cup Trophy is now named after William Webb Ellis.
In 1863 a collection of boarding schools and clubs
decided upon a rule set and 1871 Rugby Football
Union was officially formed. That same year, the
first ever international match was played between
England and Scotland with Scotland taking the win
1-0.
England in white and Scotland in brown, for the first
ever international game in 1871

Summer Olympics

In 1900, rugby union was introduced to the Summer

Olympics by Pierre de Coubertin, who had
previously refereed the first French domestic
championship as well as France's first international
game. France, Germany and Great Britain all
entered teams for the oplympics, and France won
gold by defeating both opponents.
Rugby actually drew the largest crowd at that
particular games - it was next played at the 1908
games in London, with Australia winning, by
defeating Great Britain.
Even though rugby drew some of the biggest
crowds at the games, it was eventually dropped in
1924.

By 1908 all three major Southern Hemisphere

nations (New Zealand, Australia and South Africa)
had formed teams and sent them on international
trips to play against the Northern Hemisphere
nations. As a side fact, the first time the Haka was
performed by New Zealand prior to a match was in
1905, which the Welsh responded to by having
Teddy Morgan sing the Welsh national anthem.
Soon enough the crowd joined in, which was the
first time a national anthem was sung prior to a
sporting event.

The Rugby World Cup

The first Rugby World Cup was played in 1987 and

was held in Australia and New Zealand - both semi-
finals were played in Australia while the final was
played in New Zealand, with the All Blacks defeating
France in the final.

First Rugby World Cup 1987

1991
England hosted the second world cup, losing to
Australia in the final.

1995
By the 3rd rugby world cup, South Africa were back
from international exile, and were able to not only
host the tournament, but also beat the All Blacks in
the final. The tournament became a turning point
for South Africa as well, as then President Nelson
Mandela, was able to hand over the William Webb
Ellis trophy, to Francois Pienaar, dressed in a
Springbok jersey which had long been a symbol of
apartheid.

1999
The 4th world cup was held in Wales. Australia won
the tournament by defeating France in the final
after France had made a massive come back by
defeating the All Blacks in the semi-finals.
2003
Australia hosted the 5th tournament, and for the
3rd time in world cup history made it to the finals.
Most rugby fans will remember this final game, as it
was extremely closely fought, going in to extra time,
and England ultimately winning after an epic last
minute drop goal by Johnny Wilkinson.

Johnny Wilkinson's winning kick 2003.

2007
This rugby world cup was hosted by France,
however some matches were also played in Wales
and Scotland. South Africa ended up claiming their
second win, by defeating England in the finals.
2011
The All Blacks hosted the 2011 rugby world, and
claimed the William Webb Ellis trophy after a very
close game, defeating France 8-7 in the finals.

2015
England hosted the 2015 world cup. The home
nation were set as favorites, however they had a
disappointing campaign. The All Blacks played
Australia in the final, not only beating them and re-
gaining their title, but becoming the first ever team
in rugby world cup history to win three titles, as
well as defend their title.

Re-introduction to the Olympics

In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted
to return a form of rugby to the Olympics and
Rugby Sevens was officially back on the scene, in
the 2016 Rio Janeiro games.

OFFICIALS
Referee.
Touch judge.
Video referee.
In-goal judge.
Timekeeper.
Match Commissioner.
Interchange Official.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-No shoulder pads or helmets in rugby.
-The ball must be pitched backwards to your
teammates. ...
-There is no blocking to assist your runner.
-Everyone runs with the ball and tackles equally. ...
-When you are tackled you have one second to let
go of the ball and purposely “fumble” the ball.

HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME

Rugby in simple terms is about 90% football
and 10% soccer. The game was actually
changed in the United States in the early
1900's, when some rule changes were
added to the English version of rugby by
adding on padding, helmets, blocking, time-
outs, forward passing, and play-making
huddles, slowly turning rugby into American
gridiron football.
If you know a lot about football, rugby will
be easy for you.

Rugby Scoring
5 points are scored when you score a
touchdown, called a try. This is when you
run into the end zone with the ball in your
hands and "touch the ball down" for the 5
points. This is how "spiking the football"
developed in American gridiron.
2 points are scored when kicking the points
after the touchdown. Like American
gridiron, the ball is on a kicking tee, and put
through the goal posts for 2 extra points. So
a try and conversion kick is worth a total of
7 points, just like football.
3 points are scored by kicking a field goal.
You will see more field goals in rugby then
in American Gridiron for one main reason.
When there is a major penalty in rugby, the
defense must back up 10 yards and the
offensive team does not move up. This is a
dead ball time, and play resumes after the
ball is put back into play. However, when a
team is within 45 yards of the goal posts, a
team with a strong kicker will attempt to
kick a penalty kick for 3 points. The
defending team who committed the penalty
cannot rush the kicker or block the kicking
attempt. If the attempt at the 3 points is
missed, then the ball rolling on the ground
is a live ball, and play will resume when
either team scrambles to pick up the loose
ball.
Once in a while you will see a team kick a
drop goal, also worth 3 points. When play is
live, an offensive player within his kicking
distance drops the ball on the ground, and
kicks it just as it hits the grass, this is a drop
goal. The defensive team can block this kick,
and if the ball travels the kicking distance
and goes through the uprights of the
goalposts, 3 points are given to the
offensive team for the drop goal. If it is
missed, the ball is live, and either team can
run for the ball.

Rugby Game Basics

15 players per team
No blocking
The ball can only be passed backward
Can only tackle the player running with the
ball
When you are tackled you must
intentionally fumble the ball and release it
gently on the ground. The ball carrier, now
on the ground, and the defensive tackler
must not touch the ball! They must make
and attempt to roll away from the tackle
pile or at least lay motionless and not slow
the play about to develop.
When the ball is released from the tackle,
either team may pick up the loose ball.
If a player outruns all others, they simply
pick up the ball and start running with it.
Normally, two or three members from each
team will get to the breakdown (loose ball
area) at the same time and will form a ruck
by staying on their feet, grabbing each
other and pushing as hard as they can, and
hopefully will push back the opposition.
Now a small 3-on-3 pushing match will
develop, and a brand-new scrimmage line is
now formed, called a scrumage line. This is
when the entire defense must run back to
their own side of the new line. With this
small 3-on-3 push of war going on in the
ruck, the ball cannot be touched by any
player's hands until the ball is won.
Winning the ball is simply pushing your
opponents back just one or two steps off of
the ruck and having the ball behind the
offensive feet of those at the ruck, or if the
pile is a stalemate and can't be pushed over
to win the ball, either team may put their
feet on the ball, and gently roll the ball
backwards so they win the ball by using
their feet instead of pushing their
opponents off of the ball.
Once the ball is behind the feet of those
involved in the ruck, and the rugby
quarterback, called the scrumhalf, will pick
up the ball.
The scrumhalf will now pass the ball
backwards to several players that are
standing behind him, and this will go on for
80 minutes non-stop.
After the first tackle in this fasted paced
game, everyone no matter your size or
speed is involve is all phases of the game.
Everyone runs with the ball; everyone
tackles; everyone plays offense and defense
with no substitutions.
On dead ball situations on minor penalties,
a scrum is formed. This is rugby's signature
picture when eight members from each
team form an eight-man pack, extremely
packed together, and will form a very
evenly set and organized eight-man scrum.
This is similar to a ruck; however, it is on a
dead ball penalty, and both teams will
collide 1 yard apart at the verbal instruction
of the referee, similar to the true snap of
the beginning of a football play. When both
scrums collide at the call, they will try to
win the ball placed in the middle of the
scrum from the minor penalty that just
occurred. Whoever wins the set scrum
down will take ball and fire a hard pass to
the 7-backs that are positioned behind the
scrum, and the race is on again to see who
can get to the tackled area first.
FUTSAL

HISTORY
The origin of Futsal (Five-a-Side Soccer) can be
traced back to Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1930 when
Juan Carlos Ceriani devised a five-a-side version of
soccer for youth competion in YMCAs. The game is
played on basketball-sized courts, both indoors and
out without the use of sidewalls.

The game is frequently referred to as Five-A-Side or

Mini-soccer. Once Ceriani got the ball rolling, Futsal
gained rapid popularity throughout South America,
particularly in Brazil. The skill developed in this
game is visible in the world-famous style the
Brazilians display outdoors on the full-sized field.
Pele, Zico, Socrates, Bebeto and other Brazilian
superstars developed their skill playing Futsal.
While Brazil continues to be the Futsal hub of the
world, the game is now played, under the auspices
of FIFA, all over the world, from Europe to North
and Central America and the Caribbean, South
America, Africa, and Asia and Oceania.

The first international competition took place in

1965, when Paraguay won the first South American
Cup. Six more South American Cups were held
through 1979, with Brazil winning all of them. Brazil
continued its dominance with a victory in the first
Pan American Cup in 1980 and won it again the next
time it was played in 1984. A U.S. team took part in
the 1984 cup, but finished out of the running.

OFFICIALS
Two referees are used in international matches. A
third referee is placed at the timekeeper table to
control the teams' benches. The first referee
controls the match by enforcing the Laws of the
Game and the second referee typically watches the
goal lines or assists the primary referee with calls on
fouls or plays.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-5 players versus 5 players, one of which will be
a Goalkeeper. ...
-Subs on the fly, like hockey.
-No offsides.
-No goalkeeper punts, ball must stay below
head height, otherwise possession and a free
kick will be awarded to the opposing team

HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME

Futsal is a game that was developed to meet
the needs of players who didn’t have the space
to play soccer. The rules of futsal are similar to
soccer, but the game is played indoors, uses a
smaller ball, and has 5 players on each side. If
this sounds like fun to you, organize a futsal
match between you and your friends!
Play with a size 4 soccer ball. A regulation
soccer ball is a size 5, which is about 27–28
inches (69–71 cm) in circumference. Futsal is
played with a size 4 ball, which has a 25–26
inches (64–66 cm) circumference.
The smaller ball is a little heavier and has less
bounce, making it a better option for playing
indoors.

Choose 5 players per team. One of the biggest

differences between soccer and futsal is that
futsal has 5 players per side, while soccer has
11.[1]
Pick one player on each team to act as the
goalkeeper.
Choose a dedicated attacker for each team.
This player, called the pivot, will lead the
charge during offensive play.[2]
Select a dedicated defender, known as the last
man, who stays back in case the other team
gets the ball.[3]
The remaining two players should play in the
midfield and are known as the wingers.

Set a timer for 20 minutes. Futsal is made up of

2 halves, each of which is 20 minutes long, as
opposed to the 45-minute halves in soccer.
Another difference is that in soccer the clock
continues to run, while in futsal the clock is
stopped if the ball is not in play.[4]
If there is a tie at the end of the game, more
time can be added to the clock. The first team
to score in overtime wins.
For casual games, you can omit the timer and
end the match when the first team scores.

Do not touch the ball with your hands or arms.

Just like in soccer, futsal players can not use
their hands at all. However, you can use any
other part of your body to pass or shoot the
ball.[5]
Image titled Play Futsal Step 55
Allow each team 1 time-out per half. No time-
outs are allowed in soccer, but in futsal, each
time gets 1 for each half.[6]
If a team does not use their time-out during the
first half, it can not be carried over into the
second half.
Image titled Play Futsal Step 66
Kick the ball into play if it goes out of bounds. In
soccer, you throw the ball back into play, but in
futsal, the ball is kicked in.[7]
A ball that touches the ceiling is considered out
of bounds.
You cannot kick a ball from out of bounds
directly into the goal and score. However, once
you pass the ball to another player, it is in play
as usual.
Image titled Play Futsal Step 77
Make use of unlimited substitutes. In soccer,
you are only allowed 3 substitutions. In futsal,
however, you can have as many substitutions
as you like, as long as they’re made in the
substitution zone.[8]
The substitution zone is the area directly in
front of each team's bench.
Since futsal is such a fast-paced, aggressive
game, use your substitutes strategically to
relieve tired players.
Image titled Play Futsal Step 88
Send in substitution for a sent-off player after 2
minutes. In soccer, there is no substitution for a
player who has been sent off. However, in
futsal, you can substitute for that player after 2
minutes or after the other team has scored.[9]

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Part 2 of 3:
Trying Offensive Strategies
Image titled Play Futsal Step 91
Play as wide as possible to leave the field open
for passes. Since futsal is played on a smaller
pitch, the wingers should try to play out
towards the sidelines to allow more space to
play in.[10]

Image titled Play Futsal Step 102

Move into the space left open by a teammate.
It can be hard to find a place to move to, but
when one of your teammates moves, you can
move where they were just standing.[11]
You should never stay in one place for more
than 3 minutes at a time.
Image titled Play Futsal Step 113
Move towards defenders if you have the ball
and
away if you do not. If you have the ball, moving
towards the defender will help you push past
them. If you don’t have the ball, moving away
from the defenders will help open the field
more.[12]
Image titled Play Futsal Step 124
Pass the ball generously. Futsal is a fast-paced,
high-energy game. The more you pass the ball,
the more chances you’ll have of scoring a goal.
[13]
Image titled Play Futsal Step 135
Expect to pass the ball at least 5 times before
taking a shot. The smaller field means the
defense can easily organize to block your shots.
The offensive team usually needs to pass the
ball about 5 times to break down the defense’s
organization.[14

CHEERLEADING
HISTORY
Although cheerleading is commonly associated
with colourful pom-poms and encouragement
for competition and support of sport teams
before and during games, it is first and
foremost a sport discipline. And not an easy
one either. After all, it combines gymnastics,
acrobatics and dance.

How did it begin?

Cheerleading originated in the USA. In the
1980s at Princeton University, Thomas Peebles
together with other students supported a local
American football team with cheers. In 1884,
he moved to the University of Minnesota,
where he quickly popularised the idea of
cheering on football players. On 2 November
1898, standing in front of a crowd of sport fans,
Johnny Campbell, a medical student, started
conducting the cheer on the spur of the
moment. He was so effective that the team
won and he made history as the first
cheerleader. And thus the current sport
discipline was born. Subsequent years saw the
growth of cheerleading not only at universities,
but also in secondary education circles.
Cheering groups were equipped with flags,
drums, megaphones and other props meant to
create an atmosphere of excitement during
sporting events.

Cheerleaders at the University of Wisconsin–

Madison in 1948
source: UW Digital Collections / Wikipedia
Cheerleading not only for men!
Although it might be hard to believe today, at
first cheerleading was mainly performed by
men. It was not until World War II that women
dominated this activity. Since then, nearly 90
per cent of competitors have been girls. The
discipline thrived, to the point where the
National Cheerleaders Association was
established in the USA only a few years after
the war. The founder, Laurence “Herkie”
Hurkimer, greatly contributed towards
development of new skills and advanced
techniques in cheerleading, as well as growth of
its popularity.

The professional Baltimore Colts

The Baltimore Colts cheerleading group,
formed in 1960, was the first professional
team. Five years later, Fred Gasoff invented the
modern pom-poms, which remain an attribute
of cheerleaders to this day. From the 1970s on,
the popularity of cheerleading continued to
rise, and the female dancers acted as
supporters not only for American football or
basketball teams, but also swimming and track-
and-field competitors.

Cheerleading takes over the world

In the 1980s and the 1990s, cheerleading
started gaining popularity in various other
countries, such as Japan, Chile, the United
Kingdom, Germany and in Scandinavia. This
discipline started to flourish in the USA as well,
as evidenced by the massive number of
competitions held nearly every weekend in
many American towns and cities.

The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders performing

on the deck of a US nuclear-powered guided
missile cruiser in 1983
source: National Archives and Records
Administration / Wikipedia

The President was a cheerleader, too!

Cheerleading is so important and popular a
sport in the USA that even famous Americans
had careers in it. In the 1960s, future US
president George Bush played trumpet as the
head cheerleader at the Phillips Academy in
Massachusetts. And he was not the only
president of the United States with such a past.
Ronald Reagan supported his fellow students at
Eureka College, Dwight Eisenhower focused on
cheering after he quit playing American
football, and Franklin D. Roosevelt was a
Harvard cheerleader in the early 20th century,
back when the sport did not enjoy as great
popularity as now. Celebrities whose careers
started with cheerleading include Meryl Streep,
Jennifer Lawrence, Madonna, Cameron Diaz
and Eva Longoria.

OFFICIALS
Referees and Officials

In order to enforce these rules, referees must

be at these cheerleading competitions. They
are also known as stunt officials. To become a
stunt official, they must be certified through
USA Cheer, and to receive a certification they
must complete a thorough official's training
course and exam.

RULES ANDBREGULATIONS
It is against the rules to have any edible
food

like gum, candy, or cough drops in an

athlete's mouth during competition in order
to avoid choking hazards. Cheerleaders also
can't be wearing any jewelry during
competition for safety concerns.
HOW TON PLAY EACH GAME
Cheerleader Tic-Tac-Toe. For this game,
you will need nine chairs or mats and an
even number of cheerleaders, preferably
12 or more.
ROWING

HISTORY
Rowing was first used as a means of
transport in ancient Egypt, Greece and
Rome. As a sport, it probably began in
England in the 17th and early 18th
centuries, with the Oxford-Cambridge
university boat race, which was inaugurated
in 1828.

OFFICIALS
Referee: The head official for the
regatta, the Referee oversees all aspects
of the day's racing.
Assistant Referee: Working out of the
Race Control tent in Weston Park, the
Assistant Referee carries out a range of
tasks and ensures the regatta is running
smoothly.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

The maximum weight set for each male

competitor is 72.5kg (159.8lbs) and the
average weight cannot exceed 70 kg
(154.3lbs) while for the female rowers,
the maximum individual weight is 59 kg
(130.0 lbs) and the average weight
cannot be more than 57kg (125.6 lbs).
HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME
Rowing is not limited to sports, rather
people use it for personal entertainment
also. This sport demands much power
because in world championship
tournaments, the rowers actually do need
to move a long distance of over 2
kilometres in just a time span of 5-7
minutes.

Unlike other sports like bicycling, a rower

needs higher pumping inside his lungs to
intake much air in order to produce more
force. Therefore, the rowers are advised to
inhale and exhale twice per stroke to
maintain the power level. There are
different types of racing present in a rowing
competition.

Some of the important categories are −

Side-by-side race
Head races
Bumps race
Stake race
Let’s discuss in detail about these different
types of races.

Side-by-Side Race
In this type of racing, all the boats start at
the same time. The boat which crosses the
finishing line first is declared as the winner.
This game is often known by some other
names such as regatta or sprint racing. The
number of boats competing in this can vary
from minimum two to maximum 6.

The distance of race in this type of category

varies usually from competition to
competition. The following table lists some
of the important championships and their
racing distance.
LACROSSE

HISTORY
Lacrosse was started by the Native American
Indians and was originally known as stickball.
The game was initially played in the St.
Lawrence Valley area by the Algonquian tribe
and they were followed by other tribes in the
eastern half of North America, and around the
western Great Lakes.

OFFICIALS
In lacrosse, referees officiate matches
playing the men's rules while umpires
officiate matches playing the women's and
mixed rules. Both referees and umpires can
officiate matches playing the sixes rules.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

There are 10 players allowed on the field – 3
attack, 3 middies, 3 defenders and 1 goalie.
For each goal in boys lacrosse, the scoring team
is awarded one point. ...
There can be a maximum of 4 long poles on the
field per team.
A lacrosse ball may not be touched by a player's
hand except by the goalie.

HOW TO PLAY EACH GAME

Ten-person teams face off as they try to

get the small rubber ball into their
opponent's goal. Instead of throwing the
ball with their hands or kicking it with their
feet, lacrosse players use long sticks with a
net-like basket or pocket on the end to
pick up, carry, throw, catch, and shoot the
ball.