MODULE 3

ENG 201

THE SOLID STATE &

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
3.1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
This PowerPoint presentation is developed based from
the following references:

• Masterton, W. L., & Hurley, C. N. (2004). Chemistry: principles

and reactions. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

• Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

• Silberberg, M. S. (2013). Principles of general chemistry. New

York: McGraw-Hill.

• Jespersen, N. D., Brady, J. E., & Hyslop, A. (2012). Study

guide Chemistry: the molecular nature of matter. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley.

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 2

Intended Learning Outcomes

Define and categorize amorphous and

crystalline solids.

Determine if a given solid is a

network covalent, ionic, or a metallic
solid.

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 3

General characteristics of solids
•They have definite mass, volume,
and shape.
•Intermolecular distances are short.
•Intermolecular forces are strong.
•Their constituent particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions) have fixed
positions and can only oscillate
about their mean positions.
•They are incompressible and rigid.

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 4

 Crystalline
Solid
Types of Solids &
Amorphous
Solid

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 5
Ordered and Repeated Random

Arrangement Arrangement

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 6

 Types of Solids
(On the basis of arrangement of particle)

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

1. Regular arrangement of particles 1. Random arrangement of particles

2. Long range order 2. Only short range order
3. Have sharp melting points 3. Broad melting points
4. Anisotropy (show different properties in 4. Isotropic behavior (show different
different directions) properties in different directions)
5. When cut, new surfaces are plain 5. When cut, new surfaces have
and smooth irregular surface

Ex. CuSO4, diamond, graphite, NaCl, Ex. Coal, coke, glass, plastic, rubber,
sugar, etc etc

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 7

 (On the basis of arrangement of particle)

Marble Chalk
(hard) (soft)
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 8

 (How to determine fake and genuine crystals)

Quartz Glass
Crystalline SiO2 Amorphous SiO2
• Anisotropic ( polarizes • Isotropic (does not
light) polarize light)
• Higher density • Lower density
• Higher melting • Lower melting
temperature temperature
• Presence of smooth • Presence of unnatural
surface when cut streaky patches

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 9

 (On the basis of nature of interpaticle forces)

Molecular Covalent Ionic Metallic

solids solids solids solids

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 10

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 11
orderly collection of molecules
held together by van der waals
force
Ice crystal structure
gases solidify only at low
temperatures
easy to deform and compress
poor conductors
ex. most organics, and inert gases
(O2, N2, H2, I2, H2O) Dry Ice
(Solid Carbon Dioxide)

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 12

3D collection of atoms bound by
shared valence electrons
difficult to deform because bonds
are directional
high melting point (difficult to
deform)
no free electrons  poor electrical
conductor
atomic structure of
most solids absorb photons  diamond (carbon)
opaque
Ex: C (diamond), SiO2, B
UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 13
individual atoms act like closed-shell,
spherical structures leading to non
directional binding
commonly salts that are held together by
the strong force of attraction between
ions of opposite charge
tight packed arrangement  poor
thermal conductors
no free electrons  poor electrical
conductors
strong forces  hard, and high melting NaCl crystal
points
Ex: NaCl, CaF2
UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 14
constructed of atoms which have
very weakly bounded outer electrons
large number of vacancies in orbitals
(not enough energy available to form
covalent bonds)
Electrons aren't tightly bound to
individual atoms, and are free to
migrate through the metal. As a result, Metallic crystal lattice
metals are good conductors of
electricity and heat.
Ex: Hg, Na, Au, W

UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 15

Summarized characteristics of types of crystalline solids
Interparticle
Type Particle Physical properties
force
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Dispersion, Low melting point
Molecular solids Molecules dipole-dipole soft
interaction Low density
Dull surface
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
High melting point
Covalent solids Atoms Covalent bond Very hard but brittle
Low density
Dull surface
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Positive
Relatively high melting point
and
Ionic solids Ion-ion attraction Hard but brittle
negative
Relatively dense
ions
Dull surface
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Melting point depend on e- configuration
Metallic solids Atoms Metallic bond Easily deformed, ductile and malleable
Usually high density
16
Lustrous
UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UST | FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 17