CONNECTORS / (LINKING WORDS) / CONJUNCTIONS

CONCESSIVE/CONTRAST

CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

. Although (embora, apesar) In spite of (apesar de)
.Though (it´s more informal than although; it can be } + noun:
used in the end of the sentence) - (embora, apesar) Despite
.Even though (it´s stronger than though) - (muito I went in spite of the rain.
embora) I went despite the rain.
Although I’m sick, I’m going to work
I’m sick,I’m goin to work though… In spite of
Even though I’m sick, … } + gerund:(+ING FORM)
Despite
.No matter (não importa quanto) I went in spite of raining.
No matter what he says, he will go to prison. I went despite raining.
.However + adjective (por muito que)
However clever he is, he won’t pass the NEVER USE DESPITE + PROPER NOUN, or
examination. PRONOUN as subject
.But Ex. Despite I…
.While (enquanto, não é sobre o tempo)
.Whereas (enquanto, ao passo que, por outro lado, NEVER USE DESPITE + PERSONAL PRONOUNS
já) (I, SHE, THEY, WE…)
Some of the studies show positive results,
whereas/while others do not.
. Nevertheless/nonetheless=however (in spite of
something you have just mentioned), (with comma) -
(no entanto)
It is difficult to change the law. Nevertheless, it is
important that we try.

PURPOSE

.In order to .So that + subject + a modal verb:

+ Infinitive } are more formal I’ll give you a map so that you can find
.So as to than To the way home.
And also:
Politicians took these measures in order .So that + subject + present simple to
to reduce crime. express a future situation:
They are working hard so as to finish the I’ll post the CD today so that you get it
project. by the weekend. (also correct with will)
.For + gerund = To + infinitive:
This machine is used for cutting/to cut
plastic.
TIME

.When (at the time that…) .During + noun

.Whenever (no matter when) .As (=while) – (during the time that…)
.Before (earlier than) Mark heard the news on the radio as /while he was
.After (later than) driving,
.As soon as (immediately after) .Since (from the time that)
As soon as she had left the house, it started to rain. .Until (up to the time that…)
 REASON

.Because
.As
.Since
As/Since we were in the area, we decided to visit you.
.Due to + noun
The gathering was postponed due to the rain.
.Due to the fact that + clause
The meeting was rescheduled due to the fact that few people arrived on time.

RESULT

Consequently / As a result / Therefore/Thus =
this way
His wife left him. As a result, he became very
depressed.
.We suspect they are hiding sth, hence
/therefore/thus we need further investigations.
.So
It was late, so I decided to take a taxi home.
.So + adjective ….. that (it requires a follow up when
followed by that)
The storm was so terrible that the roofs were ripped off.
.Such + (a/an) +adj …that (it requires a follow up when
followed by that)
He was such a handsome man that she fell in love
immediately.

CONDITION

.As long as (only if) = So long as .If

.Provided (that) / Providing (that) = if .Unless (a não ser que…)
.He’ll go to the meeting, provided/providing (that) .He won’t go out, unless there is some kind of
he knows he’ll meet her. problem with the children.
.In case

ALTERNATIVE

.Otherwise (if not) .Or

.Susan lent me the money. .Or else
Otherwise, I couldn’t go with her.

COMPARISON

.As…as .Not so…as

.Not as…as .Than