First order first degree differential equations

2.5 Section-C
First order first degree differential equations reducible to
homogeneous form

2.C.1 Definition: The type of equation

dy ax  by  c
= / ;
dx a x  b / y  c /
is treated as the first order first degree differential equation reducible to
homogeneous form because a suitable substitution converts it into a
homogeneous form.

2.C.2 Methods of solution: The equation of the form

dy ax  by  c
= / (both c and c/ are not zero) ...... (1)
dx a xb yc
/ /

can be solved as follows:

a b
Case (i): When /
 /
a b
We put x = X + h, and y = Y + k [h, k being constants]; then dx = dX and
dy = dY. The given equation becomes
dY a( X  h)  b(Y  k )  c
= /
dX a ( X  h)  b / (Y  k )  c /
dY aX  bY  ah  bk  c
Or, = / ............. (2)
dX a X  b / Y  a / h  b / k  c /
In order to make (2) homogeneous, we chose h, k such that
ah + bk + c = 0
a/h + b/k + c/ = 0
h k 1
i.e., = / =
bc  b c a c  ac
/ / /
ab  a / b
/

bc /  b / c a / c  ac /
h= and k =
ab /  a / b ab /  a / b

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 First order first degree differential equations

dY aX  bY
Then equation (2) becomes = / ; which is homogeneous
dX a X  b / Y
in X, Y and can be solved by putting Y = vX.
a b
Case (ii): When /
= / i.e., a b/ – a/ b = 0.
a b
The above method fails as h and k become infinite.
a b 1
So, let /
= / =  a/ = a m, b/ = b m
a b m
dy ax  by  c
Then (1) takes the form =
dx amx  bmy  c /
dy (ax  by )  c
Or, = ................ (3)
dx m(ax  by )  c /
dy 1 dt
Let ax + by = t  = ( – a)
dx b dx
1 dt tc
From (3) we have, ( – a) =
b dx mt c /
dt bt  bc dt bt  bc  amt  ac /
Or, = + a ; Or, = ;
dx mt c / dx mt c /
mt  c /
Or, dt = dx ; which is the form of variable
bt  bc  amt  ac /
separable and is solvable as before.
dy
Example (2.C.1): Solve (6x + 2y – 10) – 2x – 9y + 20= 0.
dx
dy
Solution: Given that, (6x + 2y – 10) – 2x – 9y + 20= 0
dx
dy 2 x  9 y  20
Or, = .......... (1)
dx 6 x  2 y  10
This is a non-homogeneous equation but reducible to homogeneous and
a b
/
 / where a = 2, b = 9, a/ = 6 and b/ = 2.
a b

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 First order first degree differential equations

So, let x = X + h and y = Y + k.

 dx = dX and dy = dY
dY 2( X  h)  9(Y  k )  20
Equation (1) implies that,
=
dX 6( X  h)  2(Y  k )  10
dY 2 X  9Y  2h  9k  20
Or, = ......... (2)
dX 6 X  2Y  6h  2k  10
In order to make the equation (2) homogeneous, we choose h and k such
that, 2h + 9k – 20 = 0
6h + 2k – 10 = 0
h k 1
Or, = = ; Or, h = 1, k = 2 ;
 90  40  120  20 4  54
 Substitution of x = X + 1 and y = Y + 2 makes equation (1) as follows,
dY 2 X  9Y
= ....... (3)
dX 6 X  2Y
This is a homogeneous differential equation.
dY dv
Now let, Y = vX ;  =v+X
dX dX
dv 2 X  9vX
 Equation (3) implies, v + X =
dX 6 X  2vX
dv 2  9v 6  2v dX
Or, X = –v; Or, dv =
dX 6  2v 2  3v  2v 2
X
2 2 dX
Or, {  }dv =
(1  2v) (2  v) X
Or, ln(1 + 2v) – 2 ln(2 – v) = ln X + ln c [Doing integration]
Y
1 2
1  2v X = c X [Putting v = Y ]
Or, = cX ; Or,
(2  v) 2
Y X
(2  ) 2
X
X  2Y X 2
X  2Y
Or, . =cX; Or, =c
X (2 X  Y ) 2
(2 X  Y ) 2

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 First order first degree differential equations

( x  1)  2( y  2)
Or, =c [Putting X = x – 1, Y = y – 2]
{2( x  1)  ( y  2)}2
Or, x + 2y – 5 = c(2x – y)2 [Answer]

dy x  2 y  3
Example (2.C.2): Solve = .
dx 2 x  y  3
dy x  2 y  3
Solution: Given that, = .............. (1)
dx 2 x  y  3
This is a non-homogeneous equation but reducible to homogeneous and
a b
/
 / where a = 1, b = 2, a/ = 2 and b/ = 1.
a b
So, let x = X + h and y = Y + k.
 dx = dX and dy = dY
dY ( X  h)  2(Y  k )  3
Equation (1) implies that,
=
dX 2( X  h)  (Y  k )  3
dY X  2Y  h  2k  3
Or, = ......... (2)
dX 2 X  Y  2h  k  3
In order to make the equation (2) homogeneous, we choose h and k such
that, h + 2k – 3 = 0
2h + k – 3 = 0
h k 1
Or, = = ; Or, h = 1, k = 1 ;
 6  3  6  3 1 4
 Substituting X + 1 for x and Y + 1 for y in equation (1), we get
dY X  2Y
= ....... (3)
dX 2 X  Y
and which is a homogeneous differential equation.
dY dv
Now let, Y = vX ;  =v+X
dX dX
dv X  2vX
 Equation (3) implies, v + X =
dX 2 X  vX

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 First order first degree differential equations

dv 1  2v 2v dX
Or, X = –v; Or, dv =
dX 2v 1 v 2
X
1 3 dX
Or, {  }dv =
2(1  v) 2(1  v) X
1 3
Or, ln(1 + v) – ln(1 – v) = ln X + ln c [Doing integration]
2 2
1
(1  v) 2
(1  v)
Or, = cX ; Or, = c2X2
(1  v) 2
3
(1  v) 3
Y
(1  )
X = c2X2 Y
Or, [Putting v = ]
Y 3 X
(1  )
X
X Y X3 X Y
Or, . = c2X2 ; Or, = c2
X (X Y) 3
( X  Y )3
( x  1)  ( y  1)
Or, = C [Putting X = x – 1, Y = y – 1 and c2 = C]
{( x  1)  ( y  1)} 3

Or, x + y – 2 = C(x – y)3 [Answer]

dy 6 x  4 y  3
Example (2.C.3): Solve the differential equation = .
dx 3x  2 y  1
dy 6 x  4 y  3
Solution: Given that, = .............. (1)
dx 3x  2 y  1
This is a non-homogeneous equation but reducible to homogeneous and
a b
/
= / where a = 6, b = – 4, a/ = 3 and b/ = – 2.
a b
dy 2(3x  2 y )  3
From (1) we have, = ......... (2)
dx 3x  2 y  1
dy 1 dt 3
Let 3x – 2y = t ;  =– +
dx 2 dx 2

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 First order first degree differential equations

1 dt 3 2t  3 dt t 3
From (2) we have, – + = ; Or, =– ;
2 dx 2 t 1 dx t 1
t 1 t 1
Or, dx = – dt ; Or,  dx = –  dt [Taking integration]
t 3 t 3
1
Or,  dx = –  dt + 2  dt ; Or, x = – t + 2 ln(t + 3) + c ;
t 3
Or, x = – (3x – 2y) + 2 ln{(3x – 2y) + 3} + c [Putting t = 3x – 2y]
Or, 4x – 2y = 2 ln(3x – 2y + 3) + c [Answer]

dy x  y  1
Example (2.C.4): Solve = ; given that y = 2 when x = 0.
dx x  y  1
dy x  y  1 a b
Solution: Given that, = [Here / = / ] ......... (1)
dx x  y  1 a b
dy dt
Let x + y = t ;  = –1
dx dx
dt t 1 dt 2t
From (1) we have, –1= ; Or, = ;
dx t 1 dx t  1
t 1 1
Or, dt = 2 dx ; Or, (1 – )dt = 2 dx ;
t t
Or, t – ln t = 2x + c [Taking integration]
Or, x + y – ln(x + y) = 2x + c [Putting t = x + y]
Or, y – x – ln(x + y) = c ................. (2)
Using given condition, we have from (2),
2 – ln 2 = c
So, from (2), we get
y – x – ln(x + y) = 2 – ln c [Answer]

dy x  y 1
Example (2.C.5): Solve = .
dx 2 x  2 y  3
dy x  y 1 a b
Solution: Given that, = [Here / = / ] ......... (1)
dx 2 x  2 y  3 a b

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 First order first degree differential equations

dy dt
Let x + y = t ;  = –1
dx dx
dt t 1 dt 3t  4
From (1) we have, –1= ; Or, = ;
dx 2t  3 dx 2t  3
6t  9 2(3t  4)  1
Or, dt = 3 dx ; Or, dt = 3 dx ;
3t  4 3t  4
1 1
Or, (2 + )dt = 3 dx ; Or, 2t + ln(3t + 4) = 3x + c [Integrating]
3t  4 3
1
Or, 2x + 2y + ln(3x + 3y + 4) = 3x + c [Putting t = x + y]
3
1
Or, ln(3x + 3y + 4) = x – 2y + c
3
Or, ln(3x + 3y + 4) = 3x – 6y + c [Answer]

dy 2 x  y  1
Example (2.C.6): Solve = .
dx x  2 y  3
Solution: We can solve the given equation as usual. Here we consider it
as a special type, because the coefficient of y in numerator is equal to the
coefficient of x in denominator but opposite in sign. From the given
equation we have,
(x + 2y – 3)dy = (2x – y + 1)dx
Or, (x dy + y dx) + (2y – 3)dy – (2x + 1)dx = 0
Or,  d ( xy)   (2 y  3)dy   (2x  1)dx = 0 [Taking integration]
Or, xy + y – 3y – x – x = c [c is arbitrary constant]
2 2

Or, xy – x2 + y2 – x – 3y = c [Answer]

Example (2.C.7): Solve (3x – 2y + 5)dx – (2x + 7y + 8)dy = 0.

dy 3x  2 y  5
Solution: Given that = ............ (1)
dx 2 x  7 y  8
Since the coefficient of y in numerator is equal to the coefficient of x in
denominator but opposite in sign; we have from (1),
(3x – 2y + 5)dx – (2x + 7y + 8)dy = 0

38
 First order first degree differential equations

Or, – 2(x dy + y dx) + (3x + 5)dx – (7y + 8)dy = 0

  
Or,  2 d ( xy )  (3x  5)dx  (7 y  8)dy = 0 [Taking integration]
3 2 7
Or, – 2xy + x + 5x – y2 – 8y = c [c is arbitrary constant]
2 2
Or, 3x2 – 4xy –7y2 + 10x – 16y = c [Answer]

2.C.3 Exercise:
1. Solve the following differential equations:
dy 4 x  y  7
(i) = [Ans: (y – x – 4)3(y + 4x + 1)2 = c]
dx 2 x  y  1
(ii) (6x – 5y + 4)dy = (2x – y + 1)dx
[Ans: (5y – 2x – 3)4 = c (y – x – 3/4)]
2. Solve the following differential equations:
(i) (2x – y + 3)dy = (2x – y – 5)dx
[Ans: x – y – 8 ln(2x – y + 11) = c]
dy 2 x  6 y  3
(ii) = [Ans: 2x – y – ln(x – 3y + 2) = c]
dx x  3y 1
dy
(iii) (2x – 3y + 4) = 2y – 3x – 1 [Ans:(x–y +1)(x + y–3)5 = c]
dx
(iv) (x + y + 1)dx = (y – x + 3)dy [Ans: x2 +2xy – y2 +2x –2y =c]
3. Solve the following differential equations:
(i) (4x + 3y + 1)dx + (3x + 2y + 1)dy = 0
[Ans: 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + x + y = c]
dy 2x  y  3
(ii) = [Ans: x2 + xy – y2 + 3x + 9y = c]
dx  x  2 y  9
(iii) (x + 2y – 3)dy = (2x – y + 1)dx [Ans:y2 + xy– x2– 3y– x =c]

39