Hypothesis Dependent variable

- Is the condition that you measure in

- a logical supposition, a reasonable the experiment.
guess and an educated conjecture that - You test how it reacts to a change
provides a tentative explanation to in the independent variable.
formulated questions - It is also known as the responding
- It is used to define the relationship of a variable.
variable to another variable.
Types of Research Designs
Two (2) categories of hypothesis
Experimental
Null hypothesis - a variable or group variables are
manipulated or controlled to know
- Symbolized by Ho and the alternative
if a formulated hypothesis is valid
hypothesis id denoted by Ha, H1, or Em.
or displays truthfulness
- States the relationship between the
variables. It somewhat disproves that
Two (2) types of experimental research:
the independent variable has a direct
reaction or effect to the dependent
variable 1. True Experimental Design
- Uses random selection of
Alternative hypothesis participants.
- It is free from bias and ensures
- Employed to challenge the null objectivity of results.
hypothesis by giving statements, which - It is the best design to use when
claim that the independent variable examining causal relationships.
does effect the dependent variable.
- Is often tested first. 2. Quasi-Experimental Design
- The term quasi means pseudo,
There are two (2) types of variables important partly, or almost.
to any given research: - This design is prone to bias since
the researcher purposely selects
Independent variable
the participants.
- Is the condition that you change in
- It is incapable of determining cause
an experiment or study.
and relationships.
- This is the variable that you can
control.
- Its value is not affected and does
not depend on the state of any other
variable in an experiment.
Non-Experimental Sampling
- a method of acquiring representatives
- Capable of providing qualitative and of a certain population to gain and
quantitative data but more on determine parameters of the whole
qualitative data. group
- It is often used in the field of social
sciences. Population
- Non-experimental designs do away - used in research that denotes a huge
with manipulating variables. group of people where you can choose
a sample
Five (5) types of non-experimental research:
Sample
1. Descriptive
- represents the entire group
- Shows an image or picture of an
individual or group.
3. Comparative
- Tells the differences or similarities 1. Probability Sampling
among individuals, groups, - this method relies on the
occurrences, and others. researcher’s selection of
4. Correlative respondents on pure chance thus,
- Shows the extent of relationship everybody in the population
of people, occurrences, places, participates.
and others whether if it is negative
of positive. a. Simple-random Sampling
5. Survey - the selection of respondents is
- Describes the behavior, based on pure chance.
preferences, opinions, views, b. Systematic Sampling
stand, or attitudes of a huge - this is a type of probability sampling
amount of people. scheme in which sample members
6. Ex Post Facto
from a larger population are chosen
- Derives data from stuff that
normally occurs as is. No according to a random starting point
alterations whatsoever are done and a fixed, periodic interval.
to not influence the reactions of - This interval, called the sampling
variables. This is done to explain interval, is calculated by dividing the
about past events. It means “that population size by the desired
which is done afterwards” in sample size.
English.
 c. Stratified Sampling
- this type of method chooses a
sample that later on be subdivided
into- sub-groups during the stage
of data analysis
d. Cluster Sampling
- this is choosing respondents in
clusters, rather than in separate
individuals.
2. Non-Probability Sampling
- this technique is prone to bias
due to the pre-selection of
respondents.
a. Quota Sampling
- selecting specific samples that the
researcher knows will correspond
to the population in terms of one
(1), two (2), or even more
characteristics.
b. Voluntary Sampling
- choosing samples who are very
much willing to participate as
respondents.
c. Purposive Sampling
- selecting respondents who are
deemed by the researcher as
samples with good background
and knowledgeable about the
study being conducted.
d. Availability Sampling
- choosing respondents who are
easy to find and willing to
communicate with the researcher.
e. Snowball Sampling
- also known as chain sampling, is
used when the respondents
cannot be easily located like
homeless individuals or street
children
Data
- various kinds of information
formatted in a particular way.
Types of quantitative data
Descriptive data
- statistics allows you to easily quantify a
variable (or variables) for a target
group.
Comparative data
- allows a comparison two or more target
groups based on one or more variable.
Relationship data
- data highlights trends, associations
and relationships between two or
more variables.
Interviews
- Interviewing people is a standard
method used for data collection.
- However, the interviews conducted to
collect quantitative data are more
structured, wherein the researchers ask
only a standard set of questionnaires
and nothing more than that.
There are three major types of interviews
conducted for data collection
Telephone interviews
- interviews ruled the charts of data
collection methods.
- However, nowadays, there is a
significant rise in conducting video
interviews using the internet, Skype, or
similar online video calling platforms
Face-to-face interviews Mail Questionnaire

- It is a proven technique to collect data
directly from the participants.
- It helps in acquiring quality data as it
provides a scope to ask detailed
questions and probing further to collect
rich and informative data.
- the survey is mailed out to a host of the
sample population, enabling the
researcher to connect with a wide
range of audiences.

Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing

(CAPI)

- It is nothing but a similar setup of the

face-to-face interview where the
interviewer carries a desktop or laptop
along with him at the time of interview
to upload the data obtained from the
interview directly into the database.

Surveys/questionnaires

- questionnaires created using online

survey software are playing a pivotal
role in online data collection be is
quantitative or qualitative research

Two significant types of survey questionnaires

used to collect online data for quantitative
market research

Web-based questionnaire

- This is one of the ruling and most

trusted methods for internet-based
research or online research.
- In a web-based questionnaire, the
receive an email containing the survey
link, clicking on which takes the
respondent to a secure online survey
tool from where he/she can take the
survey or fill in the survey
questionnaire.