Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering
ECE Department
BES03 – Engineering Materials & Science

Activity No. 2
Group Activity

Jeff Simon Alfaro

John Robert Balbarosa
Ray Harvey Deapera

Date of Performance: _03/03/2023___

Date of Submission: _03/10/2023___

Rating

Clarizza S. Javier
Instructor
QUESTIONS:

1) List six different property classifications of materials that determine their applicability.
2) Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, and utilization of
materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between these components.
3) Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process.
4) (a ) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite the distinctive
chemical feature of each.
(b) Note the four types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).
5) (a) Briefly define “smart material/system.”
(b) Briefly explain the concept of “nanotechnology” as it applies to materials.
6) Essay:
Select one of the following modern items or devices and conduct an Internet search in order to
determine what specific material is used and what specific properties this material possess in order
for the device/item to function properly. Finally, write a short essay in which you report your
findings.

Answers:

1. Six Different Property Classifications of Materials

• Mechanical
They are what define how a material responds to loads and how much
deformation it experiences. They also influence how a material behaves under
forces. In order to obtain the best system performance, we can assess how materials
respond under load using their mechanical characteristics. Among other things,
mechanical qualities include density, hardness, and elasticity.
• Electrical
Using electricity as a source of power to move it across an electrical circuit
throughout its movement. This electrical components are crucial pieces that are
used in the development of a project to link tools, a workplace, or a structure to an
electrical power source. Electrical components might be as little as a home circuit
or as large as an industrial facility or a small device.
• Thermal
They have to do with conductivity and describe the characteristics a material
demonstrates when heat is applied to it. In other words, they refer to a material's
typical behavior when subjected to thermal load. Thermo conductivity, thermal
expansion, specific heat, melting point, and thermo diffusivity are a few of them.
• Magnetic
The orbital and spin movements of electrons and their interactions with one
another are the source of magnetism. In light of this, a material's ability to be used
in a certain magnetic application will depend on its magnetic qualities.
Permeability, a magnetic attribute that reveals how easily magnetic flux builds up
in the material, is one such demonstration.
• Optical
This typology comprises of the response of a substance after exposure to
electromagnetic radiation, notably visible light. Several different processes,
including reflection, refraction, absorption, and scattering, can take place when
light impacts a material.
• Deteriorative
It indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.

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2. Four Components (Design, Production, and Utilization of materials)
• Processing
Every method of transforming the material is referred to as processing. This
can involve refining the material, forming the substance, recycling, mining raw ore,
and more.
Processing may be divided into two categories: primary processing and
secondary processing. The entire process of turning raw materials into useful
products is known as primary processing. In order to do this, raw materials must be
dug out from the earth, the usable parts must be chemically separated, the useful
parts must be purified, and then a mass of material must be produced that someone
else will purchase. All of the processing processes that come after you have the
"final" material are referred to as secondary processing. Forging, rolling, milling,
cutting, extruding, polishing, heating, quenching, and sometimes doping are
included in this process.

• Structure
Several length scales are used to organize the content. This can include
variations in atomic bonding, grains, precipitate organization, or even macro-scale
architecture. Diamond and graphite are the most often cited examples of structural
variations. The chemical composition of diamond and graphite is same (carbon),
yet their atomic structures are very different.

• Properties
Widely defined as visible, quantifiable physical, chemical, and biological
features that affect behavior to the extent that they are crucial for engineering
analysis, design, and operation of parts, systems, or processes.

• Performance
The effectiveness of a material in a certain application is what we
called performance. Materials selection is the area of materials science that gives
the most thought to material performance. The tradeoff between various material
qualities is something that scientists and engineers working on materials selection
must take into account (usually weight, cost, and some additional criteria).

3. Three Criteria (Materials Selection Process)

• Characterizing the in-service conditions is necessary since they will determine the
qualities needed from the material. Rarely does a material have the optimal or
greatest combination of attributes. As a result, it can be essential to swap out one
trait for another. The traditional illustration incorporates ductility and strength;
typically, a substance with considerable strength will only have little ductility. In
these situations, a fair compromise between two or more attributes could be
required.
• Deteriorations of material properties during operation. For example, significant
reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated
temperatures or corrosive environments.
• Economics or cost of the fabricated piece. The perfect material might be
discovered, but it would be prohibitively expensive. Again, a certain amount of

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 compromise is necessary. All costs required during fabrication to create the desired
shape are also included in the price of a finished product.

4. (a) Three primary classifications of solid materials

• Metals
Metals are shiny, opaque materials that effectively transfer heat and
electricity. The majority of metals are denser than the other fundamental
materials and are ductile, allowing them to be drawn into wire and being
malleable enough to be hammered into sheets.
• Ceramics
A ceramic substance is an oxide, nitride, or carbide that is inorganic and
non-metallic. Ceramics may be made from some elements, such as silicon and
carbon. Ceramic materials are hard, brittle, robust under compression but weak
under shearing and tension. In contrast to other materials exposed to acidic or
caustic conditions, they resist chemical deterioration. Generally speaking,
ceramics are resistant to extremely high temperatures,
• Polymers
Compounds which make up a large portion of the raw materials used in
the plastics industry, are units created from monomers, which are low molecular
mass molecules that, when put through the polymerization process, produce a
polymeric macromolecule. Moreover, they bond to one another using covalents,
which are repeating units in polymers.

(b) Four types of advanced materials

• Semiconductors
Semiconductors are substances with conductivity intermediate between
insulators and conductors, which are often metals (such as ceramics).
Semiconductors can be pure elements like germanium or silicon or compounds
like gallium arsenide.

• Biomaterials
A substance that has been developed to interact with biological systems
for a medical purpose, whether it be therapeutic (to treat, improve, repair, or
replace a tissue function of the body) or diagnostic.

• Smart materials
A wide variety of stimuli-responsive materials, including piezoelectric,
shape memory alloys, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid,
can be used to regulate vibration and smart materials show a certain amount of
analogy with respect to biological systems.

• Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are just another stage in the miniaturization of materials
or particles and are defined as materials having at least one exterior dimension
of 100 nanometers (nm) or fewer or with internal structures of 100 nm or less.
Materials that have been scaled down to the nanoscale can suddenly display a
variety of entirely new characteristics.

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5. (a) Smart material/system
Smart materials are those that can be altered to react in a predictable and reversible
manner, changing some of their characteristics in response to external stimuli like a specific
amount of mechanical stress or a specific temperature, among others. Smart materials can
go by the name of responsive materials due to their reactivity. Smart materials, especially
electroactive polymers, form the foundation of numerous applications, such as sensors,
actuators, and artificial muscles.

(b) Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials and nanoscale components are used in practical goods through the
application of nanotechnology, which is a branch of nanoscience. With nanotechnology,
we will be able to create unique materials and goods with improved features. We are able
to create new nano electronic components, "smart" medicines, sensors, and even electronic-
biological systems

6. Essay: (Golf Balls)

Today's golf balls are commonly constructed with a butadiene rubber core, one or
more rubber mantles, and a strong skin on top. Ionomeric resins, which are mixtures of
high-performance ethylene copolymers, are used to create these outer layers. Ionomeric
resins harden through the ionic crosslinking of positively charged metal salts, such as zinc
and sodium salts, and negatively charged acid groups. Moreover, a golf ball is primarily
made of plastic and rubber. A two-piece ball is constructed of a robust thermoplastic
(ionomer resin) shell surrounding a solid rubber core. The main component in terms of
weight is the core, which offers resistance to ball spin. When hit with a club, the shell
protects the core and offers strength and distance. The ball's aerodynamics are also better
managed.

Furthermore, the golf ball's pitted coating, which influences how it rolls and feels
when struck by a golfer's club, is possibly its most iconic feature. Dimples also help a ball
fly through the air more smoothly. To improve performance, manufacturers alter the
dimension and quantity of dimples.

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