b c

a ̸= 0 : b = c ⇐⇒ ab = ac ⇐⇒ =
a a
a < b ⇐⇒ a + c < b + c
b c b c
a > 0 : b < c ⇐⇒ ab < ac ⇐⇒ < b ≤ c ⇐⇒ ab ≤ ac ⇐⇒ ≤
a a a a
b c b c
a < 0 : b < c ⇐⇒ ab > ac ⇐⇒ > b ≤ c ⇐⇒ ab ≥ ac ⇐⇒ ≥
a a a a
c
a  a c
a, b > 0 : (ab)c = ac bc =
bc b
ab
c
a>0: ab+c = ab ac ab−c = c abc = ab = (ac )b
a
1 1
c > 0, x, y ≥ 0 : x = y ⇐⇒ x = y c ⇐⇒ x c = y c
c
1 1
c > 0, x, y ≥ 0 : x < y ⇐⇒ xc < y c ⇐⇒ x c < y c
1 1
c < 0, x, y > 0 : y < x ⇐⇒ xc < y c ⇐⇒ x c < y c
1 1
0 < n ∈ N : x = y ⇐⇒ x2n−1 = y 2n−1 ⇐⇒ x 2n−1 = y 2n−1
1 1
0 < n ∈ N : x < y ⇐⇒ x2n−1 < y 2n−1 ⇐⇒ x 2n−1 < y 2n−1
0 < n ∈ N, x, y ≤ 0 : y < x ⇐⇒ x2n < y 2n y = x ⇐⇒ x2n = y 2n
1 < a : ax = ay ⇐⇒ x = y ax < ay ⇐⇒ x < y
0 < a < 1 : ax = ay ⇐⇒ x = y ax < ay ⇐⇒ y < x
a = 1 : ax = 1x = 1 = 1y = ay
0 < a ̸= 1, 0 < x : loga (x) = b ⇐⇒ x = ab
0 < a ̸= 1, 0 < x, y : loga (x) = loga (y) ⇐⇒ x = y
1 < a, 0 < x, y : loga (x) < loga (y) ⇐⇒ x < y
0 < a < 1, 0 < x, y : loga (x) < loga (y) ⇐⇒ y < x
 
x
x, y > 0 : loga (xy) = loga (x) + loga (y) loga = loga (x) − loga (y)
y
loga (x)
x > 0 : loga (xy ) = y loga (x) logm (x) =
loga (m)
loga (x)
0 < a ̸= 1, 0 < x : a =x 0 < a ̸= 1, x ∈ R : loga ax = x
loga (x) loga (x)
0 < a ̸= 1, n ̸= 0 : logan (x) = n
=
loga (a ) n

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x,cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x

1 1
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 1 + tan2 x = 1 + cot2 x =
2
cos x sin2 x
       
x−y x+y x−y x+y
sin(x)−sin(y) = 2 sin cos , cos(x)−cos(y) = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
(a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2 (a ± b)3 = a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3
(a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2 (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) = a3 − b3
(a − b)(an−1 + an−2 b + an−3 b2 + · · · + a2 bn−3 + abn−2 + bn−1 ) = an − bn
0! = 1, 1! = 1, 2! = 1 · 2 = 2, 3! = 1 · 2 · 3 = 6, 4! = 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 = 24, . . . , n! = (n − 1)! · n
 
n n! n · (n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1)
0≤k≤n: = =
k k!(n − k)! 1 · 2···k
           
n n n n n n
= = 1, = = n, =
0 n 1 n−1 k n−k
n          
n
X n n−k k n n n n−1 n n−1 n n
(a + b) = a b = a + a b + ··· + ab + b
k=0
k 0 1 n − 1 n