(1)




F (x) = f (x) =⇒ f (x) dx = F (x) + C


    
 
   



(sin x)
= cos x ⇒ cos x dx = sin x + C 

√ 1
dx √
(2 x) = √ ⇒ √ = 2 x+C 
x x


1

dx
(ln x) = ⇒ = ln x + C 
x x

1
  

  x > 0  



x
 x < 0     
  

 x < 0

 
1 1
 ln(−x) + C 
x < 0 

  ln (−x) = · (−1) =
−x x


   

dx
= ln |x| + C
x

 
  1
 (2)

     

    
  
  


 








     




cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C   



1
(ln | sin x|)
= · cos x = cot x
sin x



√
dx
√ = ln(x + x2 + 4) + C   
x2 + 4


 √ 1 
 x 
ln(x + x2√ + 4) =· 1+ √ =
x + x2 + 4 x2 + 4
√
1 x2 + 4 + x 1
= √ · √ =√
2
x+ x +4 2
x +4 2
x +4

 

 
  

−x dx
e   tan x dx 
x2

 

  

 f (x)


 


  
  

 


 
 


      




dx
 tan x + C 
 
   
cos2 x


 cos2 x dx 
 


dx
 arcsin x + C 
√  
   
1 − x2

√
 1 − x2 dx  
 
 



dx
 ln | ln x| + C 
  
    
x ln x


dx
 (  
  
   )     
ln x

    (3)

   


         

  


!


p xp+1
1) x dx = +C (p ∈ R , p = −1)
p+1


dx
2) = ln |x| + C
x


dx 1 x
3) = arctan + C (a = 0)
x2 +a 2 a a


dx 1  x − a 
4) = ln  +C (a = 0)
x2 − a2 2a x+a


dx 1  a + x 
= ln  +C (a = 0)
a2 − x2 2a a−x

√
dx  
5) √ = ln x + x2 ± a2  + C (a = 0)
x2 ± a2


dx x
6) √ = arcsin + C (a > 0)
a2 − x2 a


ax
7) ax dx = +C (a > 0)
ln a


ex dx = ex + C

8) sin x dx = − cos x + C

9) cos x dx = sin x + C

dx
10) = tan x + C
cos2 x


dx
11) = − cot x + C
sin2 x


dx  x
12) = ln  tan  + C
sin x 2


dx   x π 
13) = ln  tan + +C
cos x 2 4


14) ln x = x ln x − x + C

"
  
 

  
   


  2
 (4)



 
 
      

1) Af (x) dx = A f (x) dx , A = const

 
2) f (x) ± g(x) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx

1
3) f (x) dx = F (x) + C ⇒ f (ax + b) dx = F (ax + b) + C ; a , b = const
a



 2
 2
Ax + Bx + D dx = A x dx + B x dx + D dx =

Ax3 Bx2
= + + Dx + C
3 2



2 1  1 1
cos x dx = 1 + cos 2x dx = dx + cos 2x dx =
2 2 2
x 1
= + sin 2x + C
2 4



1 − cos2 x dx
2
tan x dx = dx = − dx =
cos2 x cos2 x

= tan x − x + C

#

    
 
 
  

  

 

√ √
( x + 1)(x − x + 1) dx − cot x − x + C

√
(1 − x)4  √ 
√ dx arcsin x − ln x + x2 + 1 + C
x

√ √
1 + x2 − 1 − x2 2 2√
√ dx x x+x+C
1 − x4 5


2 2√ √ √
cot2 x dx x x + 4x x + 2 x − 2x2 − 4x + C
5


x 1
sin2 x dx − sin 2x + C
2 4

   
 


a−b+c a b c
= − +
z z z z

a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b)

(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4

$
     

     

 


      

    

dx 1
= ln |ax + b| + C
ax + b a


1 ax
eax = e +C
a


tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C

cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C

%
 



2√
1
dx 1 (ax + b)− 2 +1
√ = · +C = ax + b + C
ax + b a −2 + 1
1
a


e3x − 1 −x 1
dx = e dx −
2x
e dx = e2x + e−x + C
ex 2


sin 2x + cos 2x sin 2x + cos 2x
dx = dx
sin 4x 2 sin 2x cos 2x



1 dx 1 dx
= +
2 cos 2x 2 sin 2x



dx dx

   3
 
 ,   
sin x cos x


dx 1  2x  1  
= ln  tan  + C = ln  tan x + C ,
sin 2x 2 2 2


dx 1   2x π  1   π 
= ln  tan +  + C = ln  tan x +  + C
cos 2x 2 2 4 2 4


&   




sin 2x + cos 2x 1   1   π 
dx = ln  tan x + ln  tan x +  + C
sin 4x 4 4 4

     
 
   


    

 
1 1  
+ + cot x dx = ln (x2 − 1) sin x + C
x+1 x−1

'
 


x x 2 1 3x
sin − cos dx (e − e−3x ) + 3(ex − e−x ) + C
4 4 3


x x 2 2 √
tan + cot dx x x + 2x + C
2 2 3

√
x+ x−2
√ dx ln |x2 + 5x + 6| + C
x−1

 x x
(ex + e−x )3 dx 2 tan − cot +C
2 2


2x + 5 x
dx x + 2 cos +C
(x + 2)(x + 3) 2

  

  (5)





 
   
 
 


  

 


     
 
 


  

    
(A)





 



   





5x + 3 5
2
(2x − 1) + 52 + 3 5 11 dx
dx = dx = dx +
2x − 1 2x − 1 2 2 2x − 1

5 11
= x+ ln |2x − 1| + C
2 4

1


x2 + 4 4
x(4x + 3) − 34 x + 4 1
dx = dx = x dx+
4x + 3 4x + 3 4



− 34 x + 4 x2 − 16
3 9
(4x + 3) + 16 +4
+ dx = + dx =
4x + 3 8 4x + 3
x2 3 73
= − x+ ln |4x + 3| + C
8 16 64

(
 

x4 x3 (x + 1) − x3 x2 (x + 1) − x2
dx = dx = x dx −
3
dx
x+1 x+1 x+1





x4 x(x + 1) − x x4 x3 x
= − 2
x dx + dx = − + x dx − dx
4 x+1 4 3 x+1


x4 x3 x2 x+1−1 x4 x3 x2
= − + − dx = − + − x + ln |x + 1| + C
4 3 2 x+1 4 3 2


         
 



 

 

 
 

x4 x3 − x
dx , dx  
x2 + 1 x+2


  
 
(B)





dx dx dx dx
 , , √ , √  

x ± a2
2 a − x2
2
x2 ± a2 a2 − x2

 
  a2 − x2  x2 ± a2    
 

 Ax2 + Bx + D    

 
 





dx dx 1 x+2
2
= 2
= arctan +C
x + 4x + 13 (x + 2) + 9 3 3


dx dx dx
= =
x − 5x + 6
2 (x − 2 ) + 6 −
5 2 25
4
(x − 52 )2 − 1
4

 1  x − 3
1  (x − 52 ) −  
= ln  2
+ C = ln  +C
2 · 12  (x − 52 ) + 1
2
x−2


dx 1
 
2
=− +C    
x x

)



dx dx 1
2
= 2
=− +C
4x + 4x + 1 (2x + 1) 2(2x + 1)



dx 1 dx 1 dx
√ =√  =√ 
2x + 4x − 3
2 2 x2 + 2x − 3 2 (x + 1)2 − 5
2 2

     
1  5 1  3 
= √ ln x + 1 + (x + 1) − 2  + C = √ ln x + 1 + x + 2x − 2  + C
2 2
2 2



dx dx x−1
√ =  = arcsin +C
3 + 2x − x2 4 − (x − 1)2 2

 
(C)

 


 
   

 
f
(x) f
(x)  
ln f (x) = =⇒ dx = ln f (x) + C
f (x) f (x)


 
f
(x) f
(x) 
f (x) =  =⇒  dx = 2 f (x) + C
2 f (x) f (x)




x 1 (x2 + 4)
1
2
dx = 2
dx = ln(x2 + 4) + C
x +4 2 x +4 2


1 + cos x (x + sin x)
 
dx = dx = ln x + sin x + C
x + sin x x + sin x

√

3x 3 (x2 − 1)

√ dx = √ dx = 3 x2 − 1 + C
x −1
2 2 x2 − 1

*



sin x (cos x)
√
√ dx = − √ dx = −2 cos x + C
cos x cos x



Mx + N Mx + N
dx , √ dx  

Ax2 + Bx + D Ax2 + Bx + D
Mx + N

 (Ax2 + Bx + D)
= 2Ax + B 
 
 

M MB
Mx + N = (2Ax + B) + N −
2A 2A



3 

3x + 2 2
(2x − 2) + 2 + 3
dx = dx
x2 − 2x + 5 x2 − 2x + 5



3 2x − 2 dx
= dx + 5
2 x − 2x + 5
2 x − 2x + 5
2

3 (x2 − 2x + 5)
dx
= dx + 5
2 x − 2x + 5
2 (x − 1)2 + 4
3  2  5 x−1
= ln x − 2x + 5 + arctan +C
2 2 2



xdx − 12 (4 − 2x) + 2
√ = √ dx
4x − x2 4x − x2



1 (4x − x2 )
dx
=− √ dx + 2 
2 4x − x2 4 − (x − 2)2
√ x−2
= − 4x − x2 + 2 arcsin +C
2



6x − 5  2  7  x − 3 
dx 3 ln x − 4x + 3 + ln 
 +C
x − 4x + 3
2 2 x−1

√
2−x 5  1 √ 
√ dx − x2 + x + 1 + ln x + + x2 + x + 1 + C
x2 + x + 1 2 2

+
 
  3
 (6)



   
       
  
 

 

 


  

   
 

  

 
  
  


 




u(x)v(x) = u (x)v(x) + u(x)v (x) ⇒ u(x)v(x) = u (x)v(x) dx + u(x)v
(x) dx

u(x)v (x) dx = u(x)v(x) − u
(x)v(x) dx

  
     
      


 




  
 
   
 
 

 


  

   
v
(x)      
u(x) 

 
  



u = ln x u
= 1
x
x3 1 x3
2
x ln x dx = x3 = ln x − · dx
v
= x2 v= 3 3 x 3

x3 x3
= ln x − +C
3 9

 
  
  
  




u = x3 u
= 3x2
3
x cos x dx =
= x sin x − 3
3
x2 sin x dx
v = cos x v = sin x



u = x2 u
= 2x
= = x3
sin x − 3 − x2
cos x + 2 x cos x dx
v
= sin x v = − cos x



u=x u
= 1  
= = x3
sin x − 3 − x 2
cos x + 2 x sin x − sin x dx
v
= cos x v = sin x

= x3 sin x + 3x2 cos x − 6x sin x − 6 cos x + C


  







  

 

1

   

  
   

  ln x


x
 
 
 
x  


 





 
   

2 u = arctan x u
= . . .
x arctan x dx = = ...
v
= x2 v = ...

−x u=x u
= . . .
xe dx = = ...
v
= e−x v = e−x dx = . . .

2 u = ln(x2 + 1) u
= . . .
ln(x + 1) dx = = ...
v
= 1 v = ...

   
 v(x)  u(x)  

2 ln x
arctan x dx , x sin 3x dx , dx
x2

  
      
  



     

  

dx 1 x2 + a2 − x2 1 dx 1 x2 dx
2 2 2
= 2 2 2 2
dx = 2 2 2
− 2
(x + a ) a (x + a ) a x +a a (x2 + a2 )2


 
   

x2 dx u=x u
= 1
= x x dx
(x2 + a2 )2 v
= (x2 +a2 )2 v = (x2 +a2 )2
= − 2(x21+a2 )

x 1 dx x 1 x
=− 2 2
+ =− + arctan + C
2(x + a ) 2 x2 +a 2 2 2
2(x + a ) 2a a

!



 

     v(x) = v
(x) dx   

   


dx 1 x 1 x 1 x
= arctan − − + arctan +C
(x2 + a2 )2 a3 a a2 2(x2 + a2 ) 2a a

x 1 x
= + arctan + C
2a2 (x2 + a2 ) 2a 3 a

ax
e sin bx dx , eax cos bx dx  
    



2x u = e2x u
= 2e2x
e sin x dx = =
v
= sin x v = − cos x

u = e2x u
= 2e2x
= −e cos x + 2 e cos x dx =
2x 2x
v
= cos x v = sin x


= −e cos x + 2 e sin x − 2 e2x sin x dx
2x 2x

   I  
 
 

I = −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x − 4I

5I= −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x

1 
I = − e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x
5


 




1 
e2x sin x dx = − e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x + C
5



  4
 (7)

  
  
       

 F
(t) = f (t)   
   

"
  t = ϕ(x)
 

 

F (ϕ(x)) = F
(ϕ(x)) · ϕ
(x) = f (ϕ(x)) ϕ
(x)


=⇒ f (ϕ(x)) ϕ
(x) dx = F (ϕ(x)) + C .


  
 
  

      

 t 





  
     

 

 
  ϕ
(x) dx  dt  ϕ(x) 


     


 
  


 

 t = ϕ(x)





x 



sin x sin x = t
e cos x dx = = et dt = et + C = esin x + C
cos x dx = dt


√ x2 + 1 = t 1 √ 1 t2
3

x x2 + 1 dx = = t dt = · 3 + C
2x dx = dt 2 2 2
1 2
= (x + 1)3/2 + C
3



 

arctan x = t

arctan2 x   2 t3 1
2
dx = dx = t dt = + C = arctan3 x + C
1+x = dt 3 3
1 + x2


dx ex dx ex = t dt
= = x =
e + e−x
x e2x + 1 e dx = dt 2
t +1

= arctan t + C = arctan(ex ) + C

#

 
  
 
 ϕ
(x) 
   



   






x3 dx 1 + x4 = t 1 dt 1 1
= = =− +C =− +C
(1 + x4 )2 4x3 dx = dt 4 t2 4t 4(1 + x4 )


x dx x2 = t 1 dt 1
= = = arctan t + C
1 + x4 2xdx = dt 2 1+t 2 2
1
= arctan(x2 ) + C
2

t 
    1 + x4       


  (1 + x4 )
= 4x3      &
  


 x2         

   4







 

   ϕ(x)
  t $
   

 ϕ(x)     
  

 





cos x = t
sin3 x cos2 x dx = =− (1 − t2 )t2 dt
− sin x dx = dt

t3 t5 1 1
=− + + C = − cos3 x + cos5 x + C
3 5 3 5

? sin x = t 



 

   




√
3 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x 1 − sin x · cos x dx = t3 1 − t2 dt
3 2

 
 

   



%


sin x

  t 
  sinm x cosn x dx  


  m 
   

     cos x 

  
   t = sin x   n   t = cos x 

 


  

   t  
   

 
 
 



1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x 1
sin2 x = , cos2 x = , sin x cos x = sin 2x
2 2 2



4
sin x cos x dx = 2
sin x · (sin x cos x) dx =
2 2

 2


1 − cos 2x sin 2x 1 1
= · dx = sin 2x dx −
2
sin2 2x cos 2x dx
2 2 8 8

  

1 x 1
sin2 2x dx = (1 − cos 4x) dx = − sin 4x + C
2 2 8

  

sin 2x = t 1
sin2 2x cos 2x dx = = t2 dt
2 cos 2x dx = dt 2

1 3 1
= t + C = sin3 2x + C
6 6


 




x 1 1
sin4 x cos2 x dx = − sin 4x − sin3 2x + C
16 64 48





 
   

sin x = t
5
cos x dx = (1 − sin x) cos x dx =
2 2
= ...
cos x dx = dt



4 1 + cos 2x 2
cos x dx = dx = . . .
2

'





   

dx 1 2
− e−x + C
x(4 − ln2 x) 2


arccos x2 1 
√ dx arctan2 x + ln(1 + x2 ) + C
4 − x2 2

√
2 1
xe−x dx ln(x3 + 1 + x6 ) + C
3

√
3
1 + ln x 1 x 2
dx − arccos +C
x 2 2

 
arctan x + x 1  2 + ln x 
dx ln +C
1 + x2 4  2 − ln x 


x2 dx 3
√ 3
(1 + ln x)4 + C
1 + x6 4

    
  (8)

  
 
 

        


 cos x = t , sin x = t


     
 

        
tan x = t

√ t dt
sin x = t ⇒ cos x = 1 − t2 , tan x = √ , dt = cos x dx ⇒ dx = √
1−t2 1 − t2
√
√ 1 − t2 dt
cos x = t ⇒ sin x = 1 − t2 , tan x = , dt = − sin x dx ⇒ dx = − √
t 1 − t2

1 t dx dt
tan x = t ⇒ cos x = √ , sin x = √ , dt = 2
⇒ dx =
1 + t2 1 + t2 cos x 1 + t2

 

   
    

 

 
 

 

(
 

cos3 x cos2 x · cos x sin x = t 1 − t2
dx = dx = = dt
sin2 x sin2 x cos x dx = dt t2



dt 1 1
= − dt = − − t + C = − − sin x + C
t2 t sin x

  

tan x = t
1

dx 2 dt dt
2
= dt = 1+t
1 = 2
1 + cos x dx = 1 + 1+t2 t +2
1 + t2
1 t 1 tan x
= √ arctan √ + C = √ arctan √ + C
2 2 2 2



 





tan x = t
 t3 t 
3
tan x dx = dt = dt = t− dt
dx = 2
1 + t2 1 + t2
1+t

t2 1 1 1
= − ln(1 + t2 ) + C = tan2 x − ln(1 + tan2 x) + C
2 2 2 2
1
= tan2 x + ln | cos x| + C
2



 

tan x = t
dt

dx  = 1+t 2 (1 + t2 )2
= dt
t2
 1 2 = dt
sin2 x cos4 x dx = 2 2 · 2
t2
1+t 1+t 1+t

 
1 1 t3
= + 2 + t2
dt = − + 2t + +C
t2 t 3
1
= − cot x + 2 tan x + tan3 x + C
3

      



x 2t 1 − t2 2 dt
tan = t ⇒ sin x = 2
, cos x = 2
, dx =
2 1+t 1+t 1 + t2

)

     
   






    







dx   2 dt
1+t2 dt
= tan x2 = t = 2 =
3 + cos x 3 + 1−t
1+t2
t2 +2
1 t 1 tan x2
= √ arctan √ + C = √ arctan +C
2 2 2 2



sin2 x 1
dx tan3 x − tan x + x + C
cos4 x 3


1
tan4 x dx tan3 x + C
3


cos5 x  x 
dx 2 arctan tan + 2 + C
sin x 2


dx 1
− +C
2 sin x + 2 cos x + 3 2(1 − cos x)2


sin x 1
dx sin4 x − sin2 x + ln | sin x| + C
(1 − cos x)3 4

 

  
5
 (9)

x $
 
   
 



  dx = ϕ
(t) dt    ϕ(t)
 

 
f (x) dx = f ϕ(t) ϕ
(t) dt

    
 
  
 
 
 

   
 



*
 


dx x = t6 t5 t3
√ √ = =6 dt = 6 dt
x+ 3x dx = 6t5 dt t3 + t2 t+1


1
= 6 (t2 − t + 1 − ) dt = 2t3 − 3t2 + 6t − 6 ln |t + 1| + C
t+1
√ √ √ √ 
= 2 x − 3 3 x + 6 6 x − 6 ln  6 x + 1 + C

√

 
x = sin t
1 − dx =
x2 = 1 − sin2 t cos t dt
dx = cos t dt



2 1 1 1
= cos t dt = (1 + cos 2t) dt = t + sin 2t + C
2 2 4
1 1
= arcsin x + sin t cos t + C
2 2
1 1 √
= arcsin x + x 1 − x2 + C
2 2



√  
√
x2 + a2 x = a tan t a 1 + tan2 t a
dx = a = · dt
x dx = dt a tan t cos2 t
cos2 t




dt cos t = z dz
=a = = −a
2
sin t cos t − sin t dt = dz (1 − z 2 )z 2

 
1 1 a  z − 1  a
=a − dz = ln  + +C
z2 − 1 z2 2 z+1 z

a  cos t − 1  a 1
= ln  + +C cos(arctan u) = √
2 cos t + 1 cos t 1 + u2
   
a  cos arctan xa − 1  a
= ln   x
  +   +C
2 cos arctan a + 1 cos arctan xa
√
a x2 + a2 − a √ 2
= ln √ + x + a2 + C
2 x2 + a2 + a

!+
   
  (10)

    
 

 


 

Pm (x)
R(x) =
Qn (x)

 
     
 

  m,n 

      

 $


 

 
    

  
   

     

      

  

  

 R(x) 
      

 

Tk (x)
R(x) = Sm−n (x) + , k<n
Qn (x)

    
m−n


  
Sm−n  m≥n 



  


  
  Sm−n = 0  m<n   


 m<n

  
     
 Qn (x)
 
   

     x2 +p x+q  x−a
     

   k 


 (x − a)k  
 


 


      

Qn (x) = A(x − a1 )k1 · · · (x − ar )kr (x2 + p1 x + q1 )m1 · · · (x2 + ps x + qs )ms

n = k1 + · · · + kr + 2(m1 + · · · + ms ) 

  

     
 
 


!

          R(x)     

  
   

    

     


 (x2 + p x + q)m   Mx + N

     (x − a)k  




x2 x2 A B Mx + N
= = + + 2
x − 16
4 (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 4)
2 x−2 x+2 x +4


2x + 5 2x + 5 A Bx + D
= = +
x3 + 1 (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) x + 1 x2 − x + 1


1 A B C D E F
= 3+ 2+ + + +
x (x − 1) (x + 2)
3 2 x x x (x − 1)2 x−1 x+2



2x3 + x − 5 A Bx + C Dx + E Fx + G
2 3
= + 2 3
+ 2 2
+ 2
x(x + 2x + 5) x (x + 2x + 5) (x + 2x + 5) x + 2x + 5

  
  
 A, B, C ...  
 
    


 

 

  







  


  
 

  





 


 
    



 &   



x2 A(x + 2)(x2 + 4) + B(x − 2)(x2 + 4) + (Mx + N)(x − 2)(x + 2)

=
x4 − 16 (x − 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4)

 
  
    
 

x2 = A(x + 2)(x2 + 4) + B(x − 2)(x2 + 4) + (Mx + N)(x − 2)(x + 2)

!!
 x = −2    x=2      x   
  


1
x=2 4 = 32A ⇒ A=
8
1
x = −2 4 = −32B ⇒ B = −
8

  
       
 −2 , 2  


x=0 
 
 $ 

1
0 = 8A − 8B − 4N ⇒ N =
2

   
      M 



x3
   
    


0=A+B+M ⇒M =0




1 1 1
x2
= 8
− 8
+ 2
x4 − 16 x − 2 x + 2 x2 + 4


 
   &  A,B,D   

   A−B+D =6 



    
  




1 1 A B C Dx + E
= = + + + 2
x5 + x3 x3 (x2 + 1) x3 x2 x x +1

1 = (x2 + 1)(A + Bx + Cx2 ) + (Dx + E)x3

 
      A=1   x=0 


!"
 x4 0=C +D
x3 0 = B + E ⇒ B = 0 , C = −1 , D = 1 , E = 0
x2 0=A+C
x 0=B






1 1 1 x
= 3− + 2
x5 +x3 x x x +1

    R(x) dx 
      R(x) 

     

   

x2 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
dx = − +
x − 16
4 8 x−2 8 x+2 2 x2+4
1 1 1 x
= ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2| + arctan + C
8 8 4 2

dx dx dx x dx 1 1
= − + = − 2 − ln |x| + ln(x2 + 1) + C
x + x3
5 x3 x 2
x +1 2x 2




 
 
  

 


√



8
x x = t8 t8 dt t4
√ dx = =8 =8 dt
x− x dx = 8t7 dt t8 − t4 t4 − 1



1 dt
= 8 (1 + 4 ) dt = 8t + 8 .
t −1 t −1
4

1 A B Ct + D
= + + 2
t4 −1 t−1 t+1 t +1

1 1 1
  A= , B = − , C = 0, D = −  
 
4 4 2

!#
 1 1 1 1
= − − =⇒
t4 −1 4(t − 1) 4(t + 1) 2(t + 1) 2

dt
8 = 2 ln |t − 1| − 2 ln |t + 1| − 4 arctan t + C
t −1
4

√
8
 t= x





√
8
x √ √ √ √
√ dx = 8 8 x + 2 ln | 8 x − 1| − 2 ln | 8 x + 1| − 4 arctan 8 x + C
x− x


dx cos x dx sin x = t dt
= = =
cos3 x cos4 x cos x dx = dt (1 − t2 )2
1 A B C D
= + + +
(1 − t )
2 2 (1 − t)2 1 − t (1 + t) 2 1+t

1
  A=B=C=D=  
 
4

dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt
= + + +
(1 − t )
2 2 4 (1 − t)2 4 1−t 4 (1 + t) 2 4 1+t

1 1 1 1
= − ln |1 − t| − + ln |1 + t| + C
4(1 − t) 4 4(1 + t) 4
 
t 1  1 + t 
= + ln + C =⇒
2(1 − t2 ) 4  1 − t 

 
dx sin x 1  1 + sin x 
= + ln +C
cos3 x 2 cos2 x 4  1 − sin x 

!%