Dokumen - Tips - Grade 12 Cumulative Exercises PDF

SENIOR 4
PRE-CALCULUS MATHEMATICS
CUMULATIVE EXERCISES
A Supplement to
A Foundation for Implementation
2000
Manitoba Education and Training
Manitoba Education and Training Cataloguing in Publication Data
510 Senior 4 pre-calculus mathematics. Cumulative

exercises: a supplement to a foundation for
implementation.
ISBN 0-7711-2870-3
1. Mathematics-Problems, exercises, etc.

2. Calculus-Problems, exercises, etc. 3.
Mathematics-Study and teaching (Secondary).
4. Calculus-Study and teaching (Secondary).
I. Manitoba. Dept. of Education and Training.
Copyright © 2000, the Crown in Right of Manitoba as represented by the Minister

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Cumulative Exercises Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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A Supplement to A Foundation for Implementation (40S).
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III
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Cumulative Exercises
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Iv
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Notes
vi
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ui
Exercise New Topic Presented Outcome(s)
1 Degree and Radian Measure 1 A-I
2 The Unit Circle 3 A-2
3 Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions 5 A-3
4 Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval 7 A-4
5 General Solution of Trigonometric Equations 9 A-5
6 Graphing Circular Functions 11 A-6
7 Translations 13 B-1
8 Horizontal and Vertical Stretches 16 B-2
9 Symmetry, Reflections, and Inverses 19 B-3
10 Graphing Reciprocals 22 B-4
11 Graphing Absolute Values 25 B-5, B-6
12 Practice with Transformations 27 B-6
13 Transformations with Trig Functions 30 B-7
14 Trigonometric Identities I 33 C-l
15 Trigonometric Identities II 35 C-l
16 Sum and Difference Identities I 37 C-2
17 Sum and Difference Identities II 39 C-2
18 Double Angle Identities 41 C-2
19 Exponential Functions 44 D-l
20 Solve Exponential Equations 46 D-2
vII
21 Logarithmic Functions 48 D-3, D-4
22 Logarithmic Theorems I 50 D-5
23 Logarithmic Theorems II 52 D-5
24 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I 54 D-6
25 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II 56 D-6
26 Natural Logarithms 58 D-7, D-8
27 Applications of the Exponential Function 60 D-8
28 Counting Principles 63 E-1
29 Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions 65 E-2
30 Permutations 67 E-2
31 Circular Permutations 69 E-2
32 Permutations with Case Restrictions 71 E-2
33 Combinations 74 E-3
34 Binomial Theorem 76 E-4
35 Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial

Theorem 78 E-2, E-3, E-4
36 Parabola 80 F-1, F-2, F-3
37 Circle and Ellipse 82 F-1, F-2, F-3
38 Hyperbola 84 F-1, F-2, F-3
39 Sample Spaces 87 G-1, G-2
40 Probability of Independent and Dependent Events 90 G-3
41 Combining Probabilities 92 G-3
42 Conditional Probability I 95 G-4
viii
43 Conditional Probability II 98 G-4
44 Probability Using Permutations and Combinations 101 G-5
45 Geometric Sequences 103 H-l
46 Geometric Series 106 H-2
47 Infinite Geometric Series 108 H-3
48 Review I 111
49 Review II 113
50 Review III 115
Ix
Notes
x
INTRODUCTION
These exercises provide experiences related to the student learning outcomes for
Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics. These exercises have the following features:
• The exercises are cumulative. Each exercise starts with questions related to
new work, and then moves to questions based on previous topics. In the early
exercises, the previous topics draw on material from Senior 2 Pre-Calculus
Mathematics and Senior 3 Pre-Calculus Mathematics.
• The cumulative nature of these exercises is designed to allow students to

master concepts over a number of days, rather than all at once. In traditionally
arranged exercises, students may do 25 questions on a topic and then move on.
In these exercises, students will do as many questions, but not all at once. Some
may feel they are moving on before they have mastered the previous topic.
However, that mastery comes with time, and is reinforced frequently.
• This presentation of topics should also enhance retention since no topic ever
disappears. It should also encourage students to see the connections among the
many parts of Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics. Students find assessments
easier with this cumulative approach, often requiring little formal review before
summative assessment.
• As the course progresses, students frequently are asked to explain their

reasoning and to write simple proofs. Most exercises contain some problems
that are aimed at a creative synthesis of ideas rather than simply a mastery of
skills.
• Schools on the semester system should spend about one day per exercise. This
leaves a substantial number of days for assessment, group work, projects,
mental mathematics, and other learning experiences. Schools not on the
semester system may require two class periods per exercise.
Materials
Scientific calculators are required throughout. Students should use spreadsheets
and graphing technology where appropriate.
Some parents may not approve of the use of playing cards and dice when teaching
lessons in probability. Teachers may want to use number cards and number cubes
instead.
xl
Notes
xII
A-1
Exercise 1: Degree and Radian Measure
1. Convert the following to radian measure, expressing your answer in terms of n:

a. 250 b. -1200 c. 4600 d. 3300
2. Convert the following values from radian measure to degree measure. Round
off to one decimal place where necessary.
-7n 1m
a. b. c. 2.634 d. -0.9825
6 12
3. Determine the supplement of 5n.

12
4. Express the supplement of 1300 in radian measure. Leave your answer in

terms of n.
5. Find the complement of the third angle of an isosceles triangle where the two
equal angles each have a measure of 2n. Express in radians.
7
6. If two parallel lines, intersected by a transversal, have interior alternate

angles of 24 and n radians, find the value ofx.
0
7. Solve for x if the two angles referenced in the previous question were interior
angles on the same side of the transversal.
8. For what values of 0 in the interval 0 ~ 0 ~ 2n are the following conditions met?
a. sin 0 < 0 and cos 0 > 0 b. sin 0 > 0 and cos 0 ~ 0
c. tan 0 > 0 d. cos0 ~ 0
9. Determine the quadrant(s) in which the following would be true.

a. sin e < 0
b. cos0 = -J3 and tan 0 = --J2

3
10. In what quadrantts) is the point PCO) if we know that

a. cos 0 is negative?
b. sin e < 0 and tan e > O?
Continued
1
A-1
Exercise 1: Degree and Radian Measure
11. Find the arc length of a bicycle wheel, given a radius of 24 inches and a
central angle of 48°.
12. An alien, power walking along the equator of his/her planet (gender is difficult
to identify with aliens), travelled a distance of 12.3 balrogs. If the diameter of
this planet is 16.4 balrogs, through what central angle did this alien travel?
Express to the nearest tenth of a degree.
13. Simplify: 6.J12 + 2-J27.
14. Find an integral value of x for which 3x-2 =5 x2

- •
1 1
3 6
15. Simplify: X X •
16. Solve the following equations:

a. (x + 3)2 + 2 = 20
6 x-I
b.---=4
x 2
17. A line has a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of 12. Find the x-intercept of this line.
3
18. a. Completely factor x3 + 2X2 - 3x.

b. Solve: x3 + 2X2 - 3x = o.
1
19. Find the points where the line x + y = 6 intersects the parabolay =- X2 + x.
2
20. Solve for x: ax + b = ex + d.
2
A-2
Exercise 2: The Unit Circle
1. Given that 0 ::;;e::;; 21l', determine the quadrant in which p(e) lies.
21l' Un -1l' Un
a. b. c. d.
3 6 4 6
2. For the following, state a positive coterminal angle from 0°::;;e::;; 360°.
a. 510° b. -390° c. 840° d. -210°
3. For the following, state a positive coterminal angle from 0 ::;;e::;; 21l'.
1911'_ 1251l' -131l' 141l'
a. b. c. d.
6 4 6 3
4. Determine the quadrant(s) in which the point P(8) will lie under the following
conditions:
a. sin e is positive b. tan P « 0
-3 4
c. sine> 0 and cose < 0 d. sine = - and cose =-
5 5
5. Assuming that the point p(e) lies on the intersection of the unit circle and the
line segment joining the origin to the point indicated, find the coordinates of P( 8).
a. (6, 8) b. (-9, 40) c. (-4, -12) d. (0, -3)
6. If (1 5
3' y ) is a point on the unit circle in quadrant IV, find the value of y.
8
7. The point P( e) on the unit circle is not in Quadrant 1. If sin e= 1 7' find the
value of cos e.
8. If cose =.J6 and sine = -M, find tan e. Rationalize the denominator and
4 4
simplify.
.
9 . I s t h e pomt (.J5 2.J5J on t h e unit.. CITC I?e.
5' -5-
10. If a wheel having a circumference of 30 metres rolls five metres, how many
radians has it turned? How many degrees has it turned?
Continued
3
A-2
Exercise 2: The Unit Circle
11. What is the area of a pastry used to cover a slice of mathberry pie having an
outer crust arc of 7.6 em and a central angle of 30°?Express to the nearest
tenth of a unit.
12. Write to explain in which quadrant the point P(e) lies if one knows the value
of (J in radians.
13. In Ll ABC, L B = 34°, BC = 4, and AC = 3. Find AB. How many answers are
possible?
14. If f(x) = ';x2 +7, find x so thatf(x) = 4.
15. If fix) = 2x + 3, find k so that fik + 2) = k + fik).
16. Let 0 be the origin and A the vertex of y = X2 + 6x + 10. Find the length of OA.
7
17. The diagram shows the graph of y = .§..
x 6
Vertical lines through C(6, 0) and D(2,0)
5
meet this graph at B and A as shown.
4
a. Find the area of trapezoid ABCD.
b. Find the perimeter of trapezoid ABCD. 3
1 3 4 5 7 8
-1 D C
-2
18. Factor completely: X4 - 16.
19. Factor the following and solve for x: 12x2 - 25x + 12 = o.
20. Write the following equation in the form y = a(x - h)2 + k.

(General form): y = 10x2 - 9x + 2. (Hint: Complete the square.)
4
A-3
Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions
1. Find the exact value for each of the following:

. n . 4n 7n -5n)
a. Sln- b . Sln- c. cosn d. sec( -;) e. tan- f. cot(4
6 3 4

a. cos 45 0
b. sin 300 0
c. tan 330 0
d. csc 1350
a. (sin( -l:n ))- 20n)-( l!n)

(cos tan
b. (tan 2; Hcos(-!~))+(sin 3;)( tan 5:)

4. Show that the following statements are true:
. n n
Sln- 1-cos- -cosn
a. _------=3""-.. = 3 b. sin n = 3
n . n 6 ~ 2
l+cos- sm-
3 3
5. Given that tan e= is, find e where:

3n
b. n ~ e ~ 3n c. - ~ e ~ 2n
2 2 2
6. Find the value(s) for e where 0 ~ e ~ 2n that satisfy the following:

-1 -J3
a. sine = -J2 b. cose=-
2
c. tan e = -J3 and sin e < 0 d. cose = --1 and tan d < 0
2
cos--
25n
6
. 9n
b. Sln-
4
c. tan( -l:n ) -35n)
d. csc(-6-
Continued
5
A-3
Exercise 3: Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions
8. Solve for x and y: 4x - 3y = 10

3x + 2y =-1
9. The equal sides and equal angles of an isosceles triangle are 3.6 em and 54°
respectively. Expressing your answer to the nearest tenth of a unit, find
a. the perimeter. b. the area.
10. For what values of e in one positive revolution do both sin e and tan e have
negative values?
11. Express 1m radians to the nearest tenth of a degree.

24
12. Express the size of the angles for a right isosceles triangle in radians as a
multiple of n.
13. If the corrresponding angles for two lines intersected by a transversal

are 5n radians and 75°, determine if the lines are parallel.
12
14. If sin e= ~ and cos e < 0, find the valuers) for tan e.
15. If e = n + 2nn, where n E I, find the value for sine, coet), and tan e.
2
16. Evaluate: tan 1~n - cos( -1 m).

3
17. ABCD is a square and E is the midpoint of BC. Find, to the nearest degree,
the measure of L AED.
18. Solve for x: .J2x + 3 -.Jx + 1 = 1.
19. Find the perpendicular distance between the parallel lines 3x + 4y =6

and 3x + 4y = 1.
20. Sketch the graph of the followingrational function. State any intercepts and
equations of asymptotes.
H(x) = 2x + 1
x-4
6
A-4
Exercise 4: Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval
1. Solve the following equations over the interval 0° ~ 8 ~ 360°.

a. 2cos8= 2 b. 5tan8+ 4 = 0
c. 4tan8 - 7 = 5tan 8 - 6 d. 2sin28 + sin 8 = 0
Solve the equations in questions 2-5 over the interval 0 ~ 8 ~ 2& Give the
exact values.
2.2sin28-sin8=0 3. tan8+.J3 =0
4. 2tan8+2.J3 =0 5. 2cos8+.J3 = 0
Solve the equations in questions 6-8 over the interval ; s 8~ 3 1r.

2
6. 4cos28 = 1 7. 2 sin 8 + -J2 = 0
8. 2 cos" 8 - 5 cos 8 - 3 = 0
. t h e exact va Iue for t h e expreSSIOn:SIn-

9 . D etermine .. 2Jt'.cos-7Jt'.tan (-3Jt')
-- .
3 6 4
10. Show that the following is true: 2cos2 Jt'-1 = cos" Jt'_ sin" Jt'.
6 6 6
· d 8 were
11. FIn h . 8 = --
SIn -.J3 an d -Jt' ~ 8 ~ -.
3Jt'
2 2 2
-3
12. If cos 8 = - and tan 8 > 0, find the value for sin 8.
4
13. Given P(27Jt')is a point on the unit circle, find the quadrant and the coordinates
of the point P using two different methods.
14. You have been given the following multiple choice question on a test: "Which
interval satisfies the following condition: cos 8 > sin (J?"
tc Jt' Jt' Jt' Jt' Jt'<8<Jt'
a. 0 ~ 8~ 2 b . -4 < 8<-
- 2 c. 0 ~ 8~ - d. 0 ~ 8< - e. 4 - - 2
4 4
Explain which answer is correct, which answers are incorrect, and why.
Continued
7
A-4
Exercise 4: Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval
15. IfP(8) lies on the line segment joining the origin and the point (-6, -8) find cos e.
16. Given the same information as in the previous question, find:
a. cos( e + ;) b. cos(e - 1[)
17. Evaluate: sin (-477r)

-2- ·cos(-477r).
18. Multiple Choice. The diagram on the right

shows the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c. Which of
the following is true?
a. a > 0 and b2 - 4ac > 0
2
b. a > 0 and b - 4ac <0
2
c. a < 0 and b - 4ac > 0
d. a < 0 and b2 - 4ac <0 1 2 3
19. Find the domain and range of fix) = 3x2 + 6x - 5.
20. A line through (0, 2) intersects the

parabola y = X2 at points A and B.
If A is the point (-1, 1), find the
coordinates of B.
8
A-5
Exercise 5: General Solution of Trigonometric Equations
Solve the following equations for 8 where the domain is the set of all real
numbers .
. 8 ::-1
1. SIn
2
1
2. a. cos(38):: - b. Sin(~) =~
2
3. tan 8 = 0
4. sin28 =~
4
5. (1 + sin 8)(1- cose) = 0
6. 2sec8 + 4:: 0
7. 4csc8 + 6:: 14
8. (sin 8 - 1)(2see 8 + 1) :: 0
Solve the equations in questions 9 and 10 in the interval - 21£"

$ 8 $ 211'.
9.4sin28-3=0
10. 5 tan 8 + 5 = 0
Solve the equations in questions 11 and 12 in the interval 0 $ 8 $ 211'.
11. cos8 + cos28 + sin2= 0
12. 2 sin'' 8 + sin 8 - 1 = 0
13. Find the range of the function: fix) = X2 + 3x - 1.
14. As you stop your car at a traffic light, a pebble becomes wedged between the
tire treads. The diameter of the wheel is 80 em. When the light changes, you
travel a distance of 130 m before discovering the pebble (you have excellent
hearing!). How many revolutions has the pebble made?
Continued
9
A-5
Exercise 5: General Solution of Trigonometric Equations
15. A ball of diameter 50 em is sitting on a ring of diameter 48 cm. How far below
the ring does the ball extend?
16. A regular five-sided polygon (i.e., a pentagon) is inscribed in a circle. Each

edge of the pentagon is four units long.
a. Find the radius of the circle to two decimal places.

b. Find the area of the pentagon to two decimal places.
17. If $5000 is invested for five years at 6% compounded annually, what will be
the value of the investment at the end of five years?
2
18. Find the distance from the point (-1, 3) to the liney = 3 x+6.
19. Solve for x: ax + c = bix - c).
20. Solve for x, y, and z.

x+y=7
x-z=8
2x - y - 2z = 12
10
A-6
Exercise 6: Graphing Circular Functions
. . .
1. Graph the function y = sm e by lettmg e = ... ---3n ---n ---n n n 3n
0 - - - ...
4' 2' 4' '4'2' 4'
2. Analyze the graph of the sine function as sketched in question 1 by identifying

the following:
a. amplitude b. period c. domain d. range e. zeroes
3. Graph the function fie) = cos e using the same intervals for e as used for the
sine function.
4. Analyze the graph of the cosine function as sketched in question 3 by

identifying the following:
5. How do the graphs of the sine function and cosine function compare?
6. Graph the function fix) = tanx.

7. By referring to the graph in question 6, analyze the tangent function by
identifying the following:
8. Locate where the tangent function is undefined and state the equations of the
asymptotes.
9. Over the interval (-2n, 2n), state where the followingwould be true:
a. sin e is increasing b. cos e is decreasing
10. Solve the equation sin'' e + sin e - 4 = 0 for 0 ~ e ~ 2n.

11. Solve graphically the equation sinx = -J3 in the interval 0 ~ x ~ 2n. State
answers as exact values. 2
12. Use technology to solve the followingequation in the interval 0 ~ e < 2n:
2 sin" e = -sin e + 2. State answers to three decimal places.
13. If see e = -J7 and tan e< 0, find the exact value of csc e.
2
Continued
11
A-6
Exercise 6: Graphing Circular Functions
14. Through how many radians does the minute hand of a clock rotate between
10:00 a.m. and 11:40 a.m.? Give your answer as an exact value.
15. If R = 21.7° and 8 lies in Q III, find two possible values of 8.
16. In the unit circle shown, the length of arc AB is 231!.Find the coordinates of B.
17. One plane is 20 km from the Winnipeg Airport. A larger plane is 17 km from the
airport. If the angle between the sightings is 110°,how far apart are the planes?
18. Find a linear function of the form /tx) = mx + b such that /t3) = 18 and /t2) = 24.
19. Find exact values for x and y.
20. Letf(x) = --.2x

x-2
a. Find /t3) and ttft3».
b. Prove that ttftx» = x for all values of x.
12
8-1
Exercise 7: Translations
1. Given fix) = X2, sketch the graph of:

a. fix) b. fix) + 3 c. fix - 2)
2. Given fix) = x3, sketch the graph of:

a. fix) b. fix) - 2 c. fix + 1)
3. Given fix) = _X2 + 2, sketch the graph of:

a. fix) b. fix) - 3 c. fix - 3)
4. Given the graph offix) below,sketch the graph of:
a. fix) - 2
b. fix + 2)
c. fix + 1) + 3
5. Sketch the graph ofy = 3 + sinx.
6. Sketch the graph of y = sin(x - ~) + 2.
7. State the range, period, and amplitude of the graphs on questions 5 and 6.
8. Given the sketch of g(x) = fix + 2) + 1, sketch fix):
y
.(-3,2).
·(2, -2)
Continued
13
8-1
9. Given the graphs of fix) and g(x):

a. Express fix) as a function ofgix).
b. Express g(x) as a function of fix).
10. Solve the following equation over [0, 2n]:

-.J2
sin3e=--
2
11. Find the approximate values of the equation 3 sin'' e + 5 sin e - 2 = 0

for 0 s e s 21r.
12. fix) = cosx + 1. Without drawing its graph, give the domain and range of fix).
13. Explai e = 1 sin e e IS

am h ow tan -2 . demonstrate d In
. t h e fi gure be1ow.
+ cos
.• ---- -- --~-----~-----,- ..•...•.

--t- ----- --- ~
A(-l,O) CO, 0)
Continued
14
8-1
14. Write a trigonometric equation that has the given roots n, ~ over the domain
[0, Jr].
15. Sketch the graph of f(x) = (x - 1)2(x + 5).
16. Write an equation for a polynomial function with x-intercepts of -2, 3, and 4,
and a y-intercept of 8.
17. A circle with radius 3 units has its centre at (8, 12). Write equations for two
vertical lines tangent to the circles.
18. The function f(x) is periodic with period 4. If f(0) = 3, f(1) = 5, f(2) = 4, and
f(3) = 12, what is the value of f(75)?
19. /).ABC is isosceles as shown.

a. What is the equation of the line through A and C?
b. What is the equation of the line through Band C?
y.
~~------------------------~--------~x
20. Given f(x) = (x

+ 2)2 - 3, find, in standard form, the quadratic function which
would be obtained by sliding the above graph two units left and four units up.
15
8-2
Exercise 8: Horizontal and Vertical Stretches
1. Given fix) =X2, sketch the graph of:

a. fix) b. 2fix) c. fi2x)
2. Given fix) =x3, sketch the graph of:

1
a. fix) c. - f(x)
3
3. Given fix) = cos x, sketch the graph of the following and state the range,
period, and amplitude.
a. fix) b. 3fix) c. fi2x) d. fi3x) + 1
4. Given fix) =x2 + 2x, sketch the graph of:

a. fix) b. fi2x) c. 3fix) - 1 d. fi3x) + 1
Given the graph of fix) below, describe each transformation in words and sketch
each graph:
5. 3f(x)
6. f(2x)
7. f(;) -3 -2 3
-2
8. Given the sketch of
g(x) = f(~ x J sketch f(x).

(5.00, 1.00)
Continued
16
8-2
9. Given the graphs of fix) and g(x):

a. express fix) as a function of g(x)
b. express g(x) as a function of fix)
10. If the domain is the set of real numbers, what are the solutions for the
equation 2 sin'' e + 3 sin e + 1 = O?
n n
11. If the roots of the trigonometric equation are 2"' 6" on [0, 2n], find the
equation.
12. Solve the following equation, given that the domain is the set of all real
numbers: sin" e + cos" e + 2 cos e = o.
13. Draw the graph of y = cos( x - ~) on the interval 0 ~ x ~ 2n .
14. Sketch fix) = X2 -: and give the domain and range of the function.
x+
X+3 if x '#-2
15. Sketch the graph off{x) ={ .
4 if x =-2
16. Given that the formula for the area of a circular sector is A = ~2, where e is
the central angle, explain why the area of a circle is given by nr2.
17. Sketch the graphs ofy2 = x andy =.JX. How do these graphs differ?
Continued
17
8-2
18. If x - 3 is a factor of X2 + 7x + k, what is the value of k?
19. The area bounded by the line y = 4 x, the x-axis, and the vertical line x =k is
5
19.6 units". Find the value of k.
y.
20. a. If the radius of the circle is 12 and e= 1C radians, find the area of
sector AOB. 4
b. If the radius is rand e = 1C radians, express the area in terms ofr.

3
c. Prove that the area of a sector is given by A = ..! fJr2, where r is the radius
and e is the central angle in radians. 2
~::..----~B
18
8-3
Exercise 9: Symmetry, Reflections, and Inverses
Given the graph of fix), sketch the graph of:
1. -fix) 2
2. flex)
1
3. fi-x)
-1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
4. State whether each of the following is even, odd, or neither.

a. fix) = 3x2 b. fix) = -4x2 + 3x c. fix) = cos x
d. fix) = -sin x e. fix) = 13xI f. fix) =7
5. a. For each of the equations below, indicate whether the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.
i. y = X2 ii. x = y2 iii. X2 + y2 = 1 iv. X2 + X4 = Y
b. How would you test whether the above can be symmetric with respect to
the x-axis?
6. a. Is the graph of y = sinx symmetric with respect to either coordinate axis?

b. Is the graph of y = cosx symmetric with respect to either coordinate axis?
7. a. Write an equation for the line formed by reflecting y = 2x + 4 in the x-axis.

b. Write an equation for the line formed by reflecting y = 2x + 4 in the y-axis.
8. Given f (x) = -r; + 2, state f -1 (x), sketch both graphs on the same coordinate axes.
Continued
19
8-3
9. a Reflect in the y-axis. b. Reflect in the x-axis.

y y
10. a. The given graph is part of an EVEN function. Complete the graph.
b. The given graph is part of an ODD function. Complete the graph.
y ,
5 ,:,
4 :,
3 :
- 2' - - - - - - - - - -:-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
,
1 :,
,
~~~~r++-++~~~~~~~++-+~X
S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-1
-2
-3
-4
11. Solve over the real numbers to two decimal places: sec () = -2.
c. Stretch horizontally
12. a. Stretch horizontally b. Stretch vertically
1
by a factor of 2 by a factor of 3 by a factor of -
2
(-4,~) :
-2
..
(2, -3)
-5
Continued
20
B-3
13. Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin(x + n) in the interval 0 $ x $ 27t.
14. Solve this equation for ()with the domain being all real numbers.
cos2(}+ sin2(}+ 3sin(} = 3
15. Find the distance from the origin to the line x - 2y + 15 = o.
16. Find the values of ()in the equation 6 sin'' ()+ 13sin () = 5 for 0 $ ()$ 2n.
17. The graph represents the unit circle X2 + y2 = l.

This is equivalent to y2 = 1- X2 or y = ±-J 1- X2 •
Sketch the graph of:
b. y = --Jl-x2
18. Sketch the graph ofy = -J x - 2. What geometric figure does this represent?
19. This parabola opens down and crosses the x-axis

at x = 1 and x = 3. Write down the equations of
two different parabolas with this property.
20. If the parabola in question 19 has its vertex at (2, 16), find its equation.
21
8-4
Exercise 10: Graphing Reciprocals
1. For each of the following functions, sketch the graph and specify the domain,
range, and zeroes.
1 1
a. f(x)=- b. f(x) = --2
x-2 x
2. Sketch the graph and specify the domain, range, and zeroes of:
1
f(x) = x+3-4
1
f(x) = X2 _ 4
-1
f(x) = X2 +4
a. f(x) = sin x b. f(x) = _.1_

sm x
. 1
6. GIven the graph off(x) below, sketch the graph of f(x)'
7. Solve the equation for 8 where 0° ~ 8 ~ 360°:

sin 28 = -0.5794
8. If cos 8 > 0 and tan 8 < 0, in what quadrant does 8 lie?
Continued
22
B-4
9. If sin 0 =.! and tan 0 < 0, find sec O.

2
10. Multiple Choice: The statement which describes the vertical asymptotes of
y = tan x is:
2
a. y = odd integral multiples of n.
2
b. x = integral multiples of n.
2
c. x = odd integral multiples of n .
2
d. y = odd integral multiples of tt,
11. Change the following radian measures into degree measures:

3n
a. b. 57 c. -8.5 d. -22n
2
12. Solve this system of equations for a and f3 where

o s a s 2 nand2 tan a - 4 cos f3 = 4
o ~ f3 ~ 2 n tana + 2cosf3=-1
1
13. Sketch the graph of fix) = X2 _ 4
14. For what values of k will the system fix) = 2 1 4 and g(x) = k have:
x -
a. no solution b. exactly one solution c. more than one solution
15. If 0 < 0 < ~ and sinO = ~, prove that tanO = -Jb2~a2 .
16. Sketch the graph ofx = ~1- y2. (Hint: Recall that x" + y2 = 1 is the unit circle.)
Continued
23
8-4
17. Write an equation for a parabola with vertex (3,-6) crossing the x-axis at-1
and 7.
18. Solve for 0 s 0 ~ 2n: sinO+ 2sinOcosO= 0
19. Given each graph, perform the indicated transformations to sketch a new graph.
a. reflect in the y-axis b. reflect in the x-axis
c. stretch horizontally by a factor of .! d. stretch vertically by a factor of .!

2 2
20. If LA = 45°, find an exact value for the length of Be.

c
24
B-5, B-6
Exercise 11: Graphing Absolute Values
For questions 1 to 7, sketch the graph and state the domain, range, and
zeroes of the function.
1. y= 12x-ll 2. y = I-x -11
1
4. y = -I
2
x-2 1
6. y = -21 x + 31 + 3
1
7. v= I x-3 I
For questions 8 and 9, sketch the graph and state the domain, range, and
period.
8. y = I sinx I
9. y=-3Icosxl
10. Given fix) = X2, sketch the graph and state the zeroes of:
a. fix + 2) b. - 2fix) c. -2fix - 1) + 3
11. State the range, period, and amplitude ofy = 3sin(~ x )-2.
12. Given fix) below, sketch the graph and state the domain and range of:
a. y = fix + 3)
b. y = fi-2x)
c. y = fi -x + 1)
d. y = fi2x - 2)
Continued
25
B-5, B-6
Exercise 11: Graphing Absolute Values
13. Solve the following equation over the interval 0 $ 0 $ 2n:

4sin2 0 - 8cos 0 =-1
14. Write the equations of three different functions that have a range of [5, 00).
o 1- cosO
15. Find a geometric interpretation for tan -2 = sin f .
• ~ ~ .....I-.l..---I -- ~
A(-l, 0) C(l,O)
16. The equation of a parabola is: y = ax2 + c. If the points (2, 2) and (1, -3) lie on
the parabola, find the values of a and c.
17. The value of x + y is between 5 and 6. On a coordinate graph, shade in the

region in which the point (x, y) must be located.
3 1
18. Solve for x: 2 + - = 1.
x +x x
4
19. Sketch the graph ofy = 3--.
x
20. Prove that the graphs of x + y = 2 and y = X2 - 2x + 3 do not intersect.
26
8-6
Exercise 12: Practice with Transformations
For questions 1 through 6, assume that the graph of (is given, and
describe how the graphs of the following functions are obtained.
l. a. y = 4fix) b. y = -fix)
1
2. a. y=-f(x) b. y = -3fix)
4
1
3. a. y=--f(x) b. y = fi2x)
5
4. a. y = 2fix) +1 b. y = -fix) +6
5. a. y = 4fix + 1) b. y = 3fix - 2)
1
6. a. y = -1 f(x)-5 b. y=-f(x)+4
3
2
-Jx-2 if x ~ 3
7. Sketch the graph of: f( x) = 2X2 if 1::;; x < 3
4
if x < 0
x
8. Sketch the graph ofy = x + Ix I.

9. Sketch the graph, and state the range, period, and amplitude of:
a. fix) = sin x b. fix) = 2 sin x c. fix) = sin 2x
10. Sketch the graph, and state the range and period of:
a. fix) = I cos x I b. fix) = cos" X
11. Sketch the graph of: fix) = l:~::::

(x_n)3
~~~~~l
)
on [n, 00)
Continued
27
8-6
12. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle that is tangent to the y-axis, to
the line y - 7 = 0, and to the line 2x - y - 2 = o.
Given the graph of fix) below, sketch the graph and state the domain and
range of:
13. y = f(x)
1 1-3
14. y = f(~x)
1.5 U se divisi . y
IVISlonto write = 2x + 3 In
. th e .L'.rorm y = Q +--.
R
x-I x-I
. 2x+3
16. Use the result from question 15 to sketch the graph ofy =--
x-I
17. Multiple Choice. A circle and a square have equal areas. If the perimeter of
the square is P, then the circumference of the circle is:
P -Jip P e. 2n..JP
a. nP b. c. d. -J1i
2
Continued
28
8-6
18. Multiple Choice. The graphs of y = sin x and 51[Y = 2x intersect at k different
points. The value of k is:
a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 7
19. -J132 -122 = V125. Solve for n.
20. Given the circle with centre 0 and a diameter of 20 decimetres, find the area
of the shaded region.
29
B-7
Exercise 13: Transformations with Trig Functions
1. This graph represents y = fix). Use the sine

function to find an equation for fix).
2. Repeat question 1, using a cosine function to find an equation for fix).
3. Use the sine function to find an

equation for this graph.
4. Use the cosine function to find an equation for the graph in question 3.
5. Write an equation for this graph.
-3.14 3.14 6.28 9.42

-1
-2
6. The depth of water in a harbour is given by the equation d(t) = -4.5 cos(O.16m)
+ 13.7, where d(t) is the depth, in metres, and t is the time, in hours, after low
tide.
a. Sketch the graph of d(t).
b. What is the period of the tide, from one high tide to the next?
c. A bulk carrier needs at least 14.5 metres of water to dock safely. For how
many hours per cycle can the bulk carrier dock safely?
Continued
30
8-7
7. The average daily maximum temperature in Vancouver follows a sinusoidal

pattern with a highest value of 23.60 C on July 26, and a lowest value of 4.20 C
on January 26. Express the maximum temperature as a function of cosine.
8. Use the results from question 7 to find the expected maximum temperature for
May 26.
9. Use the results from question 7 to find how many days will have an expected
maximum of at least 21.00 C.
10. Determine the measure of the largest angle in a triangle with sides 8, 9, and 11.
11. Change the following degree measures into radian measures:

a. 1630 b. 1890 c. 2160 d. 3520
1- X2 for - 3 ~ x < 0
12. Sketch the graph off(x) =
{-vr:
x + 1 for 0 ~ x < 2
13. Solve for r: mx = J:..(~+-.!:.).

m r p
14. On the left below is a list of functions. On the right are descriptions of how the
graphs of these functions can be formed from the graph of f(x). Match each
function with its description.
a. y = -f(x) 1. Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3.
b. y = f(-x) 2. Stretch vertically by a factor of 3.
c. y = f(3x) 3. Compress horizontally by a factor of 3.
d. y = 3f(x) 4. Reflect in the x-axis.
e. y = f( % x) 5. Reflect in the y-axis.
15. Sketch the graph off(x) = ~. You might wish to use division to express it
x+1
in the formf(x) = Q+~.
x+1
16. Graph: y = 3 - 1x + 21.

Continued
31
8-7
17. a. A triangle is uniquely determined if S.A.S. data

(two sides and the included angle) are given.
Prove that the area of a triangle are given by:
A= ~ ab sinO
if a and b are two sides and 0 is the angle

between them.
b. Use the formula from 17a to find the area of a triangle with sides of
length 15 and 20 and an included angle of 45°.
18. The horizontal line y =k meets the parabola y = X2 + 8x at one point only. What
is the value of k?
19. Solve for x and y:

Fxr: +2 Y-19
-
-i x - 2Y = 3
20. a. How many different parabolas

cross the x-axis at (0, 0) and (2, O)?
b. Write equations for two such
parabolas.
-1 3
32
C-1
Exercise 14: Trigonometric Identities I
1. Express each of the following entirely in terms of sin 8 .

a. csc8 b. cos28 c. cot28
2. Express each of the following entirely in terms of cos 8 .

a. sec8 b. sin28 c. tan28
3. Express each of the following in terms of sin 8 or cos 8 or both.
a. sin8csc8 b. sin28+ \ c. l-csc28

sec 8
Prove that each of the following is an identity.
4. cosx secx = 1 5. cscx sinx = 1 6. tan 8 cot 8 = 1
7. cot 8 sin 8 = cos8 8. tan8cos8= sin 8
9. Solve the equation: 4sin8+2.J3 = 0 for the interval 0 $ 8 $ 2n-.
10. Solve the equation: 3 cos8 + 2 = 0 for the interval 0° $ 8 $ 360°. Give answers to
one decimal place.
11. Graph both sides of the following equation: _1_ - cosx = tan 8 sin 8
cosx
a. What do you notice about the graphs?
b. Verify algebraically that the above is an identity.
12. Identify the quadrant ofP(8) for each of the followingvalues of ():
a. 8 = 600° b. 8 = -400° c. 8= 1m d. 8 =-9

3
-3
13. If sin8 = - and cos8 > 0, find the exact value of tan 8.
4
-8n-
14. If 8 = -, find the coordinates ofP(8).
3
Continued
33
C-1
Exercise 14: Trigonometric Identities I
15. Find the exact value(s) of ()in the interval zr ~ () ~ 2rc:

2 cos"() = .,j2 cos()
16. Solve for x with domain over the reals: cos x = -..J3 .
2
17. Solve for (),0 ~ ()~ 2rc:

tan 2(} =-1
18. Use the graph of fix) to evaluate fTf( 4)].

y
(-3,0) 1 (2,0)
y =f(x)
19. Iff(x) = _3_, find an expression for ["1(x).

x+1
20. The line y = mx, m > 0, touches the parabola y = X2 +9 y.

at only one point. Find the value of m.
.-----~-------.x
34
C-1
Exercise 15: Trigonometric Identities II
Prove the following identities.
1. (1 + sin x )( 1- sin x) = 12
sec x
2. cos" X - sin" x = 1 - 2 sin" x
3. cos28 = (1 - sin 8)(1 + sin 8)
4. (1 - sec 8)(1 + sec 8) = - tan28
5. 2see" x = 1 + 1
1- sin x 1+ sin x
6. see" x - csc" X = tan" x - cot" X
7. cos" X - sin" x = 1 - 2 sin" x
9. Solve the equation for 8 where 0° ~ 8 ~ 360°:

sec 8 -1 1+sec eII
---=
2
10. Solve the equation over the interval 0 ~ 8 ~ 21r . State your answer to four
decimal places.
3 - 6 tan 8 = tan 8 + 6
11. Find the value of sin 8 if cos 8 = ~~ and tan 8> O.
12. Solve graphically the following equation for 8 over the set of real numbers.
(Give answers to four decimal places.)
6 sin 2 8 + 10sin 8 - 4 = 0
Continued
35
c-t
Exercise 15: Trigonometric Identities II
13. Solve algebraically the following equation for ()over the set of real numbers.
1. sin ()- -J3 = 0

4 8
14. Prove the following identity using two different methods.

sec2t - 1 . 2t
2t = SIn
sec
15. Express each of the following in radian measure.

a. 2250 b. 2160 c. 1250 d. 1050
16. Express each of the following in degree measure.

27r 57r 47r 37r
a. - b. c. d.
3 6 3 4
17. If fix) = 2x + 3, find the y-intercept of the graph of y = Mx)].
18. Multiple Choice. If a < 0 and b2 - 4ac > 0, which of the following graphs
could represent y = ax? + bx + c?
a. b.
v c. d.
19. Factor x3 - 2x2+ 3x - 6.
20. Iff(x) = x+3 ,findf-l(5).

x-2
36
C-2
Exercise 16: Sum and Difference Identities I
1. Find the exact value of sin( 5lt )by letting a = 1t and ~ = 1t in the sum formula
12 6 4
for sinfrr+B].
2. Find the exact value of cos(~) by setting a = 1(; and f3 = 1(; in the relevant
formula. 12 3 4
3. Using the known relationships for sin(a + f3) and cos(a + f3), derive the formula
for tan(a + f3) and express in terms of tangent only.
4. Using a = 1(; and f3 = 1(; , find:

3 4
. 71(; 71(; 71(;
a. SID- b. cos- c. tan-
12 12 12
5. Determine a formula for the following, expressing in terms of tangent only:

a. cot(a + f3) b. tan(a - f3)
6. Using the formula derived in question 3, find tan 71(; . Let a = 1(; and f3 = 1(; •
12 3 4
Compare this result to your solution for question 4c.
7. Find the exact value of cos 105°by using 45° and 60°.
8. Given that sin a = 2., and cos f3 = ~ and neither pea) nor P(f3) are in
25 41
quadrant I, find:
a. sin(a+ f3) b. cos(a+ f3) c. sec(a + f3)
d. in what quadrant is the point pea + f3)?
9. Graph the following equation: Sin(t + 3;) = -cost

a. What do you notice about the graphs?
b. Verify algebraically that the above equation is an identity.
sin218° + cos" 18°

10. Find the exact value of 2
1-cos 210°
Continued
37
C-2
Exercise 16: Sum and Difference Identities I
11. If tan e= ~ and sin e ~ 0, find see e.
12. Solve the equation for e where 0~ e ~ 2n: 4 cos"e + cos e - 3 = O.

Prove the identities in questions 13 to 15.
sIn x 1- cosx 1
13. = 14. sIn x + cosx = 1 15. ----. - = tan x sec x
l+cosx sm x cscx secx cscx +srn x
16. Find the distance from line 2x - 3y + 7 = 0 to the point on the unit circle at n.
3
x+1 x
17. Sketch the graph of y = X2(X - 2). 18. Solve for x: -- + -- = -1.
x-I x+l
19. The graph represents a function fix). y.
a. If the equation fix) = k has exactly four

roots, what can be said about k?
b. If the equation fix) = k has exactly two
roots, what can be said about k?
20. A cone has a height of 8 em and a radius of 6 cm. When it is cut along the line
AB and flattened, it forms the shape shown in figure 2.
a. How long is AB?
A
b. What is the length of the major arc BC in
figure 2?
c. How many degrees are in L CAB?
d. What was the surface area of the cone?
Figure 1
B
ebB
Figure 2
38
C-2
Exercise 17: Sum and Difference Identities II
1. Express COs(;+ e) as a function of e only.
2. Expand and simplify tan( e - ~) .
3. Write sec(: + e) as a function of e only.

4. Prove the following identities:
a. sin( t - ~) =- cos t b. cos(t + 3;) = sint
5. Give the exact value for the following:

. 51T IT 5IT. IT
a. Sin-COS--COS-Sln-
16 16 16 16
b. cos33° cos27°- sin 33° sin 27°
6. Given sin a = -4 and cos~ = -5 where a and ~ are in the third quadrant,
5 13
a. Find the coordinates ofP(a - 13).
b. In which quadrant does the terminal side of (a - 13) lie?
7. Show the following is true: sin( e - ~) + cos(e - ; ) = -J3 sin e.
8. Show that the following statement is false:
tan( e + :) - tan( e- 3:) = 1
9. Prove the identity: sin(a + 13) + sin(a - 13) = 2sin acos 13·
10. Show that the following relationship is always true:

cos(x + y) cos(x - y) = cos" X - sin" y
Continued
39
C-2
Exercise 17: Sum and Difference Identities II
11. Prove that the following statement is true for all values of a and f3:
cot a cot f3 - 1
cot( a + f3) = -----'---
cota +cotf3
12. If cos a =~ and tan f3 = 3 with neither a nor f3 in Quadrant I, find tan( a - f3).
13 4
13. Create the right-hand side of the following equation: sin t = 1 1 to make
it an identity using
a. sum or difference of cosines
b. sum or difference of sines
c. Prove the identity in a. algebraically
14. Solve the following equations over the real numbers, expressing your answer
to two decimal places:
2sin28- 5sin8- 3 =0
15. If 8 = -924°, find the related angle for 8.
16. Find the approximate values for 8 if 0 ~ 8 ~ 21t'and 3cos2 8 = cos 8 (to two
decimal places).
17. If x3 - y3 = (x - y)(x2 + xy + y2), find the factors of sin" x - cos"x.
18. If x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 - xy + y2), find the factors of tan" x + cot" x.
19. Prove the following identity: see"x(l - sin" x) = 1.
40 ,
C-2
Exercise 18: Double Angle Identities
1. a. Starting with the identity for sinCa + {3),prove that sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos O.
b. Starting with the identity for cos(a + {3), prove that cos 20 = cos20 - sin'' O.
2. Use question lb. to prove the following:

a. cos 20 = 2cos2 0 - 1 b. cos20 = 1 - 2sin20
3. Derive a relationship for tan 20.
4. Evaluate tan (120°)using the above double angle formula and setting 0 = 60°.
5. Evaluate cos 1t to two decimal places, given that cos~ = 0.95. Use a double
5 10
angle formula to find this result.
6. Prove this identity: csc2x - cot2x = tanx.
7. If sin 0 = : and cos 0 = ~, find:
a. sin20 b. cos20
8. If 0 is the angle indicated in the diagram, find an exact value for sin20.
9. Graphically solve the following equation for 0 in [0, 21l].
2cos20 -.J3 = 0
State answers to three decimal places.
Continued
41
C-2
.. . csc4x-cot4x
10. Prove this identity: 2 2 + cot" x = csc"x.
csc x+cot x
11. An even function fix) has the property that fi-x) = fix). Using the subtraction
formula for cos e, prove that cos e is an even function. Start with cos(-e) =
cos(O- e).
12. An odd function fix) has the property that fi-x) = -f(x). Using the subtraction
formula for sin e, prove that sin e is an odd function. Start with sin(-e) =sin(O- e).
13. If sin e = ~2 , and e lies in Quadrant IV, find the exact value of cot e.
. 2n 2n
SIn-+cos-
14. Find the exact value of: -. ~~'-n-----'2"'!=~~
SIn-'COS-
3 3
• 3 3
15. P rove thee f1011OWIng
. 'd en tit
1 1 y: SIn
. x + cos x -_ 1- sin x cos x,
sm x + cosx
16. Solve the following equation for e where the domain is the set of real numbers.
tan e =-J3
17. Solve for ewhere the domain is the set of real numbers. Round the answers
to four decimal places.
csc" e sin" e + 3sin e + 3 = 5
18. Express each as a function of x only:
a. sin(~ -x) b. cos(; -x)
Continued
42
C-2
y
19. a. Use the graph of the
function y = fix) to draw the
graph of y == (1 (x).
b. Determine if y = fix) is a one-
to-one function.
1
y = fix)
20. Given y = 3(x - 4)2 + 2,

a. State the name of the function.
b. State the coordinates of the vertex.
c. Describe how it has been shifted from the original equation y = X2.
43
0-1
Exercise 19: Exponential Functions
1. a. Sketch the graph of the function fix) = 3 X

•
b. State the domain and range of the function.

c. As the x values increase, what happens to the y-values?
2. a. Sketch the graphs of the functions f( x) = 2x and f( x)

b. Describe the similarities between the two graphs.
= ( ..!.
2
r.
c. How are the two graphs different?
3. a. Sketch the graph of the function fix) = 3(2 X

).
b. State the domain and range of the function.

c. Find the x and y intercepts of the function.
4. Sketch the graphs offix) = 5\ g(x) =5 x2

- , and h(x) =5X
- 2 on the same set of
axes.
5. From the graph of fix) = 2\ estimate the value of:

a. 21.3 b. 25.1
6. From the graph of fix) = 3\ estimate the missing value of k, given the points:
a. (k,6) b. (k, 10)
7. a. Sketch the graphs of fix) = 4\ g(x) = 4-\ and h(x) = -4X.

b. How is each of these graphs different?
8. a. Sketch the function fix) = 2x - 3.

b. Find and sketch the inverse of fix) = 2x - 3.
he identi
9. Prove tel entity: 1- cos"
2
(J = sm
. 2 (J cos2 (J .
1+ tan (J
10. Solve the following equation for (J where 0 :::;;

(J:::;; 2n:
2tan2 (J + sec (J = 1
11. Graph y = 2sin4x for 0 :::;;

x:::;; 27t.
12. Graph y = - co{ x - ;) for 0 :::;;

(J :::;; 27r.
Continued
44
0-1
Exercise 19: Exponential Functions
13. Sketch the graph ofy =--Jx.

14. Sketch the graphs of:
a. y = 3+--Jx b. y = -Jx+2
15. Sketch the graph ofy = 4 - --Jx .
16. This graph represents y = fix).

Sketch the graph of y = 1fix) I.
17. Given sin(t) = -3 , find the coordinates of P(2t) if tt ~ t ~ 3n .

8 2
18. Solve for ()if sin ()= cos ()on 0 ~ ()~ 2n.
(-4,3)
.
19. This graph represents y = t(x). • 1
Sketch the graph of y = to x I). (4,0)
(0, ~2) •
20. A sinusoidal curve passes through (:' 0), (54 1t,0), and (94 1t,0) with a
maximum value at (34 1t,3). Find two equations for this curve: one in terms of
sine and the second in terms of cosine.
45
0-2
Exercise 20: Solve Exponential Equations
For questions 1 through 8, solve the given equation for x.
l. 2x= 32
2. 23x-5 = 16
3. 54>:-7= 125
3x2 +4x = -.!...

4.
27
5. _1_=81
x1
3-
6. 2(52X-9) = 250
7.
38x = -.!.
81
8. 323x-2 = 16
9. Determine which two of the three given functions are equivalent:
a. y = 2-x b. y = _2x c. y =(~J

10. Use the graph of the function jlx) = 4X to sketchg(x) = 4x-3 and h(x) = 4X_ 3.
11. Sketch the graph of the function fix) = 2 X

- 3. State the x- and y-intercepts.
12. Sketch the graph of the function fix) = 31-x• State the x- andy-intercepts,
asymptotes, domain, and range.
.. . sec2x
13. Prove this identity: 2 = csc" x.
sec x-I
Continued
46
0-2
Exercise 20: Solve Exponential Equations
14. Iff(x) = X2 - 9, graphy = f(~r
15. Determine whether tan ()is an even or an odd function using

tan(-(} ) = tan(O - (}).
16. If sin( ()+ 2; ) + cos(()+ 5; ) = A sin ()+ B cos(), find numerical values for A and B.
17. Sketch the graph of y = .! sin 2x for - tt ~ () ~ n,

2
18. Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos(2x - 1l') for 0 ~ ()~ 21l'.
19. This is the graph of y = fix). Sketch the graph of y = 2f(x) - 2.
20. Using the graph in question 19, sketch the graph ofy = If(x) I + 1.
47
0-3,0-4
Exercise 21: Logarithmic Functions
1. Express each of the following in logarithmic form:
a. 34 = 81 b. 16 = 24 d. 2-3 = -.!
8
2. Express each of the following in exponential form:
c. loglOO.Ol = -2
3. Evaluate each of the following:

a. log416 b. logg3 c. log0J28
4. Graph fix) = 3 and its inverse, (-lex).

X
5. Sketch fix) = log2(x-1) and state the domain, range, intercepts, and
asymptotes.
6. Sketch fix) = log5(x) + 3 and state the domain, range, intercepts, and
asymptotes.
7. Sketch fix) = logi3 - x) and state the domain, range, intercepts, and
asymptotes.
8. Sketch fix) = logix - 1) + 1 and state the domain, range, intercepts, and
asymptotes.
For questions 9 through 12, solve the given equations for x.
9. 2x2 = 16
10. 82x+ 1 = 64
11. _1_=64
4x-2
12.
(~J -- =
27
125
Continued
48
0-3,0-4
Exercise 21: Logarithmic Functions
13. Sketch the graph of fix) = 3- State any asymptotes, x and y-intercepts, the
X
•
domain, and range.
14. Sketch the graph offix) = 2- 3%-1. State the domain, range, asymptotes, and
the y-intercept.
15. Sketch the graph of y = -3 sin(28 + 1T:) in the interval 0 S 8 S 21T:.
16. Sketch the graph ofy = I x - 41.
17. Sketch the graph ofy = Ix - 41-2.
18. Sketch the graph ofy = Ilx - 41-21.
19. Solve the equation sin 8 + 2 sin 8 cos8 = 0 where 0 S 8 S 21T:.
20. If cos () = -0.491 where 0 S 8 S 41T:, find all values of 8.
49
0-5
Exercise 22: Logarithm Theorems I
1. Write as a single logarithm.

1
a. log; 2 + log, 32 b. 4 log x - slog( X2 + 1)+ 2log( x-I)
2. Write as a single logarithm.

1
a. - slog108 b. 3 log x - 2log y - 4 log t + 1. log b
2
3. Use the Laws of Logarithms to rewrite each of the following:

X3y4
b. log-6-
Z
5. Sketchy = logx" -logx.
6. Express log, V36 in terms of log, 6.
7. Given logs2 = 0.33333 and logs3 = 0.52832, use properties of logarithms to find
logs12 and logs36.
8a3b4
8. Write in terms of log a, log b, and log c: log ~
9. Express each of the following in logarithmic form:
a. 64 = 1296 b. 5-3 = _1_

125
10. Express each of the following in exponential form:
a. logs 64 = 2 b. log{6~) =-3
11. Graph f( x) = log 1(x). State the domain, range, intercepts, and asymptotes.
2
Continued
50
0-5
Exercise 22: Logarithm Theorems I
a. log2(6~) b. log, 81= 2
13. Solve for x: 39x = ~.

27
14. Solve for x: (:5 r = ~
15. For the graphs of y

and y-intercepts.
= 3x-1
and y = !
(3 X
), find the domains, ranges, x-intercepts,
. . see" x-tan2 x .
16. Prove the identity: 2 = sin" x.
l+cot x
17. Solve the equation tan'' ()+ sec2() = 3 for 0 ~ ()~ 21l'.
18. a. Sketch the graph of y = -sin rex.

b. What is the period of this function?
19. a. Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos(2x + 1l').

b. What is the period?
c. What is the horizontal shift?
20. a. Sketch the graph of y = -.1

x
b. Sketch the graph of y = 3 + --.1
x-3
51
0-5
Exercise 23: Logarithmic Theorems II
1. Express each of the following as a single logarithm:

a. log25 + log27 + log26 b. log54 + log56 - log, 3
2. Express each of the following as a single logarithm:

1 1
a. 2 log37 - [log, 14 + log, 35) b. -log2 4 + -log2 27
2 3
3. You are given log, 2 = 0.3010; log, 3 = 0.4771; log, 7 = 0.8451. Find the values
of each:
14
a. log, 6 b. log, 14 C. logb- d. log, V96
3
4. Prove: log x = log a x

b log, b
log a
5. True or false? -- = log a -log b
log b
6. Evaluate logs 7 correct to six decimal places.
7. Expand as a sum and difference of logarithmic expressions:
8. Express the following as a single logarithm:

4 log, x - 2 log, Y + 3 log, t - 4 log, k
+1 = 125.
9. Solve for x: 252%
10. Solve for x: 22%+2

= 1~'
11. Express in logarithmic form: 3-2 = !.

12. Express in exponential form: log, 32 = 5.
Continued
52
0-5
Exercise 23: Logarithmic Theorems II
13. Solve for ()in the following equation if the domain is all real numbers.
cos"()+ sin'' ()+ 2 sin ()= 4
14. Sketch the graph of y = 4COS(1lX + n).
15. a. Sketch the graph of y = I x I.

b. Sketch the graph of y = Ix 1- 2.
c. Sketch the graph ofy = 2 -Ix I.
16 Sketch the graph of y = 1 + sin x .
17. Find the value of ()in degrees.
8 ()
18. Iffix) = 2x + 3, findf-l(x).
19. Multiple Choice: Which of the following equations represents a relation in

which y is a function of x?
a. X2 + y2 = 1 b. X2 + 3y =x c. x + 3y2 = 2y d. x2y2 = 16
20. Sketch the graph of (x - I? = 9.
53
0-6
Exercise 24: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I
1. Solve for x and check:
a. log, x =2 b. log x 25 =2 c. log, 16 =--4

3
2. Solve for x and check:
a. log ~G)' x =
3. Which of the following equations have the same solutionis)?

4 2
a. log x 16 = 3 b. log, X = 2 c. log162 = x d. log32X =-
5
5. Solve each of the following for x and check your solutions.

1 c. 5x-2 = 1-
a. log x ~ = 4 b. log, X -log3 4 = log312
6. Solve for x and check: log5(x2- 4x) = 1.
7. Solve for x and check: log313 - 2x I =2.
8. Solve for x and check: log(x + 21) + log x = 2.
9. Which pairs of the following functions are equivalent?

a. fix) = _22-x b. g(x) = 4x-2 c. hex) = 22x- 4
10. Solve the equation for x: 46x = 1:....

64
11. Find the values of cot 0 if cosO = ~ and sinO < O.

5
12. Graph y = log, (-x) and state the domain, range, intercepts, and asymptotes.
Continued
54
0-6
Exercise 24: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I
13. Prove this identity: _l_+tanx = secxcscx.

tan x
14. Sketch the graph ofy = 2sin(3x+ 3;).
15. Sketch the graph ofy = I X2 - 11.
16. Sketch the graph ofy = 4 + Ix - 21.
17. Solve the equation (x + 2)2= (x - 1)2+ X2.
18. Find an equation for the followingfunction.
19. Find the inverse of the functionf(x) = _3_.

x-2
20. Show that log(sin600) = l:(log 3-log4).

2
55
0-6
Exercise 25: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II
For questions 1 through 5, solve for x and check your solutions.
5. log 1 X + log 1(5x - 28) = -2

- -
7 7
For questions 6 through 8, solve for x to two decimal places.
6. 4x = 15
7. 52.>:-3 =8
8. 63x = 22x-3
9. Solve for x: 3x = 2· 52-x•
10. Verify: log.! = -log5.

5
For questions 11 through 14, solve the equations for x.
11. logx 10M = 3

2
12. log 127 = x

9
13. log., 0.0001 = x
14. log, 6 + log, 9 = log, X
Continued
56
0-6
Exercise 25: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II
15. Solve for x: 103%-1 = 1

10000
16. If 0 < e < 1t and sine = -J8 , find the exact value ofP(2e) on the unit circle.
2 9
17. Sketch y = x3•

18. Sketch y = 2 + (x - 3)3.
19. Convert 5.5 radians to degrees.
20. Several trig values of 8, measured in radians, on the interval [0, 2n] have the
value -../3 . One such value is sin 4n. Find all other possible answers.
2 3
""--
57
0-7,0-8
Exercise 26: Natural Logarithms
1. Find the value of:

1
b. eO.67
c. In(9.43) d. In(0.0036)
2. Sketch fix) = 2X and g(x) = 3X on the same axes. Where would the sketch of
hex) = e" fit?
3. Sketch fix) = ex,g(x) = ex-3, and hex) =e X

_ 3. State the domain, range,
intercepts, and asymptotes.
4. Sketch fix) = e". Sketch the inverse of fix) = e". State the domain, range,
intercepts, and asymptotes.
5. Use the laws oflogarithms to write In(f(x))as an expression of natural

logarithms.
6. Solve for x.
a. e-O.Olx = 27 b. eln(l-x) = 2x
d. e2x-1 = 5
7. A radioactive substance is decaying according to y = A(e-O.2t ) where y is the

amount of material remaining after t years.
a. If the initial amount A = 80 grams, then how much is left after three years?
b. The half-life of a substance is the time taken for half of it to decompose.
Find the half-life of this substance in which A = 80 grams.
8. Suppose that $1000 is invested at 10% interest, compounded continuously.

How long will it take for this investment to double?
9. Solve for n: 53n + 1 = 625.

9
10. Express in logarithm form: 22 = 16-J2.
Continued
58
0-7,0-8
Exercise 26: Natural Logarithms
2
he identit
11. P rove tel enti y: l-cos
2
(J = cos2(J .
see (J-l
12. Solve for x. Check: log, 8-12 = x.
13. Solve for x. Check: log5n25n2 = x.
14. Solve for x. Check: log5(3x + 1) + log5(x - 3) = 3.
15. Solve for x: log(x3 - 1)-log( X2 + x + 1) = 1.
16. Expand using the laws of logarithms.

4(x - 5)
I og------'--~
x3(x + 6)
17. Sketch the graph ofy = 3 + 2sin2(J.
18. S0Ive fior x: 5" = 62"-" .

-1 -
7 -"
19. Find values of A, B, and C such that a maximum of y = A sin(x + B) + C occurs

at (0, 0).
20. If sin( (J + :) + cos( (J - 7;) = P sin (J + Q cos (J, find numerical values for P and Q.
59
0-8
Exercise 27: Applications of the Exponential Function
1. Convert each expression into the logarithm of a single expression.
a. ~lnx-2In(x-1)-~ln(x2+1) b. In(x3-1)-ln(x2+x+1)
2. Solve for k. Leave in terms of natural logarithms.

a. 5000 = 50e2k b. A = Ae4k
3
3. A $5000 investment earns interest at the annual rate of 8.4% compounded

monthly.
a. What is the investment worth after one year?
b. What is the investment worth after 10 years?
c. How much interest was earned in 10 years?
d. What sum of money must be invested now so that $20 000 is available in
five years if the rate is 8.4% compounded monthly?
4. The population of gophers in a field can be modelled by the equation:

P = 100(1.1)n
where n is measured in years. Plot the graph for a 10-year period. How many
gophers will there be after 20 years? How long will it take for the gopher
population to double?
5. Suppose that $2000 is invested at 8%, compounded continuously. How long

will it take for the investment to triple?
6. A radioactive substance is decaying according to the formula:

y = Aekx
where x is time in years. The initial amount is A = 10 grams and eight grams
remain after five years.
a. Find k. (Leave your answer in natural logarithms.)
b. Estimate the amount remaining after 10 years.
c. Find the half-life to the nearest tenth of a year.
7. When the population growth of a city was first studied, the population was
22 000. Five years later, it was 24 000. If the population grows exponentially,
how long will it take for the population to double?
Continued
60
0-8
8. The pH of a substance is defined by:

pH = -log[ H+] where [H+] is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre.
If the pH of a substance is 6.62, find its ion concentration.
9. a. Sketch the graph of the function: y = 3-X
b. State the x- and y-intercepts.
. . . sinx cosx
10. Prove the Identity: --+-- = 1.
cscx secx
1
11. Solve and check: logx 9 = -2.
12. Solve and check: log 3 ( 27 ) = x.

"5 125
13. If 5(23 X
) = 471
- X, solve for x:
a. using logarithms to base 10.
b. using logarithms to base e.
14. Sketch the graph of y = 2 X

- 2.
15. On the same coordinate system, sketch the graphs of: y = x; y = x3; andy = Vx.
You may want to use a graphing calculator or make a table of values. What do
you observe?
17. Find all values of 8, 0 ~ 8 ~ 27rsuch that 5sin8 - 12cos28 + 10 = O.
1 1
18. Ifa+b = 8, and ab = 10, find the value of -+-.
a b
Continued
61
0-8
19. Multiple Choice. Which of the following is not equal to tanx?

a. tan(x + n) b. tanix - n)
20. Solve for x: -15x =- 7x2- 2x3•
62
E-1
Exercise 28: Counting Principles
Simplify the following. (Do not use a calculator.)
1. a. -7! (31)! 9! 10!

b. c. - d. --
6! (30)! 6! 6!4!
(k + 3)! 7!(r + 2)!r

2. a. b.
(k + 2)! 6!(r - I)!
3. Solve n! = 20(n - 2)!
4. a. Which of the following expressions is equal to n? (There can be several

answers.)
1.
n! n!
111.
(n + I)! n
11.
(n + I)! (n - I)! n! n+l
(ri + I)! n2(n - I)!

IV. v.
n! n!
b. Write two other expressions involving factorials which are equal to n.
5. A nickel and a dime are tossed on a table. In how many ways can they land?
6. If there are 12 runners entered in a race, in how many ways can first, second,
and third place be awarded?
7. Pizza Barn offers three choices of salad, 20 kinds of pizza, and four different
desserts. How many different three-course meals can one order?
8. A freshman student must take a modern language, a natural science, a social

science, and English. If there are four different modern languages, five natural
sciences, three social sciences, but each student must take the same English
course, how many different ways can she select her course of study?
9. Suppose that the executive of the Manitoba Association of Mathematics

Teachers consists of three women and two men. In how many ways can a
president and a secretary be chosen if:
a. the president is to be female and the secretary male?
b. the president is to be male and the secretary female?
c. the president and secretary are to be of the opposite sex?
Continued
63
E-1
Exercise 28: Counting Principles
10. There are five main roads between the cities A and B, and four between Band
C. In how many ways can a person drive from A to C and return, going
through B on both trips, without driving on the same road twice?
11. Multiple Choice. If fix) = x-3, then flex) is equal to

1
C. X 3
12. Prove the identity: sin" x - cos"X = sin'' x - cos'' x.
13. Solve and check: log, V4 = x.
14. Solve: 2(3l =5 xl

- .
15. Show that log(_2_)::/; log 2 .

1.08 log 1.08
16. Solve the equation for ()where 0 :::;;

():::;;
27r.
4cos2()-7cos()- 2 =0
17. A certain radioactive substance decays according to S = Soe-0.04t where So is

the initial amount of the substance and S is the amount of the substance left
after t years. If there were 50 grams of the radioactive substance to begin with,
how long will it take for half of it to decay?
18. Show that when 8 = 80e-<>·04' is solved for t, the result is t = -(25) In(:0).
19. The atmospheric pressure P at height h kilometres is given by P = Poe-kh.

The pressure at sea level is Po = 101.3 kPa.
a. IfP = 89 kPa when h = 1, find k.
b. Calculate the pressure at a height of 2 km.
20. Sketch fix) = -I X2 - 11.
64
E-2
Exercise 29: Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions
1. How many distinguishable permutations are there of the letters in the

following words?
a. AARDVARK b. BOOKKEEPERS
2. How many distinct ways can three red flags, two blue flags, two green flags,
and four yellow flags be arranged in a row?
3. How many different arrangements can be made using the letters in the word
TEETH, if the "word" must start with H?
4. Using the letters of the word FACTOR(without repetition), how many

four-letter code words can be formed:
a. starting with R?
b. with vowels in the two middle positions?
c. with only consonants?
d. with vowels and consonants alternating?
5. Manitoba license plate numbers consist of three letters followed by three

digits. How many different plates could be issued?
6. Consider the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. If repetitions are allowed, find

a. how many three-digit numbers can be formed.
b. how many three-digit numbers can be formed if the numbers must be less
than 600 and divisible by five.
7. How many ways can Amanda, Basil, Charles, Dennis, and Edna sit in a row if
Basil and Edna insist on sitting together?
8. How many ways can the people in the previous question be seated if Charles
and Edith insist on not sitting together?
9. How many ways can four married couples sit in a row on a park bench if
a. every husband and wife must sit together?
b. the men and women must alternate?
Continued
65
E-2
Exercise 29: Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions
10. North B The diagram shows a road map. The

,----,---,----.--
indicated route from A to B can be
described as WNNWWNW,meaning: "Go
East West one block west, two blocks north, two
blocks west, one block north, and one block
west." How many other routes are there
A South from A to B if you must stay on the roads?
11. Express in logarithmic form: (:9 r2

1
= 7.
12. Prove this identity: sec4x - tantx = 1 + 2tan2x.
13. Solve and check: logloo10 = x.
14. Use the laws oflogarithms to write in expanded form: log,( ";,~2J.
15. The line x - y + 2 = 0 intersects the circle X2 + y2 - 4 = 0 in two points. Find the
coordinates of these points.
17. Solve. Express your answer to one decimal place. 53x = 63

18. Solve the equation tan'' (J - tan (J - 4 = 0 for 0 $ (J$ 21r.
19. Find the 4th degree polynomial whose roots are 1, -1, ~, and 2.
20. The number of bacteria in a certain culture t hours from now grows according
to the formula: A = 800(3Y
a. What will be the bacteria count 3.12 hours from now?
b. When will the bacteria count reach 100 ODD?
66
E-2
Exercise 30: Permutations
1. Evaluate:
a. 5P2
2. Write an algebraic expression for:
b. n~
nPz
3. Solve for n: 2n + nP2 = 56

4. Three brothers and three sisters are lining up to be photographed. How many
arrangements are there:
a. altogether?
b. with brothers and sisters in alternating positions?
5. Five students walk into a French classroom with 10 desks. How many
different seating arrangements are possible?
6. Winnipeg Stadium has four entrances and nine exits. In how many ways can
two people enter together but leave by different exits?
7. How many ways can the offices of chairperson, secretary, and treasurer be
filled by members of a committee of eight people?
8. How many five-digit numbers can be found from 1,2,3,4,5 if:

a. the odd digits occupy the odd places?
b. the odd digits occupy the odd places in ascending order?
9. a. How many four-letter "words" are possible using the letters in

THURSDAY?
b. How many end in the letter Y?
c. How many do not start with an R and end with a Y?
10. Explain the meaning of sP3. Why does 3PS not make sense?
11. State the range of fix) = cos" x.
12. Express in exponential form: log5(~) = -1.
Continued
67
E-2
Exercise 30: Permutations
4
14. If log, x = n2 and log, b = -, show that n = -.1 (b > O,b"# 1).
n 4
15. Find the range and y-interceptrs) for the graphs off(x) = e-X
andg(x) = =e":
16. Solve for x: e2x-5 = 25.
17. Sketch the graph ofy = 2 - 2cos(~ x ).
18.
The line y = 1intersects the graph of y = sin x

2
at points A and B. Find the length of AB.
19. Sketch the graph of y = 1X2 - 41.

20. The horizontal line y = k intersects the graph of y = 1X2 - 41 in exactly three
points. What is the value of k?
68
E-2
Exercise 31: Circular Permutations
1. a. How many ways can eight people be seated around a circular table?
b. How many ways can they be seated if Bob and Raj insist on sitting next to
each other?
2. Five men and five women sit around a circular table, men and women
alternating. How many ways can this be done?
3. In both a science classroom and a history classroom there are 12 desks. In the
science class students are seated in a circle, and in the history class students
are seated in a row. Which classroom has the greater number of seating
arrangements?
4. How many ways can four beads of different colours be arranged to form a
bracelet?
5. How many ways can three good friends be seated together around a circular
table with 10 chairs if Brad refuses to sit beside them and five other people
are to be seated?
6. How many four-digit numbers larger than 5600 can be made using the digits
0,1,2,5,6,8,9?
7. Using the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 0 (no repetitions):

a. how many four-digit numbers are possible?
b. how many are divisible by five?
c. how many are even?
8. How many numbers less than 700 have no repetition of digits?
9. Using the digits 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5:

a. how many seven-digit numbers can be found?
b. how many are greater than 3 400 OOO?
c. how many are greater than 3 400 000 and divisible by five?
10. How many ways can five men and three women be arranged in a row if there
is a man at each end of the row?
Continued
69
E-2
Exercise 31: Circular Permutations
11. A class has 10 students. Three of them belong to the Scouts and always sit
together. Three others belong to Girl Guides and always sit together. The
desks in period one form a row of 10. The desks in period 2 form a circle of 10.
a. In which class do they have the greater number of seating arrangements?
b. If the number of circular arrangements is x, and the number of row
arrangements is y, what is x - y ?
12. Prove the identity: [sin" x+cos" xr = 1.
13. Simplify: 2 log, 3 + ~ log, 16.

2
3
14. Solve for x: eX = eXe4•
2 -
15. Sketch the graph off(x) = ex+ 1

• Then find the inverse off(x) graphically
and algebraically.
(n+2)! 57
16. Solve for n: (
8! n-2!
) = 16
17. Solve for n: (n + I)! - 30 = O.

(n -I)!
. 1
18. Solve for x if 5sm X =- and x E 9\.
5
19. Multiple Choice. Which of the following is not equal to sin x?
a. sin(x + 27r) b. sin(-x) c. cos(; -x) d. sin(x-67r)
20. Multiple Choice. Which of the following is not equal to cos x?
a. cos(x+ 27r) b. cos(-x) c. sin(~ -x) d. cos(x+7r)
70
E-2
Exercise 32: Permutations with Case Restrictions
1. There are 11 chairs in a row. In how many ways can five people be seated if
they sit in consecutive chairs?
2. A book collector has five different books by Dickens, three different plays by
Shakespeare, and three different novels by Danielle Steele. She also has a
short story by Margaret Laurence. How many ways can they be arranged on a
shelf if the books by each author are to be kept together?
3. a. How many ways can eight people be seated around a circular table if
George and Monica insist on sitting together?
b. If, in addition, Nicky and Brent refuse to be seated together, how many
ways can this be done?
4. How many ways can four boys and two girls sit in a movie theatre row (which
contains six seats), if
a. one boy must be seated on each end?
b. all the boys insist on sitting together?
5. a. How many five-letter "words" are possible using the letters in WINTER?
b. How many contain "I" as the second letter?
c. How many do not start with an E?
6. If all the letters in the word BARRIER are rearranged,

a. find the number of permutations.
b. find the number of arrangements beginning with the letter R.
c. find the number of arrangements beginning with exactly one R.
7. Eight boys are to be arranged in a row. Two particularly unruly boys are not
permitted to sit together nor are they allowed to sit at either end of the row.
How many ways can this be done?
8. How many four-digit numbers greater than 5364 are possible using the digits
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8?
9. A school bus can seat 14 people on each side of the aisle. The boys always sit
on the left; the girls always sit on the right. When the bus arrives at a stop, it
contains nine boys and seven girls. How many ways can four new boys and
five new girls be seated?
Continued
71
E-2
10. Six boys and six girls are walking counter-clockwise and single-file in a ring.
a. How many ways can they be arranged?
b. How many ways can they be arranged if the girls are all together?
c. How many ways can they be arranged with the boys and girls alternating?
11. Evaluate (sin :6)( cos ~~) - ( cos :6)( sin ~~). Express your answer as an
exact value.
12. Solve:
13. In which quadrant is P(4)?
14. Solve for x:

x =...!.
a. 9
27
15. Select the pair of functions that are equivalent:

a. fix) = (0.5y-4 b. fix) =- 24-x c. fix) = 2-(x - 4)
16. Solve and check: log, 2t + log, 3t = log, 24, (b > 0, b ::j:. 1).
17. Find the exact solutions of the equation:

2 sin'' ()+ cos()= 1 in the interval 0 $ ()$ 2Jr.
18. At 100oe, hot water cools in a room with temperature 200e according to
T = 20 + 80e-O·03t where T is temperature t minutes after cooling begins. How
long will it take for the water to cool to 400e in the room?
Continued
72
E-2
19. Write a sine and cosine equation for the sinusoidal graph given.
y
8
TC
-1 "6
-2
-3
-4
20. The electricity supplied to your house is called "alternating current" because
the current varies sinusoidally with time. The frequency of the sinusoid is 60
cycles per second. Suppose that at time t = 0 seconds the current is at its
maximum, i = 5 amperes.
a. Write an equation expressing current in terms of time.

b. What is the current when t = 0.01?
73
E-3
Exercise 33: Combinations
1. Evaluate:
a. 4C2
2. a. Evaluate sC2 and sC6•

b. Evaluate 5C2 and 5C3.
c. What do you notice about the answers in a. and b.?
d. Explain why nCr = nCn-r.
3. Solve the equations:

a. nC2 = nCS
4. Lotto 6-49 is a lottery in which one selects six numbers from 1 to 49. How
many ways can this be done?
5. On a college baseball squad, there are three catchers, five pitchers, seven
infielders, and seven outfielders. How many different baseball nines can be
formed?
6. a. A poker hand consists of five cards. How many different poker hands are
possible?
b. How many of them contain all red cards?
c. How many of them have exactly two hearts and two clubs?
7. How many different sums of money are possible using at least three coins from
a collection consisting of one penny, one nickel, one dime, one quarter, and one
loonie?
8. An investment club has a membership of four women and six men. A research
committee of three is to be formed. In how many ways can this be done if
a. there are to be two women and one man on the committee?
b. there is to be at least one woman on the committee?
c. all three are to be the same sex?
9. Suppose that a bag contains four black and seven white balls. (Assume the
balls are distinguishable; for example, they may be numbered.) In how many
ways can you draw from the bag a group of three balls consisting of
a. one black and two white balls?
b. balls ofjust one colour?
c. at least one black ball?
Continued
74
E-3
Exercise 33: Combinations
10. A lady gives a dinner party for six of her nine friends.
a. How many ways can she choose her six guests?
b. How many ways can she do this if Dorothy and Lori cannot attend
together?
12. Ten children are playing "Farmer in the Dell." One child stands in the centre
while the others form a ring around him. How many arrangements are
possible?
2
13. Prove the identity: 1+ tan2 8 = see" 8-l.
1+cot 8
14. How many arrangements can be made of the letters in BABBLING BABY?
15. Solve and check: log2(x - 1) + log2(x + 2) = 2.
16. Without using the change of base formula, evaluate log, 25 + log, \1512.
17. a. How many permutations can be made from the letters in CINCINNATI
OHIO?
b. How many begin with a T?
18. How many four-digit numbers greater than 5687 can be found using only the
digits 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 (no repetition is allowed).
19. If 0°< 8 < 45° and sin 8 = 2 , find exact values for:
3
a. sin28 b. cos28
20. If 0°< 8 < 45° and sin8 = 2, find exact values for:
3
a. sin38 b. cos38
75
E-4
Exercise 34: Binomial Theorem
1. Write the complete expansion for:

a. (a + b)3 b. (a + b)4
2. Write the complete expansion for (2x _ y)4.
3. Write and simplify the first three terms for each of the following:
a. (2x + 1)9 b. (2x2 - X)l1
4. Find the fourth term of ( 3a2

_ :) •
5. Find the 7th term of (a + b)10.
6. Find the 5th term of ( ~ - : J'.

7. Find the middle term of (2x - 2x
1 )12
8. Find the 6th term of (2y + X)l1.
9. Find the (r + 1)8t term of (3a _ 6!2 )9

10. Find the term containing x20 in (2x _X4)14.
11. A group of 15 treasure hunters comes to a clearing in the forest from which
there are three exits. It is decided that seven will go left, four go by the middle
route, and the rest go to the right. How many ways can this be accomplished?
12. How many different bracelets consisting of six beads can be made from 10
differently coloured beads?
13. A tennis club has 10 boys and eight girls as members.

a. How many matches are possible with a boy against a girl?
b. How many matches are possible with two boys against two girls?
c. How many matches are possible with a boy and girl against another boy
and girl?
Continued
76
E-4
Exercise 34: Binomial Theorem
14. The English alphabet consists of five vowels and 21 consonants.

a. In how many ways can a selection of letters be made consisting of two
different vowels and three different consonants?
b. How many "words" of five letters can be made from two different vowels
and three different consonants?
c. How many "words" of five different letters can be made if each "word"
contains at least three consonants? (Do not simplify).
15. a. How many ways can six people be seated around a circular table if two
particular people insist on sitting opposite each other, two insist on being
together, and the remaining two insist on being apart?
b. How many ways can this be done if there were eight chairs around the
table?
he identi secx+ 1
16. P rove tel entity: ---tan x
secx-1 tan x
17. A bacterial culture is growing according to the formulay = 10000eo.6x where x is

the time in days.
a. Find the number of bacteria after one week.
b. How long will it take for the culture to triple in size?
18. There are 23 teams in Division A of German soccer.

a. If each team plays each other team once, how many games will be played?
b. If each team plays each other twice (not necessarily in consecutive games),
how many games will be played?
19. Find the exact solutions of the equation: 2 cos8 = 3tan 8, 0 < 8 < 21!.
20. If $4000 is invested today, how much will it be worth after 10 years at an
interest rate of 8% if interest is compounded:
a. annually b. quarterly c. monthly d. daily e. continuously
77
E-2, E-3, E-4
Exercise 35: Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial Theorem
1. In how many ways can a dog team of five be chosen from 10 huskies and eight
retrievers, so that the majority of the dog team would be composed of
retrievers?
2. A baseball team is to be formed from a squad of 12 people. Two teams made up

of the same nine people are different if at least some of the people are assigned
different positions. In how many ways can a team be formed if
a. there are no restrictions?
b. only two of the people can pitch and these two cannot play any other
position?
c. only two of the people can pitch but they can also play any other position?
3. Write the complete expansion for ( 2x - ~ J

4. What is the 10th term of (x - 2y)20? Do not simplify.
5. Find the term containing x' in ( ; - :' r

6. Find the term with no xs in ( 2X4 - 2!2 )12
7. Find the term containing X14 in (2x - X2)11.
8. A student council consists of a president and eight other members. A yearbook

committee of five is to be selected from this group.
a. How many ways can this be done if the president must be on the
committee?
b. How many ways can this be done if the president is not on the committee?
9. A hockey team has nine forwards and three are needed to form a forward line.
a. How many possible forward lines involve their top goal scorer?
b. If Mario and Serge are two of the forwards, how many lines include at least
one of them?
c. How many lines involve their worst three players?
Continued
78
E-2, E-3, E-4
Exercise 35: Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial Theorem
10. How many different five-letter arrangements can be made from the letters in
JANUARY?
11. How many rectangles are formed when seven vertical lines are intersected by
four horizontal lines?
12. Solve for n in the equation: (n + 2)C4= 6(nC2).
13. Sketch the graph off(x) = (~J.Determine the domain, range, asymptotes,
and all intercepts. Compare this graph tog(x) = 5-X
•
14. Solve and check: log2a(4a2)3 = x.

15. Express as a product or quotient oflogarithms: log, 9.3 + log, 8.6 = log; 19.1.
16. A man and his wife invite four couples to dinner. After the host and hostess sit
at the table ends, the guests sit four to a side of the table. If men and women
alternate around the table and no man sits next to his wife, how many seating
arrangements are possible?
17. How many different signals consisting of seven flags can be made using three
white, two red, and two blue flags?
18. Without considering special cases, how many straight lines are determined by
nine points?
19. If a committee of five is to be selected from 12 persons,

a. find the number of ways this can be done if a particular person must be on
the committee.
b. find the number of ways this can be done if a particular person must not be
on the committee.
20. Use your calculator to solve the equation x - cos x = 0 for 0 :::;;x:::;; 21t'. State the
answer accurate to three decimal places.
79
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 36: Parabola
1. Sketch the graphs of the following parabolas:

a. 4x - y2 =0 b. 2x2 + Y =0 c. 4x + y2 =0 d. 2X2 - Y = 0
2. Sketch the graphs of the following parabolas. State the coordinates of the
vertex.
a. (y - 3)2 = 4(x + 5) b. (y + 2)2 = -4(x - 2)
3. Sketch the graph of the following parabolas. State the coordinate of the vertex.
a. (x - 2)2 = -8(y + 1) b. (x + 3)2 = 4y
4. Consider the parabola y2 - 20x + 2y + 1 = O. Find the coordinates of the vertex
and sketch the graph.
5. Consider the parabola X2 - 4x + 8y + 4 = O. Find the coordinates of the vertex

and sketch the graph.
6. Find the value of a if the the parabola y = ax2 passes through (2,5).
7. The parabola y2 - X + 4y + k = 0 passes through the point (12, 1). Find the
vertex of the parabola.
8. Find an equation for the axis of symmetry for the parabola (y - 2)2 = 8(x + 3).
9. Find an equation for the axis of symmetry for the parabola X2 + 4x + 2 - y = O.

10. Find an equation for the vertical parabola with vertex (2, -3) passing through
the point (9, -10).
11. How many arrangements can be made from the letters in the word DRAUGHT
if the vowels must not be separated?
12. From six huskies and seven retrievers, how many ways can one form a team of
five dogs if there must be four or five retrievers?
13. How many different bracelets consisting of five beads can be made from eight
differently coloured beads?
1
14. Solve for x: --1 = 64.
2%+
Continued
80
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 36: Parabola
15. Express in exponential form: log, 25 = 2.
16. Solve and check: log3x = 3 -log3(x + 6).
17. Find and simplify the term containing no xs in the expansion of (x + 2~) 12
18. P rove this id tit cosO

IS 1 en 1 y: -----
sinO = ---
sinO-1
cscO tan 0 see 0
19. How long will it take to double your money if it is invested at 9% and
compounded quarterly?
20. Solve for 0 over the real numbers: cot20 + 2 sin 0 = csc20 - 2.
81
125F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 37: Circle and Ellipse
1. Find the equation of a circle with centre (3, -1) and radius two units and
sketch.
2. Find the equation of a circle with centre at the origin and passing through the
point (4, -5).
3. Given two points A(6, -8) and B(-2, 4), find the equation of the circle whose
diameter is AB.
4. Find the centre and radius of each of the following circles and sketch:
a. X2 + y2 + 2x - 10y + 25 = 0 b. 4x2 + 4y2 + 4x - 12y + 1 = 0
5. Sketch the graphs of the following ellipses.

a. 3x2 + y2 = 12 b. X2 + 4y2 = 16
6. Sketch the graphs and state the coordinates of the centre for the following
ellipses.
a (x - 2)2 + ~ =1 b.
(x + 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 1
. 4 9 25 16
ellipses.
a. 4x2 + 9y2 - 16x + 90y + 205 = 0
b. 49x2 + 16y2 + 98x - 64y - 671 = 0
8. Find the centre of the ellipse with AB and CD as major and minor axes,
respectively. Then write the equation of the ellipse.
a. A(6, 0); B(-6, 0); C(O, 3); D(O, -3)
b. A(-4, 3); B(8, 3); C(2, 1); D(2, 5)
(x - h)2 (y - k )2
9. Show that the equation for an ellipse,
a
2 + b2 = 1, reduces to the
equation of a circle if a = b.
10. Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are (-4, 2) and (10, 2) and
whose minor axis has length 10.
n(n - 3)
11. Prove that the number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon is 2
Continued
82
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 37: Circle and Ellipse
12. Solve for n: 2n C3 = 44 .

nC2 3
13. Prove this identity: see" x csc" x = see" x + csc" x.
2
14. Solve for x: b" +x = 1.
15. How many numbers greater than a million can be formed with the digits
0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4? (Only the indicated repetitions are allowed.)
16. A circle has an area of 251l' units" and is tangent to both the x-axis and y-axis.
Find one possible equation for this circle.
17. Using the change of base formula, evaluate log516.
18. Given log, 2 = 0.63 and log, 5 = 1.465, use the laws oflogarithms to evaluate
5
log, -.
2
19. Solve the equation for ()where 0° :s; (}:s; 360°:

()
see 2" = -2.9413
20. • Y. Given the graph of fix):
x)
a. Graphy = 3 - 2fix)
b. Graph y = fi-x).
83
F-1, F-2, F-3
Exercise 38: Hyperbola
1. Sketch the graphs of the following hyperbolas.

a. y2 _ X2 = 1 b. 2x2 _ y2 =8
hyperbolas.
a.
v2
.t...- -
X2
- - 1 = 0 b. -(x + 6)2 + (y + 7)2 = 1
9 16 9 25
hyperbolas.
a. X2 - y2 + 4x + 16y - 69 = 0
b. 25x2 - 16y2 - 200x - 96y - 144 =0
4. A hyperbola has vertices at (4,0) and (-4,0), and one of its asymptotes has
slope ~. Find its equation.
5. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose centre is at (2, 1), one vertex is at
(2, -4), and the equation of one asymptote is 5x - 7y = 3.
6. Identify each of the following equations as representing a parabola, ellipse, or

hyperbola. State whether the graph is stretched or opens along the x-axis or
y-aXIS.
X2 y2
a. -+-=1 b. 2x2 - y2 + 32 =0
2 8
c. y2 = 12x d. X2 - 2y2 = 4
e. X2 + 4y =0 f. 3x2 + 2y2 = 18
7. Identify each of the following equations as representing:

i. Circle ii. Parabola iii. Ellipse IV. Hyperbola
a. X2 + 4y2 - 2x + 32y =-61
b. 4X2 - y2 + 90x + 8y + 200 = 0
c. 2x2 + 2y2 + 64x - 3y = 400
d. x = y2 + 4y + 2
Continued
84
F-1, F-2, F-3
8. a. On the same coordinate system, sketch the graphs of X2 - y2 = 2, X2 - y2 = 1,

and X2 - y2 = O.l.
b. Sketch the graph of X2 - y2 = o. Describe this graph in words.
9.
A rectangle is circumscribed around

the ellipse :6
2 2
+ ~ = 1, and a circle is
circumscribed around the rectangle.
Find the equation of the circle.
10.
P is the point (10, 0). A and B are on

the parabola y2 = kx. If the area of
L1 AOB is 40, find the value of k.
11. Simplify:
12. Solve for x: In(x + 5) + In 5 = In 65.
13. Express in exponential form: loglo 10000 = 4.
14. Prove the identity: _1_ + _1_ = 1

cos" () sin" () sin" ()- sin" ()
15. In how many ways can 10 examination papers be stacked so that the papers
with the highest and lowest scores never come together?
Continued
85
F-1, F-2, F-3
1
16. Show that log e = -1-.
n 10
17. Solve and check: 10g5(x + 1) - 10g58 = 10g5(x - 3) - 10g56.
18. Solve the equation cos x + 1 = sin x on [0, 2lr], using technology.
a. State your answer(s) to three decimals.
b. Examine your answers for part a. What do you suppose the exact answers
are? Confirm your guess by checking.
19. Solve the following equation where 0° ~ 8 ~ 360°:

3tan28-7sec8 =-5
20. Find the term containing x' in ( 2x' - 2~ r
86
G-1, G-2
Exercise 39: Sample Spaces
1. Sketch the sample space for each of the following events.

a. Tossing a coin.
b. Rolling a 6-sided die.
c. Tossing two coins simultaneously.
d. Rolling two 6-sided dice.
e. Tossing three coins simultaneously.
2. A bus is scheduled to arrive at a train station at any time between 07:05 and
07:08 inclusive. A train is scheduled to arrive between 07:07 and 07:09
inclusive. The arrival of a bus at 07:06 and a train at 07:09 can be represented
by the point (6, 9). Times are expressed in whole minutes.
a. Sketch the sample space for the situation described above.
b. How many points are there in the sample space?
c. How many points have the bus and train arriving at the same time?
d. What is the probability of the bus arriving after the train?
3. Classify the following events as independent or dependent.

a. Tossing a coin and rolling a die.
b. Cutting a deck of cards, removing a card, cutting the deck again, and
drawing another card.
c. Rolling a die two consecutive times.
d. Selecting a card from a deck of cards, replacing the card, and then selecting
another card from the deck.
4. If the probability that an event will occur is P, what is the probability that it
will not occur?
5. One card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
a. it will be a jack?
b. it will be a club?
c. it will be a jack of clubs?
6. A box contains three red balls and seven blue balls.

a. If one ball is drawn, what is the probability that it will be red?
b. If one ball is drawn, what is the probability that it will be blue?
c. What is the sum of these probabilities? Why?
7. In a single cast with two dice, what is the probability that the sum will be
a. less than five? b. five or less?
Continued
87
G-1, G-2
8. If one card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, what is the probability that it
will be a jack or higher? (Aces are high cards.)
9. Prove the identity: 1 + 1 = 2csc2x.

l+cosx 1-cosx
10. Solve and check: 10g3X2 + 10g3x3 = 10g316x.
12. Given that 10gb 3 = 0.613 and log, 4 = 0.774, find log, 108.
13. In the expansion of (p + q)lO:

a. write the first three terms and the last three terms.
b. what is the coefficient of the term containing p7?
c. which term contains q5?
d. how many terms are there in the complete expansion?
14. Complete the square and sketch the graph of: y2 - 12x - 4y + 40 = O.
15. Match each of the equations on the left with one of the geometric figures on
the right.
a. y = X2 + 3x - 2 circle
b. x + y2 = 5 ellipse
c. 4x2- 9y2 = 36 hyperbola
d. X2 + y2 + 6x + 8y = 4 parabola with horizontal axis of symmetry
e. y = 3x + 6 parabola with vertical axis of symmetry
f. 6x2 + 5y2 = 30 vertical line
g. y = 4 horizontal line
h. x =3 oblique line
16. If 20 g of a radioactive material decomposes exponentially to 14 gin 10 days:

a. find the half-life of the material.
b. find the amount left after 17 days.
17. Find all values of e, 0 ~ e ~ 2n such that:

a. sine = -0.419 b. tan e = -1.79
Continued
88
G-1, G-2
18. How many ways can 11 people be seated around two circular tables, one with
six chairs and the other with five chairs?
2
19. Solve the following equation if the domain is all real numbers: csc ~ - 1= 4
csc e 9
20. If $1200 is invested at 6% compounded semi-annually for 12 years, how much

would it be worth?
89
G-3
Exercise 40: Probability of Independent and Dependent Events
1. Two cards are drawn from a well-shufiled ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that they are both aces if the first card is
a. replaced.
b. not replaced.
2. A fair die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a 4, 5, or 6 on the first
toss and a 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the second toss.
3. One bag contains four white marbles and two black marbles; another contains
three white marbles and five black marbles. If one marble is drawn from each
bag, find the probability that
a. both are white
b. both are black
c. one is white and one is black.
4. One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced and a second
card is drawn from the pack. What is the chance
a. that both cards will be red?
b. that both cards will be hearts?
5. There are ten tickets in a hat, numbered from 1 to 10. If two tickets are drawn
without replacement, what is the probability that the sum of the numbers of
them will be odd?
6. If a coin is tossed three times, what is the probability that it does not fall
"tails" all three times?
7. A business woman wrote three letters and addressed three corresponding

envelopes. Her secretary put the letters in the envelopes without checking the
addresses. What is the probability that each letter was placed in its correct
envelope?
8. Write the first four terms of(2x3 -3y2f.
9. If a box contains two red, three white, and four blue marbles, what is the
probability that a marble drawn will be red or white?
10. A box contains five yellow candies and seven black candies. Only two candies
are drawn from the box. What is the probability that the two candies will both
be yellow or both be black?
Continued
90
G-3
Exercise 40: Probability of Independent and Dependent Events
11. Sketch a sample space for rolling two 4-sided dice.
12. Give an example of two dependent events.
13. What is the probability of getting an odd number on a single throw of a 6-sided
die?
14. What is the probability of getting a face card on a single cut of a deck of cards?
15. Find (to two decimal places) the area of the circle whose equation is:
X2 + y2 _ 8x - 4y + 19 = O.
16. Solve for x: 42x= 2x(x-2).
17. Compare the graphs of fix) = 2X and g(x) = 4(2X).
19. Find the middle term and the next term in (2 x _

3 2x
--;)10
20. Simplify: eln3-ln2•
91
G-3
Exercise 41: Combining Probabilities
1. If the probability of winning a game is J:.., what is the probability of not

winning the game? 31
2. A shootout consists of Teams A and B taking alternate shots on goal. The first
team to score wins. Team A has a probability of 0.3 of scoring with anyone
shot. Team B has a probability of 0.4 of scoring with anyone shot.
a. If Team A shoots first, what is the probability of Team B winning on its first
shot?
b. If Team A shoots first, what is the probability of Team A winning on its
third shot?
3. What is the probability of drawing a face card on a single cut of a deck of

cards?
4. What is the probability of getting a sum greater than nine on a single throw of
two dice?
5. A bag contains four red candies and seven black ones. Two candies are drawn
from the bag. What is the probability that they will both be red if the first
candy is eaten before the second one is drawn?
6. What is the probability of getting a king or a red card on a single cut of a

standard deck of 52 cards?
7. What is the probability of rolling a five with a die and tossing a head with a
coin?
8. What is the probability of two children in a two-child family both being girls?
9. What is the probability of drawing a red card and then a black card out of a
deck of 52 playing cards if the first card is not replaced before the second card
is drawn?
10. A track coach buys three stopwatches.

a. If one out of every 200 stopwatches is defective, what is the probability that
all three of the new stop watches are defective?
b. What is the probability that all three work properly?
11. Sketch the graph of 4x2 - 9y2 + 32x + 18y + 91 = O.
Continued
92
G-3
12. A bag contains five red balls and seven black balls. A ball is drawn from the
bag, replaced, and then a second ball is drawn. Are these events independent
or dependent?
13. Determine the probability p for each of the following events:

a. an odd number appears in a single toss of a fair die.
b. an ace, ten of diamonds, or two of spades appears in drawing a single card
from a well-shuffled, ordinary deck of 52 cards.
c. a tail appears in the next toss of a coin if, out of 100 tosses, 56 were heads.
14. Solve the equation for 0 ~ 8 ~ 21r. Give exact values for 8.
tan28 = sec8 + 1
15. Match each of the geometric figures below on the left with one of the equations
on the right.
a. circle 3x2+ 2y2 = 6
b. parabola 4x - 2y + 5 = 0
c. hyperbola y=x2-2x+3
d. ellipse X2 _ y2 = 1
e. semi-parabola x=3
f. horizontal line X2 + y2 =4
g. vertical line y =Ixl
h. oblique line y-2=0
l. a V-shaped figure y =.JX
16. Solve: log, x = O.
1.7 P rovet hee id tit cosx sinx

i en 1 y: -----=---
sinx-1
cscx tanx secx
Continued
93
G-3
18. Find the area of the shaded region.
19. Find the term containing -;. in

X
(2X7 _
3
~JI0
2x
20. Write 500 as a power of 11.
94
G-4
Exercise 42: Conditional Probability I
1. A student randomly selects one of the following three boxes with the number
of coloured marbles indicated:
a 3 red b. 3 red c. 2 red
2 blue 3 blue 3 blue
She then selects a marble at random from that box. What is the probability
that the marble will be red?
2. In room 1 there are 12 boys and eight girls. In room 2 there are seven boys
and nine girls. If I select a student at random from one of the rooms, what is
the probability that the student is a girl?
3. There are two boxes. Box 1 contains two red marbles and one green marble.
Box 2 contains one red marble and one blue marble. A box is selected at
random and then a marble is selected from that box. What is the probability
that the marble is red?
...••
4. Urn I contains five red, three white, and two blue marbles. Urn II contains
three red and seven blue marbles. We throw a die to determine which urn to
select. If the die shows a "I" or "2", we use Urn I, otherwise Urn II. A marble is
drawn at random from the chosen urn. Find PfR), pew), PCB).
5. There are three urns, I, II, III. Urn I contains three chips, numbered 1, 2, 3.
Urn II contains two chips, numbered 1, 2. Urn III contains two chips,
numbered 2, 4. An urn is chosen at random and a chip is drawn at random.
What is the probability that the chip drawn is numbered 2?
6. Referring to exercise 5:
a. find P(chip has an even number).
b. find P(chip has a number less than three).
7. Seeing two gum machines, a boy doesn't know which to use. He flips a coin to
decide. It happens that machine A gives three pieces with probability! ' and one
piece with probability: . Machine B gives one or two pieces equally
often. Find the probabilities that the boy receives one, two, or three pieces.
Continued
95
G-4
8. Kate and Jane playa simple game. Kate has two disks, each one red on one
side and green on the other. Jane has one such disk. At a given signal, Jane
and Kate each put a disk on the table. If they show the same colour, Kate
takes them both; if the colours are different, Jane takes both of them. They
play until one player has no more disks or until they have compared disks
three times.
a. Make a tree to show the progress of the game.
b. We know that the probability that Jane wins any particular play is .!.. Find
the probability that Jane wins the game. 2
c. Find the probability that Kate wins.
d. Find the probability that neither wins.
9. How many five-card hands can be dealt from a deck of 52 so that

a. four of the cards have the same face value?
b. three of the cards have the same face value and the other two have
different face values?
10. Solve for x: 7%+ 1 = 343.
11. A bag contains five red marbles, six blue marbles, and seven yellow marbles.
a. Sketch a sample space for drawing two marbles from the bag.
b. Does it make a difference to the sample space if the marble is replaced or
not after each trial?
c. If each marble is not replaced, are the events dependent or independent?
d. What is the probability that the first marble out of the bag is red or blue?
12. If the probability that the Blackhawks will win the Stanley Cup is ~ and that
the Maple Leafs will win the Cup is 4 , what is the probability thateither the
9
Hawks or the Leafs will win the Cup?
13. If the probability of Man of War winning a race is ..!. and the probability of
Citation winning the same race is ~, what is the p~obability that either
7
Man of War or Citation will win this race?
14. What is the probability that neither of the horses mentioned will win the race
in question 13?
Continued
96
G-4
15. Complete the following:

a. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P(AAND B) = _
b. If A represents the complement of A, then P(A)+ P(A) = _

c. For two independent events A and B, peA and then B) = _
d. For two dependent events A and B, peA and then B) = _
16. Sketch the graph of: 25x2 - 49y2 - 150x - 196y - 1196 = O.
17. Prove this identity: see e - tan e sin e = cos e.

18. Solve and check: log, 25 = -2.
19. If log2(cos x) = log3(~) and 0 ::;;e ::;;

2Jr, find the value(s) of x.
20. What is the sum of the angles in a 10-sided polygon?
97
G-4
Exercise 43: Conditional Probability II
1. Twin brothers, Ed and Jim, deliver the evening newspaper six nights a week.
Ed delivers on two nights, chosen at random, and Jim on the other nights. Thej
ride by a house on their bicycles and throw the newspaper onto the porch. The
probability that Ed hits the door is 3 , and the probability that Jim hits the
5
door is ~. One night, while Mr. Jones is watching TV before dinner, he hears
10
a paper crash against the door. He sighs to Mrs. Jones, It must be Ed's night
with the papers. What is the probability that he is right?
2. A factory has four machines producing axe handles. Machine I produces 30% of
the output; machine II produces 25%; machine III produces 20%; and machine
IV produces the rest. Defective handles produced by each machine are 5%, 4%,
3%, and 2%, respectively. A handle chosen at random from the total output of
the factory is examined and found to be defective. What is the probability that
it was made by machine I?
3. In a two-year college, 60% of the students are freshmen, and 40% are
sophomores. Of the freshmen, 70% are boys. Of the sophomores, 80% are boys.
A student is chosen at random. Find the probability that the student is
a. a girl.
b. a freshmen, given that a girl was chosen.
4. It is known that 10% of a population has a certain disease. A blood test for the
disease gives a correct diagnosis 95% of the time. The test is equally reliable
for persons with or without the disease. What is the probability that a person
whose blood test shows the disease actually has the disease?
5. Seeing two gum machines, a boy doesn't know which to use. He flips a coin to
decide.
It happens that machine A gives three pieces with probability.! and one piece
5
with probability 4 . Machine B gives one or two pieces equally often. The boy
5
uses one machine without noticing which one. He receives one piece of gum.
What is the probability that he used machine A?
6. There are three urns, I, II, III. Urn I contains three chips, numbered 1, 2, 3.
Urn II contains two chips, numbered 1, 2. Urn III contains two chips,
numbered 2, 4. An urn is chosen at random and a chip is drawn. What is the
probability that Urn II was selected, given that the chip drawn is numbered "2"?
Continued
98
G-4
7. The probability that Jane will be on time for her math class on Day 1 is .!..
4
However, if she is on time one day, she is less concerned about punctuality the
next day and the probability of punctuality is .!.. If she is late one day she makes
2
a greater effort the next day and the probability of punctuality is ~. If Jane is
4
on time on Monday, find the probability that she is on time on Wednesday.
8. Solve for x: eln(4x - 1) = 7.
9. Graph: Y=3CO{X- ~}
10. Solve for x: a= - 4) = 243.
11. The probability that Gallant Fox will win the first race is 2 and that Nashua
5
will win the second race is .!.. What is the probability that both horses will win
their respective races? 3
12. What is the probability that both horses mentioned in question 11 will not win
their respective races?
13. What is the probability of drawing any ace or the queen of hearts from a deck
of cards?
14. Here is a game you might play. An urn contains seven red and three green
balls. You are to select a ball, note its colour, and replace it. Your opponent is
then to select a ball. R, is the event that you select red; R, is the event that
your opponent selects red; Gy is the event that you select green, etc. You win if
the ball your opponent selects has the same colour as the ball you selected.
What is your probability of winning? Make a tree diagram of possible
outcomes.
15. Graph fix) = log, (X2) and state the domain, range, intercepts, and asymptotes.
16. Solve and check: 1 - log(x - 4) = log(x + 5).
Continued
99
G-4
17. The area of the ellipse :2

2 2
+ ~ = 1 is given by ttab, What is the area of the
ellipse 25x2 + 9y2 - 225 = O?
18. This is the graph of fix). Make a graph of g(x) = 2fix + 1) - 2.
19. Prove the identity: sin( a - fJ)· cos fJ + cos(a - fJ)· sin fJ = sin a.
20. If.!< loglo X < 2, what are the possible values for x?
2
100
G-5
Exercise 44: Probability Using Permutations and Combinations
1. What is the probability of holding all four aces in a five-card hand dealt from a
standard 52-card deck?
2. Three people form a lineup at the grocery store. What is the probability that
they line up in descending order of age?
3. A committee of five people is to be selected from 10 males and eight females.

What is the probability that there are exactly three males on the committee?
4. A family of five children is known to have at least two girls. What is the
probability of this family having exactly four girls?
5. Five books, each of a different colour, including one red and one green book,
are placed on a shelf. What is the probability of the red book being at one end
and the green book at the other?
6. Nine horses are entered in a race. What is the probability of choosing the first,
second, and third place finishes in order?
7. The school yearbook is to be produced by a committee of two boys and three

girls, chosen by lot from five boys and six girls. One of the boys is the
boyfriend of one of the girls. What is the probability that both will be chosen to
be on the committee?
8. What is the probability of getting exactly four face cards when drawing five
cards from a standard deck of cards?
9. If the letters in TORONTO are rearranged, what is the probability that the Ts
are together?
10. If all the letters in BANANAare rearranged, what is the probability that the
Ns are not together?
11. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing six red balls, four white balls,
and five blue balls. Determine the probability that it is
a. red b. white c. blue
d. not red e. red or white
Continued
101
G-5
Exercise 44: Probability Using Permutations and Combinations
12. The probability that Tony will purchase a house in Winnipeg is 2. The
9
probability that if he moves to Winnipeg he will marry Angelina is JL. What is
20
the probability that Tony will settle in Winnipeg and marry Angelina?
13. What is the probability of rolling a three or a five with one roll of a die?
14. John is writing a math test. He estimates that the probability of getting the
answer to the next question correct if the previous one was correct is 4. However,
5
if the previous answer was wrong, the probability of getting the next answer
correct is only 2. If the probability of getting the answer to the first question
5
correct is ~, find
4
a. the probability that the answer to the second question is correct.
b. the probability that the answer to the third question is correct.
15 . P rove t his 1 entity: tan" x + 1

IS identi = sec2 x - tan x.
tan z + 1
( 5)2 (+ 1)2
16. Sketch the graph of: x ;6 + y 64 = 1.
17. Solve for (J over the real number set for: tan" (J + 4 sin (J = see" (J - 2.
18. Alaine wishes to invest $8000 for five years so that she will have a final
amount of $12 500. If the money is compounded semi-annually, what interest
rate is required for this investment?
19. There are 20 students in a senior class who need to register for a science class.
Unfortunately, there are only eight spaces left in biology, six in physics, and
six in chemistry. How many ways can the classes be filled?
20. Use the change of base formula to evaluate the logarithm to six decimal
places: log, 92
, 102.
H-l
Exercise 45: Geometric Sequences
1. For each sequence below, indicate whether it is geometric, arithmetic, or

neither. If it is geometric, give the value of r (the common ratio) and if it is
arithmetic, give the value of d (the common difference).
a. 4, 6, 8, 10, ... b. 3, 6, 12, 24, ... c. 18, 15, 12, 9, .
d. 80, 40, 20, 10, e. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... f. 2, -fB, 4, -/32, .
g. 1, -5, 25, -125, .
2. Consider the exponential function fix) = 3x• Find fi1), fi2), fi3), fi4). What type
of sequence is this?
3. Write the first three terms of the geometric sequences generated by each of the
following exponential functions:
a. fix) = 2 X
b. g(x) = 4x- 1
c. hex) = 2·3x d. F(x) = 16(~J
4. Write exponential functions which generate each of the following geometric

sequences:
a. 4, 8, 16, 32, ... b. 6, 18, 54, 162, ...
5 5
c. 1, -2, 4, -8, 16, ... d. 10,5, 2' 4' ...
th
5. a. Find the 8 term of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ...
b. Find the nth term of the above sequence.
6. A sum of $10 000 is invested at 6% compounded annually.

a. What is the value of the investment at the end of years 1, 2, 3?
b. What is the value of the investment at the end of year n?
c. How many years will it take for the investment to double?
7. If a, b, c form a geometric sequence, show that log a, log b, and log c form an
arithmetic sequence.
8. What is the value of 61og6 17?
9. If 0 < k < it, and log( cos k) = log 3 - log 4 , find k.

2
10. If two dice are thrown together, what is the probability that their sum will be
greater than eight?
Continued
103
H-1
11. Find the value of csc8if tan 8 > 0, and cos8 = _15.
17
12. Match each of the equations on the left with one of the geometric figures on
the right.
a. X2 + y2 - 2x + 6y = 0 ellipse
X2 y2
b. 4 - 9= 1 circle
c. 2x(x + 3) = y parabola
d. ~ + L = 1 semi-parabola
2 3
e. 3x2 + 2y2 - 5 = 0 hyperbola
f. y=.,,)x-2 line
13. A bucket contains five white balls and three black ones. Two balls are drawn.
a. If the first ball is not replaced before the second one is drawn, what is the
probability that one will be white and one will be black?
b. If the first ball is replaced before the second one is drawn, what is the
probability that one will be white and one will be black?
14. An unusual genetic trait occurs in 0.1% of the population. The reliability ofa
test to discover the trait is: if the person has the trait then the test is positive
95% of the time, but the test is also positive 2% of the time for those who do
not have the trait.
a. Construct a tree diagram to represent the population and the testing
reliability for the genetic trait.
b. If a person is selected at random, what is the probability that the person
will test positive?
c. If a person is selected at random, what is the probability that the person
will have the trait and test positive?
d. If a person is selected at random, what is the probability that the person
who tests positive has the trait?
.. sin38+csc38 .
15. Prove the identity: = sin'' 8 + cot"8.
sinfl+ csc8
16. Solve and verify: log7(2x+ 2) - log7(x- 1) = log7(x+ 1).

Continued
104
H-1
17. Solve the equation for ()where 0 ~ ()~ 2n:

4 cos()+ 1 _ 2 cos()- 1 = 1
3 2
18. Given fix) as per diagram:
-5
Find an equation which represents the function fix).
19. True or false? (Show your proofl)

a
logs 2" = logs a-2log5 b
b
20. a. How many bracelets can be made by putting six different-coloured beads on
a ring if 10 different colours are available?
b. How many are there if the red and green beads must be used?
105
H-2
Exercise 46: Geometric Series
1. For each of the following, write the series in expanded form and find its sum.
5 6 4
a. L2k c. L(2k-4) d. L2k

k=l k=l k=l
5 4
2. Write L 12(2)k-3 and L3(2k) in expanded form. What do you observe?
k=2 k=l
3. Write the following series using sigma notation.

a. 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 b. 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 + 20
c. 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + 48 d. -1 + 4 - 9 + 16 - 25 + 36
4. Examine the series in question 1 above. Which of these series are arithmetic?
Which are geometric?
5. Consider the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ...

a. Find the 8th term.
b. Find the sum of eight terms.
6. Consider the geometric sequence with t1 = 1000 and r = 1.05.

a. Write the first three terms.
b. Find the sum of the first 20 terms, expressing your answer to two decimal
places.
7. Find the sum of the first 10 terms for each of the following series. If the
numerical answer is not an integer, state it accurate to two decimal places.
a. 1 + 2 + 4 + ... b. 128 + 64 + 32 + ...
8
c. 8 + 12 + 18 + 27 + ... d. 24 + 8 + - + ...
3
17 6 15
8. Evaluate L8(1.2)k 9. Evaluate L-k
k=3 k=12
10. Find the probability of:

a. getting a card lower than a six on a single cut of a deck of cards.
b. getting a sum of five on a single throw of two dice.
c. getting four heads on four successive tosses of a coin.
Continued
106
H-2
Exercise 46: Geometric Series
11. In earlier mathematics courses, you learned that the sum of an arithmetic
series is: S = n (t1 + tn). Use this to find:
2
20 40
a. I(3k+ 1) b. I(2k-6)
k=l k=4
12. Which of the following pairs of events would you classify as independent?
a. Rolling a die and cutting a deck of cards.
b. A worker is well trained. A worker meets the production quota.
c. Two consecutive tosses of a coin.
d. Drawing two balls from a bag of seven red balls and three blue balls if the
first ball is not replaced before the second draw.
13. Solve for x: 3(52x - 1) = 75.
14. Graph fix) = -log(x - 3). State the domain, range, intercepts, and asymptotes.
he identity:
1.5 P rove tel . --+--
sin x cos x .
= sm 2
x+cos 2 x.
cscx secx
16. Solve and check: 31og24 = x.
17. A circle has its centre in Quadrant I and cuts the x-axis at (1,0) and (7,0). If
the centre lies four units above the x-axis, find the equation of the circle.
(2~2_ 8
3
18. a. Find the first three terms of 4x ) •
b. Find the first term that does not have an x in the denominator.
19. How many five-card hands can be formed from a deck of 52 cards with only
one pair the same and the other three cards having different face values?
20. Solve and check: log(2x + 1) -log(x + 3) = o.
107
H-3
Exercise 47: Infinite Geometric Series
1. Consider the series 4 + 2 + 1+ .!. + ...

2
a. Find the sixth term.
b. Find the sum of six terms.
c. Find, to four decimal places, the sum of 10 terms.
d. Find the sum to infinity.
2. Find the sum for each of the infinite geometric series:

8 8 3 3
a. 8+-+-+ ... b. 6-3+---+ ...
3 9 2 4
8 111
c. 6+4+ 3 + ... d. 1--+---+ ...
248
3. Find:
a.
~ 16
L-k
2
k=1
b. f 1~
k=23
4. A 4-by-4 square is divided into four congruent

squares. The bottom left square is shaded. The
top right square is divided into four congruent 1111111111111
squares and the bottom left is shaded. This
process is repeated indefinitely. What is the
total area shaded?
5. A square measures 4 by 4. The midpoint of

its sides are joined to form a new square.
This process is continued indefinitely. What
is the sum of the perimeter of all the
squares?
Continued
108
H-3
c
6. ~ ABC is a right triangle with L. A = 30°, L. C = 60°,
and BC = 10. A flea at B travels along a line
perpendicular to AC. When it reaches AC, it turns
and travels back to AB, taking the perpendicular
route. It travels back and forth between AB and AC
in this manner until it reaches A. How far does it
travel?
7. A ball is dropped from a height of two metres. Each time it strikes the ground,
it rises three-quarters of the distance it has fallen.
a. How far does it rise after it strikes the ground the third time?
b. How far does it travel before it comes to rest?
8. Find:
10
b. L 15(1.6t
k=2
9. An organization sets up a telephone LEVEL 1
tree. Each employee phones exactly

two other employees. How many LEVEL 2
levels (see diagram) are needed to
reach all 1000 employees? LEVEL 3
10. If a, b, c form an arithmetic sequence, prove that 2a, 2b, 2 is a geometric

C
sequence.
11. On a single cut of a deck of cards, what is the probability of getting a heart or
a queen?
12. Five men check their coats at a wedding reception but lose their tickets. If the
coats are handed out in a random way, what is the probability that each gets
his own coat?
13. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3(2.>:-2)- 1. State the intercepts, the domain, and
range.
Continued
109
H-3
_~ 1
14. Express in logarithm form: 81 2 = -.
9
15. Prove that sin20+ sin40+ sin60+ ... = tan20.
16. A multiple choice test has 20 questions with five choices for each question. If a
student guesses every answer, what is the probability of getting 18 out of 20
on the test?
17. Solve and verify. Express your answer to one decimal place.
18. Solve the equation for 0 where 0° $ 0 $ 360°: -J3 - tan 40 = O.
19. Complete the square and sketch the graph of: X2 - 9y2 + 6x = O.
20. Solve for x: log7(x + 1) + log7(x - 5) = 1.
110
Exercise 48: Review I
1. A committee of five shareholders is to be chosen by lot from seven men and

five women. What is the probability that the committee will consist of three
men and two women?
2. If a coin is tossed twice, what is the probability that it will land on "tails" both
times? If two coins are tossed simultaneously, what is the probability they will
both show "tails"?
3. For a given e, cot e > 0 and sine =- 172 ' find sec e.
4. Find the probability of getting a face card or a heart on a single cut of a deck
of cards.
tan x 1+ secx 2
5. Prove the identity: + =
1 + secx tanx sin x
6. Solve and check: log, Vi6 = x.

1 2
7. Solve and check: In x = "2ln 4 + SIn 8.
8. Graph y = 2 and find the domain, range, zeroes, and y-interceptts).

X
9. Write as a single logarithm: ~ (log, A + 3 log, B) - 2 (logs C + log, D).
10. Given that log, 2 = p, log, 3 = q, and log, 5 = r, find log, ~~ in terms of p, q,
and r.
11.
y = fix)
Multiple Choice. The diagram at the left represents y = fix). The diagram at
the right represents
a. v = I fix) I b. y=filxl) c. y=-fix) d. y=fi-x)
Continued
111
Exercise 48: Review I
12. The sum of an infinite geometric series is 30. If the common ratio is
the first term.
!, find
13. Find the centre of the ellipse 2X2 + 3y2 - 6x + 18y - 12 = O.
14. a. How many arrangements can be made using all the letters in the word
CHEESE?
b. If one of these arrangements is chosen at random, what is the probability
that it starts and ends with an E?
15. 4
-4
Write an equation for this curve using

a. the cosine function. b. the sine function.
5 25 125
16. Consider the geometric series: -1 + 4 - 16 + 64 - ...
Sue said that the sum to infinity was four. Do you agree? Explain.
3
17. Express 5" revolutions in
a. degrees. b. radians.
3 rr 5 tt
18. Ifsina= 5",0 < a < 2' and sinf3= 13,0 < f3 < 2' find cos(a + f3).
19. You are dealt a seven-card hand. What is the probability that it consists of two
pairs and three of a kind? For example, one hand could be two kings, two 3s
and three 7s. Do not simplify your answer.
20. Find an exact value for (tan rr +cos rr)sin 7rr.

363
112
Exercise 49: Review II
1. a. Give a sample space which describes the result of tossing a coin four times.
b. Use the sample space to find the probability of getting at least three tails
when a coin is tossed four times.
2. Prove the identity: tanx + 1 = sinx + C?sx.

1- tanx cosx - smx
3. Four cards are dealt from a standard deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
that the hand contains exactly two face cards.
4. A square has vertices (-4, 1), (2, 1), (2, 7), (-4, 7). Find the equation of the
circle which is inscribed in this square.
5. Find the solution(s) and check.

log5(x2 + 2x + 5) - log5(x - 5) =2
6. Find the exact values of ()for the equation where 0 ~ ()~ 21t.
tan'' ()= tan ()
7. Solve for ()over the real numbers: tan" ()- see()- 1 = o.

8. Write an equation representing this semicircle:
y.
9. Use the laws of logarithms to write as a natural logarithm: {(x) = x-J X2 + 1
10. Find the values of ()for the equation whose domain is all real numbers:
2 sin'' ()- sin ()= 3
11. If two dice are thrown together, what is the probability that they will give a
sum of eight?
Continued
113
Exercise 49: Review II
12. Solve for x: (%T = 8.
13. a. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability of throwing a five first and
then a four?
b. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that one throw will give a
five and the other a four?
14. Evaluate: log 1 32.

2
15. Prove this identity: tan a + cot a = sec a csc a.
16. Solve and check: 31og3 x = 4.

17. Rewrite the expression in a form with no logarithms of products, quotients, or
powers:
18. a. On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of the equations X2 + y2 = 9 and
2X2 + y2 = 13.
b. Verify your answer by solving the system algebraically.
19. a. How many ways can 11 children sit in a row if three good friends must be
together?
b. How many ways could this be done in a circle?
20. Sketch the graph of:

a. y = log2x
21. If P(8) = (-3-'

-~ --fil
-3-)' find the exact value of sin(8 + n).
114
Exercise 50: Review III
• 10 24
1. FlndI~.
k=3 2
2. Solve -J2x+ 1--Jx+4 = 1.
3. Sketch the graph of I x I + Iy 1=4.
3
4. If 00 < 8 < 1800, and cos8 = - -, find exact values for:
4
a. sin28
b. cos28
5. The line x + y = 8 intersects the circle (x - 1)2+ y2 = 25 at points A and B. Find

the coordinates of these points.
6. If C is the centre of the circle in question 5, find the measure of L ACB to the
nearest tenth of a degree.
7. For a period of its life, a tree grows according to the formula D = Doekt where D
is the diameter in centimetres of the tree t years after the beginning of the
period. After two years, the diameter of the tree is 15.62 cm. After five years,
the diameter is 21.724 cm. Find the value of Do and k.
8. Find log, 200. (Express your answer with four decimal places of accuracy.)
9. How many digits are there in the number 45362?
8:::;;2n: sin 8 + 2 sin 8 cos8 = O.

10. Solve for 0 :::;;
11. Write and simplify the first three terms in the binomial expansion Of(2x _ ~ y)7.
12. Three boys and three girls are sitting on a bench. How many arrangements
are possible if the sexes must alternate?
Continued
115
Exercise 50: Review III
14. Consider a geometric sequence where t3 = 16 and t5 = 10.

a. Find r.
ee
b. Find L/k. Give your answer accurate to two decimal places.

k=l
16. Suppose a, b, and c form a geometric sequence. If abc = 8, find b. Is it possible

to find a and c?
18. How many four-letter "words" can be formed using four of the letters from the
word CANADIAN?
19. If logM = x and log.M = y, prove that logabM=~.

x+y
2cos28
20. Prove that = cot 8 - tan 8.
sin 28
116

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SENIOR 4

510 Senior 4 pre-calculus mathematics. Cumulative

1. Mathematics-Problems, exercises, etc.

Copyright © 2000, the Crown in Right of Manitoba as represented by the Minister

Senior 2-4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Revision Committee

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Cumulative Exercises Committee

Senior 4 Pre-Calculus Mathematics Field Validation (Pilot) Project (1997-2000)

*Until June 1998 **Until June 1999

Don Nichol* Whitemouth School Agassis S.D. No. 13

*Until June 1998 **Until June 1999

Manitoba Education and Training Staff

Exercise New Topic Presented Outcome(s)

1 Degree and Radian Measure 1 A-I

2 The Unit Circle 3 A-2

3 Special Angles and the Trigonometric Functions 5 A-3

4 Solving Trigonometric Equations on a Specified Interval 7 A-4

5 General Solution of Trigonometric Equations 9 A-5

6 Graphing Circular Functions 11 A-6

8 Horizontal and Vertical Stretches 16 B-2

9 Symmetry, Reflections, and Inverses 19 B-3

10 Graphing Reciprocals 22 B-4

11 Graphing Absolute Values 25 B-5, B-6

12 Practice with Transformations 27 B-6

13 Transformations with Trig Functions 30 B-7

14 Trigonometric Identities I 33 C-l

15 Trigonometric Identities II 35 C-l

16 Sum and Difference Identities I 37 C-2

17 Sum and Difference Identities II 39 C-2

18 Double Angle Identities 41 C-2

19 Exponential Functions 44 D-l

20 Solve Exponential Equations 46 D-2

Exercise New Topic Presented Outcome(s)

21 Logarithmic Functions 48 D-3, D-4

22 Logarithmic Theorems I 50 D-5

23 Logarithmic Theorems II 52 D-5

24 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations I 54 D-6

25 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations II 56 D-6

26 Natural Logarithms 58 D-7, D-8

27 Applications of the Exponential Function 60 D-8

28 Counting Principles 63 E-1

29 Permutation with Repetitions and Restrictions 65 E-2

31 Circular Permutations 69 E-2

32 Permutations with Case Restrictions 71 E-2

34 Binomial Theorem 76 E-4

35 Permutations, Combinations, and Binomial

36 Parabola 80 F-1, F-2, F-3

37 Circle and Ellipse 82 F-1, F-2, F-3

38 Hyperbola 84 F-1, F-2, F-3

39 Sample Spaces 87 G-1, G-2

40 Probability of Independent and Dependent Events 90 G-3

41 Combining Probabilities 92 G-3

42 Conditional Probability I 95 G-4

Exercise New Topic Presented Outcome(s)

43 Conditional Probability II 98 G-4

44 Probability Using Permutations and Combinations 101 G-5

45 Geometric Sequences 103 H-l

46 Geometric Series 106 H-2

47 Infinite Geometric Series 108 H-3

50 Review III 115

• The cumulative nature of these exercises is designed to allow students to

• As the course progresses, students frequently are asked to explain their

Exercise 1: Degree and Radian Measure

1. Convert the following to radian measure, expressing your answer in terms of n: