Curso de Inglés

intermedio B2
Oraciones
relativas
Rene F. Lora
Introduction to the
Course
 Credentials

● Bogota, Colombia
● C2 level of English / CEFR
● 8+ Years of Teaching Experience
● Degree in Linguistics
● Translated/Edited documents
 In this course you will learn:

● How to work with and use infinitives

● Mention rules and instructions
● Report what others say
● Emphasize or summarize
 In this course you will learn:

● Clear up misunderstandings
● Describe and clarify by adding
information
● Ask politely
● Express reason and probability
● Contrast and compare information
Different Contexts

At the office At a hotel

Different Contexts

At the restaurant’s
At the hospital
kitchen
Remember to pause before
listening to the answer

PAUSE
 Practice
Exercise!

What is your
experience with
the mentioned
Q
concepts in
different situations? A
Post your answers in the comment section!
 Working
with Infinitives
Purpose and Intention
In order to / So as to
 Why do you use Microsoft
WORD?

In order to...

edit documents
do my Practice Exercise
write my paper
 Infinitives

Often called the basic form of the verb.

It is usually presented as to + verb.
It can also be just the verb in some
contexts.

to walk
walk
 In order to / So as to

We use these expressions to talk about

why we do something or to express
what our intentions are when doing it.

We use an infinitive verb after these

expressions.
Often, “so as to”, is used in very formal
settings.
 Examples

To talk about purpose

John asked me for the stapler in order
to bind some papers.

To express intent
I’ll send the email so as to get them
notified.
 Examples

To express negative intent

In order not to make a mess, Julia
drinks her coffee in the kitchen.

I have saved the document in the cloud

so as not to lose my progress.
You practice!
In order to call abroad, you
have to dial 5 first
Click on the link so that it
opens in a new window
 You should
arrive
early...

so as not to upset
your boss.
so as to start work on
time.
so as to keep your job
safe.
 Why do you have
post-it-notes on your desk?

So as to remind myself
of tasks.
In order to paste them
on my computer.
In order to leave a note
to my coworker.
 Practice
Exercise!
What tools do you
have at work and why
do you use them?

Why do you do the

tasks you do at work?

Post your answers in the comment section!

Using “in order to” /
“So as to”
Infinitives as Subject
and Complement
 Subjects and Complements

The most important thing is to turn the

key to the right.

To exercise is a choice you make

 Nuances or Variations

Normally the infinitives as subjects are

expressed with the pronoun IT:

It is forbidden to smoke on the plane

To smoke is forbidden on the plane

 Instructions and suggestions

Infinitives are often

used for the previous
reasons.
Crush the garlic cloves
to peel them easily.
It is advised to remove
all metallic elements to
heat food.
You practice!
 Organize the instructions to
open a restaurant
● Use the keys to open the
doors of the restaurant.
● Make a list of groceries to
know which ones to buy.
● It is important to wash the
food before you cook it.
● Go to the supermarket to
buy the food.
● Use the dishes to serve.
● Look for the switch to turn
on the light.
1. Use the keys to open the
doors of the restaurant.
2. Look for the switch to turn
on the light.
3. Make a list of groceries to
know which ones to buy.
4. Go to the supermarket to
buy the food.
5. It is important to wash the
food before you cook it.
6. Use the dishes to serve.
Organize the words to
describe the picture

for room service

The front desk number is necessary
The front desk number
is necessary to ask for room service
to ask
Organize the words to
describe the picture

to show ID
It is mandatory to show ID
the office building
to enter the office building
It is mandatory
to enter
Organize the words to
describe the picture

Wash hands
Wash hands with water and soap
to enter to enter the surgerywith
roomwater and soap
the surgery room
Organize the words to
describe the picture

your rings
It is advised to remove yourtorings
cook to cook
to remove
It is advised
Organize the words to
describe the picture

to graduate
My goal is to graduate college in 5 years
college
in 5 years
My goal is
 Practice
Exercise!
What is your goal
when you finish this
course? Q
Can you give
instructions or advice
using infinitives?
A
Post your answers in the comment section!
Supposed to / Meant to
Misunderstandings
 Supposed to / Meant to

The teacher was supposed to start the

class at 5:00, but it is 5:30 and he hasn’t
come.

Did the class start on time?

Was the class scheduled to start
at 5:00 or 5:30?
 Supposed to / Meant to

● Used to talk about things that are

expected to happen, but finally do
not.

● Can be used to discuss

misunderstandings or point out
mistakes.
 Examples

You were supposed to score the goal.

The team expected him to score

She was meant to arrive early .

He expected her to arrive, but she

hasn’t.
You practice!
 Complete the conversation

Jenny: Hey Brian. What Brian: Me?! You said the

happened? You were
_____ trash was only one bag. It
s_________
upposed to take out the wasn’t meant
_______ to be stinking
trash! either.
 What does the doctor expect
from the patient?

The patient is
meant to
take the pills
according to the
prescription
 What sentence best
describes the picture?
A. This is not
supposed to be
delicious.
B. The restaurant was
meant to burn the
food more.
C. The food was
supposed to be
delicious.
 What sentence best
describes the picture?

A) The document is
supposed to shred.
B) The printer is not
supposed to crush
the paper.
C) The printer is not
meant to work
properly.
 Complete the conversation

William: This project Jenny: Relax Will. The boss

as _________
w__ meant to be ready not supposed
is ____ __________ to arrive
for Tuesday! until friday. We have time.
 What did
he expect
happened?

Anakin was supposed

to
___be the chosen one,
not join the dark side
 Practice
Exercise!

What are some

mistakes or Q
misunderstandings
you have had before? A
Post your answers in the comment section!
 Thought
and Wondered

Asking Politely
 Thought and Wondered

I thought maybe you could stay and

finish the report for Monday.
I was wondering if you were able to
wash the dishes today.

Is this a direct way to ask or order

something?
Is this a nice way to ask for a favor?
 Examples

I wonder if you know

what time it is.
What time is it?
 Examples

I thought you could

give me a hand with
this.
Help me, please.
You practice!
 What is a more
polite expression?
Give me the password,
please.

I thought you could

give me the password.

I was wondering if you

could give me the
password.
 What is a more
polite expression?

Can you cook dinner

tonight?

I thought you might

cook dinner tonight.

I wonder if you can

cook dinner tonight.
 What is a more
polite expression?

Could you mop the

floor for me?

I wonder if you could

mop the floor for me.

I thought you could

mop the floor for me.
 What is a more
polite expression?
Finish that design before
you leave.

I was wondering if you

could finish that design
before you left.

I thought maybe you

can finish that design
before you leave.
 Practice
Exercise!

When do you think

you can use these
expressions in your
Q
personal life?
A
at work?
at home? Post your answers in
at school? the comment section!
 Rules and
Instructions in
Common Places
 Need to and
passive infinitives
 Passive sentences

● Josh needs to teach a class online

● A class needs to be taught online
What are the differences between
these two sentences?
“Josh”, “to be”, “taught”
 “Need to” and Passive
infinitive

The email needs to be sent by 3 o’clock

Does it matter who sends the email?
Does the time matter?
This expression is often used to give
instructions or to state rules.
 Examples

The floor needs to be

mopped.

Is it important who
mops the floor?

No.
 Examples

The booking needs to

be made before the
check in.

Does it matter who

makes the
reservation?

No.
You practice!
What are the rules in a hotel?
 Rules for
the staff
● The rooms need
_____ to __
be
cleaned every day.

● The bedding needs to be

changed after the guest
_________
leaves.

● The clothes need to

__ be
washed with warm
water.
 Rules for
the staff

● The staff uniforms need

to be worn
_____ at all times.

needs to __
● The trash ________ be
disposed of using the
chute.

● Plastic bags need ___

to be
used for the trash.
 Practice
Exercise!

What are the rules the

staff must follow in a
kitchen to keep it in
Q
order?
A
What rules are there
at your work or Post your answers in
school? the comment section!
 Modals and
Passive Infinitives
 Modals

Modal verbs are used to express

functions such as:

Permission Lack of necessity

Ability Advice
Obligation Possibility
Prohibition Probability
 Modals and
passive infinitives

The door must be locked at all times.

What function is expressed in this

sentence?
It is obligatory to lock the door.
Much like “need to” this expression can
be used to give instructions.
 Modals and
passive infinitives
The door must be locked at all times.
Pots should be rinsed before cooking.
Tickets may be bought after the show starts.
Reservations can be made 3 days prior.

What word is not used in these infinitive

constructions?

“To” is omitted sometimes.

You practice!
 What rule is illustrated
by the picture?
Phones may not be
used.

a) may not
b) couldnot
a) may
c) would
 What rule is illustrated
by the picture?
Masks must be worn
to enter.

a) should not
b) may be
c) must
c) must be
 What rule is illustrated
by the picture?
Car speed should be
reduced to avoid
accidents.

a) cannot be
b) should
b) should
c) shall
 What rule is illustrated
by the picture?
Weapon carry will not
be permitted.

a) will not
b)
a) may
will not
c) might not
 What rule is illustrated
by the picture?
Trash ought to be
thrown in the bin.

a) may
b) can’t
c) ought
c) ought
 Practice
Exercise!

What rules or
regulations should be
implemented at the
dorms of a university?

Post your answers in the comment section!

 Expressing
Prohibition with
Forbid and Allow
What does this sign mean?

Smoking is not allowed

OR
Smoking is forbidden
 Allow and Forbid

Allow
It means to give permission to
someone to do something, or to Antonyms
permit something.

Forbid
It means to prohibit something, or to
prevent something from happening.
 Examples

Food is not allowed in

the premises

Can you eat food in

this place?

No.
 Examples

Parking is forbidden

Can you park in this

place?

No.
You practice!
 Is this rule coherent
with the picture?

Running is allowed
in the hospital.

Running is not
allowed in the
hospital.
 Is this rule coherent
with the picture?

Cellphones aren’t
forbidden in this
classroom.
 Is this rule coherent
with the picture?

Swimming isn’t
forbidden in this
beach.
Swimming isn’t
allowed in this
beach.
 Is this rule coherent
with the picture?

Screaming is
forbidden in the
church.
 Is this rule coherent
with the picture?

Dogs are allowed in

this restaurant.
 Practice
Exercise!

What is allowed or
forbidden in a library
or other public
places?

Post your answers in the comment section!

 Rules and
Instructions Role Play
Reporting what
others say
Reported Speech
with Infinitives
 Reported Speech +
infinitives

John agreed to do it if he got paid extra.

Michael promised his fans to come
back again.
Who wanted to get extra
money?
Who promised to come back?
Who is talking?
 Grammar Tips

My mother asked me to bring her a

soda.

What form is the main verb in?

What form is the second verb in?
 Verbs + Infinitive

agree to hope to
claim to offer to
decide to prefer to
demand to promise to
threaten to refuse to
 Examples

Obama: “I will improve healthcare”.

Obama promised to improve health
care.

Marta: “I hope we win the match”.

Marta hopes to win the match.
 Examples

Salesman: “I can give you a 5%

discount”.
The salesman offered to lower the
price 5%.

Judge: “I need to see the evidence”.

The judge demanded to see the
evidence.
You practice!
 Complete this email
with the correct words:
Dear Mr. Johnson,
The following email is to report what the clients said regarding the sale of
several of our machines.
One of the customers dem______ to see the machines working and
operational before completing the purchase.
Another, preferred __ ___ in cash and dec____ to wait for a bigger discount.
The final customer agreed __ buy 5 of them, but re_____ __ leave any
contact information.
Please let me know what course of action to take for each case, as the last
month one customer threatened to ___ the company due to delays in his
order.
Thank you for your help.
 Answer:
Dear Mr. Johnson.
The following email is to report what the clients said regarding the sale of
several of our machines.
One of the customers demanded to see the machines working and
operational before completing the purchase.
Another, preferred to pay in cash and decided to wait for a bigger
discount.
The final customer agreed to buy 5 of them, but refused to leave any
contact information.
Please let me know what course of action to take for each case, as the last
month one customer threatened to sue the company due to delays in his
order.
Thank you for your help.
 Practice
Exercise!

Look at the role play

in the following video
and record yourself
reporting what the
people said.

Post your answers in the comment section!

Reporting what others
say Role Play
Cleft sentences with
“what” and “it”

Emphasis
and Summary
 Cleft Sentences

Alexander Bell invented the telephone.

It was Alexander Bell who invented the
telephone.
What is the difference between these
two sentences?
1) Emphasis
2) Question word
3) Word order
 Cleft Sentences

Can also be introduced by the question

“what”+“to be” and are used for emphasis:
● I need to go on vacations.
● What I need is to go on vacations.
● He wants to get promoted.
● What he wants is to get promoted.
● I payed the ticket at the end.
● What I did at the end was to pay the ticket.
 Examples

Look at an excerpt from the previous

video conversation:
“The conference room is a better place
to have the meeting”.

Emphasis:
It is the conference room where she wants
to have the meeting.
 Examples

Look at an excerpt from the previous

video conversation:

“I really want to see the report”.

Emphasis:
What she wants is to see the report.
You practice!
Note for post production. Please insert
Replay fragment 2 of previous video.
Replay fragment 1 of previous video
“He is saying that if we don’t lower the price,
he will contact another agency and
not work with us”
 Who said the following
phrase?
“He is saying that if we don’t lower the price, he will contact another
agency and not work with us”

It was Sally who said they would

have to lower the price.

It was Sally who said the client would work with a

different agency.
Note for post production. Please insert
Replay fragment 2 of previous video.
“Please write to him that we are willing to
give him a 5% discount on the total
cost, but tell him we will take a bit
longer to finish the project so the
due date has to be postponed”
 Can you summarize what
Mary said?

What Mary said was to tell the client they would take
longer to finish.

What Mary said was to give him a 5% discount.

 Practice
Exercise!
Summarize and
emphasize the most
important information
on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UNP03fDSj1U&ab_channel=T
ED-Ed

Post your answers in the comment section!

Description and
Clarification
Restrictive and
Nonrestrictive
Clauses
 Restrictive vs. nonrestrictive

The man who sold me the computer was

charging me too much.

This computer, which was given to me by my

company, has many apps.

Can you get rid of this part of the

sentence?
Why do we use “who” and “which”?
 Relative Pronouns

Pronoun The pronoun is used for a . . .

who, whom* person

whose possessive

which thing

where place

when time

why reason
Other names

Restrictive Nonrestrictive
Defining Non-defining
Specifying Non-specifying
Identifying Non-identifying
Essential Non-essential
 Restrictive examples

Students who finish the exam can leave

the classroom.
Only the students who finish can leave, not
all of them.

The washing machine which cleans the

clothes well is the best.
There is another machine that does not
clean well.
 Nonrestrictive examples

Patrick, who works shifts in the morning,

is an amazing waiter.
The sentence between the commas is not
essential to understand who Patrick is.

Miguel was hired at the California branch,

which is on the west coast.
West coast is not necessary to understand
where he was hired.
You practice!
 Are these restrictive (R) -
nonrestrictive (NR)?
● James, who is a
football player, is (NR)
Jimmy’s brother.
● The man who is
wearing a brown hat (R)
owes me some
money.
● Julia is the painter who (R)
sells me artwork.
 Are these restrictive (R) -
nonrestrictive (NR)?
● The man, whose hair is
red, needs to buy a (NR)
car.
● The man who is
reading a newspaper (R)
has a long coat.
● The notebook which is (R)
in the waiter hands is
too small.
 where I
This is the place _______
studied my career.
 when I had lunch
The day ______
with her was amazing.
 Practice
Exercise!

Can you give me

details about a
neighbor, a famous
Q
singer, an important
place, or a historical
moment relevant in
A
your life? Post your answers in
the comment section!
Omitting the Pronoun
 Options:
Whether or not
 Whether or not

I’m going to travel there whether or not she

comes with me.
How many options are there in the
sentence?
Can you change the order of the words
in the sentence?
Whether
I’m going to
ortravel
not she
there
comes
whether
with me,
sheI’m
comestowith
going travel
methere.
or not.
 Whether vs. If

Whether
When 2 options are present:
I don’t know whether to eat
pasta or pizza.

If
When there is only 1 option:
I’ll buy it if it is on sale.
You practice!
 Match the correct
sentences together:
A) We’ll
A) We’ll
celebrate
celebrate whether1) theis team
not your
winsconcern.
or not.
B) The
B) meeting
The meeting is Tuesday
is Tuesday2) whether
you mustor not
return the
C) Whether
everyone
the library
attends.
is borrowed books.
closed
C) Whether
or not, the library is closed
3) whether
or not,the
you
team
mustwins or
D) The movie
return is the
amazing
borrowed books.
not.
E) Whether
D) The movie
or not ismy
amazing whether
4) whetheror not
or not
he acts
he acts
in in
friend
it. is married it.
E) Whether or not my friend 5) whether
is married,
or is
not
not
everyone
your concern. attends.
 Practice
Exercise!

Comment on difficult
decision you have had
to make.
Q
Which career to study
Get married
A
Buy a product Post your answers in
Travel abroad the comment section!
 Expressing
Reason, Probability
and Contrast
Adverbs of Evaluation
and Opinion
 Adverbs of Evaluation and
Opinion

I certainly did not know that.

We definitely want to close that deal.

What does the word in bold add to

the sentence?

“an opinion” or a “comment”

 Degree of Certainty Attitude Judgment
apparently astonishingly bravely
clearly frankly carelessly
definitely fortunately fairly
doubtfully honestly foolishly
doubtlessly hopefully generously
obviously interestingly kindly
presumably luckily rightly
probably sadly spitefully
undoubtedly seriously stupidly
surprisingly unfairly
unbelievably wisely
wrongly
 Examples

He obviously did not

make that joke.

I think he did not do

it.
 Examples

Honestly, I don’t
know how many of
them there are.
I am not sure at
all about the
number.
 Examples

Kimberly gave money

to charity generously.

I think she was

kind to give
charity.
You practice!
Can you organize
the sentence?

her ID
at the office.
Lisa unbelievably forgot her ID at the
office unbelievably

forgot Lisa
Can you organize
the sentence?

fell
, but
fortunately
My grandmother fell, but fortunately
herself
she did not hurt herself seriously.
seriously.
she did not My
hurt grandmother
Can you organize
the sentence?

at the company
he did not
Presumably, he did not want to work
anymore.
at the company anymore.

Presumably, want to work

Can you organize the
sentence?

I
on the bus.
I foolishly left my wallet on the bus.
left

my wallet foolishly
 Practice
Exercise!
How did you do in
these exercises for
this class?
Q
Were they too easy?
What is your opinion
A
or comment about
Post your answers in
the exercises?
the comment section!
 Due to:
Certainly and Likely
 High Probability and Cause

The leak was likely due to that

earthquake.

Jim’s score is certainly due to his lack

of practice.
How sure are you of this?
“Very sure”
 Grammar tip

The leak was likely due to that

earthquake.

Jim’s score is certainly due to his lack

of practice.

Do we use a verb after due to?

“No, we use a noun”
 Examples

Climate change is likely

due to car emissions.

I consider it is
probable that car
emissions are the
cause of climate
change.
 Examples

The robbery was

certainly due to the
money they had.
It is highly
probable the
money was the
reason for the
robbery.
You practice!
Can you explain
the probable cause?

(The pain)

The pain is likely due to an

injury.
Can you explain the probable
cause?

(The recession)

The recession is certainly due

to the virus outbreak.
Can you explain the probable
cause?

(The accident)

The accident was likely due to a

careless driver.
 Practice
Exercise!

What is the cause of

some strange things
Q
in the world?

Aliens sightings?
A
Ghosts?
Post your answers in
Supernatural events?
the comment section!
While/Whereas/Whilst
Contrasting
and Comparing
 While/Whilst

Have the same use and meaning, but

“whilst” is more formal:
While people
Some the majority
preferprefer
to livebig
in small
ones,
cities, people
some while the
prefer
majority
to liveprefer
in small
big
ones.
cities
Are the ideas the same or different?
Can while and whilst be used in
different places in the sentence?
 Whereas

Shows the difference between two

ideas or facts and can be used in the
same place as “while”:
While some
Whereas people
some peoplebelieve crime
believe is a is
crime
problem
a probleminin
the city,
the I don’t
city, think
I don’t is is
think too
serious.
too serious.
You practice!
What are the differences
between these pictures?

While the first the second

picture... picture...
 Practice
Exercise!

What are some

differences between
your country/city and
Q
another you would
like to visit? A
Post your answers in the comment section!
Course End
What did you learn?
 Share your reviews:

● How did this course help you?

● What was the most interesting part

of the course?

● How will you put what you learned

into practice?