UCSP (Finals)

Social and Political Stratification

Social Stratification
o Its categories
o Its Causes
o Its Effects

Stratification
- It refers to a ranking of people or groups of people within a society. But the term was defined by the earliest
sociologists as something more than the almost universal inequalities that exist in all but the least complex
of societies.
- Categorization according to wealth, rank, and power.

Income Prestige Power

Social Group
▭ Primary Group (intimate relationship)
▭ Secondary Group (formal relationship)
▭ In-group (group you belong)
▭ Out-group (group you don’t belong)
▭ Reference Group (competition)

Social Mobility
► Horizontal Mobility
► Vertical Mobility
► Intergeneration
► Intrageneration

Horizontal Mobility Intergeneration

- It is defined as the social changes that can
- Left to Right
occur between generations in a family.
- Transfer to one another
- Extend to which some key characteristics and
- (Switching from one position to another without the
outcomes of individuals differ from those of
change in social status)
their parents
Vertical Mobility
Intrageneration
- Promotion to higher ranking - It refers to a person’s social movements
- Demote throughout his/her lifespan
- (+, - )
- (Movement from one level on the social hierarchy
to another; a change in social status; a change in
any factor that influence the social status)

Culture
 - Umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as
well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

 Transferable  Continuous
 Borrowed  Universal
 Shared  Adaptive
 Dynamic  Symbolic
 Learned

Elements of Culture
(LaVaNoS)
 Language
 Values
 Norms
 Sanctions

Language
- Foundation of Culture
- Verbal and non-verbal
- Structured system of communication; structure of language are is grammar and pre components of its
vocabulary

Values
- What is ought to do
- Right and wrong
- Basic fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions; they help us determine what is
important to us

Norms
- Standards of the society
- Behavior in the Community
- Fundamental concepts in social sciences; most commonly defined as rules or expectation that are socially
enforced

Sanctions
- Rewards or Punishment
- Positive or Negative
- Comprehensive or selective using the blocking of assets and trade restriction to the accomplished foreign
policy and national security

Membership Residence Authority Descent

Ambilocal Matriarchal
Nuclear Matrilineal
(mother has authority)
Matrifocal
Patrilocal
Extended (mother gets the last Patrilineal
(living in father side)
decision)
Matrilocal Patriarchal
Joint Bilineal
(living in mother side) (father has authority)
Egalitarian
Blended Neolocal Bilineal
(both)
Egalitarian
Reconstituted Ambilocal -----------
(both)