DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

T ARCH115 – HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE 1/ ARC15

Ar. Don G. De Vera, uap, pia

 COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This
COURSE course will
DESCRIPTION: let you be able to understand and analyze
the architectural manifestation of thoughts from the
This course will let you be able to understand and analyze the architectural manifestation of
beginning
thoughts of civilizations
from the beginning to the
of civilizations to theByzantine Period.
Byzantine Period. This This
will bewill be by
achieved
helpingachieved byfullhelping
you realize your you realize
potential individually your full
and in collaboration potential
with diverse people, and
thereafter, in participating
individually andresponsibly in church, industry,
in collaboration withand nation-building.
diverse people, and
thereafter, in participating responsibly in church, industry,
and nation-building.
Schedule
RESEARCH, PLATES
RE:100 (RESEARCH)
PL:100 (PLATE)

Textbook:
Cruickshank, D., editor, (2001) Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture: Architectural
Press, (latest ed.)

Reference:
Ching, F. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture, Wiley
D. F. Hamlin. (2018) History of Architecture Books on Demand
Spiro Kostof. (1995) A History of Architecture - Settings and Rituals. Oxford University Press
Mansbridge, John. Graphic History of Architecture
 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

T ARCH115
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

RE: 100
Cover page
Submitted by:

“NAME”
Section
PDF FORMAT/ A4
Dated Submitted :

Submitted to:
Ar. Don G. De Vera, uap
COURSE EVALUATION
CONSULTATION TIME:

• (By schedule) Zoom or BBL

• Email me @
• archdon1@yahoo.com
• don@distinqueprojects.com
• Cel. Number: 09175711146
ACCESS TALK : ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASEAN NATION,
JAKARTA INDONESIA
ACCESS AUDIT : Malayan College Laguna
ACCESS AUDIT : Guimbal Iloilo City
 MODULE 1
Prehistoric and Ancient
Architecture
 Module 1 Overview

• Prehistoric Architecture
• Mesopotamian Architecture
• Sumerian
• Babylonian
• Assyrian
• Persian
• Egyptian Architecture
• Minoan Architecture
 OBJECTIVE

1. Discuss the factors and events that influence and

motivated the Prehistoric Architecture
2. To discuss the theories and technical challenges that
accompanied design and construction of prehistoric
Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the
Prehistoric Architecture
 OBJECTIVE
The CATALYST
1.

2.
The INFLUENCES
Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture
To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3.
The CHARACTER
To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
 OBJECTIVE

1. CATALYST
Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture
2. To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
 “ Architecture had OBJECTIVE
a simple origin in the
primitive endeavour of mankind to secure
protection against
1. Discuss the the
factors and events elements
that influence and motivated and from
the Prehistoric
Architecture
2. To discuss the theories attack.”
and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
 OBJECTIVE

1. INFLUENCES
Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture
2. To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
History
A systematic, often
chronological narrative of
significant events as relating
to a particular people,
country, or period, often
including an explanation of
their causes.
cuneiform, system of writing used in the ancient Middle East. The name, a
coinage from Latin and Middle French roots meaning “wedge-shaped,” has been
the modern designation from the early 18th century onward.
 TIMELINE

PREHISTORIC BYZANTINE
WEST ASIATIC ROMANESQUE
EGYPTIAN GOTHIC
GREEK RENAISSANCE
ROMAN MODERN
EARLY CHRISTIAN POST MODERN
Prehistoric Architecture
 PALEOLITHIC

STONE OBJECTIVE MESOLITHIC

NEOLITHIC

1. BRONZE
Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture

IRON
2. To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
 STONE OBJECTIVE 3.4 Million years ago
To 3000 BC

1. BRONZE 3000 BC to 1200 BC

Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture

IRON
2. To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the500 BC to 332 BC
Prehistoric
Architecture

PLASTIC
 OBJECTIVE

1.

2.
CHARACTER
Discuss the factors and events that influence and motivated the Prehistoric
Architecture
To discuss the theories and technical challenges that accompanied design and
construction of prehistoric Architecture
3. To describe the distinctive elements and character of the Prehistoric
Architecture
A map of early human migrations.
Early Dwellings
■ Shift from nomadic, hunter-gatherer system to a
combination of farming and hunting.
■ Domestication of animals and plants.
■ Created societies of villages near caves or along
shores and streams.
Rock caves
Earliest form of human settlement.
Lascaux Cave
Lascaux, France.

A cave in France containing wall

paintings and engravings of Paleolithic
humans thought to date from c. 13,000-
8,500 BCE.
Built shelter
■ Primitive lifestyle was nomadic.
■ Temporary shelter were designed in direct
response to climate, local materials, and hunting
patterns.
■ Built with limited investment in time and energy.
Tipi
A portable Indian shelter.
Beehive hut
Kerry, Ireland.

A clochán is a stone beehive-shaped hut

with a corbelled roof, commonly
associated with the Irish coastline.
Trullo
Alberobello, Bari Province.

A traditional rendered stone dwelling in

Apulia, southern Italy, in which square
chambers are roofed with conical
vaulted roofs.
Wigwam
An American Indian dwelling, usually of
round or oval shape, formed of poles
overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal
skins.
Hogan
A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed
usually of earth and logs and covered
with mud and sod.
Igloo
An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks
of hard snow or ice in the shape of a
dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood,
or stone.
Religious Structures
Villages were connected by shared mortuary and
goddess ritual centers.
Megaliths
Ancient stone monuments.

After people started sharing community

life, they began turning their attention to
architecture that celebrated the spiritual
and the sacred.
Their tombs and temples imitated nature
in gigantic forms resembling mountains
and other landscape formations.
Menhir
Monolith; A prehistoric monument consisting of
an upright stone, usually standing alone
but sometimes aligned with others in parallel
rows.
Kerloas Menhir
Brittany, France.
Dolmen
From the words daul, a table, and maen, a stone; A
prehistoric monument consisting of two or more
large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone
slab or capstone, and usually regarded as a tomb.
Kilclooney
County Donegal, Ireland.

It utilizes trabeation, the most basic

construction system for structures.
It consists of vertical supports called
posts that hold up horizontal elements
called lintels.
Goindol
Gochang, South Korea.

The Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa

Dolmen Sites are the location of
hundreds of stone dolmen in Korea. The
sites were designated as a World
Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.
Variations
Cove Trilithon

Three standing stones, A structure consisting of

two on the sides and one two upright stones
at the back. supporting a horizontal
lintel.
Cromlech
A circular arrangement of megaliths
enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.
Stone Circle
Avebury, England

These stone circles were associated

with burials, others with cremation.
They also worked as celestial
observatories that were meant follow
the movements of the moon and stars,
as would have been typical for early
agrarian-based societies.
Stonehenge
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England.

A megalithic monument consisting of

four concentric rings of trilithons and
menhirs centered around an altar stone.
It is believed to have been used by a sun
cult or for astronomical observations.
Tumulus
An artificial mound of earth or stone, especially over
an ancient grave. Also called barrow.
Etruscan necropolis of Banditaccia at Cerveteri.
Early Cities
■ Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the earth’s climate
warmed up.
■ As settlements became more permanent, hunters
started farming communities.
■ New architecture was also developed to
represent communal and spiritual values.
Fertile Crescent: An early, dense network of cities and villages.
Jericho
Aerial view showing the ruins of Tell es-
Sultan. Jordan.

■ One of the world's oldest

continually-inhabited city.
■ A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone
houses with plaster floors,
surrounded by high walls and
towers.
Khirokitia
Cyprus.

■ One of the earliest Neolithic

village.
■ Utilized a complex architectural
system built according to a
preconceived plan, suggesting a
structured social organisation.
Khirokitia
Partial modern-day reconstruction of
Khirokitia, Cyprus.

Houses, built in limestone, had a circular

plan, the exterior diameter of which
varied from about 2 to 9 meters.
Çatal Hüyük
■ Largest and most well-preserved
Neolithic village.
■ Consisted of rectangular flat-
roofed houses packed together
into a single architectural mass
■ No streets or passageways.
Typical house and reconstructed shine, Catal Hüyük.
 Egyptian
Architecture
Egyptian (3000 B.C.-200 A.D.)
▪ Characterized by the axial planning of massive
masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated
construction with precise stonework, and the
decoration of battered walls with pictographic
carvings in relief.
▪ A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife
dominated the building of these funerary monuments
and temples.
Egypt, ca. 3rd
century B.C.
Egypt’s possession of the Nile was of
immense advantage, not only on
account of its value as a trade route, and
as a means of communication, but also
because its waters were the fertilizing
agents that made desert sands into
fruitful fields.
Religious Structures
Saqqara, Egypt.
Mastaba
A tomb for the nobility or members of the royal
family.
Made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat
roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to
underground burial and offering chambers.
 1 stone facing
2 sacrificial chapel
3 tombstone (serdab)
4 fill
5 shaft
6 masonry seal
7 stone slab
8 burial chamber
9 sarcophagus

Cross section of a mastaba.

Luxor, Egypt.
Temples
An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or
presence of a deity.
Kinds of Temple
Cult Temple Mortuary Temple

An ancient Egyptian An ancient Egyptian

temple for the worship of temple for offerings and
a deity. worship of a deceased
person, usually a deified
king.
 1 RA, RE – sun
2 OSIRIS – death, judgement
3 ISIS – motherhood, protection
4HORUS – falcon, royalty
5SETH, SET – storms, chaos, evil
6 ATUM, TUM – sun, creator of all
things
7 MIN – fertility
8 MAAT – order
9 AMUN, AMEN, AMON – 'the
unseen one'
10 MUT – mistress of heaven
11 KHONSU – moon 'the traveller'
12 HAPI – the Nile's fertility
13 NUT – the firmament
15 SHU – air
14 GEB – earth
16 PTAH – creation, craftsmanship

Egyptian gods.
Karnak Temple
Complex
Luxor, Egypt.

When Amun-Re, the god of the sun and

the heaven became the national deity
during the period of the New Kingdom, at
least a dozen temples were built in his
honor.
One of the main components of this
political/religious landscape was the
temple complex of Karnak.
Karnak Temple Complex. Luxor, Egypt. (Reconstructed model)
 1 1st pylons, c.320 BC
2 forecourt
3 birth house, mammisi
4 kiosk
5 pylon temple
6 2nd pylons, c.1320 BC
7 hypostyle hall, c.1290–1250 BC
8 3rd pylons
9 obelisks
10 4th pylons
12 5th pylons
13 6th pylons
14 barque temple
15 temple court (Middle Kingdom)
16 festival hall
17 holy of the holies
18 ambulatory
`Botanical garden´
Cult Temple of Amon (Amun), Karnak; 2000–300 BC
Avenue of
Sphinxes
Leads to a tall portal guarded by a
towering pylon.

Sphinx
A figure of an imaginary creature having
the body of a lion and the head of a man,
ram, or hawk.
 7androsphinx: human-headed sphinx Vatican
Museum, Rome
8androsphinx: human-headed sphinx
Amenemhet III, 12.dynasty, c.1800 BC
9 androsphinx: human-headed sphinx
Thutmosis III, 18th dynasty, Rek-minh-re,
Thebes, Egypt
10 criosphinx: ram-headed sphinx
11 hieracosphinx: falcon-headed sphinx

Egyptian sphinxes.
Obelisk
An Egyptian monolithic four-sided
standing stone, tapering to a pyramidical
cap (a pyramidion), often inscribed with
hieroglyphs and erected as a monument.
Pylon
A gateway guarding a sacred precinct
consisting of either a pair of tall
truncated pyramids and a doorway
between them, often decorated with
painted reliefs.
Hypostyle Hall
A large hall having many columns in
rows supporting a flat roof, and
sometimes a clerestory.
Pylon temple
An Egyptian temple type with
monumental gateways, formed by
twined pylons.
Kiosk
A freestanding stone canopy structure
supported by columns in Egyptian
architecture. (Hypaethral, classical
temple that is wholly or partly open to the
sky.)
Mammisi
Dendera Temple Complex. Dendera,
Egypt.

Birth-house; a small Egyptian side

temple, kiosk or tent shrine to celebrate
the place where the god of the main
temple was born, or where the goddess
bore her children.
Barque Temple
A room or building in which the image of
the Pharaoh or deity was revered.
Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut and Shrine of Anubis, c.1470 BC
Mortuary Temple
of Hatshepsut
Deir el Bahari, Egypt. Senmut.

Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple

played a key role in the processional
events as the temporary resting place for
the barque during the Beautiful Feast of
the Valley.
Located in the Valley of the Kings, which
was to become the main burial place for
the Egyptian royalty.
Rock-cut Tomb
A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an
architectural front with dark interior chambers, of
which the sections are supported by masses of
stone left in the form of solid pillars.
 20 outer court
21 sphinxes
22 ramps
23 colonnades (lower)
24 terrace (lower)
25 ramp to shrine
26 shrine (of goddess Hathor)
27 colonnades (upper)
28 chapel (chapel of Anubis)
29 Osiris pillars
30 chapel (of Hatshepsut)
31 ceremonial court
32 sun temple
33 inner sanctuary

Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut and Shrine of Anubis, Deir el-Bahari; c.1470 BC, architect Senenmut.
Temple at Abu Simbel, near Philae, Egypt.
Abu Simbel
The facade, carved directly into the
sandstone cliff, takes the form of a pylon
and is dominated by four colossal
seated figures, 22 meters tall, all
portrayals of Ramesses.
Pyramid
A massive masonry structure having a rectangular
base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing
the cardinal points and meeting at an apex.

Used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial

chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh.
Imhotep
▪ The first architect recorded in
history.
▪ Designed the Saqqara complex and
the Stepped Pyramid of Zoser.
Pyramid
The Egyptian pyramids of the Giza
Necropolis.

The ancient Egyptians built more than 80

pyramids along the banks of the Nile
near modern-day Cairo from 2700 to
1640 B.C. The pyramids were designed
according to three forms:

▪ Step pyramid
▪ Bent pyramid
▪ Straight-sided/Sloped pyramid
Step Pyramid
A pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather
than smooth, in Egypt predating the true pyramids; the
primary existing Egyptian example is that of King Zoser
at Saqqara, south of Cairo.
Pyramid of Zoser
Saqqara, Egypt.

Built by Imhotep, architect to King Zoser;

begun as a mastaba-tomb then
successively enlarged; made of
limestone; and set within a complex of
buildings.
Mortuary
Complex of Zoser
The Mortuary Complex of Zoser, located
on a slight hill west of Memphis and just
to the north of Saqqâra, was enclosed by
a 277-by-544 meter wall laid out in
precise orientation to the four cardinal
points.
Section through step pyramid and tomb of Zoser.
Ka statue of Zoser
In a small chapel positioned against the
north side of the pyramid was a life-size
statue of Zoser, showing him wearing a
priest’s Sed festival cloak, a ceremonial
beard, and a ritual headdress.
Sitting in the dark chamber, he could
gaze through two small holes in the wall
placed at the statue’s eye level, through
which he could watch the ceremonies
taking place in the court.
Bent Pyramid
An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar
surface changes direction as it approaches the top, as in
a mansard roof; sometimes also called a blunt or false
pyramid.
Pyramid of
Sneferu
Dahshur, Egypt.

Built by Sneferu (2613–2589 BCE), who

ruled during the Fourth Dynasty.
Originally planned to be a towering 150
meters high, it was too bold, and the
ground gave way under part of it. In an
effort to save the building, the designers
added a kink or bend to reduce the
weight and angle of the slope.
Sloped Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular

sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex.
Pyramids of Giza
Giza, Egypt.

Built of local stone on a core of rock with

casing blocks of limestone; 480 feet tall
with a square base measuring 756 feet
on a side.
Pyramid Complex
The ceremonial area of buildings and structures
surrounding an ancient Egyptian pyramid.
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
▪ Mortuary temple
In ancient Egyptian architecture, a place of worship of a
deceased king or queen, especially one adjoining a
pyramid or rock cut tomb, in which offerings of food and
objects were made; also called a funerary temple.
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
▪ Valley temple
A temple pavilion in an ancient Egyptian pyramid
complex, connected via a covered causeway to a
mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid; used for
preparing the Pharaoh for his final journey.
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
▪ Pyramid temple
A mortuary temple connected specifically to a pyramid,
or part of an Egyptian pyramid complex.
▪ Pyramid causeway
A covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a
valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a
pyramid, notably at sites of the Nile valley pyramids.
 11 Western necropolis
12 boat grave, boat pit
13 Eastern necropolis

14 pyramid
15 mortuary temple, pyramid temple
16 pyramid causeway
17 valley temple
18 queen’s pyramid
19 sphinx
20 sphinx temple

Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops); pyramid of Khafre (Chefren); pyramid of Menkaure (Mycerinus), after 2472 BC.
Plan: Mortuary and valley temples of Khafre at Giza
Section: Great pyramid of Khufu; King’s chamber.
Stela
A slab stela shows a royal personage at
a funerary repast sitting next to an
offering table covered with the loaves of
bread that have been brought to him.
Next to him on the floor, on small
platforms, are containers holding
incense, ointments, figs, and wine.
A scalar comparison of Egyptian pyramids.
Why a tapering
shape?
Ancient rulers liked these artificial
mountains for their great height
(allowing them to commune with the
gods) and commanding visual presence
over flat river valleys.
On a practical level, a pyramid
concentrates most of its building on the
lower half, so fewer stones have to be
hauled to the top.
Egyptian Capitals
 C palm capital, palmiform (plume capital) F bell capital, blossom capital, campaniform, open
D papyrus capital, papyriform capital
E bud capital, closed bud capital, closed capital G lotus capital, lotiform, lily capital
H tent-pole capital

Egyptian Capitals.
1) Composite column (Hathor capital); 2) Hathor column; 3) Hathor column; 4) Osiris column, Osiris pillar
RE:100
RE: 100
Format: A4 (PDF MERGE)
:: Manual Drawing (pencil or techpen), provide definition
:: 2 item per sheet
Due Date: October 20,2021
Prehistoric Architecture
1. Examples of Prehistoric Architecture
2. Megalithic
3. Monoliths
4. Stonehenge
 EGYPTIAN Architecture
1. Mastaba
2. Step Pyramid Saqqara
3. The Bent Pyramid , Dahshur
4. Pyramid of Cephren, Giza
5. Doric, Lotus, Palm , Hator Headed and Papyrus Columns
6. Egyptian Ornament
MESOPOTAMIAN Architecture
1. Ziggurat of Ur
2. Tower of Babel
3. Hanging Gardens
4. Ishtar Gate
5. Assyrian Ornament
THANK YOU