AR130 –BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

WEEK 7
October 2,2020
Ar. Don G. De Vera, uap, pia
 1. GLASS

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert

substance produced by fusing silica
together with a flux and a stabilizer into a
mass that cools to a rigid condition without
crystallization. It is used in building
construction in various forms.

Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor

proof thermal insulation.
Glass fibers Glass block

Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze the window, sash and
skylight openings of buildings.
The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass Float glass

Plate glass
Other types of glass include the following:
Other types of glass include the following:

Wired glass Patterned glass

Other types of glass include the following:

Obscure glass

Spandrel glass
Other types of glass include the following:

Insulating glass
Other types of glass include the following:

Tinted or heat-absorbing glass

Reflective glass
1. GLASS …other types

• Low-emissivity (low-e) glass

transmits visible light while
selectively reflecting the lo9nger
wavelengths of radiant heat,
produced by depositing a low-e
coating either on the glass itself or
over a transparent plastic film
suspended in the sealed air space
of insulating glass.
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 x 60 (1525 x 1525) 1.22

DS 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 80 (1525 x 2030) 1.63
Float or Plate Mirror ¼ (6.4) 75 sf (7 m2) 3.28
Glazing 1/8 (3.2) 74 x 120 (1880 x 3050) 1.64
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.28
Heavy Float or Glazing 5/
16 (7.9) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.10
Plate 3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.92
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54
5/8 (15.9) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 8.17
¾ (19.1) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 9.18
7/8 (22.2) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 11.45
Patterned Glass Various 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 1.60
patterns 7/32 (5.6) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 2.40
Wired Glass Polished-mesh ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
Patterned- ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
mesh 7/32 (5.6) 54 x 120 (1370 x 3050) 2.82
Parallel wires ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
3/8 (9.5) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 4.45
Laminated Glass (2) 1/8” float ¼ (6.4) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 3.30
Heavy float 3/8 (9.5) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 4.80
½ (12.7) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 6.35
5/8 (15.9) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 8.00

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Tinted Glassd Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64

Gray 3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54
1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64
3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90
1/2 (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54

Insulating Glass Glass edge units

(2) 3/32” sheets 3/16” air space 3/8 (9.5) 10 sf (0.9 m2) 2.40
(2) 1/8” sheets 3/16” air space 7/16 (11.1) 24 sf (2.2 m2) 3.20
Metal edge units
(2) 1/8” ¼” air space ½ (12.7) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27
Sheet, plate or float ½” air space ¾ (19.1) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27
(2) 3/16” ¼” air space 5/8 (15.9) 34 sf (3.2 m2) 4.90
Plate or float ½” air space 7/8 (22.2) 42 sf (3.8 m2) 4.90
(2) ¼” ¼” air space ¾ (19.1) 50 sf (4.6 m2) 6.54
Plate or float ½” air space 1 (25.4) 70 sf (6.5 m2) 6.54

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
 2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood
or other building materials as a fastener.
Material • Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, bras, zinc or stainless less.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and • Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1” (25) long, to 60d
the Shank about 6” (150) long
• Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

• Pneumatic nailers and staplers, driven

by a compressor, are capable of
fastening materials to wood, steel or
concrete.
• Powder-driven fasteners use
gunpowder charges to drive a variety
of studs into concrete or steel.
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the
like by turning, as with a screwdriver. Because of their threaded
shafts, screws have greater holding power than nails, and are
more easily removable.

• Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze,

stainless steel
• Lengths: ½” to 6” (13 to 150)
• Diameters: up to 24 gauge
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8” (3) less than
the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with ½ to 2/3
of the screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine-
threaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while
coarse-threaded ones are used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping
and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female
threads as they are driven.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at

one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled
parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used
where the head may be inaccessible to the placement of a nut or
where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a
joint fully.
• Lengths: ¾” to 30”
(75 to 760)
• Diameters: ¼” to
1-¼” (6 to 32)
 2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic

used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute
pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction or insulate
incompatible materials.

Lock washers Load-indicating washers

2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Expansion bolts
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Molly
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Expansions shields
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Toggle bolts
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Rivets

Explosive rivets
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are sued to secure the surfaces of two materials
together. Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of
them being tailor-made for use with specific materials and under
specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid,
liquid, powder or film; some require a catalyst to activate their
adhesive properties. Always follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations in the use of an adhesive. Important
considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:

• Strength:
• Curing or setting time:
• Setting temperature range:
• Method of bonding:
• Characteristics:
Common types of adhesives:

Animal or fish glues White or polyvinyl glue Epoxy resins

Resorcin Contact cement