Mayaman is a barangay in the municipality of Marogong, in the province of Lanao del Sur.

Its population
as determined by the 2020 Census was 1,517. This represented 5.04% of the total population of
Marogong. Its location is situated at approximately 7.6783, 124.1146, in the island of Mindanao.
Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 305.0 meters or 1,000.6 feet above mean sea level.

https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/barmm/lanao-del-sur/marogong/mayaman.html

The term biodiversity was coined in the 1980s by combining the words ‘biological’ and ‘diversity.’ But
there was recognition long before then of the importance of the variety of life on earth.

Biodiversity is a solution to some of the world’s greatest challenges, from climate change to poverty to
food security. It is at the heart of sustainable development.

Biodiversity is closely connected other concepts like species and ecosystems (a geographic community
of life). Today, all this natural wealth is under tremendous pressure. Species are going extinct hundreds
of times faster than they normally would, due to multiple threats. A fifth of countries worldwide face
potential ecosystem collapse, according to a recent report by Swiss Re.

Almost every aspect of our lives connects to and depends on biodiversity. That includes the food we eat,
the air we breathe, and the happiness we feel when surrounded by the beauty of nature.

Biodiversity has practical value: In the words of United Nations leader Cristiana Paşca Palmer, it is an
“infrastructure” supporting life on earth. Like any infrastructure, it provides basic equipment and
structures we need to operate. Biodiversity, in the form of healthy ecosystems, filters our air and water;
it keeps our soil healthy and provides ecological buffers against storm damage. In these ways,
biodiversity provides “nature-based solutions” to problems that we often address with human
engineering. (Diversity helps make ecosystems healthy and productive, resilient to shocks and changes.)

Biodiversity is also the foundation for many of our jobs and livelihoods. The agricultural sector, for
example, employs a billion people worldwide. A third of global agricultural land relies on pollinators:
animals and insects that move pollen and thus allow plants to produce seeds.

Kate Berrisford (2021).Why is Biodiversity So Important Today?

| September 20, 2021

African Cities, Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Download PDF

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Original Paper

Open Access

Published: 31 July 2021

Pteridophytes as primary colonisers after catastrophic events through geological time and in recent
history

Barry A. Thomas & Christopher J. Cleal

Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments volume 102, pages59–71 (2022)Cite this article

1336 Accesses

7 Altmetric

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This article has been updated

Abstract

Pteridophytes reproduce by producing vast numbers of spores that may be dispersed over considerable
distances, helping the plants colonise new areas. Being resistant to desiccation, fern spores can often
survive for many years as spore banks in soil. After disturbance, such spores can germinate and
subsequently colonise the area. These factors help pteridophytes to become primary colonisers on
barren land, such as volcanic islands or land that has been devastated by some cataclysmic event. A
further method of rapid colonisation is provided through the preservation and possible scattering of
fragments of rhizomes in particular of horsetails. Similar rapid colonising by pteridophytes has been
documented in the geological record following several major extinction events. These distinct, but short-
lived, fern populations are recognisable by fern spikes in the microfossils.

Download PDF

Original Paper

Open Access

Published: 31 July 2021

Pteridophytes as primary colonisers after catastrophic events through geological time and in recent
history

Barry A. Thomas & Christopher J. Cleal

Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments volume 102, pages59–71 (2022)Cite this article

1336 Accesses

7 Altmetric

Metricsdetails

This article has been updated

Abstract

Pteridophytes reproduce by producing vast numbers of spores that may be dispersed over considerable
distances, helping the plants colonise new areas. Being resistant to desiccation, fern spores can often
survive for many years as spore banks in soil. After disturbance, such spores can germinate and
subsequently colonise the area. These factors help pteridophytes to become primary colonisers on
barren land, such as volcanic islands or land that has been devastated by some cataclysmic event. A
further method of rapid colonisation is provided through the preservation and possible scattering of
fragments of rhizomes in particular of horsetails. Similar rapid colonising by pteridophytes has been
documented in the geological record following several major extinction events. These distinct, but short-
lived, fern populations are recognisable by fern spikes in the microfossils. This paper brings together
information on the reasons for pteridophyte success in colonising barren land, and examples taken from
both the historic and geological records.

Introduction

Pteridophytes include ferns, horsetails and lycopsids. Some ferns divide to form clumps, while others
like the horsetails and lycopsids spread horizontally by rhizomatous growth. Pteridophytes reproduce
asexually by liberating large numbers of spores which need moisture to germinate. The spores then
grow into small and often inconspicuous plants called prothalli that contain the sex organs. A film of
surface water is necessary to allow sperm to swim to the female sex organs called archegonia for
fertilisation to occur. After fertilisation, the more conspicuous plants grow to start the process once
again. By this means, pteridophytes can spread over great distance by wind to colonise and spread. This
is especially noticeable in areas where the vegetation has been recently devastated by some cataclysmic
crisis. This invasion by pteridophytes can be seen to have occurred several times in the fossil record.

Published: 31 July 2021

Pteridophytes as primary colonisers after catastrophic events through geological time and in recent
history

Barry A. Thomas & Christopher J. Cleal

Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. SpringerLink

fern, (class Polypodiopsida), class of nonflowering vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and
complex leaves and that reproduce by spores. The number of known extant fern species is about 10,500,
but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000, the number varying because certain groups are as yet
poorly studied and because new species are still being found in unexplored tropical areas.

https://www.britannica.com/plant/fern

Before the flowering plants, the landscape was dominated with plants that looked like ferns for
hundreds of millions of years. Pteridophytes show many characteristics of their ancestors. Unlike most
other members of the Plant Kingdom, pteridophytes don’t reproduce through seeds, they reproduce
through spores instead.
https://byjus.com/biology/pteridophyta/

BOTANY AND NATIONAL HERBARIUM

Our Collections Botany and National Herbarium Pteridophytes and Lycophytes

Pteridophytes and Lycophytes

Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that reproduce through “spores” instead of seeds. More
commonly known as ferns, these plants have modified leaves also known as fronds. They lack flowers
and seeds thus producing spores contained in a cluster of sporangia called “sori”.

These plants can thrive in various habitats from mangroves, freshwater swamps, lowland tropical
evergreen forest, and mossy forest. It is widely used as a source of food, medicine, materials for
handicrafts, and construction materials. Because of its wide range of leaf shapes, pteridophytes are used
as ornamental plants in gardens and foliage in a fresh-cut flower arrangement.

There are around 12,000 species of pteridophytes in the world, 10% of which are found in the
Philippines It comprises 1,030 species and 260 endemic species that are found nowhere else in the
world.

The Philippine National Herbarium houses several endemic species of ferns such as Cyathea
sibuyanensis and others. Lycophytes, also referred to as fern allies are also vascular plants similar to
ferns but have unique leaves called microphylls. A total of 5,750 pteridophyte specimens are deposited
in the Philippine National Herbarium.

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/botany-and-national-herbarium/pteridophytes-
and-lycophytes/

Traditional use of pteridophytes as food and medicine is a common practice around the world. Many
ethnic communities hold vast knowledge about the uses of pteridophytes and the documentation of
such knowledge and biodiversity of edible and medicinal pteridophytes is important for health care,
food security and conservation.
Related study

Results: The literature survey revealed that a total of 26 species of pteridophytes were used as food and
43 species were used as traditional medicines. Among 55 useful species, 14 species were used as both
food and traditional medicine. Diplazium esculentum, Diplazium maximum, Dryopteris cochleata and
Ophioglossum reticulatum were common edible species and Aleuritopteris albomarginata, Equisetum
ramosissimum, Nephrolepis cordifolia and Tectaria coadunata were common medicinal pteridophytes.
Most of species are growing in natural habitat and the potential utilization species were sold in the
market which has also supported livelihood. Some of these pteridophytes were also used in preparation
of ethnic foods such as fermented foods and pickles.

Findings from the study suggested that only a few common species of pteridophytes are used as food
and traditional medicines Nepal. The knowledge about the traditional uses of pteridophytes and their
biodiversity is also affected by socioeconomic changes in communities, lack of sharing of traditional
knowledge through generations, improper collection practices and climate change. Very few
pteridophytes from Nepal have been studied in detail for their phytoconstituents and biological
activities and safety. Future research activities should focus on providing scientific evidence for
traditional uses as well as development of proper conservation, cultivation, and product formulation
methods in a sustainable manner.

Ojha, R., & Devkota, H. P. (2021). Edible and Medicinal Pteridophytes of Nepal: A Review. Ethnobotany
Research and Applications, 22, 1–16. Retrieved from
https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/3011

Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial vascular plants. Carolus Linnaeus classified them under the group
cryptogamae. Pteridophytes occupy a transitional position between bryophytes and spermatophytes.
They do not produce flowers and seeds, hence they are also called Cryptogams. More than 12,000
species of Pteridophytes are found on Earth. The word ‘Pteridophytes’ comes from the Greek word
Pteron meaning “feather” and python meaning “plants.”  Characteristics of PteridophytesSome of the
basic features of Pteridophytes are mentioned below. They mainly thrive in moist and shady places.
Some also grow in sandy soils.The main plant body has well-differentiated roots, stem and leaves. It is
called a sporophyte.The stem is an underground rhizome.Some Pteridophytes have small leaves called
microphylls (e.g lycopodium) and some have large leaves called megaphylls (e.g Pteris).Leaves may also
have spores on the underside. Such leaves are called sporophylls. Plants are flowerless and seedless.
They reproduce by means of spores.Sometimes the sporophylls form compact structures known as
cones or strobili.A well-developed vascular system with xylem (for conduction of water) and phloem (for
conduction of food) is present.
https://www.vedantu.com/biology/pteridophytes

O RDERS AND F A M I L IE S O F P HI LI PP IN E PT ERI DO P H YT ES Marjorie Dida-Agun delos Angeles1*

and Inocencio E. Buot Jr.1, 2 1Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of
the Philippines Los Banos and 2Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the
Philippines Open University *Corresponding author: mddelosangeles@gmail.com A BS T R A CT -
Currently, around 1100 species under 144 genera and 39 families of Pteridophytes have been reported
to be present in the Philippines. The most recent fern classification recognizes four classes, 11 orders
and 37 families of ferns. Thirty-two (32) fern families are documented in the Philippines based on
published materials and herbarium specimens. Ferns have various ethno botanical uses which could
either be for food consumption, aesthetic value and medicine

The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands and due to a strong degree of isolation from
both the Asian mainland and the Malesian archipelago, its flora is unique with species level
endemism exceeding 60 percent (Suksthan, et. al., 2010). However, there is sustained degradation
of resources, hence the Philippines is known as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world.
Several books have been published regarding Philippine Pteridophytes. Foremost is the three-
volume work of Copeland  HQWLWOHG ³)HUQ  )ORUD  RI  WKH 
3KLOLSSLQHV´The three volume work of Copeland accounted for 20 families, 155 genera and 950
species. &RSHODQG¶VSLRQHHULQJZRUNZDVDFRPSLODWLRQRI his works as well as
the works of Cavanilles, Kaulfuss, Presl, J. Smith, Fe, Brackenri

Pteridophytes, mostly considered as the ferns and fern allies are vascular plants that have fibrous roots
and green leaves. The method of reproduction made them strongly distinguished from other plants
because instead of producing seeds they reproduce by making spores (Delos Angeles and Buot, 2012).
Fern and fern allies being the second largest group of vascular plants, make an important contribution to
the earth's plant diversity as they form a significant and dominant component of many plant
communities (Benjamin, 2011). ...

... In the Philippines, there are about 1,100 species of ferns distributed among 154 genera and 34
families, according to recent classifications which have been reported to be present (Amoroso et al.,
2009;Barcelona et al., 2013). However, only thirty-two (32) fern families are documented based on
published materials and herbarium specimens (Delos Angeles and Buot, 2012). ...
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF THE THREE FERN
(POLYPODIACEAE) SPECIES IN BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES

February 2017

Project: Exploring the Potentials of Philippine Ferns and Lycopods as Therapeutics for Chronic
Inflammation and Cancer.

ICLE OPEN ACCESS Phytochemical Screening,

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Three Fern (Polypodiaceae) Species in Bukidnon,
Philippines 1,2* Reggie Y. Dela Cruz, 1,3 Aileen May G. Ang, 1, 2 Glenda Z. Doblas, 1,3 Ivy L. Librando,
1,2 Heidi C. Porquis, 1,2 Beth Christy Leigh S. Batoctoy, 1,2 Cinderilla C. Cabresos, 1,2 Diana Rose Y.
Jacalan and 1,2 Victor B. Amoroso 1 Tuklas Lunas Development Center, Central Mindanao University,
8710 Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Department of Biology, Central Mindanao University, 8710 Bukidnon,
Philippines 3 Department of Chemistry, Central Mindanao University, 8710 Bukidnon, Philippines Email:
rydelacruz@cmu.edu.ph ABSTRACT The phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and anti-
inflammatory activities of the rhizome and frond methanolic extracts of Drynaria quercifolia,
Microsorum punctatum and Pyrrosia adnascens collected in Bukidnon, Philippines were determined
using spectrophotometric methods. The presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
anthraquinones, phenolics, saponins, tannins and terpenoids in the fern samples were determined
using thin layer chromatography. The total phenolic content ranged from 37.44 ± 0.91 to 130.44 ± 0.87
mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) / gram sample. The total flavonoid concentrations varied from not
detectable to 36.74 ± 2.17 µg quercetin equivalents (QE)/gram sample. The results of DPPH radical
scavenging activity, expressed as percentage DPPH inhibition relative to ascorbic acid, and the egg
albumin denaturation assay showed highest activity for the M. punctatum rhizome extracts with
recorded values of 56.58 ± 2.35 % and 64.80 ± 5.79, respectively. The high antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activity of M. punctatum rhizome suggest that it can be regarded as a promising natural
source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. Keywords: ferns, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, polypods, phytochemical Received 02.01.2017 Revised 18.01.2017
Accepted 25.01. 2017 INTRODUCTION The medicinal importance of pteridophytes (ferns and
lycopods) has long been established, particularly by the Chinese who have been using plants in
traditional medicine for more than 2000 years [1]. This traditional claim prompted many researchers
to investigate on its pharmacological values that include among others, its phytochemical
composition and bioactivities [2]. With more specific reports on antioxidant [3], antitumor [4],
cytotoxic [5] and anticancer [6] activities in certain species, the pharmacological value of these
plants becomes even more apparent. In the Philippines, about 1,100 species of pteridophytes
belonging to 144 genera and 39 families have been reported [7]. Several of these have been used
in the traditional treatment of several illnesses [8] . However, scientific data to show the
pharmacological significance of these Philippine species are wanting in the literature. This initial report
on the pharmacological potential of Philippine ferns is focused on thre
Orders and Families of Philippine Pteridophytes

July 2018

Authors:

Inocencio E Buot Jr

University of the Philippines Los Baños

Marjorie delos Angeles

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical

O RDERS AND F A M I L IE S O F P HI LI PP IN E PT ERI DO P H YT ES Marjorie Dida-Agun delos Angeles1*

and Inocencio E. Buot Jr.1, 2 1Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of
the Philippines Los Banos and 2Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the
Philippines Open University *Corresponding author: mddelosangeles@gmail.com A BS T R A CT -
Currently, around 1100 species under 144 genera and 39 families of Pteridophytes have been reported
to be present in the Philippines. The most recent fern classification recognizes four classes, 11 orders
and 37 families of ferns. Thirty-two (32) fern families are documented in the Philippines based on
published materials and herbarium specimens. Ferns have various ethno botanical uses which could
either be for food consumption, aesthetic value and medicine

ntimicrobial, Antipyretic, and Anti-Inammatory Activities of Selected Philippine Medicinal

PteridophytesVICTOR B. AMOROSO ORCID No. 0000-0001-8865-5551victoramoroso@gmail.comCentral
Mindanao UniversityDOROTHY A. ANTESAORCID No.
0000000319611867daantesa.orcid@gmail.comNotre Dame of Marbel UniversityDAVE P.
BUENAVISTAORCID No. 0000000216360399dpbuenavista.orcid@gmail.comFULGENT P.
CORITICOORCID No. 0000000338766610fcoritico.orcid@gmail.comCentral Mindanao
UniversityABSTRACTPteridophytes are some of the herbal plants used to cure ailments. e present
study scientically nds out the folkloric therapeutic claims of 15 species of Philippine medicinal
pteridophytes. Phytochemical components namely alkaloids, avonoids, saponins, tannins, and
anthraquinones of each plant samples were qualitatively determined. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic
extract

Pteridophytes are some of the herbal plants used to cure ailments. The present study scientifically finds
out the folkloric therapeutic claims of 15 species of Philippine medicinal pteridophytes. Phytochemical
components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones of each plant samples
were qualitatively determined. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract