SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS

 How do you relieve a dry itchy skin?

 How often do you use creams? What for?
 Are creams cosmetic or pharmaceutical products?

topical - pertaining to a particular area, such as a topical anti-infective agent applied to a certain area of
the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied;
pruritus -an uncomfortable sensation of irritation of the skin or mucous membranes that causes
scratching or rubbing of the affected parts;
medicated - containing medication;
unmedicated - not containing medication;
emollient - softening and soothing, especially to the skin;
psoriasis - a noncontagious inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurring reddish patches
covered with silvery scales;
boil - a painful, circumscribed pus-filled inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue usually
caused by a local staphylococcal infection;
fragrance products - products that enhance the smell of the body in a desirable manner;
dentifrice - a paste, powder, liquid, or other preparation for cleaning the teeth;
inflammatory bowel disease - any of several chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, especially
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the intestine and
resulting in abdominal cramping and diarrhea.
preservation
=
Semisolid Dosage Forms
conservation

topical= Semisolid dosage forms are applied on the skin or to the mucous membrane to achieve
local local or systemic effect. Semisolid dosage forms have many characteristics in common –
consistency, presentation, and preservation requirements. Semisolid agents are different in
emollient=
their composition from liquids or solids. They are usually intended for topical application.
softening,
soothing These dosage forms are too thick to be considered a liquid dosage form and not solid
enough to be considered a solid dosage form. Examples include ointments, creams, gels,
lubricating= pastes, and suppositories.
smearing Ointments. An ointment is applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. An
medication= ointment is an example of a water-in-oil emulsion because it contains a small amount of
drugs, water dispersed throughout oil. Ointments can also be formulated and sterilized for use in
medicines the eye. Typically, medicated ointments are used for the treatment of infection,
inflammation and pruritus. Non-medicated ointments are commonly used due to their
residue=
excess, emollient and lubricating properties. Ointments contain medication in a glycol or oil base
remnant and can effectively cover the surface of the skin. Typically, ointments have an oily or
greasy consistency and can appear “stiff” as they are applied to the skin, and can leave an
enhance=
increase, oily residue at the site of application. Ointments contain drug that may act on the skin or be
boost absorbed through the skin for systemic action. Many ointments are made from petroleum
jelly. Ointments may contain aromatic substances and dyes to enhance patient acceptance.
supple=
They can be used for treatment of such conditions as burns, cuts, pain, itching,
flexible, soft
inflammation, boils and scars, skin problems like eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis.
condition= Creams. A cream is a pharmaceutical preparation usually for application to the skin and
illness, mucous membranes. A cream contains suspensions or solutions of drugs intended for
sickness
external use. It is an example of an oil-in-water emulsion because it contains a small
moisture= amount of oil dispersed in water. Cream composition is somewhat like that of ointments.
humidity, When applied to the skin, creams feel soft and supple and spread easily. Creams can be
wetness easily massaged into the skin, without leaving an oily residue. They usually have
cleansing= medications in a base that is part oil and part water. Creams may be considered
cleaning, pharmaceutical products as even cosmetic creams are based on techniques developed by
purifying pharmacy and unmedicated creams are highly used in a variety of skin conditions, such as
dermatoses. Creams provide a barrier to protect the skin to aid in the retention of moisture.
soothe=
alleviate, They can also have cleansing and emollient effects. Cold creams are cosmetic products
relieve containing an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various
scent agents, designed to smooth, clean and soften the skin. The name derives from the
exert= cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. They can also be used to moisturize,
perform,
carry out nourish and soothe dry and tough skin on the knees and elbows, or to keep skin protected.
Gels. A gel contains solid medication particles, like a suspension, in a thick liquid. It can
be used internally and externally. The particles in a gel are ultrafine and are linked to form
a semisolid. Gels penetrate the skin without leaving a residue. Gels are used as: delivery
systems for orally administered drugs, to deliver topical drug applied directly to the skin,
mucous membrane or the eye. They are used as long acting forms of drug injected
intramuscularly. Gels are also used as binders in tablet granulation, protective colloids in
suspensions, thickeners in oral liquid and suppository bases. Gels are used in cosmetics like shampoos,
fragrance products, dentifrices, skin and hair care preparations.
Pastes. A paste contains more solid material and less liquid base than a solid. Pastes are like ointments,
but are stiffer, less greasy, and applied more thickly. An example of a paste is zinc oxide. This dosage
form is intended for application to the skin, oral cavity, or mucous membranes. Pastes serve as protective
coatings over the areas to which they are applied. If applied to the skin, they should adhere well to it,
forming a protective film that controls the evaporation of water. In oral formulations, pastes containing
bioadhesives are used as protectants of the oral mucosa.
Suppositories. A suppository is a dosage form used to deliver medications by insertion into a body orifice.
The external membrane of the suppository will typically melt, soften, or dissolve at body temperature
which allows the active ingredient to then be absorbed by the surrounding tissue. Suppositories exert local
or systemic effects. Suppository bases employed are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated
vegetable oils, etc. There are three types of suppositories: rectal, vaginal and urethral (in men).
Suppositories may be the preferred dose form in some cases when the patient has severe nausea and
vomiting. Suppositories vary in size and shape. Some are meant for local action, such as in the treatment
of rectal hemorrhoids. Rectal suppositories, however, are often used as vehicles for systemic drugs
because the rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels in the rectum provides for exceptional absorption.
They are often used in children or adults who cannot take oral medication to control symptoms of fever,
nausea, or vomiting, as well as to treat severe symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease or pain.

I. Comprehension check. Answer the following questions:

1. What are semisolid dosage forms?
2. What application are semisolid dosage forms intended for?
3. What are the common examples of semisolid dosage forms?
4. Are semisolid dosage forms considered mainly liquid or solid dosage forms?

II. Match the following words to make word combinations:

1. water-in-oil a. application
2. cold b. emulsion
3. systemic c. ointments
4. fragrance d. residue
5. unmedicated e. consistency
6. emollient f. action
7. greasy g. properties
8. lubricating h. gels
9. medicated i. effects
10. topical j. creams
11. oily k. products
III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:

cleansing, moisturizing, greasy, soothing, non-medicated, emollient

1. Using an …………………………. soap instead of normal soap for handwashing and

bathing can help improve your skin.
2. Ointments are good for very dry and thickened skin as they are greasy, thick and
very…………………………….
3. Creams are good for daytime use as they're not very ……………………. and are absorbed
quickly.
4. Aloe Vera gels have …………………………. properties.
5. …………………………. milk contains a combination of oil and water excellent for dry
and sensitive skin.
6. ……………………………. cooling gels help soothe baby's teething gums.

IV. Odd-One-Out. Choose the verbs describing the action of Ointments /Creams /Gels
1. to soothe, to calm, to damage, to alleviate
2. to cleanse, to purify, to clean, to impair
3. to break, to nourish, to feed, to enrich
4. to refresh, to spoil, to revitalize, to regenerate
5. to moisturize, to dry, to hydrate, to moisten
6. to lubricate, to smear, to vanish, to grease

V. Derivatives.
a. Make adjectives from the following verbs:

Verbs Adjectives
to soothe
to nourish
to cleanse
to moisturize
to regenerate
to refresh
to revitalize
to hydrate
to alleviate
to care
to protect

b. Make up some sentences with the verbs and adjectives.

 VI. True /False:
1. There are only medicated ointments.
2. Ointments can have both local and systemic action.
3. Creams provide protection to the skin, but do not ensure the retention of moisture.
4. Cold creams are greasy and contain petroleum jelly.
5. Creams have nourishing and emollient effects.
6. Ointments are used to treat a lot of skin conditions.
7. Gels have moisturizing properties and are applied only to mucous membranes.
8. Dentifrices contain gels.
9. Pastes are similar to ointments.
10. Suppositories can deliver drugs into the human body, exerting a systemic action and
providing drug absorption.

VII. Fill in the table with the appropriate information:

Semisolid dosage forms

Ointments Creams Gels Pastes Suppositories

VIII. Use the words in brackets in the appropriate form:

Skin care balm

Skin care balm is (develop) ………………. specifically to care of dry rough skin of feet, palms and other
places The balm contains a (combine) …………… of (herb) ……………. extracts of calendula, sage,
thyme, chamomile, vitamin E, essential oils, macadamia seeds, and sodium. The balm has strong
(moisture) ……………………… properties and contributes to the long-term (retain)
………………………. of (moist) …………………… in the skin. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory
and antiseptic effects. The balm allows to care for dry skin with (excess) …………… keratinization,
helps to remove calluses. It makes the skin soft, elastic, prevents skin cracks and promotes their (heal)
……………………... The balm has a (protect) …………………. effect on the skin and strengthens its
(regenerate) ………………………. ability. It relieves skin (irritate) …………………. The herbal
extracts have (soothe) …………………. and antimicrobial properties. The essential oils have (nourish)
………………..., (care) ………………. and (refresh) ……………. effects. They promote (regenerate)
……………………. and improve skin (elastic) ………………………….

Writing

Project-work. Choose a type of semisolid dosage form and describe it in terms of:
  APIs
 excipients
 properties

Type of Semisolid dosage form

Composition

Properties

Speaking

Speak about the use of semisolid dosage forms in medicine and cosmetology.

Video Semisolid Dosage Forms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDp14OhoNNE

Poultice - an ancient form of topical medication, also known as a cataplasma. 

I. Comprehension check. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the physical properties of semisolid dosage forms?
2. What are the physiological properties of semisolid dosage forms?
3. What are the application properties of semisolid dosage forms?
4. What are the advantages of semisolid dosage forms?
5. What are the disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms?

II. Choose the right variant:

1. The consistency of creams is

a. watery
b. homogenous
c. nonhomogenous.
 2. Gels are
a. greasy
b. non-greasy
c. oily.
3. Ointments are used as
a. anesthetics
b. cleansers
c. emollients.

4. Poultices are
a. viscous
b. watery
c. oily.

5. Suppositories are intended to

a. dry in the body cavities
b. harden in the body cavities
c. melt and dissolve in the body cavities.

III. True or False:

1. Creams are applied only to the mucous membranes.
2. Gels are used only for prophylactic purposes.
3. Ointments have prophylactic and therapeutic effects.
4. Poultices have an irritant action upon the skin.
5. Poultice is applied as thick film on a dressing material.
6. Plasters are used to provide a cooling action.
7. When suppositories melt in the body cavities, they release the active drug.