College of Teacher Education

2nd Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023

Module 2A
CHEMICAL BONDING (Part 1)

Course Title: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course Code: CHEM 3

Name: ________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________________________
Contact Number: ________________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: January 28, 31 & February 4/Tues (5:00 – 8:00) & Sat (8:00 – 2:00)
Instructor: JEROME A. GIRON

I. Objectives:
At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Compare and contrast organic and inorganic compounds.
2. Classify compounds as ionic, polar and nonpolar.
3. Discuss the development of the chemical bonding theory, concept of the valence bond theory and molecular
orbital theory.

II. Lecture

CHEMICAL BONDING
• Atoms with unfilled valence shells are considered unstable.
• Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by bonding with other atoms.
• Chemical bond = the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together in a compound

ATOMIC BONDS
• Atoms form atomic bonds to become more stable.
• Atoms become more stable by filling their valence shell or at least meeting the octet rule by getting 8
valence electrons.
• There are three main types of chemical bonds used by atoms to fill their valence shell:
• Covalent
• Metallic
• Ionic

COVALENT BONDS
• Covalent bonds form between two non-metals. Groups 14-17 on the Periodic Table
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms SHARE electrons.
• Both atoms need to gain electrons to become stable, so they share the electrons they have.
• Atoms can share more than one pair of electrons to create double and triple bonds.

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

• Results in a NEUTRAL molecule
• Weak bonds
• Physical State usually liquids or gases
• Low Melting and Boiling Points
• Poor conductors of electricity (no free electrons to move around)

IONIC BONDS
• Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.
• Ionic bonds are formed between oppositely charged atoms (ions).
• Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons.
• One atom loses (gives away) electrons.
• One atom gains (receives) electrons.
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 • The normal charge of an ion can be quickly determined using the oxidation number of an element.
• The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that atom would have if the compound was composed of ions.
• To find the oxidation number:
• Look at Group #
• Determine # of valence electrons
• If 4 or less, atom will lose (give away) valence electrons (ion is positive)
• If 4 or more, atom will gain the needed # to fill valence shell. (ion is negative)

BOND POLARITY
• Covalent bonds differ in terms of how the bonded atoms share the electrons.
o The character of the molecule depends on the kind and number of atoms joined together.
o These features, in turn, determine the molecular properties.
• The bonding pairs of electrons in covalent bonds are pulled between the nuclei of the atoms sharing the electrons.
• The electronegativity difference between two atoms tells you what kind of bond is likely to form.
o EN value: 0 – 0.5 = covalent
o EN value: 0.6 – 1.7 = polar covalent
o EN value: 2.8 & above = ionic

CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
• Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in
the chemistry of living organisms.
• Carbon atoms can form single, double or triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon can form up to 4 bonds
• This allows carbon atoms to form long chains, almost unlimited in length.
• Carbon can bond with other carbons, form straight chains, branched chains and rings
• “Organic” must contain at least one carbon. CH 4 = simplest organic molecule
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Therefore, carbon will always make 4 bonds with other atoms
• Ability to form millions of different compounds with other elements

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
• Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity
and solubility
• Many are gases at room
temperature
• Many have a strong odor
• Many do not dissolve in water

VALENCE BOND THEORY & MOLECULAR

• Molecular orbitals: orbitals that span
two or more atoms. Constructing
molecular orbitals (MOs) by
overlapping atomic orbitals (AOs)
• Atomic orbitals: orbitals that are
localized on single atoms.
• Sigma δ bonds: electron density of
MO directed along bond axis.
• Pi π bonds: electron density of MO has a nodal plane that contains the bond axis.
• Sigma bonds can form where two s orbitals overlap. The sigma bond is cylindrically symmetrical.
• End-on overlap of two p orbitals to form a sigma bonding molecular orbital and a sigma antibonding molecular
orbital.
• Valence bond: Overlap of two s orbitals to produce a s bond
• Valence bond: Overlap of an s orbital and a pz orbital to produce a s bond
• Valence bond: Overlap of two pz orbitals to produce a s bond
• Valence bond: Overlap of two px orbitals to produce a p bond

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Name: ________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________________________
Contact Number: ________________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: January 28, 31 & February 4/Tues (5:00 – 8:00) & Sat (8:00 – 2:00)
Instructor: JEROME A. GIRON

III. Application/Activity

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but concisely.

1. What is chemical bonding?

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2. How does bonding formed?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. What is valence bond theory? What is molecular orbital theory?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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IV. Assessment:
Directions: Determine the type of bond in each pair of the atoms. Which is most polar bond? Least polar? Support your
answers by calculating the electronegativity difference in each pair.

A. Cl – F

B. O – S

C. P – N

D. Na – Cl

Date Finished: _________________________ Signature: _________________________

V. References
 Bettelheim, Frederick, et.al. (2012) Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry. 10th edition. Thomson
Brooks/Cole.
 McMurry, J. (2011) Organic Chemistry, 8th ed., Thomson Learning.
 Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N. (1999) Organic Chemistry, 6th Package ed., Prentice Hall College Division.
 https://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu
 http://biochemistry.clc.uc.edu/courses/biochem104/biomolecules.htm

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 College of Teacher Education
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023

Name: ____________________________________ Course & Year: _________________ Rating: ______________

Laboratory Exercise No. 2

BOND FORMATION

OBJECTIVE:
• Reclassify the chemical bonds holding the molecules of the compounds.

Directions: Classify the types of chemical bonds, consulting the table of electronegativity and solve for the electronegativity difference
between the elements.

COMPOUND FORMULA ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND

1. aluminum oxide

2. hydrogen chloride

3. hydrogen bromide

4. magnesium oxide

5. magnesium fluoride

6. methane

7. ethyne

8. sodium oxide

9. water

10. lithium fluoride

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