Basic Concept

Basic Concept
Dr. Pushpendra Singh

Asst. Professor ,EE
pushpendra.ee@gweca.ac.in
Syllabus
1. Evolution of PS and
Presents Day Scenario
• Electrical energy cannot be stored in large quantities, and bulk
supplies of electrical energy must therefore be fed directly from the
generating station through a transmission and distribution system to
the consumer.
• The public supply of electricity was not available until 1879.
• The publication of the results of Faraday’s famous 1831 experiment,
many practical generators were constructed.
• Commercial use of electricity began in the late 1870’s with the
development of arc lamps for street lighting and lighthouse
illumination
• The first complete electric power system, comprising a generator,
cable, fuse meter and loads, is considered to be Edison’s Pearl Street
Station in New York in 1882. DC system with a DC generator
supply. 59 customers in a 1 mile radius area
Conventional PDN
Present Day Scenario
Major Challenges:
 Huge amount of power Losses due to long transmission.
 Node Voltage deviation
 Lack of Reliability , Stability and Robustness.
 Losses at distribution end is large compare to losses in transmission losses.
 Conversional Equipments
World Energy Usages :500 Exa joules
NASA released photographs: Aug 7, 2017,by adding 400+ photos
BULK POWER GRIDS AND
MICROGRIDS
The main difference between the smart grid and microgrid is scale. As the name
suggests, the microgrid is engineered to work in small community areas. On the other
hand, the grid is designed to handle power supply for large communities and is the
digital technology used for two-way communication between utilities and their
customers, and sensors along transmission lines.
Renewable Energy Sources
• Biomass. Wood and wood waste. Municipal
solid waste. Landfill gas and biogas. Ethanol.
Biodiesel.
• Geothermal.
• Hydropower.
• Wind.
• Solar.
Distributed Energy Resources
Distributed energy resources (DER) refers to often smaller
generation units that are located on the consumer’s side of
the meter.
Examples of distributed energy resources that can be installed include:
• Roof top solar photovoltaic units
• Wind generating units
• Battery storage
• Batteries in electric vehicles used to export power back to the grid
• Combined heat and power units, or tri-generation units that also utilise
waste heat to provide cooling
• Biomass generators, which are fuelled with waste gas or industrial and
agricultural by-products.
• Open and closed cycle gas turbines
• Reciprocating engines (diesel, oil)
• Hydro and mini-hydro schemes
• Fuel cells.
Energy Storage
• Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at
one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances
between energy demand and energy production. A
device that stores energy is generally called an
accumulator or battery.
• Compressed Air Storage.
• Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity.
• Advanced Rail Energy Storage.
• Flywheel Energy Storage.
• Lithium-Ion Battery Storage.
• Liquid Air Energy Storage.
• Pumped Heat Electrical Storage.
Soc: Lifetime Analysis of Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Transportation
T&D: Line Diagram
• A typical single line diagram that represents the flow of energy in a
given power system is shown below:
• Electric power is commonly (or usually) generated at 11 kV in
generating stations in India and Europe. While in some cases,
generation voltage might be higher or lower. Generating machines,
to be used in power stations, are available between 6 kV to 25 kV
from some big manufacturers. This generating voltage is then
stepped up to 132kV, 220kV, 400kV or 765kV etc. Stepping up the
voltage level depends upon the distance at which power is to be
transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level.
Stepping up of voltage is to reduce the I2R losses in transmitting
the power (when voltage is stepped up, the current reduces by a
relative amount so that the power remains constant, and hence I2R
loss also reduces). This stage is called as primary transmission.
The voltage is the stepped down at a receiving station to 33kV or
66kV. Secondary transmission lines emerge from this receiving
station to connect substations located near load centres (cities etc.).
• The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation. Large
industrial consumers can be supplied at 11kV directly from these
substations. Also, feeders emerge from these substations. This stage
is called as primary distribution.
• Feeders are either overhead lines or underground
cables which carry power close to the load points
(end consumers) up to a couple of kilometers. Finally,
the voltage is stepped down to 415 volts by a pole-
mounted distribution transformer and delivered to
the distributors. End consumers are supplied through
a service mains line from distributors. The secondary
distribution system consists of feeders, distributors
and service mains. Different Types Of Transmission Systems
Topologies of PDN
• In the context of automatic transfers, the most common
arrangement is the secondary selective or “main-tie-main”
arrangement. One implementation of this arrangement is as
shown in Figure
In this arrangement, there are two

busses, each of which
serves approximately 50% of the load,
but is sized to carry the entire load. In
Figure 1, this means that each
transformer, secondary main circuit
breaker, and secondary equipment bus
is sized to carry the entire load.
• There are many variations on
previous arrangement. In critical-
power applications the most
common variation is to use two
bus tie circuit breakers, and have
the two secondary busses
separated into two different
pieces of equipment. Another
variation is the main-main
arrangement, which omits the bus
tie circuit breaker and simply has
the two secondary busses
connected all the time.
• In this arrangement, one power
source normally carriesthe entire
load, and the other is strictly
a standby power source should
the normal source fail. In this way
the main-main arrangement
is analogous to an automatic
transfer switch (ATS)
• The ring bus
arrangement allows
the flexibility of
supplying multiple
loads using multiple
busses. It is most often
used at the medium-
voltage level, and
usually in a “closed
loop” arrangement
with all of the bus tie
circuit breakers closed.
Main Elements Of A Transmission Line
Due to the economic considerations, three-phase three-wire overhead
system is widely used for electric power transmission. Following are the
main elements of a typical power system.
Conductors: three for a single circuit line and six for a double circuit line.
Conductors must be of proper size (i.e. cross-sectional area). This depends
upon its current capacity. Usually, ACSR (Aluminium-core Steel-reinforced)
conductors are used.
Transformers: Step-up transformers are used for stepping up the voltage
level and step-down transformers are used for stepping it down.
Transformers permit power to be transmitted at higher efficiency.
Line insulators: to mechanically support the line conductors while
electrically isolating them from the support towers.
Support towers: to support the line conductors suspending in the air
overhead.
Protective devices: to protect the transmission system and to ensure reliable
operation. These include ground wires, lightening arrestors, circuit breakers,
relays etc.
Voltage regulators: to keep the voltage within permissible limits at the
receiving end. pushpendra.ee@gweca.ac.in
Synchronous Grids and Asynchronous
interconnection
What is Grid Synchronization?
The purpose of synchronization is to monitor,
access, enable, and automatically take the
control action to prevent the abnormalities of
voltage and frequency by the minimization of
difference in voltage, frequency and phase
angle between the corresponding phases of
the generator output and grid supply.
• A wide area synchronous grid (also called an "interconnection" in North
America) is a three-phase electric power grid that has regional scale or
greater that operates at a synchronized utility frequency and is electrically
tied together during normal system conditions. Also known
as synchronous zones, the most powerful is the Northern Chinese State
Grid with 1,700 gigawatts (GW) of generation capacity, while the widest
region served is that of the IPS/UPS system serving most countries of the
former Soviet Union. Synchronous grids with ample capacity
facilitate electricity trading across wide areas.
• The benefits of synchronous zones include pooling of generation, resulting
in lower generation costs; pooling of load, resulting in significant
equalizing effects; common provisioning of reserves, resulting in cheaper
primary and secondary reserve power costs; opening of the market,
resulting in possibility of long term contracts and short term power
exchanges; and mutual assistance in the event of disturbances.
• In a synchronous grid, all the generators naturally lock together electrically
and run at the same frequency, and stay very nearly in phase with each
other.
DC interconnectors
• Interconnectors such as High-voltage direct
current lines, solid-state transformers or variable-frequency
transformers can be used to connect two alternating
current interconnection networks which are not necessarily
synchronized with each other. This provides the benefit of
interconnection without the need to synchronize an even
wider area. For example, compare the wide area
synchronous grid map of Europe (in the introduction) with
the map of HVDC lines (here to the right). Solid state
transformers have larger losses than conventional
transformers, but DC lines lack reactive impedance and
overall HVDC lines have lower losses sending power over
long distances within a synchronous grid, or between them.
Three Phase System
• A generator consists of three coils placed
120° apart. The voltage generated are equal in
magnitude but, out of phase by 120°. Three
phase is the most economical polyphase
system.
Importance of Three Phase System

1.Uniform power transmission and less vibration of three phase machines.
2.The instantaneous power in a 3f system can be constant (not pulsating).
3.High power motors prefer a steady torque especially one created by a
rotating magnetic field.
Three Phase Circuits
• A phase is carried out to the periodic modifications of a few quantities,
which includes the voltage in an AC circuit.
• An electrical segment is measured in degrees, with 360° comparable
to an entire cycle.
• A sinusoidal voltage is proportional to the cosine or sine of the section.
• Three-phase, abbreviated 3φ, refers to three different voltages and
currents.
• It is a system produced by a generator that includes three sources that
contain the same amplitude and frequency but out of phase from each
other by 120°.
• The three phases should be supplied over six-wire, with two wires used for
each phase. However, they are generally supplied over three wires
• The phase or line currents are the currents in each wire.
• AC Voltages and currents are expressed as RMS values
Resistor in an AC Circuit
Capacitor in an AC Circuit
• The current reverses

direction
• The voltage across the
plates decreases as the
plates lose the charge
they had accumulated
• The voltage across the
capacitor lags behind
the current by 90°
(current leads)
Inductor in an AC Circuit
The voltage reverses
direction
The current across the
plates decreases as the
plates lose the charge
they had accumulated
The current across the
inductor lags behind the
voltage by 90° (current
leads)
Power factor
• Most Industrial loads require BOTH Real power
and Reactive power to produce useful work
• We pay for BOTH types of power
• Capacitors can supply the REACTIVE power thus
the utility doesn’t need to
• Capacitors save our money!
 Reduces Power Bills
 Reduces I2R losses in conductors
 Reduces loading on transformers
 Improves voltage drop
The Power Triangle
Similarly, motors require REACTIVE power to set up
the magnetic field while the ACTIVE power produces
the useful work (shaft horsepower). Total Power is the
vector sum of the two .& represents what we pay for
Method to Improve Power Factor

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Dr. Pushpendra Singh

In this arrangement, there are two

Importance of Three Phase System

• The current reverses

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