SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS

General Luna Road, Baguio City Philippines 2600

Website: www.ubaguio.edu

Telefax No.: (074) 442-3071 E-mail Address: ub@ubaguio.edu

REX A. BAYANGAN
GSMRES1_GSMPA_METHODS OF RESEARCH
February 12, 2022

TOPIC 1: IMPACTS OF MODERNIZATION ON PUBLIC UTILITY JEEPNEYS.

➢ 10 GLOBAL KINDS OF LITERATURE

1. Results of the research of productive and economic systems of a number of the
countries are stated in this paper. Types and ways of modernization of these
systems taking into account the choice of the development model of society are
presented. Process regularity of international modernization, including Russia, is
specified. (Nataliia Vodolazskaya (2019) Types and ways of modernization in a
context of the international experience)

2. Road transport is one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution in urbanized

areas. The volume of emissions from road transport has been increasing starting
from 2013. This is mainly due to the condition of the transport infrastructure and
control systems. (Vadim Mavrin et al. (2020) Reduction of environmental impact
from road transport using analysis and simulation methods)

3. In recent years, the European Commission has raised the question of how to
improve the market position of rail transport. The key success factors beyond the
development of rail transport infrastructure are safety (control and command
systems of rail traffic), opening the rail transport market to competition, and
improving interoperability. (Enno Lend et al. (2020) Modernizing of the Rail
Transport Curriculum and Study Process)

4. The development of urban transport in recent years has become one of the most
important issues related to improving the quality of life in Polish cities. Excessive
pollution in the form of greenhouse gases and other harmful substances from
buses affects people’s health as does excessive noise. (Maciej Dzikuć et al.
(2021) Modernization of the Public Transport Bus Fleet in the Context of Low-
Carbon Development in Poland)

5. Based on the existing methods of selecting vehicle models for an excavator and
dump truck fleet, it is proposed to use a generalized selection algorithm, taking
into account, among other things, factors that dynamically change in time and
 negatively affect the performance of the production facilities in the Arctic. In order
to test this algorithm as part of modernizing the transport system of the
Lomonosov Mining and Processing Plant (Arkhangelsk Region) to adapt it to the
increasing volume of extracted ore, we calculated the parameters lying in the
optimal range of values for excavator and dump truck models, and performed a
theoretical experiment to establish the relationship between the integral
performance indicator in the form of the rate of trips per shift and the carrying
capacity of a particular dump truck model, the length of run-of-mine (ROM)
transportation, and factors that negatively affect the performance of the vehicles.
(Evgeny Botyan et al. (2021) Improving the methodology of choosing machinery
models for the formation of an excavator and vehicle fleet during the
modernization of a mining transport system, with account for the Arctic specifics)

6. The paper is aimed to figure out the cost of modernization of the transport
infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route. Main unfavorable factors, such as a fall
in prices for energy resources and the necessity of the implementation of
ecologically safe and energy-efficient technologies are taken into account.
(Dmitry Radushinsky et al. (2017) The evaluation of the modernization cost of
the transport infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic zone of the
Russian Federation)

7. The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of attracting private

businesses for financing state-owned infrastructural facilities. The purpose of the
paper is to study the practice of attracting private business for the modernization
of infrastructure, including railway, and the development of an approach to the
formation of a variety of infrastructural objects transferred to the public-private
partnership, based on an assessment of the possible reduction of their potential.
Methodology. (Kravchenko, O. (2019). PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS A
MECHANISM FOR FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE MODERNIZATION. Baltic
Journal of Economic Studies, 5(1), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-
0742/2019-5-1-112-117.)

8. The Arctic zone of Russia has significant multifactorial potential. It is necessary

to maximize this potential, taking into account all the features of this region. The
development of transport and logistics infrastructure in the region is an important
factor. (Vitaly Sergeev et al. (2021) Transport and Logistics Infrastructure of the
Arctic Zone of Russia)

9. Three model scenarios of changes in road infrastructure sustainability under

permafrost thawing and degradation due to global climate change in nine
Russian Arctic regions are considered. (B. N. Porfiriev et al. (2020) Economic
Assessment of Permafrost Degradation Effects on Road Infrastructure
Sustainability under Climate Change in the Russian Arctic)

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 10. The directions of realization of transport and logistics potential with the
introduction of modern technology-digitalization are Considered. According to the
results of the assessment of the logistics index, the dynamics in the development
of infrastructure and logistics system in the country was noted. Digitalization of
processes in the multimodal transport sector is aimed at the development of
transit container transport, a single platform for an electronic exchange has been
created. The information systems introduced in rail freight transportation are
noted to improve the organization of the transportation process, ensure timely
delivery, the safety of goods, simplify border crossing procedures. (ABDILDIN N.
K1, MIZANBEKOV I.T.1 (2019) MODERNIZATION OF THE TRANSPORT
INDUSTRY ON THE BASIS OF DIGITALIZATION)

➢ 5 NATIONAL LITERATURES
1. Jeepney is one of the most used public transportation in the Philippines wherein
Filipino passengers used Jeepney as their primary mode of transportation in their
everyday lives to get to their desired destination. (Avi Ben P. Andalecio et al.
(2020) Implementation, challenges and stakeholders perception of modernized
Jeepneys in Metro Manila)

2. For many long years, jeepneys had been improved by ordinary citizens to better
serve the Filipino people. Unfortunately, with the government’s recently-issued
Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Modernization Program, the jeepney industry is
currently facing its unimaginable dissolution. (Reyina Keren V. Silva-netto (2019)
TIGIL-PASADA: A Critical Political Economy Perspective of Jeepney
Modernization)

3. The Philippines is moving towards a more sustainable public transport system by

introducing a public utility vehicle (PUV) modernization program with electric
jeepneys (e-jeepneys) and modernized diesel jeepneys. (Casper Boongaling
Agaton et al. (2019) Diesel or Electric Jeepney? A Case Study of Transport
Investment in the Philippines Using the Real Options Approach)

4. We aim to contribute to the theorization in the governance of sustainable mobility

transition in the informal transport sector with the State as the central actor and
meta-governor. Because of the need to accelerate radical transitions in shorter
timeframes, the role of the State as an agent is being recently considered. Using
the ongoing Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) as a case
study, we expound on the governance styles of the State in reforming the various
sub-systems that make up the complex informal transport sector of a developing

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 country, the Philippines. (Varsolo Sunio et al. (2020) The State in the
governance of sustainable mobility transitions in the informal transport sector)

5. This paper uncovers the (in)justices that arise from the three cases of ongoing
transport system transition in the Philippines, namely the (non–) legitimation of
motorcycle taxis, the formalization of jeepney and the implementation of the high-
priority bus system (Varsolo Sunio et al. (2021) Unpacking justice issues and
tensions in transport system transition using multi-criteria mapping method)

➢ 5 REGIONAL/ LOCAL LITERATURE

1. According to the resolution by the LTFRB, public vehicle operators will not be
approved for a franchise, extend their Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC),
an increase of a number of vehicles, or substitute their vehicles if their unit is
more than the minimum age requirement of fifteen (15) years old from the date of
manufacture of the subject vehicle. (Hanz Ivan Manzano et al. (2019) The
Advantage and Dis-Advantage of Jeepney Modernization Program in Brgy.
Greater Lagro Novaliches, Quezon City)

2. Integrated sustainable transport systems involve appropriate pedestrian linkages

to public transport services. Determining an appropriate design for pedestrian
linkages to public transport services requires a study on the willingness of public
transport users to walk, which is partly contingent on the quality and reliability of
the public transport service that pedestrians attempt to connect to. (Lovely
RANOSA et al. (2017) Providers’ and Users’ Assessment of Public Transport
and Facilities: Baguio City, Philippines)

3. Airports are no longer places used only for taking off and landing. We consider
them to be institutions of great economic and social importance. They are
economic generators and have an impact on the development of tourism and
business in the regions. (Tatiana Remencová et al. (2021) Modernization of
Digital Technologies at Regional Airports and its Potential Impact on the Cost
Reduction)

4. With the traditional ways of public transportation in the Philippines, the current
transportation system has been deemed inconvenient to daily commuters and
public utility operators - traffic congestion, lack of public vehicles for commuters
resulting in longer transportation time and hassle rides, and the environmental
problems that arise in the continuity of using polluting gas are the main reasons
as to why Filipinos continue to demand a better transport system. (Arion Mari P.
Malasique et al. (2022) Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle
Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the
Philippines)

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5. Electrification of public utility vehicles plays a vital role in the transition towards a
more sustainable transport system. However, the adoption of electric vehicles
(EVs) encounters varying challenges ranging from financing issues, government
policies, and public acceptance. Using the Philippines as a case, this research
applies political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental
(PESTLE) analysis to determine how different drivers affect the adoption of EVs
in the public transport system from various transport stakeholders vantage
points. Survey results identified economic and technological factors as the main
barriers to the adoption of electric public transport. (Charmaine Samala Guno et
al. (2021) Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in
the Philippines)

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 GLOBAL NATIONAL REGIONAL LOCAL
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Modernization
 TOPIC I

IMPACTS OF MODERNIZATION ON PUBLIC UTILITY JEEPNEYS

Increasing attention has been paid to the subject of PUV modernization and phase-out in
the Philippines in recent years (Lander, 2018). Public Utility Jeepneys (PUJs) have been
identified as a major source of air pollution, particularly in Baguio City. Even though it is the
most popular mode of public transportation in the country, only PUJs do not have an age limit,
which is due to the fact that PUJs are the most popular (Napalang &, Pontawe 2018). On June
19, 2017, the Department of Transportation issued Department Order No. 2017-011 (Re:
Omnibus Guidelines on the Planning and Identification of Public Road Transportation Services
and Franchise Issuance) or the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (Re: Omnibus
Guidelines on the Planning and Identification of Public Road Transportation Services and
Franchise Issuance). The Duterte administration's PUVMP (Land Transportation) is a program
and a large-scale transformational initiative project. The PUVMP is a program and a
transformational large-scale initiative project of the Duterte administration (Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board, 2018). The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization (PUVM)
Program of the Philippines aims to transform the road sector of public transport through the
introduction of safer and climate-friendly vehicles, improved regulation, and industry
consolidation. The program aims to improve the urban quality of life, reduce economic losses
due to time lost in travel, reduce health costs and premature deaths, reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and improve the economic situation of the operators and industry by
improving service quality level (Mettke C, Cruz M & Mariano P, 2018). According to
Presidential spokesman Harry Roque (2017), the PUVMP is “not anti-poor” and is not designed
to phase out jeepneys, but it’s a mechanism to “improve” the country’s public transport sector.

Under the PUV Modernization Program, jeepney units that are 15 years old will be
replaced with Euro 4 engines or electrically-powered engines with solar panels for roofs. These
will also be equipped with closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, a GPS navigation system,
an Automatic Fare Collection System (AFCS), speed limiters, dashboard cameras, and Wi-Fi.
(PNA, 2017). One component of the PUVMP is to rationalize the routes by adopting a hierarchy
of modes to address issues on reduced road capacity due to the increasing number of low-
capacity vehicles in high-demand areas. The basic policy in route rationalization is that higher
capacity PUVs are assigned to high-demand routes. Route rationalization studies determine the
appropriate model, quantity, and service characteristics of the public transport service in each
area to make the routes more responsive to passenger demand and ensure that the hierarchy of
roads and modes of transportation are followed (LTFRB, 2017). The PUV Modernization
Program and the Sustainable Development (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace
and prosperity (UNDP, 2017). Despite PUVMP’s objective to provide a comfortable, accessible,
reliable, environment-friendly, and sustainable public transportation for every Filipino, several
challenges and critics from several groups were experienced because of the wrong understanding
of the said Program. The Socio-Economic and Psychological impact of the PUVMP is the
concern of the affected individual which are the Operators and Drivers, including the
Commuters. One thing that hinders Operators and drivers is that the cost of the Modernized PUV
is very high.

Because of the CoVID-19 pandemic, which is subject to the conditions set forth in MC
2019-066, and the PUV Modernization Program's consolidation component, the consolidation
period was extended from 2017 to March 31, 2021. Understanding the PUVMP's origins, goals,
and objectives will show you that it is not anti-poor. Because it is one of the primary objectives
of Modernization, the government has given all operators/franchisees time to combine to a
Cooperative or Corporation. The major goal of this research is to learn more about the impact of
the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) on the community, particularly the
operators and drivers of public utility vehicles.

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 REFERENCE LIST

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. 2020. Extension of time file
application for consolidation pursuant to industry consolidation of PUVMP:
https://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MC-2020-084.pdf

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. 2021. Extension of Time to File
for consolidation pursuant to the industry consolidation of the PUVMP under the
enhanced community quarantine (ECQ):
https://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MC-2021-020.pdf

Inquirer.net. 2017. Roque: PUV modernization program ‘not anti-poor:

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/955822/roque-puv-modernization-program-not-anti-
poor#ixzz6zM0vcj4

World Electr. Veh. J. 2019, 10(3), 51; Diesel or Electric Jeepney? A Case Study of Transport
Investment in the Philippines Using the Real Options Approach: https://www.mdpi.com/2032-
6653/10/3/51/htm

Philippine News agency. 2017. Operators, drivers urged to support PUV modernization program:
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1009218

Philippine News Agency. 2017) DOTr welcomes PRRD’s support to PUV Modernization Plan:
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1013148

Estipular, J. (2020) Looking into the Implementation of Public Utility Vehicle Modernization
Program:https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph/images/PDF%20Attachments/CPBRD%20Policy
%20Brief/PB2020-02_PUV.pdf

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Mettke C, Cruz M & Mariano P. (2018) The Jeepney+ NAMA. Modernizing public transport in
the Philippines: https://www.changing-transport.org/modernizing-public-transport-in-the-
philippines/

CNN Philippines.2020. The modernization plan is changing jeepney drivers’ lives forever:
https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/transportation/2020/12/11/jeepney-modernization-
deadline.html

All About PUV Modernization Program Guidelines: Advantages & Disadvantages:

https://techiestuffph.com/all-about-puv-modernization-program-guidelines-advantages-
disadvantages/

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