Santa Monica Institute of Tech.

Semi-Finals MODULE
Andrada Bldg. Poblacion, Iligan City

Education Department
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (E.P.P 1)
Semester of A.Y. 2021-2022 Ceasar an H. Mundala - 09358706303

Introduction

The scenario of the classroom is changing. There is a technological gap between the progress of the society and
instructional activities of the teacher in the classroom. If we see in our society on the one hand technology has
revolutionized our society and on the other hand the teaching learning activities at school level have remained so far away
from technology. In our classroom the knowledge is imparted by the teacher in an ancient way, a teacher centric mode
which is most of the time boring and not to gain interest to the student. But present 21st Century‟s education is student
centric education. Students learn from multi sources and for this reason use of ICT & Multimedia is very much essential in
educational field and simultaneously teacher‟s knowledge of ICT and Multimedia also required. So present study has great
need and significance because this study shows roles of ICT teachers‟ education.
- Baishakhi et., al (2016), Role of ICT in 21st Century’s Teacher Education

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Identify online safety , security and internet threats
Discussion
Write Yes if you agree with the statement and No if you disagree on the blank before each number.

_______ 1. My computer has an antivirus so it is okay to open most email attachments like e-cards and video files.
_______ 2. Your friend told you that his college application was rejected due to the fact that you posted a video of
him doing crazy stuff at a party. You posted the video several years ago but later took it down to protect your friend's
reputation. Can your friend be right that the college found the video?
_______ 3. You and your best friend plays a lot of video games. One time, she asks you for your password so she can
help you level up and get in-game money. She promises to keep your password a secret. Is it okay to give away your
password?
_______ 4. You received an email stating that your mother's bank account is going to be forfeited if you do not
respond to the email. Is it safe to' reply?
_______ 5. You forgot that your essay for English class is due tomorrow. While doing your research, you found a website
offering free essays. Is it okay to use the essays from this free essay website?
_______ 6. A virus is a malware that multiplies and infects other computers through flash drives.
_______ 7. Keyloggers are software that show pop-up ads even if you are not using your browser.
_______ 8. Search engines scan websites for search results even if you have set your post to "private"
_______ 9. There is a danger in posting information about a future vacation.
_______ 10. Letting people know your birthday is probably a must if you want to get as many gifts as possible. But
having it in your profile makes you vulnerable to identity theft.

Activity 1 : Most of us use the Internet every day, Sometimes, we do not pay attention on how much
information we share online. Below is a questionnaire about how much you have shared so far. Put a check
(✓) under Shared or Not Shared.

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How many checks did you have for Shared? You probably answered Shared in the first two items. If
that is the case, try using a search engine like Google then type your first and last name. Did you get links to
your profile page? Try switching to image search. Did your pictures appear? If you have a unique name,
chances are, it did. Do not feel bad if it did not appear though; in fact, it is probably for your best interest
not to have pictures of yourself in a search engine.

Activity 2 - Directions: Think of this, with the concepts you have learned answer it based in your opinion. So
how did these things happen? How can search engines locate me? Is there any danger of being found by
search engines?

Activity 3 - Directions: How many hours do you spend on the Internet per day? Can you live without the
Internet for a week? How many aspects of your life depend on the Internet? How many times have you
complained about your Internet connection speed? As teenagers, you are all exposed to many things
powered by the Internet.
Whether it is socializing, playing games, reading sports news, shopping, etc., the Internet has given you one
of the most powerful tools that your parents, during their teenage years, did not have.
Because of this, do you not think that it is also important to wield this powerful tool properly? Without proper
training, a swordsman can easily injure himself when wielding a swordsman, the same could be said for you
whenever you use the Internet.

Lesson 1.1: Online Safety and Security

The Internet, truly, is a powerful tool. It can be used to promote your business, gain Online Safety and
Security new friends, and stay in touch with the old ones. It is also a source of entertainment through games,
online communities, and everything in between. But like most things in this world there is always the 'other
side of the coin
The Internet is one of the most dangerous places especially if you do not know what you are doing with
it. But there is no need to worry: it is never that late. Hopefully, by the end of this lesson, you are able to
consider how you go about your use of the Internet.
Let us go back to the "How Safe Are You?" test.
Let us visit each item and see how risky it is to share them. pe of information Risks There is a risk in sharing
your
The Internet, truly, is a powerful tool. It can be used to promote your business, gain Online Safety and
Security new friends, and stay in touch with the old ones. It is also a source of entertainment through games,
online communities, and everything in between. But like most things in this world there is always the 'other
side of the coin
The Internet is one of the most dangerous places especially if you do not know what you are doing with
it. But there is no need to worry: it is never that late. Hopefully, by the end of this lesson, you are able to
consider how you go about your use of the Internet.
Let us go back to the "How Safe Are You?" test.
Let us visit each item and see how risky it is to share them. pe of information Risks There is a risk in sharing2
your
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 First name - There is a risk in sharing your first name. Chances are, a hacker may already know plenty of stuff about
you even if you only give out your first name. Likewise, you cannot just walk in a room and start introducing yourself
to everyone. You do not know whom you can come across with.
 Last name - If sharing your first name is a small risk, having both your first and last is riskier. You will be vulnerable to
being searched for using search engines, which include image search. Matching a name with a face is modus to
several cybercrimes like identity theft.
 Middle name - Sharing your middle name alone is probably not the riskiest of this shared information, but sharing
your full name would be.
 Current and Previous School - Most people who steal identities study their subject. They can use this information for
verification purposes.
 Your cellphone number - Your cellphone number should never be posted over the Internet. The Internet number is
a public place. It is the same as posting your number on a billboard. You would not want random strangers to text
or call you, or worse, pretend that they are someone else.
 The name of your mother and father - Risky yet not as risky as posting their full names, especially your mother's
maiden name. In fact, you may have already encountered many websites that require your mother's maiden
name as an answer to a secret question whenever you lose your password.
 The name of your siblings - Disclosing this is a huge risk. Strangers may pretend or use their identity to dupe you.
 Your address - Hopefully, you answered "no" to this one. Giving the Internet your number is one thing; giving them
your address is a whole other level. It would be much easier for criminals to find you.
 Your home phone number - This shared information is riskier than sharing your personal phone number. Scams
usually use this information to deceive you, one of which is when a stranger pretends to know your parents or
pretends to be you.
 Your Birthday - Letting people know your birthday is probably a must if you want to get as many gifts as possible.
But having it in your profile makes you vulnerable to identity theft.

Lesson 1.2: Internet Threats

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Lesson 2.2 TEN RULES OF NETIQUETTE

The etiquette guidelines that govern behavior when communicating on the Internet have become
known as netiquette. Netiquette covers not only rules of behavior during discussions but also guidelines that
reflect the unique electronic nature of the medium. Netiquette usually is enforced by fellow users who are
quick to point out infractions of netiquette rules.
Rule no. 1: Remember the human
Rule no. 2: Adhere to the same standards online that you follow in real life.
Rule no. 3: Know where you are in cyberspace.
Rule no. 4: Respect other people’s time and bandwidth.
Rule no. 5: Make yourself look good online.
Rule no. 6: Share expert knowledge
Rule no. 7: Help keep flame wars under control
Rule no. 8: Respect other people’s privacy.
Rule no. 9: Don’t abuse your power
Rule no. 10: Be forgiving of other people’s mistake.

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THINK before you CLICK!

T- is it True? , H– is it Helpful? , I- is it Inspiring? , N- is it Necessary? , K- is it kind?

Always remember:

1. Before you post something on the web, ask these questions to yourself:
 Would you want your parents and other relatives to see it?
 Would you want your future boss to see it?
2. Your friends depend on you to protect their reputation online 6
3. Set your post to “private” (Depending on the type of post)
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4. Avoid using names
5. If you feel that a post can affect you or other’s reputation, ask the one who posted it to pull it down or
report it as inappropriate.

Protecting reputations online

Copyright

Assessment
A. Choose one of the “Rules of Netiquette”, describe it through DRAWING/POSTER

B. Stay safe online:

Check your Facebook profile information. Make your other information private based on “How safe are
you?” activity. Keep your name as is. Make the other information private. Remove your family connection
private. Do not connect your relative’s/significant other’s profile to your profile. I’ll be checking each of your
profiles for this activity.
Reflection

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POST THIS to your Facebook wall!
 Using the topic, THINK before you CLICK!
Post an essay about the importance of THINK : T- is it True? , H– is it Helpful? , I- is it Inspiring? , N- is it
Necessary? , K- is it kind?, why do we need to THINK before we CLICK!?

 Follow this format:

EPP 1: Safe and Responsible use of ICT

<Your essay:200 words>

Your Name (Without your Middlename)
 Comment the link of your post to the post “THINK before you CLICK! Activity” at the course’s group
page. https://web.facebook.com/groups/945919166044672

Resources and Additional Resources

 https://rickrushedd.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/the-rules-of-netiquette/
 EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES MODULE by Grascia, Retrieved from:
https://www.docsity.com/en/empowerment-technologies-module-1-to-5-created-by-my-with-references-
2/5762476/

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Gather information using the internet.
B. Evaluate gathered information based on purpose, authority, accuracy, currency and
objectivity.
L2sson 2: Activity
Answer the following:
 How often do you use the internet? (Indicate a range of hours per week)
 What activities do you do on the internet?
 Have you used internet as a source for your research?
 How do you evaluate the information that you acquire through internet?
Discussion
Lesson 2: Gathering and Evaluating Information Using ICT

Research Using the Internet

More and more students are turning to the Internet when doing research for their assignments, and more
and more instructors are requiring such research when setting topics. However, research on the Net is very
different from traditional library research, and the differences can cause problems. The Net is a tremendous
resource, but it must be used carefully and critically.
The printed resources you find in the Library have almost always been thoroughly evaluated by experts
before they are published. This process of “peer review” is the difference between, for example, an article in
Time magazine and one in a journal such as the University of Toronto Quarterly. Furthermore, when books and
other materials come into the University library system, they are painstakingly and systematically catalogued
and cross-referenced using procedures followed by research libraries the world over. This process is the basis
for the way materials are organized in the Library, and it makes possible the various search functions of the
Web catalogue.
On the Internet, on the other hand, “anything goes.” Anyone can put anything they want on a Web site,
there is no review or screening process, and there are no agreed-upon standard ways of identifying subjects
and creating cross-references. This is both the glory and the weakness of the Net – it’s either freedom or
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chaos, depending on your point of view, and it means that you have to pay close attention when doing
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research on-line. There are a great many solid academic resources available on the Net, including hundreds
of on-line journals and sites set up by universities and scholarly or scientific organizations. The University of
Toronto Library’s Electronic Resources page is one such academic source. Using material from those sources
is no problem; it’s just like going to the Library, only on-line. It’s all the other stuff on the Net that you have to
be cautious about.
Here are a few basic guidelines to remember:

Don’t rely exclusively on Net resources. Sometimes your assignment will be to do research only on the
Net, but usually your instructors will expect you to make use of both Internet and Library resources. Cross-
checking information from the Net against information from the Library is a good way to make sure that the
Net material is reliable and authoritative.

Narrow your research topic before logging on. The Internet allows access to so much information that you
can easily be overwhelmed. Before you start your search, think about what you’re looking for, and if possible
formulate some very specific questions to direct and limit your search.

Know your subject directories and search engines. There are several high quality peer-reviewed subject
directories containing links selected by subject experts. INFOMINE and Academic Info are good examples.
These are excellent places to start your academic research on the Internet. Google, Bing, Yahoo and other
search engines differ considerably in how they work, how much of the Net they search, and the kind of results
you can expect to get from them. Spending some time learning what each search engine will do and how
best to use it can help you avoid a lot of frustration and wasted time later. Because each one will find
different things for you, it’s a good idea to always use more than one search engine. For specialized search
engines and directories you might also like to try Beaucoup which includes 2,500 + search engines and
directories or the Search Engine Colossus International Directory of Search Engines that includes search
engines from 230+ countries around the world.

Keep a detailed record of sites you visit and the sites you use. Doing research on the Net inevitably
means visiting some sites that are useful and many that are not. Keeping track is necessary so that you can
revisit the useful ones later, and also put the required references in your paper. Don’t just rely on your
browser’s History function, because it retains the Web addresses or URLs of all the sites you visit, good or bad,
and if you’re using a computer at the University the memory in the History file will be erased at the end of your
session. It’s better to write down or bookmark the sites you’ve found useful, so that you’ll have a permanent
record.

Double-check all URLs that you put in your paper. It’s easy to make mistakes with complicated Internet
addresses, and typos will make your references useless. To be safe, type them into the Location box of your
browser and check that they take you to the correct site.

Evaluating Information

As a student, you will be gathering information from a variety of types of sources for your research
projects including books, newspaper articles, magazine articles, specialized databases, and websites. As you
examine each source, it is important to evaluate each source to determine the quality of the information
provided within it. Common evaluation criteria include: purpose and intended audience, authority and
credibility, accuracy and reliability, currency and timeliness, and objectivity or bias. The following points are
guidelines for evaluating specific resources you find on the Net. If you ask these questions when looking at a
Web site, you can avoid many errors and problems.
Purpose and intended audience
 What is the purpose of the source? For example:
o To provide information (e.g., newspaper articles) 9
o To persuade or advocate (e.g., editorials or opinion pieces)
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o To entertain (e.g., a viral video)
o To sell a product or service (e.g., advertising or marketing materials on a company website)
 Who is the intended audience? For example:
o Scholars and academic researchers with specialized knowledge
o The general public (without specialized knowledge)
o Students in high school, college or university (e.g., textbooks for students learning a new
subject).

Authority and credibility

 Who is the author?
o Is it a person?
o Is it an organization such as a government agency, nonprofit organization, or a corporation?
 What are the qualifications of the author?
o What is the author's occupation, experience, or educational background?
o Does the author have any subject matter expertise?
o Is the author affiliated with an organization such as a university, government agency, nonprofit
organization, or a corporation?
 Who is the publisher?
o For books, is it a university press or a commercial publisher? These types of publishers use editors
in order to ensure a quality publication.
o For journals or magazines, can you tell if it is popular or scholarly in nature? See: Peer-reviewed,
popular magazine, or journal?
o For websites, is it an organizational website, or a personal blog?

Accuracy and reliability

 Is the information well researched?
o Are there references (e.g., citations, footnotes, or a bibliography) to sources that will provide
evidence for the claims made?
o If the source includes facts or statistical data, can this information be verified in another source?
o If the data was gathered using original research (such as polling or surveys), what was the
method of data collection? Has the author disclosed the validity or reliability of the data?
Currency and timeliness
 When was the information published?
o For websites, try to determine the date the web page was created or updated
 Is current information required? If not, then accurate, yet historical, information may still be
acceptable.

Objectivity or bias
 Does the source contain opinions or facts?
 Is the information presented in the source objective (unbiased) or subjective (biased)?
 Does the information promote a political, religious, or social agenda?
 Is advertising content (usually found in business magazines or newspapers) clearly labelled?

In Summary
 Does the source provide you with high-quality information? Is the information useful in answering your
questions and meeting your information need?

Adapted from Burkhardt, J.M & MacDonald, M.C. (2010). Teaching information Literacy: 50 standards-based
exercises for college students.Chicago: American Library Association.

If you can answer all these questions positively when looking at a particular site, then you can be pretty
sure it’s a good one; if it doesn’t measure up one way or another, it’s probably a site to avoid. The key to the10
whole process is to think critically about what you find on the Net; if you want to use it, you are responsible for
 Semi-Finals MODULE
ensuring that it is reliable and accurate.

Assessment

A. Search for an article on a website about the different COVID19 vaccines’ efficacy and answer the matrix
below. Cite the website properly.

Important!
 Use a letter size bond paper, with a Century Gothic/Tahoma Font Style and 12 pt font size.
 Margins: Top - 1 inch. Bottom - 1 inch. Right - 1 inch, Left - 2 inch.
 Pass a hard copy of the activity and e-mail the soft copy to neo.rasaec@gmail.com

Title of the Article:

URL of the Webpage:
Purpose and intended audience
 What is the purpose of the source?
 Who is the intended audience?
Authority and credibility
 Who is the author?
 What are the qualifications of the author?
 Who is the publisher?
Accuracy and reliability
 Is the information well researched?
Currency and timeliness
 When was the information published?
Objectivity or bias
 Does the source contain opinions or facts?
 Is the information presented in the source
objective (unbiased) or subjective
(biased)?
 Does the information promote a political,
religious, or social agenda?
Reflection
 100 word Essay. Do you agree that we should not fully rely on internet as a source of information?

Resources and Additional Resources

 https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/researching/research-using-internet/
 Evaluating Information Sources (2020, Sept. 11) Retrieved from:
https://researchguides.library.brocku.ca/external-analysis/evaluating-
sources#:~:text=As%20you%20examine%20each%20source,timeliness%2C%20and%20objectivit
y%20or%20bias.
Intended Learning Outcomes
A. Idenfity different communication and collaboration tools in ICT.
Discussion
Lesson 3: Communicating and Collaborating using ICT

3.1 E-mail
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Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged
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between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may
contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of
individuals.
The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. Tomlinson sent the e-mail to himself as a test e-mail
message, containing the text "something like QWERTYUIOP." However, despite sending the e-mail to himself,
the e-mail message was still transmitted through ARPANET.

By 1996, more electronic mail was being sent than postal mail.
 E-mail address overview
 How to send and receive e-mail
 Writing an e-mail
 What makes a valid e-mail address?
 Advantages of e-mail
 What's the difference between an e-mail client and webmail?
 What are some of the popular e-mail clients?
 What can be sent in an e-mail?
 Should I use "e-mail" or "email" in my writing?
 Related pages.
 E-mail help and support.

E-mail address overview

 The first portion of all e-mail addresses, the part before the @ symbol, contains the alias, user, group,
or department of a company. In our above example, "support" is the Technical Support department
at Computer Hope.
 Next, the "@" (at sign) is a divider in the e-mail address; it's required for all SMTP e-mail addresses
since Ray Tomlinson sent the first message.
 Finally, "computerhope.com" is the domain name that the user belongs. The ".com" is the TLD (top-
level domain) for our domain.

How to send and receive e-mail

E-mail program
To send and receive e-mail messages, you can use an e-mail program, also known as an e-mail client,
such as Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird. When using an e-mail client, a server that stores and
delivers your messages is used. This server is often hosted by your ISP, but can be another Internet
company. An e-mail client needs to connect to a server to download new e-mail, whereas e-mail
stored online is always available to any Internet-connected device. For more information about cloud
e-mail service, see the difference between webmail and an e-mail client, below.

Online e-mail
An alternative way of sending and receiving e-mail (and the more popular solution for most people) is an
online e-mail service or webmail. Examples include Hotmail (now Outlook.com), Gmail, and Yahoo Mail.
Many of the online e-mail services, including the ones we mentioned, are free or have a free account
option.
How to create an e-mail account.
Note: An e-mail service will not provide you with an Internet connection. You'll still need to use an ISP to
connect to the Internet to use the e-mail service.
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Writing an e-mail
When writing an e-mail message, it should look something like the example window below. As you can
see, several fields are required when sending an e-mail:

 The To field is where the e-mail address of the person receiving the e-mail is placed.
 The From field should contain your e-mail address.
 If you are replying to a message, the To: and From: fields are automatically filled out. If it's a new
message, you'll need to specify the recipients in the To: field by selecting them from your contact list
or by typing the e-mail addresses. If you enter more than one recipient (e.g., group e-mail), the
addresses should be separated by a comma and a space, or by pressing the Tab.
 The Subject should consist of a few words describing the e-mail's contents. The subject lets the
recipient see what the e-mail is about, without opening and reading the full e-mail. This field is
optional.
 The CC ("Carbon Copy") field allows you to specify recipients who are not direct addressees (listed in
the "To" field). For instance, you can address an e-mail to Jeff and CC Linda and Steven. Although
the e-mail is addressed to Jeff, Linda and Steven also receive a copy and everyone can see who
received the e-mail. This field is optional.
 The BCC ("blind carbon copy") field is similar to CC, except the recipients are secret. Each BCC
recipient will receive the e-mail, but will not see who else received a copy. The addressees (anyone
listed in the "To" field) remain visible to all recipients. This field is optional.
 Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It often contains
your signature at the bottom; similar to a handwritten letter.

What makes a valid e-mail address?

The following rules make an e-mail address valid:
 As mentioned earlier, an e-mail must have a username followed by @ (the at sign), followed by
the domain name with a domain suffix.
 The username cannot be longer than 64 characters long, and the domain name cannot be longer
than 254 characters.
 There should be only one @ sign in an e-mail address.
 The space and special characters: ( ) , : ; < > \ [ ] are allowed. Occasionally, a space, backslash,
and quotation mark work but must be preceded with a forward slash. Although valid, some e-mail
providers do not allow these characters.
 The username and e-mail addresses as a whole cannot begin or end with a period.
 The e-mail must not have two or more consecutive periods. 13
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Advantages of e-mail
There are many advantages of e-mail and the usage of e-mail versus postal mail. Some of the main
advantages are listed below.
 Free delivery - Sending an e-mail is virtually free, outside the cost of Internet service. There is no need
to buy a postage stamp to send a letter.
 Global delivery - E-mail can be sent to nearly anywhere around the world, to any country.
 Instant delivery - An e-mail can be instantly sent and received by the recipient over the Internet.
 File attachment - An e-mail can include one or more file attachments, allowing a person to send
documents, pictures, or other files with an e-mail.
 Long-term storage - E-mails are stored electronically, which allows for storage and archival over long
periods of time.
 Environmentally friendly - Sending an e-mail does not require paper (paperless), cardboard, or
packing tape, conserving paper resources.

What's the difference between an e-mail client and webmail?

Both webmail and an e-mail client perform the same function: they allow the user to send and receive
e-mail. However, an e-mail client requires the user to install software directly onto their computer; if the
software is not installed, e-mail may not be accessed. Also, many e-mail clients cost money, but are
generally more secure. Webmail, on the other hand, is a free service, hosted in the cloud. The cloud
service automatically synchronizes your e-mail to all your devices, including your desktop
computer, tablet, or smartphone.
What are some of the popular e-mail clients?
There are many e-mail clients (those that are software-based, not online) available for users today. The
following list contains some of the most popular clients, and some of these are free to use.
 Mozilla Thunderbird
 DreamMail
 Microsoft Outlook
 Mail for Windows 10
 Mailbird
 eM Client
 Gmail
What can be sent in an e-mail?
In addition to text messages being sent over e-mail, it is also possible to attach a file or other data in an
e-mail. For example, an attachment could be a picture, PDF, word processor
document, movie, program, or any file stored on your computer. However, because of
some security issues, it may not be possible to send certain types of files without additional steps. For
example, many companies block .exe files from being sent over e-mail and would require you to
compress the file into a .zip file. Also, most e-mail providers have file size restrictions that would prevent
any large files or programs from being sent over e-mail.
 How to compress or make files into one file.
 How to send an attachment or photo through e-mail.

Should I use "e-mail" or "email" in my writing?

Both "e-mail" and "email" are valid words and what you decide to use should be determined by the
style guide you're following. Computer Hope chooses to use a hyphen in "e-mail" because it is a
compound noun that is made of the words "electronic" and "mail."

3.2 Forum: Online Discussion Forum

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The Online Discussion Forum is an electronic network facilitating active communication and interaction
among all students enrolled in the same course. When you post a message to the Online Discussion Forum, the
post is immediately available to all other students in the course, allowing students to discuss the week's readings
in their free time. A weekly Student Host directs students to perform certain tasks as outlined in the online course
guide.

The Online Discussion Forum allows you to:

 Discuss your assignments daily with your professor and fellow students in your free time
 Gain valuable insight from students living on the opposite side of the globe

Tips for Creating an Active Discussion Forum that Benefits Student Learning

 Think through your student learning goals. Before choosing to use a discussion forum in your class, it is
important to think through why a forum is the most appropriate tool to help you reach your student
learning goals.
 Build in motivation for students to participate. Simply setting up a forum is not enough to get the
conversation moving. Consider making participation part of the section or course grade, or devising
an alternate method of motivating students to participate. For example, offering a forum as a way of
preparing students for an assignment or exam may provide motivation to participate even when the
forum doesn’t count as part of the students’ grade.
 Make a plan for grading. Be clear with students from the beginning about how and whether you will
calculate forum use into students’ grades. Making forum participation part of the grade or offering it
as an extra-credit option can provide needed motivation for students to participate. But grading a
forum can also be confusing and time consuming; make sure that you devise a grading strategy
ahead of time that is both clear to the students and realistic for you. Thank carefully about whether
15
you will grade on quality or quantity of student posts or both. Devise a strategy for locating each
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student’s posts within the forum that will not take too long.
 Choose a specific task and give explicit instructions. If you tell your students to “discuss” class material
on the forum, the discussion is likely to fall flat. In order to make the most of the forum, give students a
specific task you would like them to complete in the forum, along with explicit instructions about your
expectations for completing that task.
 Share the learning goals with your students. Communicate to students what you hope they will take
away from the forum participation and why the forum is the best tool to help them accomplish the
goals you have set out for them. Students are likely to be more invested in the activity if you
communicate with them about why they are doing it in the first place.
 Set up an online discussion that incorporates reciprocation. For a discussion forum to be successful, it
must generate communication between students. Oftentimes, though, discussions fall flat because
students do not converse with each other or reciprocate in commenting on one another’s posts.
Make reciprocation a part of the assignment. For example, require students not only to post, but also
to reply to other students’ posts to get the conversation moving. Students will benefit from conversing
with each other and teaching each other course material.
 Teach students how to use the technology. It can be tempting to think that students are
technologically savvy enough that you need not explain how to use a simple discussion forum, but
you should not assume that all students will be familiar with the platform you are using. Consider doing
a demo in class or provide detailed instructions on how to navigate forums and threads and how to
post. Without clear instructions the forum may become disorganized. Consider suggesting that
students use a uniform posting style and give suggestions for how they should title their posts and
responses.
 Bring the forum into the classroom. The more connected the forum is to the work you are doing in the
classroom, the more likely students are to participate in and read the comments on the forum. Read
the forum yourself before class and consider bringing some of the responses into class. For example,
you might say, “I noticed in the forum that many of you were interested in X,” or “Y seemed like an
interesting topic of conversation on the forum, but some of you seemed confused about Z — let’s talk
more about Z.

3.3 Chat

Chat is a text-based communication that is live or in real-time. For example, when talking to someone in
chat any typed text is received by other participants immediately. In contrast, other text-based
communications such as e-mail are modes of correspondence that are not real-time.
There are also several million users chatting through other networks such as IRC. A good example of a chat
on IRC is the Computer Hope chat.

What is a chat room?

A chat room is a location where multiple people can all talk at the same time. When in a chat room
anything said is seen by all people participating in the chat room. To send a message to only one person in
a chat room a PM (private message) or DM (direct message) can be sent.

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Chat etiquette
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Below is a short list of chat etiquette that should be followed when chatting with others online.
1. Behave the same way you would when talking to someone in real-life.
2. Avoid chat slang.
3. Try your best to spell all words correctly and use proper punctuation.
4. Remember no one is perfect, spelling errors and other mistakes are common in chat.
5. Do not WRITE IN ALL CAPS as it makes you appear as you're yelling.
6. Do not send other chat users private messages without asking them first.
7. Abide by the rules created by those running the chat.
8. When first joining a chat with multiple people, watch the conversation for a few minutes before
chiming into someone else's conversation.
Chat security suggestions
Below are our recommendations for staying safe in chat and security suggestions to follow when
participating in online chat.
1. Never give your full name, address, phone, e-mail, or personal information over chat. Especially if it's
a public chat that everyone can read. If absolutely needed, you can send a PM (private message)
or DM (direct message).
2. Never accept files from others in chat.
3. If you're chatting to find help with your computer, and someone wants to remotely connect to your
computer to help you fix a problem, be extremely cautious. Understand that if you allow them to
remotely connect, they can access, modify, create, or destroy any information on your computer.
Assessment
- Assessment for email will be included in module 4
- Dicussion forum is the facebook group page. Post your inquiries
Resources and Additional Resources
 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/email.htm

Discussion
Lesson 4: Creating knowledge products

A knowledge product is an artifact of information — a kind of persistent retention of the knowledge of one or
more individuals. Knowledge products differ from other artifacts in that their relevant and useful aspects
reside primarily in the content that can be extracted from them, and as such any physical manifestation
thereof is usually at best a carrier medium.

Examples of knowledge products include:

 Text documents ( flyers, books, journals, periodicals, essays, poetry, etc.)

 Recorded music
 Films and television programs
 Art (paintings, sculpture, installations, etc.)
 Flags, logos, branding, trademarks, trade dress
 Legal documents (contracts, acts, writs, etc.)
 Software
Of these, software is unique, as it is said to have behaviour. More specifically, it instills behaviour in computers
when it is executed by them, causing tangible effects in the real world.

Create knowledge products 17

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Making knowledge useable in your context is important to support decision making.

Think about:
This is also known as Actionable Knowledge which can be defined as 'a set of skills, tools and technology (or a
combination of these) which enable the creation and use of an evidence base'. The information contained in
the evidence base must be capable of being delivered to the right person, at the right time and in the right
format so as to support patient and service-user care.

Tools for Creating Knowledge Products

Lesson 4. 1: Image editors: PIxlr

Software that allows images to be edited and also converted to different graphics formats. Image editors
typically deal with only bitmapped images such as GIFs, JPEGs and BMPs; however, some editors support
both bitmaps and illustrations. Common functions are manually cropping and resizing the image and using
"filters" to adjust brightness, contrast and colors. Myriad filters are available for special effects. Red eye
removal is included in editors specialized for photos.

Introduction

While there are many applications you can use to edit images on your computer or mobile device, the
software you use will largely depend on your needs. Some applications allow you to make only a few basic
changes, while others give you access to advanced and powerful tools. We'll cover some of the most
popular image editing software available today, including both free and paid options.

Basic image editing software

If you just need to make simple adjustments to an image, like cropping, resizing, or rotating, there are many
free applications available to you. This includes the built-in software on your device, as well as some third-
party software.
Built-in software
Most computers and mobile devices come with some type of basic image editing program. Review the list
below to learn more about the tools on your device:
Windows: Almost every Windows computer includes Microsoft Paint. You may already know that Paint is
a simple drawing application, but it can also be used for basic image adjustments. Another option
is Microsoft Photos, a free application that includes more advanced editing tools and lets you easily
organize photos.

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 macOS: All Macs include Preview. While this program is primarily used for viewing images and
PDF files, it also includes several basic editing tools. New Macs also come pre-installed
with Apple Photos, which you can use to organize and edit photos.

 iOS: Photos taken on an iPhone or iPad will appear in the Photos app. From here, you can
make a few basic adjustments to any image.

 Android: Photos taken on most current Android devices can be adjusted in

the Google Photos app or the Gallery app.

Third-party software
There are many third-party image editing applications you can use on your computer or mobile device.
Some are free, while others are paid. One example is Pixlr, which is a free editor that runs in your web
browser. For quick edits, Pixlr has a basic version called Pixlr X, which is also available as a mobile app. We'll
be using Pixlr X throughout this tutorial to demonstrate various editing tasks.
If you have a smartphone or tablet, there are many free apps you can use to edit images,
including Instagram, VSCO, and Photoshop Express. Most mobile apps don't include as many features as
you'd find in a desktop application, but they do make it easy to make basic edits on the go.
Editing images with Microsoft Office
While you may not realize it, some programs in the Microsoft Office suite—such as Word, PowerPoint,
and Publisher—include image editing tools. These tools will be especially helpful if you want to make simple
adjustments to an image in a document or presentation. 19
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Advanced image editing software

If you need additional editing tools, you may want to use an advanced image editing application. You can
learn more about some of the most popular ones below, but keep in mind that these are just a few of the
many available options.
Adobe Photoshop
Even if you've never done much image editing, you may have heard of Adobe Photoshop. Available for
both Windows and Mac devices, Photoshop is an extremely powerful application that's used by many
professional photographers and designers. It's also very expensive, so unless you need to edit photos
professionally you may want to consider getting one of the more affordable (or free) options below.

Photoshop Elements
You can think of Photoshop Elements as Photoshop Light. It gives you access to some of the most popular
features from the full version of Photoshop, but it usually costs less than $100. While some advanced
Photoshop users may be frustrated by its limitations, Photoshop Elements is a good option for beginner to
intermediate users.

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Pixelmator
While it's only available for Mac, Pixelmator Pro includes many of the advanced features found in Photoshop
and usually costs less than $50.
GIMP
Designed as an open-source alternative to Photoshop, GIMP is free to use on both Windows and Mac. While
it's a powerful application, you may find the interface confusing and difficult to use if you aren't somewhat
familiar with other image editing software.
Pixlr
Like Pixlr X, the full Pixlr Editor is a free application that runs in your web browser. It includes several advanced
features and in many ways is similar to Photoshop.

Photo management software

Many professional photographers prefer to use a photo management application, such as Adobe
Photoshop Lightroom CC, Microsoft Photos, and Apple Photos. With organizational tools
like tagging and folders, these applications make it easy to view and manage a lot of photos. Conveniently,
they also include many editing tools, which means you can use a single application for all of your image
editing needs.

21
. Open an image in an image editing application (like Pixlr X).
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. Use the crop tool to remove parts of an image. Try experimenting to see how different types of crops
affect the image.
. Try resizing an image to be smaller than its original size. You can turn Constrain Proportions on and off
to see how this affects the aspect ratio.
. Try resizing an image to be larger than its original size. Notice how the image suffers a loss in quality
and detail.
. Use the rotate tool to rotate an image.
. Save a copy of the edited image. You'll want to choose a new file name to avoid accidentally
overwriting the original version.
Important! Read article for more information

 https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/imageediting101/making-basic-adjustments/1/

Assessment 1:

Open an image in an image editing application (like Pixlr X).

Use the crop tool to remove parts of an image. Try experimenting to see how different types of crops
affect the image.
Try resizing an image to be smaller than its original size. You can turn Constrain Proportions on and off to
see how this affects the aspect ratio.
Try resizing an image to be larger than its original size. Notice how the image suffers a loss in quality and
detail.
Use the rotate tool to rotate an image.
Save a copy of the edited image. You'll want to choose a new file name to avoid accidentally
overwriting the original version.
Print both the original image and the edited image and put it on a bond paper label the original and the
edited image. Save and email me your output.

Lesson 4.2: Word Processing: MS Word

Word Processing refers to the act of using a computer to create, edit, save and
print documents. In order to perform word processing, specialized software (known
as a Word Processor) is needed. One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft
Word, but other word processing applications are also widely used. Examples
include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and
Google Drive Document..

These programs allow users to create a wide variety of documents including (Word processing cyclebut
certainly not limited to) reports, letters, memos, newsletters and brochures. In addition to typing text, the
word processor allows you to add content such as pictures, tables, and charts to your documents as well as
decorative items including borders and clipart.

The editing and formatting capabilities of the word processor demonstrate the application's true power.
Text can be inserted, edited, moved, copied or deleted within your document and the appearance of the
text can be modified in numerous ways. Most word processors also give your the ability to check your spelling
and grammar and many have built in dictionaries and other tools to assist you in your writing.

The remainder of this lesson will introduce you to a few of the basic concepts and functions of Word
Processing and then provide you with links to tutorials which will assist you in expanding your skills using
Microsoft Word, the standard word processing software application at Broome Community College. 22
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Insert and Modify Diagrams in Microsoft Word 2016
Diagrams are graphics that convey information. Business documents often include diagrams to clarify
concepts, describe processes, and show hierarchical relationships. Word 2016 includes a powerful
diagramming feature called SmartArt that you can use to create diagrams directly in your documents. By
using these dynamic diagram templates, you can produce eye-catching and interesting visual
representations of information.
SmartArt graphics can illustrate many different types of concepts. Although they consist of collections of
shapes, SmartArt graphics are merely visual containers for information stored as bulleted lists. You can also
incorporate pictures and other images to create truly spectacular, yet divinely professional, diagrams.
This chapter guides you through procedures related to creating diagrams, modifying diagrams, and
creating picture diagrams.

Create diagrams
Sometimes the concepts you want to convey to an audience are best presented in diagrams. You can
easily create a dynamic, appealing diagram by using SmartArt graphics, which visually express information in
predefined sets of shapes. You can use SmartArt graphics to easily create sophisticated diagrams that
illustrate the following concepts:
 List These diagrams visually represent lists of related or independent information—for example, a list of
items needed to complete a task, including pictures of the items.
 Process These diagrams visually describe the ordered set of steps that are required to complete a
task—for example, the steps for getting a project approved.
 Cycle These diagrams represent a circular sequence of steps, tasks, or events, or the relationship of a
set of steps, tasks, or events to a central, core element—for example, the looping process for continually
improving a product based on customer feedback.
 Hierarchy These diagrams illustrate the structure of an organization or entity—for example, the top-
level management structure of a company.
 Relationship These diagrams show convergent, divergent, overlapping, merging, or containment
elements—for example, how using similar methods to organize your email, calendar, and contacts can
improve your productivity.
 Matrix These diagrams show the relationship of components to a whole—for example, the product
teams in a department.
 Pyramid These diagrams illustrate proportional or interconnected relationships—for example, the
amount of time that should ideally be spent on different phases of a project.
The layout of content in a SmartArt diagram is controlled by a behind-the-scenes bulleted list. When
creating a SmartArt diagram in Word, you choose a layout first, and then populate the associated list in a
window called the Text pane.
The dialog box from which you choose the SmartArt graphic layout displays monochromatic
representations of the layouts—this is only so that the colors don’t confuse the process of choosing a layout.
The actual colors of the SmartArt diagram are based on the color scheme of the document, and you can
choose from several different color patterns. The categories in the left pane of the dialog box are not
mutually exclusive, so some diagrams appear in more than one category.

Word 2016 includes about 200 SmartArt templates

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 After you create a SmartArt diagram, you can change its content, layout, and colors. For information
about changing the diagram colors, see “Modify diagrams” later in this chapter.
 Clicking a layout in the Choose A SmartArt Graphic dialog box displays a color mockup of the diagram
and information about any restrictions on the number of entries or list levels that the layout supports.
TIP
 You can find the layout information in the Text pane after you create the diagram. Sometimes the Text
pane displays the layout name and description at the bottom; other times only the layout name is
displayed. When this is the case, simply point to the layout name to display the layout description in a
ScreenTip.

The detailed description of the selected SmartArt diagram can help you choose the right diagram for your
needs
After you choose a layout, Word inserts the basic diagram into the document and displays the Text pane
containing placeholder information. You can enter more or less information than is required by the original
diagram.

When you enter text in either the Text pane or the selected shape, that text also appears in the other
location
You can insert and modify text either directly in the diagram shapes or in the associated Text pane. (You
can hide the Text pane when you’re not using it, and redisplay it if you need it.) The Text pane might
display only a single-level bulleted list, or a multiple-level list if the diagram layout supports multiple levels.
You can expand the diagram either by adding more list items or by adding more shapes. Some diagram
layouts support a specific number of entries and others can be expanded significantly.

24
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The number of items displayed by a diagram can be expanded or reduced to convey the precise meaning
you want to convey

In layouts that support additional entries, the diagram shapes change to accommodate the content. Within
a diagram, the shape size and font size always stay consistent. If a text entry is too long to fit a shape, the text
size changes in all the shapes.

Word keeps your SmartArt diagrams looking professional by automatically adjusting text size as needed

TIP
You can move, resize, and wrap text around SmartArt graphics just as you can other types of images. For
information about configuring image layout options, see “Arrange objects on a page” in Chapter 10,
“Organize and arrange content.”
To create a diagram in a document
1. Position the cursor in the document where you want to insert the diagram.
Do either of the following to open the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box:
 On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click the SmartArt button.
 Press Alt+N+M.
2. In the left pane, select a type of diagram. Then in the center pane, select a diagram layout thumbnail to
view an example, along with a description of what the diagram best conveys, in the right pane.
3. Click OK to insert the selected diagram at the cursor.
To enter text into diagram shapes
If the Text pane isn’t open, select the diagram, and then do either of the following:
 Click the chevron on the left side of the diagram frame to open the Text pane.
 On the Design tool tab for SmartArt (not the regular document Design tab), in the Create
Graphic group, click the Text Pane button.
In the Text pane, select the first placeholder, and enter the text you want to display in the corresponding
shape. Notice that the content you enter in the bulleted list appears immediately in the corresponding
diagram shape. Then do any of the following:
 Press the Down Arrow key to move to the next placeholder.
 At the beginning of a list item, press Tab to increase the indent level of the current list item.
 At the end of a list item, press Enter to add an item to the bulleted list and add a shape to the
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diagram.
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 Press Delete to remove an unused list item.
Repeat step 2 until you’ve entered all the diagram content.

You can use the Text pane both to easily enter text and to quickly review your text for errors

TIP
For a clean look, don’t use ending punctuation for the text that appears in the SmartArt graphic shapes.
1. In the Text pane, click the Close button (the X).

Assessment 2- Email your Ouput

Create diagrams
Open the CreateDiagrams document, and then perform the following tasks:
1. Position the cursor below the existing page title.
2. Open the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, and review the available layouts. Click any layout
that interests you to display information about it in the right pane.
3. Display the Cycle category of layouts. Click the Hexagon Radial layout, and then click OK to create
the diagram in the document.
4. If the Text pane for the SmartArt graphic isn’t already open, open it. Notice that the Text pane displays
two levels of bullets. The first-level bullet populates the center hexagon and the second-level bullets
populate the six surrounding hexagons.
5. In the Text pane, select the first bullet and then enter My Health. The words appear in the center
hexagon.
6. In the Text pane, select the second bullet, enter Physical, and then press the Down Arrow key to move
to the third bullet. The word appears in one of the outer hexagons.
7. Repeat step 6 to enter Mental and Emotional in the next two hexagons.
8. In the diagram, click one of the empty outer hexagon shapes to select it, and then click it again to
activate the text insertion point. In the hexagon, enter Financial.
9. Repeat step 8 to enter Social and Spiritual in the final two outer hexagons.
10. Save and close the document. Email me your output.

Lesson 4.3 Spreadsheet Tool: Ms Excel

What is Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Excel is a program that provides worksheets comprised of rows and columns. Data can be stored in
the worksheet, also called a spreadsheet, similarly to a Microsoft Word table, but the power of Excel is its
ability to perform simple to complex mathematical calculations, and other functions.
The Excel Worksheet (Spreadsheet) and Workbook
An Excel worksheet, or spreadsheet, is a two-dimensional grid with columns and rows. Look at the
spreadsheet below. The column names are letters of the alphabet starting with A, and the rows are
numbered chronologically starting with the number one. The cells in the first row are A1, B1, C1, and so on.
And the cells in the first column are A1, A2, A3, and so on. These are called cell names or cell references.
We use cell references when creating math formulas or functions. For example, the formula to add the
contents of cells B2 and B3 together is: =B2+B3. 26
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Structure of a Microsoft Excel Worksheet (Spreadsheet)

The Name Box is located in the area above Column A, and displays the cell reference of the selected cell -
the cell where the cursor is resting. In our spreadsheet above, the selected cell is C2. Notice that the column
letter (C) and the row number (2) change color.
The beginning of the Formula Bar can be seen in the area above Column D on our worksheet. The Formula
Bar displays the contents of the selected cell.
A workbook is a collection of worksheets or spreadsheets. When the Excel program is opened, a workbook
opens with three blank worksheets. The names of the worksheets are displayed on tabs at the bottom of the
Excel window.

How to Move From Cell to Cell

The arrow keys can be used to move left, right, up, and down from the current cell. Press the Enter key to
move to the cell immediately below the current cell, and press the Tab key to move one cell to the right.

How to Select Cells

There are a variety of ways to select cells in an Excel spreadsheet:
 To select one cell, click in the cell.
 To select one or more rows of cells, click on the row number(s).
 To select one or more columns of cells, click on the column letter(s).
 To select a group of contiguous cells, click in one corner cell and drag the mouse
to the opposite corner. In the image at right we have selected cells A1 through B5
(written A1:B5 in formulas).
 To select multiple cells that are not contiguous, press and hold the Ctrl key while
clicking in the desired cells .
 To select every cell in the worksheet, click in the upper right corner of the worksheet
to the left of "A."

How to Enter Data into Cells

To enter data into a cell, just click in the cell and begin typing. What you type also displays in the Formula
Bar. When entering dates, Excel defaults to the current year if the year portion of the date is not entered.
You may edit cell contents from the Formula bar, or from directly inside the cell. To edit from the Formula Bar,
select the cell and click inside the Formula Bar. When done typing, either press the Enter key or click inside
another cell. To edit directly inside a cell, either double click inside the cell, or select the cell and press the F2
key.
Each cell has a specific format. In Excel, a cell's format tells Excel how to display the contents of the cell. A
cell's format may be different than the cell contents.
For example, you may have entered 8.9521 in a cell. But if the cell was formatted to display only two decimal
places, Excel will display 8.95 in that worksheet cell. However, Excel will still use the real cell value that you
entered, 8.9521 when performing calculations that involve that cell.

How to Propagate Cell Contents

There are multiple ways to propagate or fill data from one cell to adjacent cells. Let's begin with two 27
popular keybo ard shortcuts that allow us to fill down, or fill to the right:
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 To fill adjacent cells with the contents of the cell above, select the cell with the data and the cells to
be filled and press Ctrl + D (the Ctrl key and the D key) to fill down.
 To fill adjacent cells with the contents of the cell to the left, select the cell with the data and cells to
be filled and press Ctrl + R (the Ctrl key and the R key) to fill to the right.
To propagate in any direction, use the Fill Handle. Click in a cell with data to be copied, hover the cursor
over the cell's lower right corner until the cursor changes to a thin plus sign (+) or a dark square, and drag up,
down, left, or right to fill the cells. Excel's Fill Handle is powerful;
If the data to be copied is a date, number, time period, or a custom-made series, the data will
be incremented by one instead of just copied when the Fill Handle is used. For example, to display the
months of the year in column A, type January in cell A1, drag the Fill Handle down to cell A12, and the
months will display, in order, in column A!

How to Move and Copy Cell Contents

To move cell contents, right-click in the selected cell and click Cut; then right-click in the new location and
click Paste. Similarly, to copy cell contents, right-click in the selected cell and select Copy, and paste in the
new cell.

You can copy the contents of a cell as described above, but paste and fill multiple adjacent cells. Just
highlight the block of cells you want to paste in: click and hold the left mouse button in one corner of the cell
range. Still holding the mouse button down, swipe the cursor over to the opposite corner until just the cells
you want filled are highlighted. Then right-click and click Paste.
To remove the animated border around the original cell, press the ESC key, or start typing in a new cell.

How to Add and Delete Rows and Columns

To insert a new row in a spreadsheet, right-click on a row number, and click Insert. Excel always inserts the
row ABOVE the row that was clicked on. If you want to continue inserting rows, press the F4 key to insert each
additional row.
To delete a row, right-click on the row number, and click Delete. Contiguous rows can be deleted by
highlighting them before clicking Delete. And non-contiguous rows can be selected by pressing and holding
the CTRL key before clicking Delete. Don't press the Delete key on the keyboard unless you just want to
delete the cell contents and not the actual row.
To insert a new column, right-click on a column letter and click Insert. Excel always inserts the column to the
LEFT of the column that was clicked on. As with rows, if you want to add additional columns after inserting the
first column, press the F4 key.
To delete a column, right-click on the column letter, and click Delete. Contiguous columns can be deleted
by highlighting them before clicking Delete. And non-contiguous columns can be selected by pressing and
holding the CTRL key. Don't press the Delete key on the keyboard unless you just want to delete the cell
contents and not the actual column.

How to Lock Cells and Protect a Spreadsheet

There are two steps to preventing important cell content from being accidentally overwritten or deleted.
First, the cell must be locked. Second, the worksheet must be protected. If you have any valuable data or
complex formulas that you do not want to lose, and data DOES get accidentally erased(!), then you owe it
to yourself to learn which cells to lock and which worksheet protection options to take.

In Closing...
Microsoft Excel has many built-in functions that can greatly improve productivity and provide unique results
that math formulas alone often cannot. See our alphabetical list of Excel functions for information and
examples of how to use the most popular Excel functions.
If you see ##### in a cell, don't panic. It's just Excel's way of telling you that you need to make the column
wider for the cell contents to display. To make the column wider, place the cursor on the right side of the
column heading and drag the column edge to the right until the data displays. 28
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Excel Math Basics: Writing Formulas and Expressions
How do I do add numbers in Excel? How do I enter a simple equation? These are the first questions new Excel
users ask, and in this tutorial we'll answer them. We'll learn how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, find
percentages, the order of operations, and more!
The 5 Rules of Writing Formulas in Excel
1. All Excel formulas start with an equal (=) sign. This tells Excel that it is a formula.
2. The answer to the formula displays in the cell into which the formula is entered.
3. Cells are referenced in a formula by their column-row identifier, ie. A1, B2.
4. The symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are: + - * /
5. You do not have to enter capital letters in your formula; Excel will automatically capitalize them.

Examples of Simple Math Formulas:

 =A1+A6 this Excel formula adds the contents of cell A1 and A6
 =A1+A2+A3 this Excel formula adds the contents of the three cells specified. (See the SUM function
for adding multiple numbers)
 =A3-A1 this Excel formula subtracts the contents of cell A1 from the contents of cell A3
 =B2*B3 this Excel formula multiples the numbers in cells B2 and B3
 =G5/A5 this Excel formula divides G5 by A5. (NOTE: If you see the error message #DIV/O! in a cell,
you are trying to divide by zero or a null value - which is not allowed.)
 =G5^2 this formula tells Excel to square the value in cell G5. The number after the caret is the
exponent. Likewise, the formula H2^3 would cube the value in cell H2.
We can combine multiple operations in one formula. Make sure you use parentheses where needed or
you may not get the correct results (see Order of Operations below). Here are some examples:
 =(C1+C3)/C4 This Excel formula adds the value in C1 to the value in C3, and then divides the result
by the value in C4
 =4*(A2+A5)+3 This Excel formula adds the contents of A2 and A5, multiples this sum by 4, and then
adds 3.

Mathematical Order of Operations

Remember the Order of Operations by remembering the phrase Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. The letters
stand for: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction. And all operations are
carried out from left to right. Here is how the order is applied:
1. First, any math inside of parentheses is calculated.
2. On the second pass, all exponents are resolved.
3. Then any multiplication OR division is performed.
4. Lastly, any addition OR subtraction is performed.
Example #1: Let's illustrate with a simple formula: 4+2*3
 Since the multiplication must be done first, our expression resolves itself to 4+6=10.
Example #2: How about a slightly harder example: 20÷5+2*3
 First we divide, and 20÷5=4. Then we multiply, and 2*3=6. Lastly we add, and 4+6=10.
Example #3: Now we're getting complicated: (2*4)+3^2-8/4
 Step 1 - Parentheses: 2*4 = 8. Now our expression reads: 8+3^2-8/4
 Step 2 - Exponents: 3^2=9. Now our expression reads: 8+9-8/4
 Step 3 - Multiply and Divide: 8/4=2. Now our expression reads: 8+9-2
 Step 4 - Add and Subtract: The answer is 15.
Example #4: Now test your skill on a crazy formula! 3^(6/3)+(3*3)-2*(6-3)
 Pass 1 - Parentheses: 6/3=2, 3*3=9, and 6-3=2. So now our formula reads: 3^2+9-2*3
 Step 2 - Exponents: 3^2=9. So now our formula reads: 9+9-2*3
 Step 3 - Multiply and Divide: 2*3=6. So now our formula reads: 9+9-6
 Step 4 - Add 9+9, then subtract 6, and the answer is 12 ... did you get it right? ☺ 29
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Calculating Percentages in Excel
There are two ways to calculate percentages in Excel, depending on how the worksheet (spreadsheet) is
designed.

Option #1: Display a percent sign in the cell

To calculate a percentage and have the percent sign display in the cell, just enter the formula in the cell and
format the cell as a Percentage. Example: The formula in cell C2 is =A2/A3. If A2=50 and B2=100, then
50÷100=.5 and .5 would normally display. But if we format cell C2 as a Percentage, 50% will display instead.
As we learned in our beginner's tutorial, Excel Made Easy, to format a cell or group of cells, right-click in the
cell and click "Format Cells...." Click "Percentage" on the Number tab, indicate the number of decimal points,
and click "OK."
A format icon can also be found on the ribbon in newer versions of Excel.
Option #2: Column heading of percent, no percent sign in the cell
Perhaps you want a column labeled "percent" and you don't want the percent sign to display. This is easy.
Just multiply the formulas by 100 to display a number that equals the percentage number.
See the sample worksheet below: Cell C2 contains a formula to calculate the percentage of A2 (50) divided
by A3 (100). The formula is =A2/A3. As you can see, we have have formatted C2 to display a percentage
and it does.
We entered the same formula in D2, but formatted the cell to display a number with 2 decimal points, so
Excel displays .5 - which is the decimal equivalent of 50%.

AND in cell E2, we also formatted the cell to display a number, but we multiplied the formula by 100, as
displayed in the formula bar, to display the percentage instead of the decimal. Then we labeled our column
"Percent" and all is well! (The new formula is =A2/A3*100).

Copying and Pasting Formulas

To copy the contents of a cell, click in the cell, right-click, and click Copy. (Or use the keyboard shortcut of
Ctrl+C.) Then place the cursor in the receiving cell, right-click, and click Paste. (Or use the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl+V.)
To remove the animated border on the original cell, press Enter, or press the Esc key, or click in another cell
and begin typing.
When pasting the contents of a cell into multiple cells, the cell contents need only be copied once. Use the
arrows on the keyboard to move to the other cells and paste.
When copying and pasting formulas, Excel assumes that you want the cell addresses (e.g. B8) changed to
align with whatever row or column you are on. That is because most of the time we copy and paste
equations, that is what we want it to do. For example, perhaps we are finding the total of many worksheet
columns. If you don't want Excel to change the cell addresses, you need to use absolute cell references.

All About Cell References in Microsoft Excel

Excel users need to understand how Microsoft Excel interprets cell references and how the use
of Relative, Absolute, or Mixed cell references can improve productivity and reduce errors.

When you copy and paste a formula from one cell to another, Excel changes the cell references! Yup. Now
usually that's a really good thing, but sometimes it's not. We'll show you why this happens and how to prevent
it when needed. But first let's see how Excel interprets these cell addresses.
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How Excel Interprets Cell References in Formulas
Excel interprets cell references in formulas in a ‘relational’ manner. It looks at how the cells relate to each
other, positionally, on the grid of rows and columns. To illustrate this, we need to look at a simple math
formula.
Let's add the contents of cells A1 and A2, and put the sum in cell A3 - see the spreadsheet image below. The
formula in cell A3 also displays in the worksheet's formula bar: =A1+A2. (If unfamiliar with writing math
formulas, see Excel Math Basics).

This is how Excel interprets the formula in cell A3: "Take the number in the cell in my column, but two rows
above me, add it to the number in the cell in my row and one cell above me, and put the answer in this
cell."

Relative Cell Reference

When writing cell addresses in the simplest manner; e.g. A1, B3, this is called a relative reference.
The simplest cell reference is called a relative reference: A1

Excel will change the row number and column letter when copying a pasting a formula
The majority of Excel users write cell addresses as relative references. In fact, many users don't realize there is
any other way to write a cell address. And when when copying and pasting a formula, Excel will
automatically change the row number and column letter based upon the address of the cell you are pasting
the formula into.
This is one of the most basic features of Excel that make it so powerful. Typically that is what users want Excel
to do when they are copying and pasting formulas in a spreadsheet.
For example, if we copy the formula in cell A3 (=A1+A2) and paste it into cell B3, Excel will change the
formula to read =B1+B2, and so on for column C, D, etc. That's good because tabulating column totals and
row totals is probably the most common use of an Excel spreadsheet, so this default action makes us super
productive.
But what if you want to copy or move a formula but DO NOT want Excel to automatically change the cell
references each time?
There are circumstances when you don't want Excel to change some or all of the cell references in a formula
when copying or moving it. In those instances, use an absolute cell reference in your formula. Below is a
definition of absolute cell reference, and then a worksheet example.
An absolute cell reference has dollar signs
before the column and row: $A$1

Excel will NOT change the cell address when it is copied or moved.

Example of Using Absolute Reference

In the Excel spreadsheet below, we want to divide each number in Row 2 by the number in A1, and place
the answers in Row 3. The formula for the first column in cell A3 is =A2/A1. If we copy this formula to cell B3,
Excel will change the formula to =B2/B1, or display the #DIV/0! error if either cell is empty. We want A1 in
every formula.
So instead we use an absolute cell reference for cell A1 and write the formula as =A2/$A$1. Then, when we
copy the formula from cell A3 to cell B3, the formula is changed to =B2/$A$1 as shown in the worksheet's
formula bar - which is what we want. And the formula in cell C3 will be =C2/$A$1, and so on.

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And as we continue copying and pasting, A1 will never be changed.

Three Types of Cell References

Now let's review. There are actually three kinds of cell references. We briefly discuss the third type below.
♦ Relative reference
The simplest cell reference is called a relative reference: A1. This is the way most users reference cells when
working in a spreadsheet. When copying or moving, Excel will change the cell address to keep it relative to
it's original position. This is most handy when performing the same calculation on multiple columns or rows.

♦ Absolute Reference
An absolute cell reference is 'wrapped' with dollar signs: $A$1, in order to tell Excel to never change the
cell's address when copying or moving. This is used when performing calculations on multiple columns or
rows, but the value of a particular cell is to always be used.

♦ Mixed Reference
A hybrid, the mixed reference, makes either the column or the row portion of the cell address unchanged, or
anchored: $A1 or A$1. A mixed reference tells Excel not to change either the row or column portion of a
cell address when copying or moving.

We hope this article on relative cell reference and absolute cell reference has been helpful. Cheers!

Assessment 3 - Email your output

This exercise is designed to familiarize you with how to create functions and formulas and the difference
between them.

So what is the difference between a function and a formula?

Formulas
Well, a formula is a simple calculation that involves either *, /, +, -, or (). Of course your formula will ALWAYS
start with an = sign. Here are some examples of a few formulas:

 =(5+6)*9
 =(b1+b2)-b12
 =9+10+b6
 =((b10)*10)/(b2+4)
You'll see that beside the mathematical signs, you may have brackets, numbers, or cell addresses.
Functions
A function on the other hand contains "functionality" in that there are parts of the "function" that are
programmed into it. For example, let's take the average function. Say we want to take the average of cells
B1 to B5.

Save and Email me your output.

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We could make a formula that looks like one of these examples:

Both of these formulas do the same thing. They both add the cells b1 to b5 and then divide the result by 5.
What if you wanted to take the average of 25 cells, 50 cells, 5000 cells. I don't know about you, but I would
definitely be a little frustrated. No need to worry though, because the MS Works Spreadsheet program has a
function that can solve your problems! Let's say we want to take the average of the cells b1 to b1000. We
could enter:
Or:
Or, we could use the average function and enter:

By using this function, MS Excel will generate the average for you. You don't even have to count up how
many cells you have.
This format can be used for a series of cells. You list the first cell, a colon, then the last cell, and the function
will take the average of those cells and all the cells in between them.
Notice that if you take the average of a series, you use a : to separate the first and last cell addresses.

You may also use another format if you just want to take the average of 2 cells:

This format will take the average of 2 cells.

Notice that if you just want to take the average of 2 cells, you use a , to separate the 2 cells addresses.

To see a list of all the functions available in MS Excel, go under the Formulas tab and select Insert Function.
This will open a new window displaying all available functions.

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Let's say that you were using the SUM function. The SUM function can add 2 values and up. Be careful and
read the questions carefully!! If the question asks you to add A3 to A6 you would type:

=SUM(A3:A6)
If the question asked you to add A3 and A6, you have 2 options. You could type:
=SUM(A3,A6) or more simply =A3+A6
They both will result in the same answer.

Be careful!

=SUM(A3:A6) and =SUM(A3,A6)

DO NOT MEAN THE SAME THING. The colon is used for a series of cells and the comma is used for 2 cells.

Assessment: File will be send with the modules

1. Ok, fill in the formulas to add up the expenses for each month (dark blue area). Fill in the sum for each
expense as well (yellow area). You are free to use either formulas or functions to create these totals.
(Hint: If you are going to use a function, your best choice here would be the SUM function.)
2. Now, fill (right/down) the formulas to add up the income for each month as well as the total from
each income source (green and light blue areas). If you used a straight formula for the last step, try
using a function this time. And, if you used a function last time, then try using a straight formula this
time.
3. Now finish off the calculations and subtract the expenses from the income for each month, that is,
the purple cell minus the red cell. This calculation should be located in cell B26 (grey cell).
As you can see, there is often more one way to achieve a desired result. This is a computer class - the one
great thing about computers is that you can do things more than once. Use this to your benefit. If you are in
the middle of the spreadsheet test and don't get the right answer - don't assume the test is incorrect - try re-
doing the question, maybe in a different way to get the right answer. Try and try again.

Save and Email me your output.

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Lesson 4.4 Presentation Tool: Ms Powerpoint
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What Is PowerPoint?

Microsoft PowerPoint is undoubtedly the most popular app used to give presentations. You're likely to see
PowerPoint presentations being used for everything from presentations at the world's largest companies to
grade schoolteachers sharing lessons.
PowerPoint is often the butt of the joke. Many decry PowerPoint as boring and a crutch for poorly prepared
speakers.
Only a bad carpenter blames the tools. And like any tool, PowerPoint is incredibly useful when used properly.
Use it as an aid on your speaking engagements to build comfort and drive points visually with your audience.

In this tutorial, we're going to focus on working inside of PowerPoint to build a presentation. This PowerPoint
guide has everything you need to get comfortable in the app. To master the app, we'll talk about and cover
the most common steps a rookie PowerPoint user needs to know.
Here are the key actions you'll need to take to build a PowerPoint presentation:

 You'll need to add slides, the individual pages in the presentation.

 You'll add content to the slides, such as text boxes, images, charts and graphs.
 Change themes and styles to make your presentation look professional and fit the occasion at hand.
 Prepare presentation aids like Speaker Notes and Presenter View to help you feel comfortable with
presenting.
We'll cover each of these in this PowerPoint tutorial so that you can get up and running quickly.

How to Use PowerPoint's Ribbon

To get up to speed with PowerPoint, it helps to understand the layout of the app. Let's walk through the key
menu options so that you can learn PowerPoint quickly. If you understand the way that the app is laid out,
you're likely to find any feature you need quickly. 35
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This part of the PowerPoint guide will focus on the interface:

1. The Ribbon
The ribbon menu is found across many of Microsoft's apps, such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. It lives
above the main area of the application.

The PowerPoint ribbon lets you switch between various tabs.

The ribbon contains a series of tabs that you can switch between. Each of these have a unique set of tools to
work with your presentation differently. When you switch tabs on the ribbon, you'll see new buttons and
options to change your presentation:

 File. Save, share, and export your presentation.

 Home. A general-purpose collection of the most common tools that you'll use in PowerPoint.
 Insert. An all-in-one tool to add every imagine-able type of content, such as tables, pictures, charts,
video, and more.
 Design. Controls the look and feel of your presentation with theme and style settings.
 Transitions. Add animations when you switch slides.
 Animations. Controls the order and style that objects will enter or exit your slide with.
 Slide Show. Control settings related to the way your presentation appears when sharing it with an
audience.
Now that you understand the layout, you've got a better idea of how you can jump to the feature you need.
Let's dive a bit deeper into how you can use several of these key tabs.

2. The Home Tab

Use it for: a general selection of the most popular tools in PowerPoint.
I usually stay on the Home tab when I'm working in PowerPoint. The reason is because it's got practically
every tool you need. From adding a new slide to changing text and paragraph settings, the Home tab is the
default for most users.

The Home tab has many of the most used tools, all in one bar.

3. The Insert Tab

When you're working on adding content to a slide, the Insert tab has every possible tool to add new content
to a slide. Choose one of these types of objects to add it to the slide. 36
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The Insert tab has the tools you need to add tables, pictures, charts, and more.

4. Views
PowerPoint has a variety of views that are simply different ways to work with the same presentation. Change
the view to get a different perspective on your content.
Use views for a different way to edit and build your PowerPoint presentation.

The Views tab changes the perspective on your PowerPoint presentation.

In the screenshot below, you can see the difference between the default Normal view and Slide
Sorter view. Normal view shows each slide front and center. Slide Sorter view creates thumbnails that you
can drag and drop to reorder the presentation.

Normal view is the default presentation view in PowerPoint. An alternate view like Slide Sorter allows you
to re-sequence your presentation by dragging and dropping the slide thumbnails.

5. The Design Tab

An attractive presentation can really grab your audience's attention. We use themes and styles in
PowerPoint to add visual appeal to the presentation, and the Design tab really controls these settings. 37
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Click on one of the theme thumbnails to transform the look and feel of the presentation.

On the Design tab, click one of the themes to restyle the presentation. Or, try out a different Style thumbnail
to overhaul the color theme.

The Steps to Create a PowerPoint Presentation for Beginners

We've tackled the interface of PowerPoint, so you should be feeling pretty comfortable with how to get
around the app. Now, let's talk about the actions you'll find yourself using repeatedly and how you can do
that in PowerPoint.

1. How to Add Slides

Think of slides as the individual units in your presentation that you can fill with content. To insert a new slide,
go to the Insert tab on PowerPoint's ribbon. Then, click on the New Slide button to add a new slide to your
presentation.

A new slide will have basic placeholders to add your content to in PowerPoint.
Each of the thumbnails that you'll see on the sidebar represents a slide. Then, you'll add content to each
slide.
There's no practical limit to the number of slides that your PowerPoint file can contain. But you should 38
consider how many slides it actually takes to make your point. It's often the
 Semi-Finals MODULE

2. How to Add Content

Content is what defines each slide. PowerPoint accommodates a wide range of content like text, graphs,
tables, charts, and more.
The easiest way to add content is to start off by choosing a Layout, which you can choose from
the Home tab.

Various PowerPoint layouts shown on the Home tab.

These layouts have content boxes that are easy to add your own content to. Simply choose a layout, and
then start adding your content.

3. How to Choose a Theme and Style

After you build out your presentation's content, it's a great idea to think about adding visual style. For this,
you'll jump over to the Design tab, and click on one of the thumbnails for a theme.

Use the Design tab to pick a theme.

Using a PowerPoint theme is the preferred alternative to adding backgrounds, color and type styles to each
slide. Changing the theme typically will adjust the entire presentation simultaneously. This greatly reduces the
time involved with building a presentation.
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With just these three steps, you've got the repeatable sequence of actions needed to build a presentation.
 Semi-Finals MODULE
Let's get started:

1. Choose Slides for Your Presentation

Premium PowerPoint PPT templates often include hundreds of handcrafted slides. For you, it’s best to select
only a handful to build a slide deck. In PowerPoint, find Slide Sorter on the View tab.
In Slide Sorter view, click and drag on the slide thumbnails to reorder them. Hold down Shift, click, and
press Delete to remove unwanted slides. Jump back and start working by clicking Normal on the View tab.

As you're learning how to use PowerPoint, focus your efforts on only the most important slides. Use
the View > Slide Sorter option to select the slides you'll work with.

2. Add Your Own Text

The PowerPoint basics include text and images. Adding custom text is one of the easiest and most common
edits to make.
Pre-built layouts include text boxes already arranged on the slide. To add your own words, highlight the
contents of any text box. Then, simply start typing. Repeat throughout the presentation.

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Learning how to create a PowerPoint presentation for beginners involves typing over simple text
placeholders like these.

3. Add Images
Wondering how to add PowerPoint presentation images? The easiest way is to turn to premium templates
with image placeholders. Identify them by finding the image icons on a given slide. Jump to where images
are stored on your computer.
Then, simply drag and drop them onto the placeholder. Not only will all your photos import automatically,
they’ll also size and scale to fit perfectly!

Click in the image placeholders, then browse to your favorite photos to update the slide.

4. Change Object Colors

Changing theme colors is a fast way to adjust the visual look of your slides. For example, change object
colors to add a bit of contrast.
To get started, click on a chart section to select it. On the Format tab, click on the Shape Fill dropdown.
You’ll see a color chooser, from which you can apply any color imaginable.

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One of the most important PowerPoint basics is using the Shape Fill dropdown to update the color scheme.

5. Customize Fonts
No Microsoft PowerPoint tutorial would be complete without customizing fonts. Sometimes, it’s easy to
overlook text as a design element, but with a few quick edits you can make your words really stand out.
Highlight a block of text, then go up to the Font section of the Home tab. You’ll see dropdowns to change
the font style, size, and color. After that, add quick effects like bold letters, italics, and more!

The Font menu holds all the tools you need to customize your text to match your brand.
Assessment 4 - Email your output

Part One: Creating a Title Slide

1. Double click on the PowerPoint icon on the desktop to open the program.
2. PowerPoint will open with a single blank slide with the Title Slide selected.
3. Click once in the text box that says Click to add title; a cursor will appear and you will be
able to type.
4. Type World of Travel.
5. Click once on the text box that says Click to add subtitle; a cursor will appear and you will be able to type.
6. Type Take a trip.
7. Click in a clear place on the slide to deselect the two text boxes.

Part Two: Creating Slides Using Layouts

1. On the Home tab of the Ribbon, in the Slides group, click on the top half of the New
Slide button. This will insert a new slide. It will automatically give you the Title and 42
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Content layout.
2. Click once in the text box that says “Click to add title”. A cursor will appear and you will be able to type.
3. Type Finding Travel Online.
4. Point to the words Click to Add Text and click once. A cursor will appear next to a bullet and you will be
able to type.
5. Type Try a variety of websites.
6. Press the Enter key on the keyboard. A new bullet should automatically appear.
7. Press the Tab key on the keyboard to go in one level. Type Known travel sites.
8. Press the Enter key on the keyboard.
9. Type Search engines.
10. Press the Enter key on the keyboard.
11. Type Newsgroups.

Part Three: Creating a Slide with a different layout

1. Click on the bottom half of the New Slide button in the Slides group on the Home tab
of the Ribbon.
2. A menu of slide layouts will open. Click on Two Content to insert a new slide.
3. Click once in the text box that says “Click to add title”. A cursor will appear and you
will be able to type.
4. Type Some Popular Travel Sites.
5. In the left content area, point to the words “Click to add text” and click once. A cursor will appear next to
a bullet and you will be able to type.
6. Type Kayak. Press the Enter key.
7. Type Expedia. Press the Enter key.
8. Type Priceline.
9. In the right content area, point to the words Click to add text and click once. A cursor will appear next to
a bullet and you will be able to type.
10. Type Travelocity. Press the Enter key.
11. Type Orbitz. Press the Enter key.
12. Type Hotwire.

Part Four: Creating another slide with same layout

1. On the Home tab of the Ribbon, in the Slides group, click on the top half of the New Slide
command. This will now insert a new slide with the same layout as the previous slide.
2. Click once in the text box that says “Click to add title”. A cursor will appear and you
will be able to type.
3. Type Have A Safe Trip!
4. In the left content area, point to the words “Click to add text” and click once. A cursor will appear next to
a bullet and you will be able to type.
5. Type Don’t Forget…
6. Press the Enter key and then press
the Tab key to go in a bullet level.
7. Type Money!
8. Press the Enter key.
9. Type Passport!
10. Press the Enter key.
11. Type Emergency Numbers!
12. Press the Enter key.
13. Type Medication!
Resources and Additional Resources
 https://www.scribd.com/presentation/391792905/Tle-He-w3-Day-1-June-18 43
 https://www.slideshare.net/Japoy21/ppt-dlp-11-he6
Semi-Finals MODULE

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