LAW OF ,

C O NTRA CTS .

TH EOPH ILUS P AR S ONS, LL D . .

,

D A NE
’
P R OF E S S O R OF L A \V I N H A R VA R D UNI V E RS IT Y ,
AT C A M B R ID G E .

V O L U M E II .

T H I R D E D I T I O N .

BO S T O N

I JTTL E BR O WN A N D COM P ANY .

1 8 5 7 .
 E t d cco di g to Act o g ss y by
P LUS P NS
n e re a r n of C n re , i n the e ar 1 8 5 7,

T HI AR S O
lk c ist ct t is t ict ss ch s tts
HEO ,

In th e C er
’
s Offi e of th e D ri C o ur of th e D r of Ma a u e .

C A M B R I D G E

A L L E N A ND F A R NH A M , P R INT E R S .
 P R E F A C E,

TO THE S ECON D I
ED TION OF THE S ECOND V UM OL E OF THE

LAW OF CONTRACTS .

T H ERE a r e s u
d ry a dd i t io n s t o
n this vo u
l m e, t wo of w hi c h

ar e of S u ffi c i en t m agn i t d e t o u be no t i c e d p a r ti c
y ul ar l

u
.

On e Of t h e se i s a c h ap t e r on t h e La w o f B a n k r p t c y a n d
I n so l v en c y Th e ot h er is a c h ap t e r o n R e e d y i n m
qu t
.

E i y, or Sp e c i fi c P e rfo rm an c e
u
.

In o ri
g i n al l re
y p p ar i n
g t hi s w o r k t h e s b j e c t o f I n so l

qu u u
,

v e n o y w as fr e e n t l y s gg e st e d In t h e fi r st v o l m e, .

un d e r t h e h e a d o f P ar t i e s, s o m e c o n si d e r a t i o n i s gi v e n t o

i n so l v e n t s an d b an k r p t su an d in o th e r p l a c e s i n b o th
vo l u m e s, o th e r r e fe r e n c e s t o t h em o cc u r But t h e l aw
ubj u
.

on t h is s e ct w as no t p r e se n t e d w i t hf l n ess, i n an
y
p a rt fro m t h e fa c t t h a t t h i s h a d n o t b e e n d o n e i n a n y p r e
ce din g w o rk on t h e La w o f C o n t ra c t s ; b ut m uc h m o re
fro m b e l i e vi n g th at t h e st a t u te s of i n so l v e n c y i n t h e
se v e r al S t at e s, up o n w h i c h t h e law o f i n so l v e n cy i n t his
co u n tr
y m u st d e p en d were so d i v e rse t h at n o ge n e r al
u
,

st a t e m e n t o f t hi s l aw c o l d be m a d e w h i c h w o ul d b e o f
’

an
y g e n e r al u t i l it y . But a f u r t h e r e x a m i n at i o n h as co n

v i n c ed m e t h at i t i s no t al t o g e t h e r s o . Th e d i ve rsi ties

67 1 5 98
 P F
RE ACE .

b e twe en o ur s t a t u te s ar e m uc h m o r e i n fo r m t h a n i n
s ub st an ce . On m an y p o i n t s, an d t h o s e t h e m o st m a t e r i a l ,

t h ey do , fo r t h e m o st p a r t, h arm o n i ze An d i n d e c i d in g
qu u u
.

t he e sti o n s w h i ch a ris e n der t h e se st at t e s, a ll th e

co u r ts m ak e m uc h u se o f th e lo ng se ri e s Of a u
dj d i c at i o n s
w h i c h i n En g l a n d , an d in t his c o un t r y l
a so , a l t h o gh u
u u
.

h e re d i g a sh o rt e r p e ri o d a n d i n a l e ss n
r n m b e r, h av e
se t t l e d t h e p r i n c ip l e s a pp l i c a b l e t o a g r e a t Va r i e ty O f
qu e s t i o n s Wh i c h b e l o n g , an d a l w ays m st b e l o n g, t o
"
'

u
e ver
y r a t i o n al la w o f up c
b a n kr t y I n t he ch apt e r on

ubj
.

t h is s e ct w h i ch I h av e dd d
a e t o t h is e d iti o n I h av e
llu
,

en d e av o r e d to ex h ibit an d to i s t ra t e all t h e se p ri n ci
p l e s, wit h o u t pa u sin
g m uc h u p on t h e p ar t i c ul ar d e t ai l s
u
_

w h i c h fa l l w i t hi n exa ct st a t t o ry p r o xi éi b n s, an d m ay b e
re ga r ded ra t h er as l o c al t h a n g e n e ral l aw . .

In d to t h e o t h e r c h a p t e r, t h a t o n R e me d y i n
’

re ar
g
Equ i ty, or S p e c i fi c P e rfo rm a n c e , I h a d m c h m o r e di tfi u
cul ty . is a n a l t o ge th e r n e w t h in g t o i n cl d e a t o p i c
It u
o f t h is k i n d a m o n t h o se w h i c h b e l o n t o t h e c o m m n
g g o

u
la w j ri sd i c ti o n An d t h e r e ar e o t h e r m o d e s a n d m e an s
qu
.

of e i ty re l i e f, w h i ch m ig h t se e m t o be a l m o st as well
e n t it e l d to a
p l ac e in a w o rk on t h e Law Of C o n tracts as

t h is But I w a s l e d t o t h e c o n cl u si o n t h at s uc h a c h ap t e r
uc
.

was nee ded ,

an d a l m o st as m h n ee ded as a c h ap te r on

D a m a g e s, (w h i c h i s p r a c t i c a l l y t h e o n l y r e m e d y fo r b r e a c h
o f c o n t r a c t a t c o m m o n l a w, b o n sid e ra t i o n s w h i c h c o v e r
) y c
a l m o s t t h e w h o l e g r o n d O f t he r e l a t i o n o f E u i ty t O LaW qu '

i n t h is c o u n tr
y
u ud
.

It i s v e ry d i ffi c l t fo r a l a wy e r t r a in e d by t h e st y o f
 P F R E ACE . v

t he b o o k s, an d a cc u st o m e d t o t h e p r o c e ss e s an d
p ra c t ic e
no w i n us e , t o avo i d t he u c o n cl si o n , o r at l e a st t he h a

bi t u a l O
p i n io n , t h a t e qu j u u d
i ty ri sp r en ce an d l aw j u ris

p rud c en e are di vi d ed by c u l d
an a t a iffe r e n c e , an d by an

h ia t u hc s w i h c an n o t be fi l l e d . But an e x a m in a t io n o f
t he h i st o ry of t h is d iffe r e n c e on th e one h an d, an d of i ts
a c u l
t d a co n it i o n on t he ot h e r, will s how us t h at i t i s

w h o l ly a rt i fi c ial a n d , ,
if w e m ay e ve r use t h e w o r d, a cc i
we d e ri v e
I

d e n t al o ur sy s t e m Of l a w fro m En g l a n d ,
u u
.

i n cl d i n g t h e r e i n a ll o ur a r r a n
g e m e nts O f co rts an d a ll

u
t h e i r j r i sp r d e n c e u P ra c t i c a l l y t h is is an ex c e lle n t
r ul
.
.

ste m , w o rki n g o ut d t s, p r o b a b l y, w e re
'

s as oo es
y g as

e ve r re a c h ed in an y co u n tr
y i n the w o r l d
“

3
But t h e
qu
.

,w h e t h er
"

e s t i o n s ti ll e x i st s t h e p r e se n t s st e m h as no t
y
faul ts w h i c h may be c o r re cte d, an d w a n t s w h i c h m ay b e

su l pp i e d ; i n
“

o t h e r w o r d s, w h e t h e r, g oo d as i t c e r t ai n l y
‘

i s, i t m a y n o t b e ma d e b e tt e r
u qu
.

“
In En gl a n d t h e r e a r e fo r it e d i st i nc t a n d al m o s t
u qu
. .

in d e p e n d e n t j ri s d i c tio n s E i t y, La w Ad m i ra l ty a n d
u
, ,
.

th e C o n sisto r y C o rt s w hi c h are
g o ve r n e d s ub s t a n t ially

by t h e c a n o n l a w As w e h a v e no t an d n e ve r co l d u
u u
.

h a v e h a d ECc l e si a s t i c al c o rts i n t h i s c o un t ry,t h e b si n e ss

t r a n sa c t e d i n
'

t h e se co u rt s i n En g l a n d i s h e r e d i vi d e d
am o n g o t h er co u r ts Th a t p a r t w h i c h r e l a t e s t o t h e
.

ro b at e of wil ls a n d s e t t l e m e n t o f e stat e s i s i ven t o

p g
sp e c i al C o u rt s o f Pr o b a t e , w i t h
‘

a
pp e al e it h er t o t he S u

C u qu uch
.

p re m e o rt o f E i ty or t o t h at o f L aw ; an d so m

as re ates l t o m arri a g e an d divo r c e h a s p a sse d o ve r to th e

co u rt s of e qu i ty or la w .
“

But t h e Ot h er t h r e e re mai n
 PREFA E C .

d i s ti n c t i n t h is c o u n tr
y fo r m an
y p u r
p o s e s, a u
l t h o gh l e ss
SO t h an i n En gl an d .

Th e re , as i s w e l l kn o w n, th e s
y s t em o f Ad m i ra l ty w a s
c u rt a il e d an d o
pp r e ss e d u nt i l m o re t h a n h a l f Of i t s p ro p e r
ef fi c i e n cy an d u t i l i ty w as l o st He r e t h e d i ffi c l t e st i o n u qu
Wh ud
.

a ro se so m e y e a rs si n c e , et h e r Ad m i r a l ty s h o l b e h e l d
to m e an in A m e ri c a w h a t i t m e an t i n En g l a n d w h e n

m o st u ulse f a n d st i l l m e an s o ut o f En g l a n d ,
'

o r o nl
y w h at

u ucc d d
,

i t m e an t t h e re a ft e r ot h er co r ts h ad s ee e in su
p
p r e ssi n
g t he l ar g e r h a l f Of it Fo rt u ly n ate t he w i se

h qu
.
,

e ffo r t s o f a fe w str o n
g m en d e cid e d —

t is e st i o n a r i h
g ,t

a l th o u g h a
g ain st v i o e n t l an d st u bb o rn O
pp o sit i o n . An d
we h ave no w an Ad m i ra l ty w h i c h h as vin d i c at e d it s o wn

up u cc ul l
-

c ai m s
l to res
p e ct an d s p o rt m o st s e s sf y
u qu u
.

Th e S p r e m e E i ty Co rt Of En g l d an st a n ds there

al m o st e n tir e ly se
p a ra t e d fr o m , a n d, ud n e r so me as
p c t s,e

an t a
g o n st i i c to t h e c o u r ts o f la w In a fe w Of o ur S t a t e s,
qu l l u
.

e a
y d i s t in c t c o rts were e sta b l i s h e d, an d in so me o f
t h e m t h e se co u rts re m a i n t o t h i s day, on a l m o st t h e sa m e

fo o t i n g as i n En g l a n d In o t h e r S t a t e s, t h e l e gi s l a t u re s

u u
.

h a v e i n tr st e d to t he h ig h e st c o m m o n l a w c o r ts w h at

e ve r e qu i ty p r o c e s s u
c o l d ih t h eir u
j dgm en t be sa fe ly
ul l u
, ,

an d use f y exer c ise d by an

y c o r ts

u u
.

In m a n y O f o ur S t a t e s t h e s e p o w e rs a r e m c h c i r c m
s ric b e d, an d h ave b e e n g i v e n sl o w l y a n d r e l c t a n t l y It u
u qu
.

was s pp o se d th at E i ty d i ffe r e d fr o m La w i n b e in g
ar b it ra ry, an d q
d e c i d i n g ue st i o n s n o t l it e r a l ly by “
t he

Of t he C h a n c e l l o r s fo o t a s h as b e e n sa id b ut
’
le ngt h , ,

by t h e vi e w w h i c h h e m i g h t t ak e , on t h e w h o l e, of the
 P F R E AC E . v ii

m e r it s o f ea c h c a se An d w h e n l e g i s l a t o rs w e r e t o l d t h a t
q
.

e ui t y is no t m o re a r b i t r a ry t h an l a w, a n d i s a dm i n i s

ul
.

t ere d a c c o r d in g to c e r t a i n d e fi n it e an d e st a b l is h e d r e s,

w h ich i t a
pp l i es w it h the sa m e c a ut i o n and a c c ura c y
w it h w h i c h c o m m o n la w c o u rt s a l
pp y t h e i r r ul e s, th en

l e g is l at o rs do no t
"

co m pre h e n d w hy t h e s e r ul es s ho ld u
be cal l ed e qu it a b l e i n d i st in c t i o n fr o m l e g a l
u
.

A n d t h e t r t h i s, t h e r e i s no r e a so n w h a t e v e r fo r i t

u c
.

If j sti e c an be do n e in an
y c a se a c c o r d i ng t o l a w, l a w

uld uV
.

ho do i t If i t c a n n o t b e d o n e w i t h o t io l a t io n Of
“

u u u
.

l aw , i t s h o l d not be d o ne It i s q i t e n r e a so n a ble to

u
.

m ai n t ai n i n t h is c o n tr
y ,
an d i n t h is a
g e, a s
y st e m w h ic h

h ad no o th er o ri
g i n t h an t h e ne c e ssi ty t h a t ar o s e fr o m

t he j eal o u si e s o f i n d e p en d e n t c o
“

u c urt s ent r es i a
g o, in
a n o th e r l an d an d u n d e r a d i ffe r e n t l c
p Co i y o m m o n law ,
u l O qu
.

l o n g si n c e , a do pte d t h e pr i n c i p a l r es f e i ty i n r e la

t io n t o m o rt g ag e s an d to b o n ds P a rt i a l l y i t h a s a d o pt e d
u
.

them as to a ssi
g n m e n ts Of c h o se s i n a c t i o n , c o n t ri b ti o n ,
an d a v a r i e ty o f o th e r t o pi cs An d t h e r e is no r e a so n

u
.

w h a t e v e r w hy i t m a y not a d o pt an d exer c i se f l l y an d

fr an k l y , a ll t h e p r in c i p l e s an d al l t h e p o w e rs
‘

Of e qu ity .

Th e l a w m e r c h a n t h a s be en so a d o p ted an d t h e la w of

uc
,

n e go tia b l e p ap e r i s a l m o st as m h O
p p o se d t o the p ri n

cip l e s o f c o m m o n l a w, qu
as e i t y l aw g e n e r a l l y
ju qu u
.
_

Th e a b se n c e of a r
y i n e i ty p r o c e e d i n g s c a se s

m ch u Of the j e al o u s
y an d fe a r w i t h w h i c h t h e y h a v e
‘

b e en
a n d st i ll are re
g ar ded . Th i s i t w o ul d be e as
y t o re m e d y .

Th e sa m e o bj e c t io n w a s fe l t a
g a i n st t he e n ar l g e me nt o f

th e a d m i r al t y j u r s i d i c t io n . An d i n t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s
 v i ii PREFA E C .

S t a t te u o f 1 8 4 5, (dr a ft e d ud
by J g e S t o ry, ) fo r exten d
in g th e Ad m i ra l ty j "

u i
r s d i c t io n to th e g r e at l ak e s an d

t he n av i c o n n e c te d w it h
t

a ble w a t e rs t h em a ro v i s
g p
qu u
.

i o n w a s i n t ro d uc e d , t h a t an e st i o n O f fa c t h o l d be
y s

d e t e r m in e d y by h er
p aa rt j
y wui sh
r e d w h e n e ve r e it

it T h is S t a t t e h as b e e n d e c l a r e du n n e c e s sa r b
y y t h e u
u
.

S up r e m e C o r t o f t h e Un it e d S t a t e s, o n t h e g roun d t h at
th e Ad m i r a l ty j u ris d ic t io n ex m
'

e xt e n d ed i n t h is
u
,

co n tr o v e r a ll o ur n av i b l e Wa t e r s w he t h e r fr e s h o r
a
y g
u u
,

sa lt . But t h e cl a se r e s e c t in
p g j y
a -

r r em ai n s i n fo r c e .

Th e re a t c h an g e we su e st c a n n o t b e m a d e by
g gg
co u rt s a o n l e Th e y m u st h ave u u
St a t t e a t h o r i ty fo r i t
u u
. .

But , w it h t h e cl a se a b o ve int i m a t e d fo r a j r
y w e kn o w

c u
,

no t w h y ev e ry o rt O f c o mm o n l a w m ay n o t b e p e r m it
t e d t o p o ss e ss w i t h o u t m i s c h i e f o r i n c o n ve n i e n c e , a ll t h e

p w e r s p o ss e ss e d
o no w by Co u r ts o fE qu i ty, an d h av e an d

us e a ll t h e ir u ulse f m a c h in e ry a n d all t h e i r p r o c e sse s

ud
.

We m e an , h o w e v e r, t o i n cl e on l y t h e s e p o w e rs an d

p ri n c ip l e s w h ic h belo ng p ro
p er l
y t o Co u rt s o f E qu i ty
u
.

S O fa r as t h e se co rt s a r e a r b i t ra ry o r ne
gl e c t o r v i o la t e

ul h ul l
,

the r es w h ic h r ig t f y a l
pp y t o the c ase s w h i ch co me
b e fo r e t he m ,
t h ey ju st i fy t h e u nw i l l i n g n e ss o f m any p e r
so n s, in a n d o ut O f t h e p r o fe s si o n , t o c o n fe r o r to e n ar l e
g
e qu i ty p o w e rs An d i n t h e e xp o si t i o n w e O ffe r O f o n e O f

qu j u ud
.

t he m o st i m po r ta n t b ra n c h e s O f e ity r s i pr en ce, we

a re c e rn p e l le d to r e fe r t o i n st a n c e s , i n w h i c h t h e c a se s
ex h ib i t a fl uc u t a t io n and u n c e r t a i n ty i n c o m p a t i b l e wi t h

any j u st ide a o f la w Of an
y k i nd Th e re a re in de e d
u
.

i n s t a n c e s w h ic h ca n h a r d l y fa i l to s gg e st t o the re a der
 P F
R E ACE . ix

t h at co u rt s of e qu it y m u st h ave so m e t i m e s fo rgo t t e n
t he ir o wn m ax i m, t h at equ i ty s u
h o l d fo l l o w l a w ; an d

h av e s u pp o se d t h a t i t w as t h e i r f uc n t io n , not to co m

p l e t e t he l a w an d do w h a t i t i n t e n d e d b ut fa i l e d t o
a c c o m p l is h , b ut t h e v e ry t h i n g i t fo r b a d e .

Th i s i s o ne o f t h e m i s c h i e fs w h i c h s
p i f
r n
g ro m t h a t

v e ry d ist i n c t i o n Oi rat h e 1 d i vi sio n b e t w e e n l a w a n d

e q u1 t y w h 1 c h i t t e n d s t o e
p p r e t at e Th e t r e re m e d
y u . u
w e t hi n k i s t o fo l l o w o ut t h e p r e s e n t t e n d e n cy t o a
'

u qu
, ,
.

c o mp l ete n i o n Of la w an d e i ty . In t h e g r e a t S t a t e Of

Ne w Yo rk , t h is e x p e ri m e n t i s t ri e d on a l a rg e r c l
s a e,

an d w i th m o re c o m p l e t e n ess t h an l
e se w h e re An d w h i l e
u
.

all ac k n o w l e d ge g r e at b e n e fi t s re s l t i n g fr o m i t w e h av e
ne ve r h e ar d t h a t e x p e r i e n c e h as d ev e l o p e d a n y O bj e c
t io n or i ll res ul u t, s ffi c i e n t t o p r e v e n t t h e h O p e t h a t t h i s
u
.

sy st e m wi l l b w i th d ue t io n an d
"
n ew
'

e —
a l w ay s p re ca
u
S ffi c i e n t d e l ay —
an d a ll ne c e ssa ry i m p ro v e m e n t
u u
“

c a rr i e d o ut f l l y t h e re, an d ni ve rsa l l y a d o pt e d l
e se

w h e re .
 C O N TENT S .

(T h h t ol m this dimtiott o gi ldd di gis

ro ug ou the v u e, in
n ew
)
e

a
n,

er
th e
h as b een
ri na

a
p ag
e .
n

)
r e ferre d to c t h
,
e x ep W ere

P ART II .

TH E LA W OF C O NT R A C T S I
C ONS D ER ED IN R E ER ENC E T O T H E F
P
O ER A TION OF L A w U ON T P HM
E .

C H AP T ER I .

C O N S TR U C TI O N A ND I N T ER P R E TA T I O N OF C O NTR A C T S .

S E C T IO N I
t to
.

Ge n er a l p ur p o se and
p r i n cip l es o
o f c n s r uc i n

S E C TION II
t t t
.

Of t h e effe c of in en io n

S E C TION III
t to
.

S o m e Of th e ge n e r a l ru l es o f co n s r uc i n

S E C TI ON IV
t t t
.

En i r e ty o f co n r a c s

S E CTI ON V
t t
.

App o r io nm e n t o f co n r a ct s
 ii C ONTENTS .

S E C TI O N VI
tio l o t t
.

Of c o n di na c n r ac s

S E C TI ON VI I
t l ot t
.

Of m u ua c n r ac s

S E C TI ON VIII
t
.

O f t h e p r e s um p i o n s of la w

S E CTI ON IX
t
.

Of t h e e ffe ct Of c us o m o r usa g e

SE C TION x
i ib i l it t i t tt
.

tt t t
Of t h e a dm s s
y o f e x ri n s c e v id e n c e i n t he i n e rpr e a io n of

w ri e n co n r ac s

C H AP TER II .

TH E L AW OF P L A C E.

S E CTI ON I
i
.

P re l i m n ar
y r e m ar ks

S E C TION II
i
.

Ge n e ral p r n ci
ple s

S E C T IO N III
t of i
.

C a pac i y p a r t es

S E C TIO N IV
o ici l
.

D m

S E C T IO N V
c ot t
.

T he p la e Of t he c n r ac

S E CT IO N VI
o s t to o s
.

O f t he la w o f th e f r um in re
p ec p r c es a n d r e m e dy
 C ONTENTS . x ii i

S E CT ION VI I
oi
.

Of f re
gn m arr i ag es

S E C TI ON VI II
o
.

Of f rei
g n di vo rc e s

S E CTI O N IX
t
.

F o r e i gn j udgm e n s

C HAP TER III .

DE F EN C E S .

S E C TI O N I
t o
.

P aym e n o f m ne
y
An d herei n ,
t o
t
O f t h e p a r y to w h m p aym e n t s h o uld
'

t l tt
O f p ar t p aym e n

i
O f p aym e n b y e e r
Of p a ym e n t i n b a n k b lls -

O f p a y m e n t by c h e c k
t ot
t tio
Of p aym e n by n e

tk o
Of p a y m e n by de l e ga n

o tio t
‘
Of s a e h l de r s a n d w age r s
-

O f a ppr p r i a n of
pa ym e n s

S E C TION II
o
.

Of p e r f r m an ce

An d her ei n ,

t tt
1 . Of t e n de r

o i
2 . O f t he e n de r o f c h a e ls

k
t o
3 . Of t h e nd o f pe rf r m a n ce

ti o f o
4 . Of p a r p e r f rm an c e

oti
5 . O f t he m e p e r f r m an c e

o sibi lit o
6 Of n
“

. ce

V
7 . Of i m p s
y of per f r m an ce

OL . 1L
 CONTENTS .

S E C TIO N IV
ti t o issio i ti
.

Of de fe n c e s res n
g u
p o n th e ac s o r m n s Of t h e pl a n ff

S EC T IO N V
o tis ti
.

A cc r d a n d sa fa c on

S E C TIO N VI .

Of a r b i tr a m
'

e n t a n d a w ar d

A n d ber e m ,
2 . Of the rev o ti of
ca on a su bm i sio
s n to ar b it to ra rs 2 1 9 (1
.

S E C T ION VII
s
.

Of a r e le a e

S E C TI O N VIII
t io
.

Of a l e r at n

S E C T IO N IX
it
.

O f t h e p e n de n c y o f a no th r sue

S EC TIO N x
o t
.

Of f r m er j ud
g me n

S E C TION XI .

O f s e t o ff -

S E C TIO N X II
il t t
.

O f l e ga l co n rac s

A n al her ei n ,

co t ts st i t of t
ot ts o os to w ot o t i s
Of n ra c in re ra n ra de

co t cts ic t o t isl tio

Of c n ra c
pp ed t h e r e v e n u e la s o f he r c un r e

w i co t ts
Of n ra w h h e n d t o c r r up l e g a n

y
Of
'

a n
ge r g n ra c

i c c t
O f t h e S u n da la w
Of ma n te n a n e a nd ha m p e r y

S E C T IO N X III .

Of fr a ud
 CONTENTS . XV

C HAP T ER IV .

OF TH E S TA T U TE OF FR A UD S

C H AP TER V .

‘
TH E S TA T UTE OF L I M IT A TI O N S .

S E C TIO N I
o ttt
.

T h e ge n e r a l p u r p se o f th e s a u e

S E C TIO N II
oi
.

Of a new
pr m se

S E C TION III
t
.

O f p a r p ayme n t .

S E C T I ON IV
oi t
to
Of n ew
p r m se s a nd
p ar t p aym e n s by one of s ev e r a l jo i n t
d eb rs

S E C TIO N V
o t t
.

O f acc un s b e tw ee n m e r ch a n s

S E C TIO N VI
io i it tio i
.

W
Vh e n
‘

t he pe r d Of l m a n b eg n s to r un

S E C TI ON VII
ttt tio is bi iti
.

O f th e s a u e e xce p ns an d d a l es

S E C T ION VIII
t ttt t t
.

T ha t h e s a u e a ffe c s t he r em ed
y o nl
y, and no t t h e de b
 vi C ONTENTS .

HAF T ER V I .

O F I N TER ES T A N D U S UR Y .

S E C T IO N I
t t o
.

Of i n eres and wh en i t i s
“

rec ve r a b le

S E C T IO N II
t tit t
.

W ha co n s u e s usury

S E C TION I II

t it o ot t
.

I mm a e ri a l y of the f rm o f th e c n ra c

S E C T IO N IV
ot tt t t i t it s
.

Th e c n ra c i se lf m us be a n ed w h u ur
y

S E C TI ON V

tit t t oi
.

S ub s u e d se cur i i es ar e v d

S E C TI O N VI
isti tio b t it ot t t
.

o
D w e e n th e i n va li d y of th e c and th e p e n a l
'

nc n e n r ac
y
im p sed

S E C TION VI I
ot t t ll io
.

"
Of c n r a c s a c c i de n a
y us ur us

S E C T IO N VIII
is o t o f ot s il
.

Of d c un n e a nd b ls

S E C TI O N IX
o s tio i
.

O f a c h a r ge fo r c m pe n a n fo r se r v c e s

S E C TION X

ch o s tio is k i
.

‘ fo r
Of a ar
ge c m pe n a n fo r r n c urr e d

S E C TIO N XI
o t ts hich o t
.

C n ra c in w a l e n de r b e c m e s p ar ner
 C ON TENTS . x vi i

S E C T ION XII
of ot ot os tio
.

O f sal e s n e s an d h er ch es in ac n

S E C TION XIII
o o t st
.

Of c mp un d in e re

C HAP T ER V II .

D A M A GES .

S E C TIO N I .

Of th e ge n e ra l gr o un d and m e a sur e of d a m a ge s

i t
S E C TION II .

Of l q uida ed d a m a ge s

S E C T IO N I II
st i s ss
.

Of c i rc um a n ce s wh ch i n cr e a e or le en da m a ge s

S E C TI O N IV
i ti
.

Of l
e x e m p a r y a n d v n d ic ve da m a ge s

S E CTI O N V
t ot o s
.

Of di r e c o r rem e c n e q u e n ce s

S E C TIO N VI
ot t s t t
.

Of t h e br each of a c n r a ct t ha is e v e r abl e in o
p ar s

S E C TI ON VII
i t
.

Of t h e l e ga l l m i t o da m a g e s

A n d her ei n ,
tio
i s tto t
tio
i st o o
In an ac n a a n
g t an a rn e
y o r age n

to tio
In an a c n a a n
g a c mm n c a rr i e r
-

of i tio
In t he ac n of r ver

o
I n t he ac n re l
p ev n

W h er e a
o s
v e n d e e s ue s a v e n d r

W h er e a
t
v e n d r s ue a v e n de e

W he h e r
t t
e xp e n se s m a y b e i n cl ude d i n da m a ges
When i n e r es i s i n clude d
 x viii C ONTENTS .

S E C T ION V III
t t to o oo
.

O f th e br ea ch o f co n ra c
p y ma ne
y or g ds

S E C TI ON IX
i
.

t
o f nom na l da m a ge s

S E C T I ON X
to
.

Of d a m a ge s i n rea l ac i ns

C HAP T E R V III . .

O N R EM ED Y I N E QU IT Y , OR S PE C I I C F P ER F O R M A NC E .

S E C T ION I
o i ti
.

'

‘
Of th e ri
g n an d
p urp o s e o f h s r e m e dy

S E C TI ON II
o ti
.

Of c n si de r a on

S E C TI ON III
ot t ti t
.

f Of c n r ac s r e l a n
g t o p e rso n al y

S E C TI ON IV
o t t ti o o
.

‘
Of c n r a c s r e la f l an d
n
g t o t he c n ve a n ce
y

S E C TIO N V
t t t of
.

« O f th e S a u e F r a uds

S EC TI O N VI
o s tio
.

'
Of c m p e n a n

S E C TIO N VII
i o si i l it ot
.

'
Of m p s b y an d he r de fe n c es
 CONTENTS . xi x

C HAP TE R IX .

O N BAN K R UP TC Y AND IN S OL V EN C Y .

S E C TIO N I
os o f b t
.

T h e g e n e ral p ur p e an k r up la ws

S E C TIO N II
i to of A i t
.

Th e h s r
y m er ca n ba n k r up la w

S E C TI O N III
i so t oi
.

Of n lve n cy or b a n k r up c
y un d e r f re
gn la ws

S E C TI O N I V
t ib i i tio
.

O f th e r un a l a n d j ur sd c n

S E C TI ON V
t so t
.

W ho m ay b e b a n k r up s or in l ve n s

S E C T ION VI
i
.

Of th e a ss gn e e s

S E C TI ON VI I

t o t t to s
.

Wha r e al p r p e r y i n so l v e n cy ran s e rsf t he as ig n e e

S E C TIO N VIII

t so o t so t
.

W ha per na l pr pe r y i n l v e n cy f
ra n s e r s t o t he a ssig n e e

S E C T I ON IX
ti t t o t t
.

W ha n eres s o r
pr p e r y Of t he ba n k r up do no t p a ss t o t h e as

S E C TIO N X
s tio of ti
.

Of t h e q ue n me

S E C TI ON XI
t bt i t tt
.

W ha de s are p r o vabl e a ga n s the e s a e

XX C ONTENTS .

S EC TI O N X II
oo ts ii
.

Of the p r f o f de b , a nd o fd v de nds

S E C TI ON X III
is
.

O f th e d ch a r g e

S E C T IO N X IV
‘

ii
.

Of p r v le g e d or p r e fe r r e d d e b ts

C H AP TER X .

TH E C O N S T IT U TIO N OF TH E U NI T ED S TA T E S .

S E C TI ON I
t o t t it i s ti i to
.

W ha are c n r a c s, W h n the cl a us e r e pe c n
g t h e O l b ga i n of

S E C TIO N II
t i ht i i t
.

W ha r
g s are m pl ed by a
g ran

S E C TI O N I II
s t i il
.

Of an e x pre s ran o f e x c l us i ve pr v e es
g g

S E C TIO N IV
Of th e re al tio t i n o f h s c la u e s to m a rr i a ge a n d di v o r ce

S E C T IO N V
tio t is l s to b t i
.

O f th e re al n of h c au e an k ru
p c
y an d l
n s o ve n c
y

S E C TI ON VI
O f t h e m ea n i n
g Of th e w o rd O b li tio
ga n in t is
h l
c a us e
 IND EX TO CAS ES CITED .

gi
dich ti sd m g fi istg ditib io g is s b dtt m t s s m s ibs q t
t c
t c s s cit d m th s t s wi l o d
[The p a n of
th e r e n p r e e rv e a t th e t o p o f t h e p a ge i n a ll th e u e ue n

g t y itc g b th t i thi t bl
e on ; t he n e w p ag n e n a t t he o o . But t he n o e a r e i n o e n s a n e s
an ge fro o ne p a ge t o th e n e x , an d t h e a e e fr o e e no e l b e f un i n
the p a e af er (i n a ver fe w n s a n e s i n t he p a e e fo r e ) a g v e n i n s a e ] .

Abb y D w y A
Addi i s gto K All
ight dd
P age
2 70

Abbot M ssi Addi s o G y

P ag e n n v . en

2 69 666

Abbott BHicksb g Adki s FoW tsod i i

e v . e e v . n

v. a e 61 n v . ra

v. 63 8 2 97
‘

ur a

KSt ithtt Ag Bid

e n v a n .

v . 63 5 , 65 7, 666 A fl a lo v u r r n er. 65 8
2 1 9 b, 3 5 3 5 67

AbAbi gtol R dcliNo th B idg w t Ag w Pl tt

v . e ar v en.
'

v . ra en 5 74 v M ac k le w
. 53 6
ff 2 94 , 2 98 v M c Elr o y 2 3 6, 2 3 9

AAbb hh msm B AgAh ich lti l QB k Biss l

ee v . a ne .

n n v . r r e a er 90 v a .

P l es t o ro 60 7 , 63 2 l 4 07

Ab ms Pom oy B to
ra a v . r u ur a an v . e

3 93 , 4 0 4 T a e v u an W a n 4 43

B do S o d
ra a v . un n .

66 A ik e n v
'

34 2

Ac b l L Vy o Ai sli Boy to
ra v . er en n .

A bra ha t v . ra n n 2 12 v anf r . 1 69
2 95 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 8 24 2

Ack LPhdy i d
e a v . ev n e v n n .

A c he rl ey 4 0, 4 1 v Go ff 2 17

Ai swo th
e rn n .

2 30 v M e d lyc o tt 2 82

Ackl d P ossc Ak m JH ksom h y

er v . e ar .

o en x 5 18 n r v P a rt illo . 4 66
3 94

Mo i c Alb y E ch g B k Joh so
an v . e ar e er an v u p er .

’
A C o urt v C r 3 4 5 , 3 5 0 A kh urs t v

Ad m K Alcott A y
. ac n .

A cr arn an v 63 0 669

Ald Bl g
. rr e an x an e an v . n n

p a r te 61 4 67 5

Ad ms F ly to Ald SK igillhl y
a ex v ve r .

e rr 10 1 en v a ue . 2 00
C 61 7 4 52, 63 1

Ald ich Alb

a v . ax n er v e e
.

227 2 0 7, 2 11

Ki y
v . r e v av . e
Ga y 2 62 c, 2 62 9, 2 62 h 1 61 , 1 62 , 1 63

c R y olds
v . r v ee .

H a Ck et t 700 120

HiLol l do Bl ckw ll R il Al d B ombt

v . v nne .

v . H a m ell 2 62 v e n . 3 97
15 3 75 , 3 76

l d
e x an e r v urn e .

C 333

M lk i G hi s l
n n a a a v . er
way C O A p a rt e 6 16

HM y
. ex an e r, ex
v . a n v. e in 5 13 , 5 3 2 , 54 6
‘
M M illa n 4 95

ShSt lby Alg Scoh chill

v . v . e rr
v . O t t e rback v . e rr 2 93
3 03 , 306

Sto liy g
e er v . v e
T a er 257

Whi t y
v . e er v .

A li v o n v F urn i v al 1 1 8, 62 5

ow s d Wo ks G i o
re .

T ap A lla ir v 4 93

WWil i m M yl d
v . n ne . .

T 4 68

All All
v . n en r v . u n
‘
Al le g re e Ins C O 49

AdAd mso J is A d so
v . a rn er v . ar an . .

s 11 1

y E chols B tt
v . a en v . en
5 04

Add l y D o Bl t
a n v . ar v v . n er n
a v. v . e nn e 2 8 5 , 2 90, 2 98
er e ix n v . un 4 42
x xi i I I ND E X TO CA S ES C TED .

All Bh kmb s AA og ymo s Rs dfo d 2 08, 209

DE dgmi tog A s ll Robso

en v . ur e n u v . e r

v . C a er n n u 609, 61 4 , 62 2 , 63 4 , 64 7
p a r te 62 5

H AA stillst y M wd o d
v . e n n e ,
ex

v . er n v . n 64 3
3 05

JKi cisid AA stt mth hAdc i

v . e a rn n e v . ar en
/

In re u v . C ra f r 4 66

MiM l ch ts B k AA t lobto s Smith

v . ar v n ru er v . a r

v . n a n ra v . C a e 2 13
5 1 8, 5 1 9

A ch B y s
v . e n r u v .

F ulle1t o n 4 94

R sco s D
v er an an e n v
.
pp .

M c Kea n 2 8 6, 2 94

SS ydd ms E gli s h
v . r er v . a ne

v . e u v . u nn 24 5
1 50

hom so M sh
v . an er v . n

Leh 3 23

W tso P t m
v . u a v .

T 256

All s EDst scht m s WiWilllili msmso

v n v ar
.
p .

v . a n v . u na 3 86
’
4 55

Alli s A chi b ld hom s

en a e v . a

Al le y 2 09

Alli A d W ki s
v e a v a n
.
p .

P ro b y n T 12

Allml d R ss ll AA gg llb igBhty t m b ll

e v . r a v . a
n v . S h a dbu rn e r en v . at n 64 7
3 72

PlG mmo g AA mimiggto l B k t

an v . u e r a v . r an

A na v . P lum m el r en r v . Ca p e 5 2 1 , 5 4 9, 5 54
C 5 68

A mi s t d B tl
‘

Sc i m sh w
v . u er r er v . ar e
A ln er v 692 , 696

Als g omSt Ky th i s Dock A mst o g B ows

. e r e r n n v . arn e

A lo tf v . r a r ea v . u er 24 4
Bre a m e 1 78 ,
’
A r mit t 211

P cy
a er v . . a ar ne v .

C 29 68

olWh l
urr

AlAlsoto PStict B k
p an r r n v .

ex
p a r te 623 v . er 4 4 2 , 4 8 7, 4 89
660 T 2 59

A old A old
er

c s
s p v . r e v .

3 56 61 9

AlAl s l yHodgso Ki i d BDowow i g

n v . a e an v . ee e r
237
’
Al t h a m s a e 69, 70 , 7 1 rn v . rn

v 571 665

Am Lo g M y d
va n e . nn a r v . r n

82 , 83 3 51, 356

Am s Gihlmw MRichmoyo ofPool

ve v . n v . n n

s t re t h 4 4 9, 4 5 1 63 7

d I o Wo ks
er v n v a n ar
-

. .

C 65 1 14 1 , 5 69

A ott R d
e

Ami bl N cy
e v . e v . a r

62 2 95

AA toth BoothSchoo C ssi s

r n r

Amo y FGilmcis
v . an v . n
a e an 4 4 1, 4 5 9 rn v . e fern 3 82
664 222

Ash P t m
r v . ra n r n v .

2 61 T he u 4 68

Ashby Whit Jms

n er a

AA cd som SloB ckto

v . an r ur v .

v . M c Gre g o r 4 68 v . u na 2 69
n ru 3 82 3 56

Bhick tt Ashc oft Mo i

v . ne v . a e

4 98 4 92

As fo d H d
n er n v . u n v . e

2 70 2 95

Ashli Whit
urn e

E wi g
v . r v . rr n

C 2 92 h 4 64

HH wkiold s Asti P ki
v . r v . an

4 92 2 72

Astl y H i s o
v . n n v . e

2 87 4 95

MiPitlch R y olds
v . ar n v . ar n

13 4 4 57

W ldo
v . a n e v . arr n

63 1 1 53

Scott Asto P i c
v . er v . e n

53 4 3 7 , 4 38 , 4 39

W ll c U io
v er v e n
-

. .

3 22 388

AA dd wws BoB ow tchi s o

v . r v . r e

2 10 In s C O 48

Ath lst Moo

v . a a e v . n n . .

g he y 132 A Gee 2 61

DiD t itch Atki s Boylsto Fi M i

n re v n n v
-

. .

n re v . r n 3 4 2 , 5 60 e an v . n 2 03
v . e er 2 70 n v . n re a n d ar n e

31 In s C O

dito s Atki so B ow
v . u ra n . .

v . l l c rr io t 1 00 , v T r c dg o l d.

l l is C re 82 n v B ri n d a ll

E lli o tt
v . r ,
n .

I n lm c r
'
v . 62 3 v . r n

I O ml
’
8 2 , 95 , 96, 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 ,

cl Jo do
v . v .

4 13 p a r te

M li
ex

A ne
A ng er
s v

t ig o P.

v
M illw a rtl
T a un t
.

R itchi
ur n
n

C0
a

.
p e r M a n ufac
207 v
v

v .
.

.
r

a n
n

e
 I ND EX TO CA S ES C TED I . xx i i i

Atki so dStl t B k T eas

249 B il y Simogd ds O 2 8 7, 2 94

Ki i yloM yo of Yo k
n n v. a e a e v. en
T he
232 1 74

AtlAtto yBG ckho ls Cl h m

v a e an . v . n

A t k yn s v 4 29 Ta 2 30

B i l y li g
n n er . v . r
ee v 1 99 T he Ne w 68 1

B i b idg W d
a . u e v . a r r

12 C ur 208

PlShot Gl
rn e e n era v ap a -
. v . a e v . n

v D ay 2 92 , 5 4 8 , 5 5 4 P i n h o rn 62 4

Wil c o
. a n r e v .

as s C O 68 2 96, 2 97

BB ii d s J o s
v a e . . v . a e
78 4 29

Si t w ll
v re . v . x
v S i bt h o r 7 0 3 24

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 I X ND E TO CA S ES C TED I .

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 I I ND E X TO CA S ES C TED . XXV

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 I ND E X TO CA S ES C TED I .

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 I ND E X TO C A S ES I
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 I ND E X TO C AE I
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 I ND E X TO C ASE S I C TED XXXV . I] .

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H s lti Si g g s HiHimchlis B E it l of
err n v . ar n v . er e

H e rris o n 666

HH skss th StF wcsott

v . u r e v . u n

330

Hi ckl y SoA thgy t

e e ne v . er e v . a rn z

15 7 ffe K in n o ul

HH ydoth s SmithWools Cd sidg s

e e v . a e n v . ar

1 4 , 63 1

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63 7

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v a . v e u e .

H eym an v e v O Bri e n
’
2 94

Log L gfo d
ea e . n .

H eyl i n g v 3 412

H yw d s s HiHi tokl y M
a n . n an v .

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H ywood Hi l d th
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Ca e
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20

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65 4 n , ex p a r te

H wi s o G th i Lock
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13 v A c ra m an

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Hitchcock ok
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H ew it v 62 1 H i m v a e of O

H i b shm
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. .

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v . n v r .

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ur 129

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5 80 v M c Gi n n i s

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v . a an v re .

k 3 71

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v . ar v a rn e r .

v r . n 5 96 H o bli n s v e .

2 92

H i d P tit HoHodggdo M Hodgdo

v an . n v e u .

5 3 5 , 5 3 6 H o eh s te r v D e

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v . a ur .

2 01 d

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62 3 , 62 7 an e

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H igg i n bo t t a m , ex p a rte 663

Scott KiLo gtt

e v an .

1 64 r fa

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n v n . v .

3 79

K lly Hodgki s Bo d
v . n

5 55, 5 71

Hi g hmo Mol oy
n n v e . v va ..

64 5

H i g ht R i l y
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v . n v n .

l 61 2 H o d s d e n v H a rri d g e

Holm
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33 4 n , ex p a r te

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73

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l , ex p a r te 65 7, 668 v n .

530 v Te

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v . e 3 76 v Le re .

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v Buc k mi n s t er 66 In re

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v . n v r n .

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v . ree n v .

3 7 1 H o lhi rd v

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4 7, 1 69, 1 74 , 5 0 5

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v . en a v .

430

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v . ee e r v a e .

62 2 , 63 1 , 63 4 , 64 s

H ll y Mo is Hol d i g Pi g ott
v . v a er .

v T 2 02

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rr . n v .

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229

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v . er 15 an , ex p a rte
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x lv i i i I N EX
D TO C AS E I S C TED .

Hol
Hollii
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Holl i st Holl i s t Ho ghto HoAd ghto ms

n r v. ap e r u a n v . a
2 79 3 15

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v . rr v . u a n
1 17 13 5

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a v . a
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v . v . a e
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v v ne a
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v . r n u n v . ar

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v . v .
p
2 97
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3 70 i

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v . e rr n v . e a

3 03 3 19

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v . an n v . a a er

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v . v .

83 , 1 18, 60 4 , 605 , 60 6, C p er 2 03

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v . e en v .

Cr 64 9

R obi so E lli s
v . er
I{ ho d es 4 62 201

SiWil liicksoms
v . v . e
24 1 5 1 7, 5 3 2

JK mmt ckytt Lo is ill M

v . n n v .

5 00 , 5 0 1 H o p k yns 5 15

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v . nn n v .

4 23 620 , 63 4

Holth m R yl d
v . a v . e e
5 13 u

MiP i st
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Hol y l d M d
v . v . en u v .

185 In s C o 53 5

Hom Ash o d
a v . an . .

De 64 4 1 61 , 1 62

Ho M t l S f ty R og s
an v . en ez v . n er

f 256 62 5

S ckto
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ne v . u ua a e In s . 52 v . er 54 8
Ii o n n er zx fihhn t o n 63 3 201

Hoo K Howd H i g h
v. ex n

Il o o d v l t fl ey 24 4 Tu 4 68

Hoo E dw ds Ho BH dldl yy
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k v in n ea r
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2 62 e we 14 7

HP lmti gto
p er v . ar v . ra e

p a rt e 3 4 0 , 65 7 4 78

Smi t h
ex v . an e

IHe rc e 2 12 4 7, 1 74 , 1 75

St h s
un

Shhom sod
v . v . n n

v . 63 6 v . a er 3 2 1, 32 2 , 3 25
3 53 24 4

Hickm How s
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pp a r
l l o o ve r i x I fiere e 2 80 T 3 65

How ll EBdg t
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p n
H o p cra ft v 2 0 5 , 2 0 9, 5 1 3 in 65 5

Booth
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Il o pe , e x ;xu x 65 7 3 75

Ho ki s HYo dig g
e e v . a rn e
65 7 5 80

Gy
v . v . ar

Gr a zcbro o k 505 242

Howl t St i c kl d
n v ar n
p .

re 5 79 un 3 72

Howso H cock
v . v .

I ce 505 24 6

Ho Sisk Howto
v . e v . r an
M cg g uire 24 6 1 3 9, 2 53

Hoyt ByB idg sw t Co

v . n v . an
2 72 F re a rso n 46

Ho NHoso
pp e r v . n v .

Il o ps o n 1F re vo r 5 15 4 11

H bb d R h l stow B ch R
v . v . r e a er .

24 1 133, 151

R o b ts
rn v . rn v . rn e
65 9 C

Ho by L cy HNo milto to B k
v . a n u ar v . ar e n r an .

v . er 2 19 b . Co . 3 81
12 6 666

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rn v . a v . a n an
l l o rn s hy v . Lee 63 3 v . r n 5 03
l l o rn c r 256 u er v . e n er 1 03
3 78 re a u 287

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u er v .

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v . 4 39 v . T urn er 2 8 7 , 2 92
l l o rrc l v M A le x a n de r
’
2 07 4 4 9, 4 52

Scott
. u e v . ne

l l o rs la l rg h 0 11 110 13 0 fi e C an a u 24 0

H dso JohG sog

u er . v . e

l k n s fi d l v Eh un t kwo y 12 6 l l ud n all 24 7

B so
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l l o rs fin w l zn VVr h h t g
500 u n v . ra n er 249
l l o r to n v 2 08 12 6

Nichols HH ghf s Nick so

en n . v . n n
v l l o rn c r . 1 04 v . T e n ne v 3 82
l l o s fo l fl v 8 3 , 98 uf v 23

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. .

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l lo t ha n v 0 54 9

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as n a . . v . rr

l l o ug li va n 2 73 v . u 5 19
v . M ay 13 5 v . e e er 1 3 7, 3 98
 I N EX D TO C AS ES I C TED .
'

u HH gbb lli C m 67 6 Hysi

Hyslo Cl k g
n e r v Bal t zc lls

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v .
p .

u ue n n v R a yl ey 2 68

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.
p v ar e .

H ugg e fo rd v . r 4 78
185

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u n v . ra

v . u 248
H a ll 1 1 8 Icl e v

lH llk
v . a e .ra

Ca 3 82

IlImls l yy JE llw tts

v . e v .an n

v . C ar 4 7 2 Igg ul d en v M a y .

1 17 e

HH mbl Mitch ll
u v e e .

'

H ul m c M ugg les t o n 63 5 , 666 ef e n

m ImLo idol LiLigghtht Cok Co

v . a v .

u 330 VVi kl fl"

HH mm hh ysy PhiG d y
e v . e v c o .

u P ep lo e 14 8 p e r a Ga s

II gdi sol oli s B ow

e v . e . v

u re nn e 4 97 n n Ga s Co
p v . .

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Jo s I g lls Lo d
p re v . ar n er p . . . r n

Guillo w n er Va n Bo k el in

HH mt h iAds msBlight s Assig s

v . v .

3 50 L ee

II gglish mH igGh y
v . ne n a v .

’
u 62 0 , 63 5

B ll
p r e v . n ee v . r

un n

HWhll l
v . a v . a

2 61

FH ostsk l
v . e n ra a v . e er
Bri dgli a m 3 61

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v . v a .

66

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v . r v e e er .

e 4 71

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v . a n ra v a n .

326

Moo
v . e v e .

7 5 I n ha b
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N s Y mo th
v . r . n v . ra z e r

2 76 Cu

I m NFostwm
v . re er an v . a a .

381 u

Roy l Ass Co
v . eve r ar

R o us ni an i ere 556

Silk is Com y II swichs MSt hf Coso Sto y

v . n an v er .

v . a Ex . . . 1 74 I n n c l v e an
.

H t BD i ilso II byl d Wilso

v . nn e v . ep en n
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s C s
v .
p an p . . v . r
un e r v 2 10

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v . an e 54 1 re an a e

60 5

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rv n e v
v . . r
pa r

P ri n s e p 4 71

H ti gto FiAmchic B k
v . v . ne

H un t g a t e v M c a se 2 12 T

Bowd
. rv n v . a
un 1 4 9, 1 5 0

H tl y SB cod so s
n n v . er an an v . e
v . n 226 Is be rg v en .

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un 4 4 9 I ve s s C a e

H t ssB ydgP tts

e v . a n

v . an er n 3 7 1 I vc y v M c Que e n
.

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v . a en
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v . r e
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ur Ba m bi dg e 2 04

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62 1 , 65 3 re

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H tchi s AdR iddl s BB ktl tt

e v . n

u n v . or ea 4 20 v . er

am 442 er

Scott BlBowodg t
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24 1 e

H tch so Bowk
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225 e

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v . v .

u i n v . er 4 , 8, 4 8 v . en

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ock
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D lo g
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H tto
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u n v . v .

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v . T re n er e Na v C o . . 0 . u n

H vl to n v . r n v . re a n

VOL . .
1 IN EX
D TO C AS E S I C TED .

J ckso IJ ckso i 61 5 J i gs B om ghto 571

Joh so
a en n n r u n

JJ cob
n v . rv n v .

Ca 37

M ddock
Q a n v .
p
126 4 79

J PW sto
n n

oh so
Q a v .

a co b 230 v a 449

JoKi gs
Q y .

Q J n n 3 74 e we t t v . re n 62 5 , 63 0
3 97 3 22 , 324

ow ll
Q ne v . ar re n

61 3 J e w s o n v M o u ls o n 62 7 63 3

LL w c Jod ll Jo ll
Q n .

L a m phi r e J o dde r el l v C 64 4

JJoh s St G s t No th Ry Co
Q e .

re v d re 5 75

LiLomgo s
Q a ren e .

o n a s sh o n v 45

Joh so ABooold
Q e ver . re a r . . .

n e v en 2 15

Loomi s
Q n v .

4 58

lombs
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Low
Q a .

ne 14 4

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Q v .

y C a 14 9

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Q e v .

C 4 98

PPi khc st
G a n v .

C un n 127

Dodgso
Q a ar v . n a

D ay 2 62 a

R so FiGitl bh tgh
Q ar ur v .

2 87

R s
Q er e v . n

m 668

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306

HH dsot
Q e e ve v . er
129

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Q v . r

us e 1 4 , 2 1 9, 2 59

JJohcksoso
G a v . u n

e ve n s 60 7 , 63 2

Wh t
Q v . un
T urn e r 1 93

WiWoodl co LL thc mst

Q v . a n

Q ea v . n n 2 9, 3 2 , 2 93 , 5 5 7
14 9

MN yc lbo o gh
Q x v . an a er
2 05

JJ cobcobs KiAdk ms
Q v . a a

Ya bs ley u 229

PShckwsb y B Co
v . v . ar r

501

Lock
a v . r v . e
2 70

JJ cobso Willi ms
a v . a v . e
ur & RV 5 2 6,

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v . e v . re . . .

62 4 , 62 7 , 62 9,

mth bwood ll SS mill

a n v . a

a e v . v . er 2 94
Ca 660

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v. p e v .
p er

Ca 4 72

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v . er v . u n er

v . n v . 3 24
3 19

P tt
v . av v . a n
239

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v . e e
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5 7 9, 5 8 0

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v. a en v .

v. R agg e t t v . n 2 10
23 2

JJ mimisoso B sdy G l cy
v. u n n v . er
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v . a v . n ea
Ca
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3 4 0, 5 5 1 , 5 5 9

J q s Alg Jo s B cl y
a e n s e v . an

a n v . ra v . C au n 188
VVi t hy p a rl e 4 1 1 , 65 9

JJ mis h l BBl chtt d

a ue v . ne ,
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J ar ma in v . ar v . ar e 40
W o o lo t o n 2 11

BBostolt Mil l Co o tio

ar an v . v . en ne
C a pp 60 7

Rog s
a rv v . e v . an ar
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54 0

WiAdlki sms
v . v . e

v . er v . n rp ra n 2 0 7,

shi gto
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J e fl c rs o n
'

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W lto
v . n n

Co . an v . a
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J lli low s
a n .

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ki s lo kiidgs
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945
H p n 443

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v . J a rk i n s o n
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v . e n 64 7
J e n kyn s v . Us bo rn e 15 0
 IN EX
D AS ES I
TO C C TED .

Jo ook
Howl d H K lly Dt dytch Ch ch of u S c he n e c

Joh sto G tt
nes v . e 9 . ur

JKiddl o
v . an a
Q n n v . a rre 248
H o ldsh ip 62 2

LM wishs
S . u v .

Lo w 502

K ll y SmithS bo
Q re v
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P o w le t 73

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Q e v .

3 63

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G ar e e v . an rn

4 68

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3 16

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Pow ll
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E
C .

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C e er an e v . er

KK mm ys B Pllsoc o
Q e e e v . a rre n
e an 525

Shoit t d St t s
C an a v .

S aw k i n s t r

H m h ys
C e e v . r

13 1

WY t ds KK md l Symo ds
r er e v a
G p .

Q Un e a e v . u
p re 1 72
F i t c hie 530

KK dd ickl StoLom
e

Jo d LM wisdit
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G a e en a v . n 2 05
l

N ilmsob o b ll
r an v . e en a v . ne

v . e re h en r v . ax 1 96
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v . e n v .

v . T ru K en n a w ay v T re le a van . 2 97
J el enne 3 80

Joy CHomkib sll

ep v . v . ar n e
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Lee 54 7

Joy s St th
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p n v .

JJ dd F Jlto Whi t w l
v . ar v . r n

am

KK ott DiMilbck sk
ne v . a v . a re

ubhe r v u bb e r l 3 8 3 , 4 70 , 4 72 , 4 8 2

IPo st
. v . e
u v . u n en ne v . an 35 1
4 30

JJ dsodki s WSimss so KK sit gtoB g ssDollo d

v . ve en n n v . en
v . r er Ke n re n v . P a rrri elee 3 62
65 1

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1 10

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p n en v . ur e
uzan v . T u m n v . 2 15

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3 17

K Hood
v . en

KK yo KNichols
v . e p
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66

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v . e pn er v . a ,

3 72

C d
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j in 665

Ky R
a n, re e rp e r v .

K ay ur C 23 7

K tch m BSto bt
v . e rr v . e
V
Va g h o rn e 83

KK s y st i s
a e v . v . n

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KK ttlttl by H Atwooy
v . an n e u v . a r er
M L a ughli n
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559

Mo g
e an v . v . u
v Car a r

KK tti g P ic V tti
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K c a r s la k e d 532

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v . r an e e v .

T e m p lc Ke y 2 63

KKidys Mitch H wood

ea e v . v . a er
248

KK l NB owl ll
ea n v . r e v . n

c b lc H i cke ri n g all 1 91

Kidd H t
v . e v . ar

4 73

K Dihoml k so Kid y PlStoddy d

ee er v . ea v . e
e en a n v . r n er v . un 340
2 74

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ee ne v . e ne v . ar
T K i gg i l 62 2

Ki l
n a er
v .
p v .

K ightl y WM tsoi g KiKillgogo BMilkll s y

een e r v . an o n e a e rn v . an
K ec n ho lt s v . e er urn v b . u rn
51

K llogg Hicko Gilb t KiKillmlicok y h ck y

e e v . a n re v . u e
c ew ic h v . an n n ur v . e 1 79
p a rt e 65 1

NoRichis ds KilKimib gtoll B owSt so

e v . er ,
ex

v . k re v T a . e ra 527
v . rr v n n v . e ve n n 243
v . ar a v. r n 3 53
lii I N EX
D TO CAS E S I C TED .

Kimb ll Mo isi gh m C un n KK ightl d B Eb sl y 111

B l mto ts
n e e an

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lx i i IN
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ee v . v e er .

2 72 130

WW issiti g MNisitlsl y d F m
ee v ur n . v ee e r .

1 77 3 61

WWh l lwd light ookso B s

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v u . ee v e .

29 227

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4 99 h ee 4 68

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64 2 e p a e v C 61 7

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1 65 W h ie h c o t e v 61 7

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v D 3 69 pp e v Cu 4 4 2,

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e . v ev e n .

528 4 4 9, 4 5 1

W l s Abook thy Whi s to Stodd

e e e v e e e . v a
p e .

VVellm a n v S o ut h ar d 351 5 03

Whit k Bo ockh st
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4 8 0, 4 8 1 8 2 , 95 , 99

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C 2 19 a er v C n e 2 64

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v e. .

67 5 VVhi t brea d v 552

JM wc tt Whitcomb WiP lstoli ms

v r n . r ur .

v r . n 3 18 ur v ev 5 4 8 , 5 4 9, 5 5 2 .

2 72 2 04

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v e e . v re n .

65 8 136

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v a e . v a .

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r er 3 95 fie v C 230

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v T re g us a n 62

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e e ana . . . . .

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v D ix 68 8 , 68 9, 2 92

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v T he ra n n an 2 52, 2 53 .

2 67 4 77

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1 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 5 3 5 , 70 0 ,
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1 72

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ee M ut n u 7 04

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r an e C o 95 5 00 , 5 0 2

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24 9 v Ca e 243

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2 52 3 73

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a n v a uff an . 14 v a er 3 72 .

art n v ng 2 0 5, 2 08 , 2 1 0
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lxxx I N EX
D AE I
TO C S S C TED .

Whi t si
Whitlo ck W ltod J i gs WiWill ksl d Smith 41

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v . ar v .

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p e rr
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la p a rte 61 2

och Wil i ms A ch
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581

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Wick s l HiHidl l
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Wickh m H wk
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v . v . a n
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n v . v . ne

v . e er v . an an 551
h 3 06, 3 08 , 3 0 9

Wight Gh ck Lo do Com
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v . ee r v . n n . .

v . S u
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v . x v .

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n v . r ea a n v . en
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 INDEX T0 C AE I
S S C TED lxxx i

WiWimlmottt HSmithd ur Witt sh im

WWolf t FJ ostki s
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Wilso
v . v .

449

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e v . e er v . en n

p a rte e v 315

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BB ddoo d
v . e x an er .

W o lto n v av n 2 62 b

Wood AkAdcocks
v e n
.
pp .

er a e a n 2 15

BC ltl
v . e ar en v .

m 2 02

BBodwso ll
v . r v .

24 4

odm
v . u er v . er
a ve rt 2 99

om of Co Mi s
v . v. en n

C e 13 6

FoG ob gs
v . an v .

D ay C p per 42,

Dodgso
v n er
v . .
p .

2 08

HH dd styso E l
v . r e
65 8

G i th
v . e r e n
205

iLittlst
v . ar e v . ar

ffi 2 0 7, 5 1 5 , 53 5 ,

GHitimwood
v . en er n v . r

H 5 73

titm chcock
v . r .

4 02 , 4 0 3

L dbitt
v . e v . r
v . M ar n v. 156
Oa 23

R ob tso
v . an v . ea er
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SW dlc igh
v . v.

er M an ley 46

PP tt y so
v . n v .

M cC ann 2 60

Wil s o
v
v .
pen er .

555

N Y B R Co R obbi s
v . a e v . a er n
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67

Wil t Vick F klis SWoodg

v . n v e rr
.

v . . . . . . v . n 3 82
3 10

Wilt HF lmowoodth WyldsH b t

v . ra n n v a va e
.

v. er v . 53, 54
3 56

WiWi ch s FH sto Woodb idg AllW ight

o n v . a u v .

v . ar W o o da r v e r e r . 7 02
3 4 9, 5 97

Woodcock B t
u

KS dl ys
n an v . n r e v en .

1 02

Wood d
n v . en n v r .

5 5 9, 5 60

Wi ch st Woodfi Ho
v. ee e v en n e .

v P a ul s p ur 94

WiWi dhch stm s s Woodh ll W g

an er en
v .
y .

v. n e er n v e p er . 7 02
p a rt e 5 94 , 5 95 , 5 95 ,

WiW gg t D D il Woodm Dobbi H bb s d

n e e r, ex u v a ne r .

’
n a Ca e 70 6
un n 2 62 g

Smith
n v . an v u ar .

in W o o d r ufl v
'

1 94

WiWi ks AlHb sst l R ich dso

a e v . a n .

v . Fo x v 67 7 .

al 4 52

WiWi shi RByssolds Woods DC lis ltt

n v . a v ar n .

n n v. er v T r a p n al l . 700
24 4

Wi slo w PD ttwso
n ne v . e n v ar e.

2 56

R d
n p v . a v e n ne
.

v F a rm a re 550

WiWi sot GDilllicwk y R ss l

n v. a n .

613

Woodw d SD l cyy
v . a en v ee .

u e l 31

Jo s
n r v . a a v .

2 22

h ch
n er v . ar ar v ar .

2 3, 3 1 5

Wool d C owth
v . ne v ee e .

Kre t c hm an v T a 4 86

Woold i d g Wi l ki s
v . er .

M un t o n 63 3

Whi t Wooll m H
v . an v r er .

P e rra tt 4 97

WiWi tthi ogh mC Ll tooy Woot R d

v . r e v n .

5 1 4 , 54 7, 5 5 5

Wo l
v . e a v e a rn .

af 37

U io Co
n r n a v . en v ea .

rr a , i n re 670

Wo ll M M ttos
n r p v . ar e n
Ins v A k w o rth 2 09

WiWitthh ows AtkiWithso ow

v . n n . . .

W i sw o ul d p a r te 2 91 , 2 94

Wo thi gto W i gto

,
ex rr a v un n .

W o rs le ly v D e a 63 6

Lyss
er v . er .

n v Gr im s di t ch 3 57

R y olds WiYo gl gy
er v . n n r n .

5 03

WiWitthhy s ooCottl A d so
v . v a rr n n .

1 98

Wo th P tt so
v . e n v e .

er
p n v . n er n v un 4 96 .

v . e r y v a er n . 4 86
lxxx ii I X
ND E T0 C AE I
S S C TED;

WW ight PB tlc Yts F C a rn s e w

m b ll FPym
ren v. e ar e a e v .

r v . u er v . 0 0 1:

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D h ShR ssi lgto

v . v .

6 C o bleigh v .

FoJo ks
6 an n a v . e rr n n
D e k lyn e en e aer

Godd d
6 v .

6 F a irfi e ld Ye a v . ur a er
Y o u de v ne

Lig
6 ar .

H o w ar d Y o ung , ex p a r te

AdB kmsof B g l
6

In r e

MoR dl y
6 a n

M c Al ex an de r

BBl ckkl y
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en

Smi t h
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Bo toll
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Smyth
6 ee 6 er

WWhightl
6 6 a

FH ostll
6 6 ur n

h mb l i
v . r 6 ve

W igl y s sAd ms HHockis y

v . ee er 6 r
W ri ght up v . C a er a n 6 a
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Ca

WWyothtt Hodso
Joh so MMilckl
r e e 6 a rr

W r o t e s ley v . a 6 le
all

Wyco Lo sgh d R b
r v . n n 6 a

Scottylo
a v . n 6 er

ff e u en

Wyli S i t h m
v . n ea 6

W ydo w n ’
Ca

Wym BG lly d immi s

s e 6

e v . m er an 6 Ta r

Smi t h W i g ht
an v . a ar 6 n
T u rn e r

Wi slow Yo g Gi s
v . ra 6
‘

Wy dh m
v . 6 r

un er v

Wy
v . n . v en

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Wy PJ ckic o
n a , ex
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Z ch i s Z ch i
.

n ne v . a s n

ZZi gt f Hss t
v . r e a ar a v . a ar as
Z a re g a , i n re

bs Zi Rowlhomy so
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 P ART II .

TH E L AW OF O NTR A TS

S
C O N ID E R ED I N R E F E R E N C E T O

OP ER A TI ON OF LAW UP ON TH EM .

VOL
. II .
 TH E LA W O F C O NTR A C T S .

CH AP TER I .

N
CO S T UCT O R IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF C ONTR ACTS .
() a

S e ct . I . Gener a l P urp o s e a nd P ri n cip les f Co ns tructi o n

o .

T HE i m p o r t a n c e o f a j us t a n d ra t i o n a l c o n s tru c t i o n o f e ver
y
c o n t ra ct a n d e ve ry i n s t rum e n t i s o b vi o us Bu t t he i m po rt a n c e ,
.

o f h a vi n
g t h i s c o n s tr u c t i o n re g ul a t e d b
y l aw ,
g u i d e d a lw a s b
y y
d i s ti n c t p ri n c i pl e s a n d i n t h i s w a y m a d e u n i fo rm i n pra c t i c e ,
, ,

m a y n o t b e s o o b vi o u s , a lt h o u g h w e t h i n k i t a s c e rt a i n a n d a s

co
(a )
st ct o ms
T h e t er
s td t t ti
ch o g blin
y an d ctswh co sti sotio sf ofsom io thoobjityc
tu up er

by wb it ts k o b w th mAbyd sti ctio oftio toi stc s ms t o sd t mi o idlic d

erp re a n pa or n n r au r ,

n ru i n ar e u e in er an ea or e re we r ea n r t he a im o r e t
t he l aw i i ts

wo k o L g l Pol t
up n ru

doct i of b l o gs to
r er . n n an n en ,
or e er ne a
pp a
h as een a e n et D r L ie unf re e e n an d

Hd bym tics I t fi tditigo c R l s of i t t ti o

e en e . n a e un p r v e
he r, i n hi s up n
“
an d i i fo r The

co st ctio f shoom d lso c f l y

r e a r ne cy
”
.
p r es e n
cal e ne u n a s de co ns tru t io n n an d

t ss ss ofh ch foth mi of thowo ds t th dt dis

er . n e rp re a u e
. n e r re a
p
fi ne hi m i s t h e a r t Of o u t t he ul b e are u l d i s

blSh ot d ofs o chsto P st dilsotio of

n n n ru n a

r ules
rue t i n gui sh e d r of la w S ee t he

of bl g oth to d i om
en e an r r a
y ; ,
.

t he w i in Mr re o n , i n h i s e

th md d to scom yid wh ch oth thoh d

au

K i g htl y
en e e r r en e ; a e n e . n
an d
’
in fr T u p 88 ; a

W tso E chIt to q ot obsd d lso

en a e rs er ve epp ar n e,
per .

t he i th e in P a rke an d R o lfe, BB , i n

co st ct o d w g co cl
e a e ea au r e e v . .

”
t en e On t he n, 3 7 1 6, u e a n te, vo l 1 ,

sio dis cts cti gssiso bjofct tht t t bcoyocl d th t wh g i ci l

n ve . er an ,
a x . .

i i s t he in of is be
'

pp 1 8 , 1 9

co st o ctit ow lof i st st i t d lf omid dow

n ru n ra n u . . e rve , a ,

l ie en era l p r n p e fo r t he
“
u

siWoithis whichl tt of ts t it tho ghL g l

re
n
pe n e s a e n a en a
t he th e n rum en i s a

th i l c ti o ofth t ci l
re e x p re n ex n u n ru n ah _
n,

in t h e p ir ” , t t h e C ur i l n o t be re ra n e m ak

Poli t ic l H m ti c s ch bh c bs th i d c s sdi wh tchm it

n ar e u no r

t he t he S ee in g e r o w n app i a p ri n p e ,

ch o ly ch c d s co st ctio it
n e er ex . e a n a

an d 1, 8 a e in i m ay

Lo d B o g
a er ene u ,
. se c . e au e e re a re
3, 2 ; 4 an d o h 5 In terp reta een a pp l e in a ffere n

do s got kbs yol dc whw ittt tst tot W isghtm ct m ks of Lo d

. sec . . . . ave an n er .

tio n p r p er p re e e n ru n, but P er r E ldon , C J , i n r w n in . v . .

e no t t he Co n 2 BO S P ul 2 4 A n d s ee , to

co st d co W l ol Cho mo d l y
e n r en ex . r ,
. . .

st r uc t io n a a e ex be i n th e a e e ffe , t h e re ar r Ken

c l d with s of th
e p ere
t e rp re te d and be l n e e , 7 T B
n r ue a re to re n
yo n , in a
p ev . . .

i e t he r ul e law, or wi co m 14 8 .
4 THE LAW OF CO TR N A CTS .
[ AR P T II .

re a t If c o n t ra c t i s e rl o n s t ru e d j s ti c e i s
g .
y an p p y
ro o ne c u ,

d o n e t o t he p a rt i e s d i re ct l y i n t e re s t e d t h e re i n But t h e re c t i
”

t u d e c o n s i s t e n c y a n d u n i fo rm i t y o f a ll c o n s tru c t i o n e n a bl e s a ll
, ,

p a rt i e s t o d o j u s t i c e t o t h e m s e l ve s F o r t h e n a ll
p a rt i e s b e fo re .
,

t h e y e n t e r i n t o c o n tr a c t s , o r m a k e o r a cc e p t i n s t ru m e n t s m a y ,

k n o w t h e fo rc e a n d e ffe ct o f t he w o rd s t h e y e mpl o y, o f t he
e c a ut i o n s t h e u se a n d o f t h e ro v i s i o n s w h i c h t h e m a ke i n
p r
y p , y
t h e i r o w n be h a lf o r p e rm i t t o b e m a d e b y o t h e r p a rt i e s
, .
.

It i s o b vi o u s t h a t t h i s c o n si s t e n c y a n d u n i fo rm i t y o f c o n
s tru c t i o n c a n e x i s t o n l s o fa r a s c o n s t ru c t i o n i s g o ve rn e d b
y y
fix e d pri n c i p l e s o r, i n o t h e r w o rd s i s m a tt e r o f la w A n d
, ,
.

h e n c e a ri s e s t he v e ry fi rs t ru l e w hi ch i s t h a t w h a t a c o n t ra ct ,

m e a n s i s a q u e st i o n o f la w It i s t he c o u rt t h e re fo re , t h a t d e .
,

t e rm i n es t h e c o n s t ru c t i o n o f a c on t ra c t T h e y d o n o t s t a t e t he .

ru l e s a n d p ri n ci p l e s o f l a w b w h i ch t h e j ur a re t o b e b o u n d
y y
i n c o n st r ui n g t he l a n g u a g e w h i ch t h e p a rt i e s h a ve u s e d a n d ,

t h e n d i re c t t h e j ury t o a pp l y t h e m a t t h e i r d i s cre ti o n t o t he
qu e s ti o n o f c o n s t ructi o n ; n o r d o t h e y re fe r t o t h e s e ru l e s u n l e s s
t h e y t h i n k p ro p e r t o d o s o fo r t h e p ur p o s e o f i ll u st ra t i n g an d
e x l a i n i n g t h e ir o w n d e ci s i o n
p B u t t h e
y g i ve t o t h e j ur , a s
y .

m a t t e r Of l a w w h a t t he l eg a l c o n s t ru c t i o n o f t he c o n t ra c t i s
a n d t h i s t h e j ur
y
,

a re b o u n d a b s o l u t e l
y t o t ke
()b a .
,

(b)
rum en
“
co Thest c i o of n w ru i t t st
t ti g
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n

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ur
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wos dso diwhigchc thc ymst coc s ch d jof y good might m c til li md to gs
e n ve as ar e

I t w as held
”
s t rum cn t s , a s n as t he rue e an in e . a a u th e
t he in an d ur fi n d t he e an i n

h itb is sc d ttyi ofd fj ctsybyto t kj y th t th y co tids did go thd st d

r e a re u e ,
er an e
the ir if “ ”
and fi ne , a s ap p e bar
“
ur r u n n u an e ,
a n y, ,

th e ur ley, ye t ul no t fu r e r, an d

co st ctioth om cowo dst toith ch oths f ci t ccq tstioc wh thq thstio

a ve ee n a er a ne as a ; e

an d t he u t he ur a e t he fin d a the p ar e n o t un er an
ru fr t he ur a b so T h e ue

wo ds h s s s d
ea

to d t i d by co t o
n n e er er . n e er ere
l ut e ly, i f be be w as a u fi en a ep a n e w a s a ue

comm c s o di g ci c m
e re

co st cti o l tt s
no r co n n
s t ruc d a s of a rt , o r in be e er m ne t he

stwh c s hos wosc dst i dci c comstditcio s lly th s th ts itid d ty of I t kco tot to
r
p ra e u e ur , up n a
er e , a nd no urr un r u ru n o f t he And
n
p re p er n e er .

to be P a rke, B , a The l aw be

cw sssoilyth wod ldto th m cU t l i sstythis co st c li w itt ssiio sts smd ts itifwhth ch

an e a e r a ne ; or n na ,
. a e
en t e r or r u an e a re i ,— a i s th e u t he ur
re fe rr e rue a ll

mi s co st cti o by h ti c l c s t d s
ne e ar e . n e n r en n ru en ; ere
u be in in i

cbil t is c tioo s s bj ctd byss m sCoof t k owj ymto i gwhtt t ch dmto thi mg ofit th s
e re ,
e re no er a n a r e p e u a r e x p re n u e ,

the la w ; fo r a n ru n t he a ve , i n p a r ul a r p a e o r r a e , a
t he p r p er u e , i s fo r

E o mi s co st cti o by
o ur

ssi o s co t to
ean a n n e an n a a e e ,

o f ex e n , o f r e re in a t he u r a t he

j y c ot iNghtlso ct lly cid whIt t igmht th gfoof to l co tit toct

p ur s ay e an n e e
of rr r, b ut a n ru n t he e x p re n w a s , b ut fo r t h e ur de
”
be s e t r a t a l l e ffe t he ean i n t he

MBowk M W
ur ua

j y to h th th
ann . e a n ra

P e r P a r /cc , B , i n ei Il a rlo rd , 8
'

was w as

o li tt ch d to wo d
n v . . . r ,
ere re , e av e
\V 8 0 6, 8 2 3 I n Il ut c hiso n v t he w w as

b b l byy l t tol stt ll q lytityftof fo d h t mit k t q stioj ywhh thi g

. . . . ur s ay e er e re a p e c u’
‘
e r, 5 53 5, an . ffe r h a d . ar m c a n in g a a e t he r fi ne
ee n m a d e e te r e a ua n in the co m ar e ; an d t he ur av n
“
go o d a r e T he e e r i n rep , a er
. un w a was , t he ue n, e er

[ ] 4
OH . I .
] C ON S TR UCT I ON AND IN T ER P RETAT I O N OF CO T N RA C TS .
*
5

*
An x c e pt i o n o cc urs n o t u n fre qu e n t l y, w here u n
a
pp arent e

u s u a l , o r t e ch n i c a l o r o ffi c i a l w o rd s a re u s e d , a n d t h e i r m e a n ,

i n g i s t o b e g a t h e re d fro m e x p e rt s o r fro m t h o s e a cq u a i n t e d ,

w i t h t he p a rt i c u l a r a rt t o w h i ch t h e s e w o rd s re fe r o r fro m a u ,

t ho ri t a t i ve d e fi n i ti o n s T he e vi d e n c e o n t h i s p o i n t m a y b e .

c o n fl i ct i n g ; a n d t h en i t p re s e n t s a q u e st i o n fo r t he j u ry But .

t h e q u e s ti o n i s ra t h e r a n a l o g o us t o t h a t p re s e n t e d b y w o rd s o h
s c u re l w ri t t e n o r h a lf e ra s e d a n d w h i ch m a y b e re a d i n m o re
y ,

t h a n o n e w ay In a ll s u c h c a s e s i t i s a q u e s t i o n o f fa ct fo r .
,

t h e j u ry w h a t i s t he w o r d u s e d o r w h a t i s i t s s p e ci fic m e a n i n g
, ,

i n t h i s c o n t ra c t ; a n d i t i s m a t t e r o f la w w h a t e ffe c t t h i s w o r d
u s e d wi t h t h i s m e a n i n g ha s u o n t h e c o n s t ru c t i o n o f t h e c o n
p
tra c t (0 ) .

*
T he p ri n c i pl e s o f c o n s t ru c t i o n a re m u ch t he s a m e a t la w
a n d i n e q ui t d I n dee d t h e se ri n c i l e s a re o f n e c e s s i t
y () p p y
.

thw itt doc mcomts l t ccq tstioc by l tt j dycid i l wh oth it mico tioi s of
ere w as th e th e ur wl up n e x a

j odgdit N P th Amboy Co m c G dwood E st P C

a p e e a ep an e e e r, ,
na n
is fo r t he the n ta n

L ch s ow s s
u

R og s Colt id
r en en ue
”
,
a n p ap er, e e e er a
u S ee M an R ex ir 2

B Rowow H tto I d E to s d Whco t ct wh wos dl wois ds d

e . er . . v . en a e . v .
,
a ,
. .

’
C n ,
I . J er 65 9 ; . er v .
,
. 1 1 2 0, 1 ea Cr C a e , 1 69
n .

704 ; 9 3 19 ; Wa (c ) ne w a n d un u ua is

SmitC hB PickMo ll HiFtcithi MG oomW t ch ict l d cb l chs ofs b si ssl c

r n v . a n, re . en a r
so n v . e, 1 6 Ve rm . 52 5 ; a n v . u e in a n ra ,
or en a r u e
20 1 50 hn in a e n u i ar i

B ow l d B gg to tic l cl ss of o l it
,
. v . r ,
a or pe e n e , a s a pp a
5 5 15 ; 3 ble t o a n y u

Fo b s E L E o to c i i d c s g to
. ; rre v . r ,
. . ra e or ran ne ,
or
4 02 ; Or 3 6 M e 3 76 ; u ar is

P St c s ofLloyd l i i l l st t i t th t i d c
r n v . an ,
e . an y p ar a
pe p e,
R 30 508 ; Of u

M d s ms to co sid d by j
v r e re e ve ev en e e,
.
, . . . a pp v .
p r per a

R p, 6 45 T he ex p a n an d u an d

thMot l F iths bstM ti l y o l d I st o cti c ofj y cowh tt wililll th tol g

ap en n . . . a e ra e ,
a ev en e
v R
a un ,
2 T . . 7 60 , ee co n tr a , bu t is be n e re t he ury ; an d t he
w as in the ur be , in

c ll d I thto gik c so iofioLloyds id th yctshofll co t mct g s m wot d

a c a se u an a ve rru e pr v n e en
rre l v . r , 3 . & W . 4 02 .
“
If ru t he ur a w be t he e al
am e ffe th e i n t ru e n , as

Mof cod t c co sists Wh t of widitt c modi fi d l d by s g

a e on ve an n n, a n ra or
p
P a rke, B “
in t he fi n d t he e a ni n o f the

wh o d s d h
.
, a e v . e a r ,

la w t he u a e But
’
a un 1s n o t — t he e v o r e x p ai n e

idio s c oth wt itt o l id c it old wol gd hg i g st bl shtlyd ls cd

. ere en e e .

a i n p ar
n ra r en t n en no n ew w r is u e ,
or w en an
e n e , an d In p a r of c o m m un i c a i in

t ch c l c i s s it
ev

ftwholto id jc ywhtot d t comit ct o

ra r ,
av n an e a e p a e

t n , or is the i s n o t a pp a r en in

o i c of co t to
er u n r en e v en e, an ua e, u e
le t he p n th e y n ew , e ni a , o r p e ul a r en e , is

w ds Goldsm th P St
ur

s cti o o w i t t co t cts
e er ne u an

a t he is Ed t he pr v n e t he p ut a c o n

Dobso W t g m ts of ti s cco di g to
e ev en e n ra . ur
i , 16 43 ; t ru p n t he an d

ll F ith Mc s Wof lib l mLo d st blis sbjh ctd m tt l g g odifi d bliy d to

ar v en n
. . . n u r en n ra

Bo m ei sl er v n, 5 h ar , 3 98 ; M o r . a ree en p ar e , a r n t he
3 4 0 4 , p er u se o f a n ua e , a s a p p e

of doc m t fo ms t whol i st m t by i s i g ci c
re v . r ,
. . r e a e
A bznger — In t he a e e , t he t h e u e — a e r, a n d m t he

itiot tiiso ofq stio ti s j y doc stS itchs Pick B owJ l d

. e an e
in g th e u en r p a r Of t h e e n ru en , o r ex t n t D r um

P e r S ha w, C
”
t he p ar e , an d a s su ch i n t en i n E ato n v

m t is s l bmig ltt dd toitthio mof j dgf c B ch dm g otAll G y

n en n an e . . .
,

n a ue n fo r t h e ur , t h e u m ,
20 : 1 50 ; r n v . Or an ,

u t he u e gi v 36 M e 3 76 ; 1

o l dPi cM W St t Bl Hotho m E st oI hdi

en e e ,
. urn a v . en , ra ,

i n g t he e a efi n n t h e O fe n e . 4 96 . And see p re e in n e .

P a rm i t e r v C u p a n , 6 108 ; (d ) 3 C 4 34 ; 1 P u Eq

N H Lo id D o gl Lo g L m g
. . . . rn . . on .

p er P a rker , C J , i n e r e v T he 1 4 7, (b); Co 1

Mo osll c tiFo ith Ms i Wg th t i g BB l Sto i E to Lyo

a e, . . . n . a v . a n a .

13 5 3 6, 5 62 ; p er
. . A bi nger , i n u 2 77 ; D o e (1
. . n v . in , a 2
rre v r ,
3 4 02 — S O o n
. . . . urr . 1 108 ; a n v . n, 3 V e s 692 ; .

a pr e u n fo r en d n a r ea en n al v . r e, 1 S im . 85 S t u 2 10 . .

[5 ]
9h
1
7
*
THE LAW OF CONT RA CT S .
[P AR T II .

ve r s i m i ar, l l
i d t i m l e c o n t ra c t s t o d e e d s o r
w h e th er
y pp e o s
p a , ,

t o s t a tu t e s T h e re a r e d i ffe re n c e s b u t i n a ll t h e s e c a s e s t he
.
,

e n d i s t he s a m e a n d t h a t i s t he d i s c o ve r o f t h e t ru e m e a n i n
y g
o f t he w o rd s u s e d S o t o o w h e t h e r t he i n s t r u m e n t t o b e .
,

c o n s tr ue d h a s a s e a l o r n o t t he s a m e ru l e s a n d pri n ci p l e s o f ,

c o n s tr ucti o n w i ll b e a pp l i e d t o i t (6) .

SE CTI ON II .

OF TH E FF
E E CT OF IN EN I N
T T O .

T he fi rs t p i
c e r t a i n w h a t t he p a rt i e s t h e m s e l v e s
n t i s, t o
o as

m e a n t a n d u n d e rs t o o d B ut h o w e v e r i m p o rt a n t t h i s i n q u i ry .

m a y b e i t i s o ft e n i n s uffi c i e n t t o d e c i d e t he w h o l e q u es t i o n
,
.

T h e r ul e o f l a w I s n o t t h a t t he c o urt w i ll a l w a ys c o n s t ru e a
c o n t ra c t t o m e a n t h a t w hi c h t he p a rt i e s t o i t me a n t ; b u t ra t h er
t h a t t he c o u r t w i ll gi v e t o t he c o n tr a c t t h e c o n s t ru ct i o n w h i ch
w i ll b r i n g i t a s n e a r t o t he a c t u a l m e a n i n g o f t h e p art i e s a s t h e
w o r d s t h e y s a w fi t t o e m p l o y w h e n p ro p e r l y c o n s tr u e d a n d t he , ,

r u l e s o f l a w w i ll e rm i t I n o t her W o rd s c o u r t s c a n n o t a d o t
p , p .
,

a c o n s t ru c t i o n o f a n l e g a l i n s t ru m e n t w h i ch s h a ll d o v i o l e n c e
y
t o t h e r u l e s o f l a n g u a g e o r t o t h e ru l e s o f la w ( f ) W o rd s ,
.

m u s t n o t b e fo rc e d a w a y fro m t h e i r pro p e r s i g n i fic a t i o n t o o n e
*

e n t i re l
y d i ffe re n t a l t h o u g h i t m i gh t b e o b v i o u s t h a t t h e w o r d s
,

u s e d e i t h e r t hro u gh i g n o r a n c e o r i n a d ve rt e n c e e x p re s s e d a v er
y ,

d iffe re n t m e a n i n g fro m t h a t i n t e n d e d T h u s i f a c o n t ra c t .
,

s o ke o f
p h o rs e s i t w o u ld n o t b e p o s s i bl e fo r a c o urt t o r e a d
“
,

f om s
(e )m s i mt ti
wo o
The
ds m st col be do btf l wo ds it
ssitist s c l i cl i t ot ofght ifwi lth e of l be

ts ctl w tiLog whd th with wiSthoddot

a e n en n u as u u as r , no
le c t e d t he Of e a t a ll Bu t if t h e t he

ossi b l to co st cti o
r a e r a co n a an . n en

in ri be p a an d we

S t E st R ob tso dosw bt l woi t dstio d d witi lls b st

e er u e ar, u
ra n , or a
p ar e n

E llenbo ro ugh, i n the

”
l su ch a
’
p ut ru

F H gE st S c M I
ea er r e n e n n on
.
p
13 74 ; fu f

jct tdsthto to co st ctio d whist oychit m I i dmit

stly
v . ena e, a ,
er n v . u r o a ee as e an
1 3 0 , 13 5 ; p e r Tzm la l, C o f t he
'

ra u t he an d r e

K
a , . er n en n p ar e ,

J in in e, 3
’
581 fe

Pick Wh s ys C th t thoso gclh it i c t tot t k l cti s

.
,
ar ra ve v . . . e a n ru n an

p e r S /u u n, C . J .
,
in ane v . l l o o d, 1 3 en v e rt urn a n d e r . a

282 t he of t he
p ar e be

Smi t h Wi l s it to l s
. . a u n en

(f )
“
l Vi lles , J

ss y gi i i o o wo dsco st d ctido hich wo ds thof d d

e n e ve r, a . .
,
n e ve r e a r, an n a e
p a e co n
in l ’
k b urs t 332,
“
t ra ry the o f l a w , n o r c a n w e p ut

o ob ghtl o ds id to dis wh fit st thi g

ar v. ,
e
,
ru e

i s ne c e a r to t he in w no t

dith m tl co t y to l s s of
ve an Op n n up n r a ee a re e re, no r
d u t fu w f a t he p ut a t he

i tio i s If i t t
r o ee ,
r n n ru n on r a ee
we u t o i n q ui re n a w a s t he re c n ra r t he p a in en e
n te n n o f t he p a rt e .
,

t he n en be e .
y
[ 6]
 ‘
OH . I .
] C ON S TR UC TI ON AND IN T ER P RE T A T I O N OF CONT RA CT S . 8

t h i s w o rd “
o xe n ,
”
a l t h o u gh i t m i gh t b e m a d e c e rt a i n b y e x t r i n
(g ) i f p a r ti e s u s e d i n
*
s i c e vi d e n c e t hat it w as i n te n d e d So
'
'

so .

(g ) T hibos mil whd ch shottildg

is i be bo fdo byo s g hms ist l i lyct of t he u s e T i th e e ffe

sis ctid o blyo o l dg dl ibyst Lomd t hiItf ss d o c th s d d Hi s

a ru e u co n un .

’
s t an t ly in in p u t he ff o wn ex

g t m t bybythihiss sd d is oc ss do cos
rn e n n a co n e r a re e en p a n

t ru u p n t he fa Of i ee

Bhimo b o Ho s i io Lod lids d by

n up an y e ru en
n a n .
p re e e .

m i ra C i n la w

i t d dfhios com t b tcomto st cod ssti ctid oto

a e x p un e r e a re e en ee a ve

a r n E r e , i n t he O an d h ae e hi s

g t c s Giofbso q Mistiot s Hgit Blt d

e e
y p n n ve re n an , pr
e f re t he u e of i n t he ff e, i n ru

swo sds It his dco dst whicticoh o

r n en e e en e n n

a e Of of l aw ,
“

th t c s wh th bi
re a n v ne .
,
. . ve n an an e ze

5 69, 61 4 One t he is p u t u p n t he

d d i m o ti g g t
ru

chy g d w o tiy gbl to to by ctitio s

. ue n a a e u e . a n n

in a e w as , ll o f e x Of his wo r ds will

i t st by sio tiistl d co siossd ssitioo

a e er a r ee ,

fi bea r SO r an O f a n

co ld co st d bi l l y
an e ra n, pa a e a u . a ee p r n a

p a ee , an d p urp r n be hi m i n tw o , o n e e n in p

of g st co d st d d
e n,

tod bi d mo jos itgy ofd j odg s

n e re e
d o rs e d, u be n r ue as a
pa a t he w t he r i n re ve r n, ,
in n era n

ble A a t he law, t he ran o f t he fi r a n d t h e c o n

sothch gcomst t ctio c s of dg dds mo g iby both o ts to it g t ts i tt stt oft

e are r . r u e
w ho el vere O p i ni n ar ue i n fav r Of fi rm a t io n O f t he e n ; w hy ? T h e ee
u an d mp r b e t h e ran Of a p re en e a e

whic q tl y m d to both th t g t sh ll h st t
a n ru n, ur e ,
a n

the Of co n a nd is th e app aren

t ti s mt d d di f t f oml wh dt soh gi g t d s t i t d st dto t l tto

e r ar u en s , a e ee ,
n en

ve h fre ue n a t he a ve t he e a e
ya n ce , a re a e ra n ee a

O p e ra e i n f e re n ; but t he Of t h e

hii ifo B o std lido tidg coy stowctfo l gt t thiothis g ty ss by it t

a an n e r r a r an e ee a er

t he p ar e in en e . But t he e arn e av n no
p re en n e re O p e ra e up n

C e

q sti o A t oti c i g g m t s bj ct of whi c h

ar e ve re a v er er u c an as a
n
p as a ra n ,
n n pa
n a g ai n t he But h a s a futu re in er

d gii gdthf omt th d ds co loygy bc tw mg k t dgoodto toby gfi st tg to sthit s

Op n a
p n n ru i n g ran .
p ar
in ue n . f er n n t he ar u en e st i n th e u e ,
o ut he m ay
f an d th e t he e a e

th m bil s it chs gos d icos to y cdo c llbyd co tici ml tios ci s of

e r ve r ee o n ve an e, a e ra n e e

ur n a e re w as no an a e ee n r an e hi m the r ra n r T .

an d h e co n of be

ssomk logy gb twm t thd tdsth bil s

u ar

ost icdst twhicch ic l s s sd th wos d dsd of th

e ex an e, ne a pe e
p ar
t in ue d : Bu t le t be upp e , fo r t he n ve an e, a e a nf r a n . T he
a e o f t he ar u ere m a h in i in ei r
y be w

ch g I h t i st c s ig m ttio m chmo th th yth s wo yds of

en , a r a re u e ee ,

an d Of

wht k ch soco gst tctio lib tyi wit th dt tidso h to

e an a e een ee r e n a en e , a re r co n

as k w a are t h e n an e i n fr

s ys th t th y wo ds of
ex an e ; a n as u as e a re r

i ru n a n d n e rp r e a In t h e of i p a rt t he

o d thigs m t bybill dlogyw y bl titioo o shd llto gi woct tods d d

n n a ve ran . u
a en re a a er ee ,
as l aw a ,
a e are r c o n fi rm a

a ff r fo r n , an d Of c o n fir m a

tob o d i st bi cl sd wh ch y bl to H g i
an ar u en an a co n a e n ure as r

s t rui n g in in ve e ffe hi s at

cowo stds ctio whid chd is co stts c ioo

c as e a ra n ee
pa a e n, r er ,

to be l r aw n ma g t s q'

va lea t ua m p erea t

cdo dmyto h l ksioly to o di sist dg mo t

er a a n
r pa a e r es e re . a

T he n i had t he t h e l aw p u up n

wo dsh
e a re r . an e oc n ru n
m e, as i be t he o f t he ru t

o th s osi t i o d d of s l t ch ic l s s fs s thiwhis bchc thss it

urre e n e up n, r ee a n n

in a ff r whic h the wo rds wi ll bea r The

m t o co sicod t o t towitstho dt sli i d

pp re en
a n no ar u en . r av e

in fa v r Of i p A fe O ff Of i is

c i s tii tso th tc tio st t cl i t t t ofst

n . ee -

e ve r a e n a en e ,

i an d t he l a w p r e e au e

tod d m o ti g to i t g d dt byo two

en up n n era n u ve r
y o ne, er ,

m ay en ure a s a t he

coboth thosy d byc s ths t d dwoshdsll i t ss t d

v e n an an e ze a rr e n ex e u n e ar n en

the u s e O f t h e n e n e fe ffe e A t h e p ar e t he e an d in

h i g s t othg t t fo imt
.
,
a a e e re
i p r n be a ran In

th i most g l b io s
ee , o
ne nv e e a ee a
pa .

a p r e e n , t he e r a fu ure n e r w e fin d

co fi m ti o l tt s s mit is t which if th y i t t d
av n e a e r n e rp re e ,

e s t , m a y e n ur e a s t h e b r an o f t h e t in an d u

f o fm ot mw thot tis i ty th t s oth g

r er , no e r e n e ra O v

and t he f t he A ; b ut

co y c s wi l w t th is
n r a n o a er . en e rue e a re n e rp r e e

f i l in in a t he j us et n o r ma lo ga c h

d t d wh coch d t tocistc mstd s i c ds othi g i o l c s ch co st cti o

e en u ver Op e r a e n an ne r

fe ff in ru fe o ffrn en t , di i n l

I ossid bdl Itodo d sik glow howg it hiwostoldy

as a en ,
no n ve an e a rran ,
e re

but i s a ee i of v in

tod ds s d to t s f o os i i by
un er r u an e n n en e u n ru n .

m ay Op era e as a t be

l g g wi t ho t s g s m l i
v en an an e ze n ee ,
no n u
u e ; w hy ? T h e e ff r h as t he p a e Of in

icoghtsid tio s ibjs mot to y cof osid tiIfo twod ds co stgo ctio st bi yot d tht tiso
p e rea a n e r

ee ag ree r an fe r t h e e z n an d hi s an an ua e, u u in t he a e at
y
i n t he u e c t he e ffee t he u e of n an d n Of

col blsid th tio moof blyood which iiss smo st l c sl I s tcti gto iit dot t tio of
r . n ru n e r re a
p
n era n a ne n era n, o r r . TO o ne ep e n e e in
la y wn

co t ct o d stds s thbmit t to lthtiist d st ictioco st mctiloy

a n era n ,
re an e v e n ur e as a
ge n
t he l a w r a o ut the

t d d f oo o b c s s i i dw ichd is m i s
v a ua e an ne e e ra ru e re n e rp re a n
, pe n

O f the i n fa v r Of t he i n a ll of

whi c h by
n ra an use ee a a u e n ru n
,
’
ffee T he h mu

ci t to s it m st m co st ctio o th m If
en e e .
,
e z n re a n u re r n, na e ,

i n t h e fe ff r, e au e the ee i n su ffi tha t the wo rds may bea r the s ens e

en p as ,
u re ain i n hi m , n ru n i s p ut up n e . we

[7 ]
9
*
TH E L AW OF CON TRA CT S .
[P ART II .

a c o n tra c t t e c h n i c a l w o r d s o f t he la w m e rch a n t su ch a s a v .

e ra g e o r a gi o , o r g ra c e ; t h e s e w o rd s c o u ld n o t b e w r e s t e d fro m
,

t h e i r c u s t o m a ry a n d e s t a bl i s h e d m e a n i n g o n t h e gro u n d t h a t
t h e p a rt i e s u s e d t h e m i n s e n s e w h i ch h a d n e v e r b e fo r e b e e n
'

a ,

g i v e n t o t h e m (h) Bu t w o r d s w i l l b e i n te rpre t e d w i t h u n u s u a l
. .

e x t e n t o f m e a n i n g a n d h e ld t o b e ra t h e r t h a n Sp e ci c ,
g e n e r i c , fi
a n d t hu s m a d e t o c o v e r t h i n g s w h i ch a r e c o ll a t e ra l ra t h e r t h a n

i d e n t i c a l i f t he c e rt a i n m e a n i n g o f t h e p a rt i e s , an d t he o b v i ou s
,

j u s t i c e o f t h e c a s e re q u i re t h i s e x t e nt o f s i g n i fic a t i o n ; T h u s
'

'

and
” ”
t h e w rd m e n w i l l b e i n e r pre t e d t o m e a n m a n k i n d
t
“ “
o ,

t o i n cl u d e w o m e n ; (i ) a n d t he w o r d b u ck s ha s b e e n c o n “ ”

s t r u e d t o i n c l d
u e d o s ; a n d t h e w o rd h o rs e c o n s t ru e d t o
e
“ “

m ean m a re s ( “
j) .

A d i st i n c t i o n i s t o b e o b s e rve d b e t w e e n t he c o n s t ru c t i o n o f a
c o n t ra c t a n d t he c o rre c t i o n o f a mi s t a k e F o r i f i t w e re i n ‘

r o o f t h a t t he a r ti e s h a d i n t e n d e d t o u s e o n e w o r d a n d t h a t
p p ,

a n o t h e r w a s i n fa c t u s e d b a m e re v e r b a l e rro r i n c o i or
y p y g n

w ri t i n g s u ch e rr o r m i gh t b e c o rre c t e d b y a c o urt o f e qu i t y
, ,

u p o n a b i ll fi le d fo r t h a t u r o s e a n d t h e i n s t rum e n t s o c o r
p p ,
*
re c t e d w o u ld b e l o o k e d u o n a s t he c o n tr a c t w h i ch t h e a rti e s
p p
h a d m a d e a n d b e i n t e rpre t e d a cc o rd i n gl y (15 ) B ut t h i s j u ri s
,
.

d i c t i o n i s c o n fi n e d s t ri c t l y t o t h o s e c a s e s w h e re d i ffe re n t lan
'

ag e h a s b e e n u s e d fr o m t h a t w h i ch t h e rti e s i n t e n d e d F
r
g u p a or .

i f t he w o d s e m p l o ye d w e re t h o s e i n t e n d e d t o b e u s e d b u t t h e i r ,
.

a c t u a l m e a n i n g w a s t o t a ll
y d i ffe r e n t fro m t h a t w h i c h t h e
p a rt i e s

su o s e d a n d i n te n d e d t h e m t o b r s t i ll t h i s a c t u a l m e a n i n
pp e a
g ,

w o uld ge n e ra ll y i f n o t a l w a ys b e h e ld t o b e t h e i r l e g a l m e a n
, ,

i n g (l) U p o n s u ffi c i e n t p ro o f t h a t t h e c o n t ra c t di d n o t e x pre s s
.

i
'

t he m e a n i n g o f t h e p a rt i e s i t m i g h t b e s e t a s i d e ; b ut a c o n ,

t ra c t w h i ch t h e p a rti e s i n t e n d e d t o m ak e b u t d id n o t m a k e , ,

c a n n o t b e s e t u p i n t he p l a c e o f o n e w h i ch t h e y di d m a k e bu t ,

d id n o t i n te n d t o m a k e .

S O t h e r u l e s o f la w a s w e l l a s t he r u l e s o f l a n g u a g e m a y , ,

i n t e rfe re t o p re v e n t a c o n s t ru c ti o n i n a cc o rd a n c e w i t h t he i n

stst b yo ds dhisdsi k lodg ds St t E osi t io

D
t
t B
l ms we Bro A b r de l T er
39

thL m S t tto P ck d H l
e e n ne , no n er co n xp n
p . .
,
.

men b ut m a
’
fo r ) un n a van , 3 9

o l R il W d
r ue ee ,
e ee a e v . re v . .

E
,
’

i , 7 C OW 4 3 4 , 5
”
A nd e t t i t,
'
l 30

Wil i ms id Bowk M Ad ms s Doct i of E q ity

e . se e ra n v . . se e a ar v. .

'
. \
1 l lre l o ug lun C a and a en . 3 75 .

’
4 96 (k )
W bid
v . a ,
. . a r ne u , p .

(h ) S e e I l ut c his o n v . er, 5 . 1 69, et s eq .

.
(1) i
CH . L] N CO S T UCT O R IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CT S .

t e nt f t he p art i e s
o T h u s , i f p a r ti e s a gre e d t h a t o n e s h o u ld
.

a t h e o t h e r, fo r a c e rt a i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n , s u m s o f m o n e y a t
p y
w i t h i n t e re s t , a n d i t w a s cl e a r, e i t h e r fro m t he
”
v a ri o u s t i m e s ,
“

w ho le c o n tra ct o r fro m i n d e p e n d e n t e vi de n c e t h a t t h e p a rt i e s ,

m e a n t b y t h i s “ c o m p o u n d i n t e re s t i t m a y b e p re s u m e d (a s ,
”
,

s u m i n g t h a t a c o n t ra c t fo r c o m p o u n d i n t e re s t i s u n l a w ful ) t h a t ,

n o c o u rt w o u l d a d m i t t h i s i n t e rpr e t a t i o n b e c a u s e if t h e b a rg a i n ,

w e re e x p re s s l y fo r c o m p o u n d i n t e re s t i t w o u ld b e i n va l i d No r ,
.

w o u l d a c o n t ra c t t o p a y i nt e re s t b e a vo i d e d b y e vi d e n c e t h a t
t he p a rt i e s u n d e rs t o o d c o m p o u n d i n t e re s t if i t w e re m a d e i n ,

g o o d fa i t h a n d fo r a va l i d c o n s i d e ra ti o n T he law w o u ld c o n
,
.

s i d e r t h e c o n t ra c t a s d e fi n i n t h ri n c i a l s u m s d u e a n d t h e n
g e
p p ,

w o u ld p ut u p o n t h e w o rd i n t e re s t i t s o w n l e g a l i n t e r p re t a t i o n .

It m a y b e t ru e e t h i c a ll y t h a t a p a rt y i s b o u n d b y t he m e a n ,

i n g w h i ch h e k n e w t h e o t h e p a rt y t o i n t e n d o r t o b e l i e v e t h a t r ,

h e hi m s e lf i n t e n d e d ; (m ) b u t c e rt a i n l y t h i s i s n et a l wa ys l e g a ll y
'

t rue T h u s i n t he c a s e s a l re a d y s u pp o se d he w h o w a s t o g i v e
.
, ,

m i gh t k n o w t h a t t he p a rty w h o w a s t o re c e i ve (a fo re i g n e r p e r ,

h a p s u n a cqu a i n t e d w i t h o ur l a n gu a g e )b e l i e ve d t h a t t he p ro m
, ,

i s e w a s fo r o x e n w h e n t he w o rd
“
,
”
h o rs e s w a s u s e d ; b u t “

n e ve rt h e l e s s a n a c t i o n o n thi s co n tr a c t c o u ld n o t b e s u s t a i n e d

fo r o x e n “
S o i f h e w ho w a s t o p a y m o n e y k n e w t h a t t h e
.
”

a e e e x e c t e d c o m o u n d i n t e re s t t h i s w o u ld n o t m a k e hi m
p y p p ,

l i a bl e fo r c o m p o u n d i n t e re s t a s s u ch a l t h o u gh t he s pe c i fic s u m s ,

p a ya bl e w e re m a d e l e s s b e c a u s e t h e y w e re t o b e a r co m p o u n d
h of om s o icy sho ld c s
,

d it to mo s fos ms dh th t s s om
(in ) W
m Of
“
ere t h e t e rm s
'

t
the p r
o n e , t he p r
i e
O f no fur thct d ct otic gif th toi s comc
i n wr iti ng , t h e p l
er e ffe A
u e a e , an d be

wht m ch omio s so c i dh it d d
a re

y comIt y swth sd woby ds s cI ht y

en e an . ur er n uran e
i se i s be p er r e in a en e i n w as e ffe e , a n d n e v en t he
i t h e p r mi a t t he w as t he

P loso hy Wh cc i d yo oticJ oft ddst titio g l

r ap p re en e -

p an . an e re e re ar
i e t he p r ’
P al e y s Of t he in “

t ms i mst mi t which f i ly
ee re e ve e e
.
p an r : av e
M o r an d P 0 1 hi p , 1 04 i n s ur i

ldid bod f gid ts s ys h d

. . e re . r e e ve ur n e a na
t h e er O f an
”
B r o n so n ,
’
a f er P aley s

oby so omib ls d th y whi w ch thd y stood

n ru e n are a r s us an e . a n
c ep ti ble Of t he ea n n g i n t he — “
No w h o w

w
ru e,

tithmi thswt Ifl thi ty s woc tlldy s c i d

as a ve v en , a :

p r mi r e i eve e re un er t he at t he

ctgoodl y d stood thics P l y

e e en an app re en
t he p r ee , an d in t he p a n iff

if t ght of io oco l ld thdis h o

u
'

e e re e a r e e ve
a ua l un e r , t
he rul e O f a e i s er ?

Pott t io
e r an e .
e re r e e r ve
i n law a s i n e S ee an ap t he r v al at

Li i gstoJ th s c s H l
as

thc i td thby w itlt i ti sw I thwo kld

. ap p r v a or ap p r
,

p li cat i o n o f t h e rul e i n e r v O n ar be
‘

. a u ur e p er d,
u e y av e
an d n M u t In s C O 5 i l , 1 4 7, li ev e d e ir be
‘

coc s d tio s ofs d sho old cy k th otht hsho yd m std hst d if tomd d sw l i thti t
v n . . . a r en an er u

p er B r o n s o n , In i . a e, o n e o f t he so r e e ve t he p a n ff C2 in no t .

n i a fi re p i w as , in T th e ff

ssho ld c th s m so blo dtyl g c yc ss thiy tog co bti doc of whicho cy

n e u n en e a n
a a ve p
a e t he as ure ul m a e an y er ul un er an r the an er a

in uran e o n t he p r p er , an d ha d w as

ih otics mth i ofdo tos d o comth olicyy co s q tly th t th y o d

a e e ver n ee n ne

u n o t wi all r e a i i en e the p li

w cll ck owlso dg d f h
na e ne e ar a n n uan e ,

g ve n e ere t he p an , a n d an d n e u en a e a
pp r ve , as
ave t h e a e n r e n e p or . e as a n e e , t he urt er i n sur
,

o therwi s e a ckno wled ed o r a 1 D uer In s

pp ro ved by the m S ee al
”
g an e . on . 159 .
 1
*
TH E LAW OF CO T N RA CTS .
[P AR T II .

i n t e re s t . In a ll t he se c a ses,
’
it is o ne
q u e st i o n w h e th e r an

a ct i o n m a y b e m a i n t a i n e d o n the co n l ra c t so exp lai ne d a n d ,

‘

a n o t h e r ver
y d i ffe r e n t q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e c o n t ra c t m a
y no t ,

b e e n t i re l y s e t a s i d e b e c a u s e i t fa i l s t o e x p re s s t he m e a n i n g o f
,

t h e p a rt i e s o r i s t a i n t e d w i t h fra u d ; a n d b e i n g s o a vo i d e d t h e
, ,

a rt i e s a re l e ft t o fa ll b a ck u o n t he ri g h t s a n d re m e d i e s t h a t
p '
p .

m a y b e lo n g t o “t h e i r m u t u a l re l a t i o n s a n d re Sp o n s i b ili ti e s .

T h e s e m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e e vi d e n c e i n t h e c a s e ; a n d
t h e v e ry c o n t ra c t w h i c h a s a c o n tr a c t c o u ld n o t b e e n fo r c e d
, , , ,

m a y p e rh a p s b e e vi d e n c e o f gre a t i m p o rt a n c e a s t o t h e ri gh t s
a n d l i a b i l i t i e s o f th e art i e s
p .

It i s t h e r e fo re o b vi o u s t h a t i t i s n o t e n o u gh i n e ve ry i n s t a n c e
t o a s c e rt a i n t h e m e a n i n g O f t h e p a r t i e s It i s h o w e ve r a l w a ys .

t ru e t h a t t hi s i s o f t h e u t m o s t i m p o rt a n c e a n d o ft e n s u ffic i e n t ,

t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n s tr u c t i o n A n d Co u rt s o f l a w h a v e e s t a b .

li s he d va ri o u s ru l e s t o e n a bl e t h e m t o a s c e rt a i n t h i s m e a n i n g ,

o r t o ch o o s e b e t w e e n o s s i bl e m e a n i n s
p g .

9“
S E C T I ON III .

S OM E OF TH E G E ERN AL R LE U S OF
‘

CONS TR UCTI ON .

Th e bj e c t m a t te r o f t he c o nt ra ct i s t o b e fu ll y c o n s i d
su -

e re d
() T h m w o rd s a n d h ra s e s w hi ch h a v e
'

n . e re a re ve r
y an
y p
o n e m e an i n g i n o rd i n a r n a rra t i o n o r c o m o s i t i o n , a n d q u i t e
y p
a no th er w h e n t h e a re u s e d a s t e ch n i c al w or d s i n re l a t i o n t o
y
s o m e s p e c i a l s u bj e c t ; a n d i t i s O b vi o u s t h a t i f t h i s b e t h e s ub

j e c t m a t t e r O f t h e c o n tr a c t i t m u s t b e s u
-

pp o s e d t h a t t h e w o rd s ,

a re u s e d i n t h i s s e c i fi c a n d t e ch n i c a l s e n s e
p .

(71 ) T he K ng i Wh c t i om M a sh i ter, 1 NOV w as

If
mean t U wi Wols l y
g t d to R 1 T

is dicito t sim wl co tc ict dd btf omwh

v . . . n n v . e e , . .

P e r 3 2 6, 3 2 7 674 a n n ui t
y be ran e

st hysicfi t thicos sh sll l if d stood

g t of
e re an e x e u r x an o n e,
. .
pr . .

i mp enso et i mp en dendo ,
”
co nc i li o (fo r
st t dof stoodt stto tom thcts tl thig sl ym st
se pa y a p e n ra e ,
en
p ro
an d ) t he
”
uff e fi e e ts t he un e

d ic hysi c i
en e re re e ve u ure ra n e e
r pa
t he e a ; held , be a p be un

lic bl c tot i mightbt stq stio b o d dthbtt lShwy ofo ch d ic l Lig tltl mi ttld s
e a e r a u an , a er

be un er ean e ffe e a ap his a v e as a p a n, a n d if h e b e a.

t he d e in n, and h is in

WiWillsli omsw M ss SRobi so

ue

Bowwhb kit Mog t ido ch t t ty

e r, a v e e a a er
p a e a a .

t he e x e u r x fi r pay a n e . e
p . T u 86 S ee .
p . . ef e v.
4 T a un 84 4 1 9 M a i ne , 3 94 , 3 98 ; um n er v

tos m cloyof coc dt md shitio sho ldsooh FiE sglk d M i F P i b ookid

er an v. n e r ,
. . n ,
.

S O, e re w as a re e in a a r er -

pa r a ,
8 a 1 62 , 2 1 4 ; . n n v .

ure
“
e, 2 5 a ne , 4 0 1 hl r New

s d it th t c
e a as n as v
p a p p, .

e n te n e n e na n u a ve n an M ut i re In s C O 3 7 . . . . 13 7 .

w a s h eld lega l
”
s enten e
p as e ,
a a

[ 10 ]
CH . L] N C O S T UCT ON AND R I IN ERPRE A I
T T T ON OF CO T N RA C TS .

t h e t i m e, d
'

S o , t o o , t he s i t u at i o n f t he p a r t i e s at f t he
’
'

o an o
‘

e rt w h i ch fi s t he
t h e c o n t ra c t a n d t he
su bj e c t m a tt e r O
p p
ro
y
-

i n t e n t i o n a n d p urp o s e o f t h e p a rt i e s i n m a k i n g t he c o n t ra c t ,
w i ll o ft e n b e o f gre a t s e rvi c e i n g ui d i n g t he c o n s t r u c t i o n ; b e
c a u s e a s ha s b e e n s a i d t h i s i n t e n t i o n w i l l b e c a rri e d i n t o e ffe c t
,
.

s o fa r a s t he r u l e s o f l a n g u a g e a n d t h e r u l e s o f la w w i l l p e r

m it . S O t he m o ra l rul e a b o ve re fe rre d t o m a y be a p p l i c a bl e ;
b e c a u s e a pa rt y w i l l b e h e ld t o t h a t m e a n i n g w h i c h he k n e w
t he o t h e r p a rt y s u pp o s e d t he w o rd s t o b e a r i f t h i s c a n b e d o n e ,

w i t h o u t m a k i n g a n e w c o n t ra c t fo r t h e p a rt i e s .

I n d e e d t he v e ry i d e a a n d p urp o s e o f c o n s t ru c t i o n i m pl y a
,

re v i o u s u n c e rt a i n t as to t h e m e a n i n g O f t he c o n t ra c t ; f o r
p y ~

w h e re t hi s i s cl e a r a n d u n a m b i g u o u s t h e re i s n o ro o m fo r c o n ,

s tru c ti o n a ri d n o t h i n g fo r c o n s t r u c t i o n t o d o
,
A c o urt w o u ld .

n o t b y c o n s t ru c t i o n o f a c o n tra c t d e fe a t t he e x pre s s s t i p ul a
, ,

A n d i f a c o n t ra c t i s fa l s e t o t h e a c t u a l
"
t i o n s o f t h e p a rti e s .

m e a n i n g a n d p urp o s e o f t he p a rt i e s o r o f e i t h e r p a rt y t he , ,

r e m e d y d o e s n o t li e i n c o n s t ru c t i o n b ut i f t h e p l a i n t i ff b e t h e , ,

i nj u re d p a rt y i n a s s u m i n g t h e c o n t ra c t t o b e v o i d a n d e s t a b
, ,

l i s hi n g hi s ri gh ts by o t h e r a n d a p p ro pri a t e m e a n s ; o r i f t he de ,

fe n d a n t b e i nj u re d b y d e fe n d i n g a g a i n s t t h e c o n t ra c t o n t he
,

ro u n d o f fra u d o r m i s t a k e i f t h e fa c t s s u o rt s u ch a d e fe n c e
g p p , .

A c o n s t ru c t i o n w h i ch w o u ld m a k e t h e c o n tra ct l e g a l i s pre “

ferre d t o o n e w h i c h w o u ld h a v e a n o p p o s i t e e ffe c t ; (0 ) a n d by
a n e x t e n s i o n o f t he s a m e p ri n c i p l e w h e re c e r t a i n t h i n gs a re t o ,

b e d o n e by t h e c o n t ra c t w h i ch t he l a w h a s r e g u l a t e d i n w h o l e .

o r in a r t , t he c o n t ra c t w i ll b e h e ld t o m e a n t h a t t h e s h o u ld b e
p y
s o d o n e a s w o u ld b e e i t h e r re q u i re d o r i n d i c a t e d b
y t h e la w
()
19 .

(
It i s
3 th t wh so
)
“
g l l s oi t h
ds Lo
of d r u e,
”
with l lf c cod d oct wol wds l i t ctstioof
a w ul an d fu

dh d doof bl i t ti dms withot t d d ti sto oto doth s wo ds cts

a en era a r n u a n en n
Co e,
“
a en eve r t he w r a c an be p a e up n t he r an d a

th e m ay an d n o t u nn e c e s

st wdothg wilth i stight i otht d

u

co st ctio ohidibitctlys joii s c with wh t

ee
ee ,
or p ar e , p ar e , yo u ar e so ,

an d t he o n e s a rily an d
a ve a u e n en en , p ut up n e e r a a
l a w an d r an d the at v ar an

mt k t th t st Lidttth with sh ll Atto y G l l h m E L

an e ,
er n ru n re e a

fu law , t h e n e n
an d a g a n t h e la w p r
”
is A nd

Moss
r n or en n . s ee
law be C
p a , 31

h b chwA chidb lds SthomS sio cowidlt o ttok sitog ly to s chis o ficl ds
en a an e a rne -
e ne r a v . a . .

a en
”
. CO 4 2 , 1 83
. A n d s ee
. . E . 14 2 ; v1 Bai n b ri gg e , id . 5 65 .

C ur Of ur , 1 0 R e p A n a ll ofi i ces i

Ri y s V ho t by Dossigl bl H i gto
ar e n av . . n i i n as va ,

67 v T a , 3 C o w 2 84 ; an d l be a f

MiP sig M y s mB doct k i Io

; r a s . en a pp u e
’
How
’
le A dm r s v u en , 4 la w

l k Pi y
an . . as a re a na e . a rr n n v .

( s )4 2 8 ee m a n r n CO Kl o p ro gg e , 4 g 5

by Lo Sho tS isl c ss ltth b ls co t thct t tos chd li

an v . . u . .

9 a e, 1 88 T he a e r n e w as de
(p ) C 7 Co w 68 1 In

Wis yslso is t s it is i ol
. ar v. nne ,
. .

cl a r e d r d Lyndhurs t, i n h w as

lsd stood
w di i ctt dd bdy st t t w to
re v . a e e re a n ra e ver

; held,
”
n, 9 C l F i n 3 97 T h e ru e , b ar
“
i na in

l th t Wh co st ctio co s st t
. . . a a arre a u
a he, “
hi an d a fa r an d p r p er
, re as e re re e a u e e re be
ru e, a ere a n ru n, n i en un er as n en e
13
“
TH E LAW o r CO N TR A C T S .
[ ARP T II .

T he
q u e s t i o n m a y b e w h e t h e r t he w o rd s u s e d s h o u ld b e
t a k e n i n a c o m pre h e n s i v e o r a re s t ri c t e d s e n s e i n a g e n e ra l o r
a
p a rt i c u l a r s e n s e ; i n t he p o p u l a a n d c o m m o n o r i n s o m e n u r
u s ua l a nd pe cu li ar s e n s e In a ll t h e s e c a s e s t h e c o u rt w i ll e n .

d e a vo r t o g i ve t o t h e c o n t ra c t a ra t i o n a l a n d j u s t c o n s t ru c ti o n
b u t t h e pr e s um pt i o n of
g r e a t e r o r l e s s s t re n g t h a cc o r d i n
g t o ,

t he l a n gu a g e u s ed o r t he c i rc u m s t a n c e s o f t h e c a s e i s in
’ ‘

fa v o r o f t he c o m p re h e n s i ve o ve r t h e re s t ri ct e d t he ge n e ra l o ve r ,

t he p art i cu l a r t h e c o m m o n o v e r t he u n u s u a l s e n s e (q )
, .

It i s a ru l e t h a t t he w h o l e c o n t ra c t s h o uld b e c o n s i d e re d i n
*
'
“

d e t e r m i n i n g t he m e a n i n g o f a n y o r o f a ll i t s p a rt s Th e .

Wh t Lo d a

the
rs ys W th si o of
gi s d toc coq stl yctit o of to oliothcy of lw ys ofs wil ds tois th t wot st to
(q )
ru
E llen bo ro ugh sic i d c
t he p
a of . i n
t e rp re t a t i o n
e x t ri n ev
l
en e in a id
“
A
t he in

ist st dm ccots d gmtolyitsths t sit m stm i g whi c h ss s hi s l f cco g to

re ar n n ,
a ,
e a r
is ua r ue a ll is p re um e u se t h e rds i n

th i cc t ti o l ss
n ur an e, e as er a a
be h e e x p re e m e , a r di n

col ct d fi st l c f om
ru u

f om s bst c wi i t s
n en ,
na e ,
a co n
in e n e an d e r s tr i ct an d p ri ma ry a

ts lmss tos d dit stood wh ch t thmsi l ith m whi th tch c ss d th sm s whidi ch t sth ss
rue a r ea n n ep a n , un e
as le e i n t he r
p a e r t he r the u an e o f t h e ll a
p p ear
in i a he u e in a ffere n e n e , in

o l s s l ss th y
u e

s to h s d th m wi s
er ,
er a re e e
be un e r in a e t he en e i n he

hm tt g byl y k sowct tos g ofs tbj dct by sthichict th y i toy m coi stg isdm Ift
e ve e r p a n, o r u ap
d in a ry, an d p p u ar e n e , un e e
pear av e u e e ll be t h e ens e
the
”
i n re p e u e in w be rue

lik cq io dl s c s li of s s s m o di y m iobjg ct il t dst tio q li

ave e n e ra e are n .

t he an d
p r m ar ean n
“

a er, a s n n u a e ra e , r ean

o r the e an n , t h e ru e n ee
p e u ar e n e di s

wooi dsts th lt ssth y m cost t t id ti tly co tist s ctio s toly th t i t titioo ofb st
e, a u re a r nar no ua
t i n c afro m t h e p p u ar en e t he a e fi cat i o n T he . e o f n e rp re a n an d

t he ru n is fi n d t h e nt en t he

i st c o d to f ct t so ght by g to wo ds of
r ,
o r un e n ex ev en n n

o ut u , i n t h e p a r en p ar e , a n d ur e in e n n is

icommt dict t i t tido stood of somi s toothh t s omdi t sy ch Wm i gshow commo

a e a e
p n
l a r n a n e, a n d i n r e r e fe u a e th e u affi x i n the r an i n
t h e p art e t a t ru

sF cichl E cst li s s Robb sttso m std d d s mood toi g of wos dds th y

e a e n en n en u e an n a s a re n
n ra ,
be u n e r in e er or r n ar . h ere , e v e r, t he l aw
p e a a n d p e u a r en e ha s efine t he

stwh chctiois ms dys by i w gC s bj ctthoft sl sss hicoch t t tt chci cs tomstth mc s of

er n v . .
-
e an n r , e
re n ,
4 a ,
1 3 5
“
T he e co n . u be un er t be u e i n t he
Gibs on , J , “
is w t h e la w nu

co t ct m ss of m i d c s i di c t th t oth m i g
r u n, a a . . en e a a e e ,

i in t h e u e t he the r u

wos mldd thi wt s itch it s ct s f which ly wo d chiwhichl d th y d stoods d to mh s

a e v e e n ex or an e

t he n ra as t he a an k n t he a e n a e a an er e an n is
; fo r m ay be a e t he o ne i n T

l giti m t ch ld l ss i t m
u e u

ti s th ms l s i w d it
u v e as e are .
,
”
w a s t he a pe the is
“
in

s lt th somob t i c d diis l ctll yofiwh t t itiso oif ctst d F s by Picogottt Yot g

u e a u r un er ea n
t he p a r e e e ve v e e A re . e a e i ,
un e a d ffe re n e an

oh i ng i s p o ut t he

Sch ylkilBl comi g i solMoo t m s t GiWil llki Shso ll y Ad m M B

u u a ne exa a n e n ex , o r ex
t a i n e d fr t he a r n a r u e n en n . tr i n s i c a . ra er v .
,
un e,
Na v W 1 Ves
'

Co 2 3 54 ;

gt ki l i bbilityitto I sold btst D bt

u . . v . re , ha r . n n v . a ,
. .

Bu s
”
4 9l 4 22 ; 2 33 6

E y d d
. e n n v en ea n a v . e e ,
. . .

Ex a n teceden t ibus co nsc uen t ibus

’
t a (r ) ct

l ss Bocod t Adt so stE l i s it s ys Lo dcco di g to o ght itot tio of

e
e n e ra na
pay o nc s ,
no
q ”
fit i nterp r eta tio
“
a ng
,
t he
r e ne f o f t he n ve n e o
p t i ma . ve r ee ,

H o ba rt , be
’ “
A c t, un e t he u
“

P k ls o LoG ossd Dog m KMight Ros t dj dg tid s s i lt tsts o ght tod d

o rs n ex re ra n . a r co n

B idd lc c o m he v . n , 4 . . 33 2 ; s t rue d a r n t he n en n
2 Cr 61 7 t he p a r e an d t he be

i g M i w i g B g l i s s i d c
ar er v . a e, . . . .
,
n en u

S ee 1 T a un f t he of t he

R wli s J ki s Q i t t o ght to ick d

a r r er v . n ,
. a u e o p are ve r a ee ,

4 1 7 ; T he K 10 ue o u t o f t he e, an d

i Roy o s l l E ch D y Lowb t ch d Hoski ofs Wi chwo d o ly

n v . a n ar n , . as a e n e ra ev en

C r (36 ; 4 u be p e o ut of e ver
y
. a n v . en n ,
. n en
’
Ca H fa , 5 19 ; par , and n o t o ut

h tt il h mM tc l S ccom b W shb Go ldhistlStoto y M Sh s

ne v. r x . er o ne r n .

Le ,
2 S a ndf 2 0 2 ; . enn v . M an T re n a r v . n ,
n ,
93 . And
(Jo 2 H , 2 2 0 ; a f v Tay s ee S ic k le m o re T 6 81 9;

it sttis o osio tio ofdmis Go B dl MHi ywoo MP i l

a an . e . v . e n, . . .

lo r , 3 1; M a i n e , 2 8 ; C a p a n o ,
a ur n v . u , 3 r ,
122 C a e

i rl 1 0 2 T he f r n Mr e 26 a ne , 53 1 ; e rri l v
. .
pr p . v . ra
y ,
.

IVig/ m m, i n h is re a e U p n t he a
’

re , 29 ia . 346; e
d v . err n , 10
 N
C O S T UCT O R IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CT S .

b vi o u s The s am e a rt i e s m ake a ll t he c o n tra c t

*
re a s o n is o . .

p ,

and p p o s e d t o h a ve
m ay be sam e su
p u r o se
p ha d t he a n d o bj e c t

i n v i e w i n a ll o f i t , a n d i f t h i s p urp o s e i s m o re c l e a r a n d c e r
t a i n i n s o m e p a rt s t h a n i n o t h e rs , t h o s e w h i ch a re o b s c u re m a y

PicW k G y l k M t Mc 228 ; ra v C ar L w Bc ow i g W ight id

11 V e rm 5 8 3 ; 1 69, 1 84 M c C a lm o n t , 2

Nt y l hom so S d It i s t g ti g c
. .
,
. a ren e v . .

M erri field, 8 96 4 2 6, 4 4 9 — In 2

of co st cti o th t s s mis s to ft w ti g
arr e n v . e e . r n n v . r
,
ai r T 1 14 1
“
BOS P ul 1 3 , A , a f er e rt a i n

m t i ofg st m t ticol co s mt d gthi tst otwi hi tshstlf d g h i s

n, n ee r an n
v p
'

. . . . . .

a r ue r u e n ru n a th e en e
p re e i n fe e B , an d . a er a rra n n

an d o f t he
p a rt i e s , i n a n y p a r e t he m e an d hi s

by do to co t y s i d
e an n _
a e a a n e r ,

ul ar p ar a n i n ru e n , m ay b e in an y a c t

yo d tot oficollt ct f omb o ghti to cti o of mi s s

v e n an e a n an

le ct e d ex a n teccdcn tibus ct co ns equen tibus ; hi m t he n rar , h e w a s e ze

whol s m th
ne

m ay b e r u t h e p re i n fe e , a nd tha t be ha d f ull

fodo m co Losist d t s s th t B to toco s t d dmi hstmsto fs hitos mh ks c

ever p a r n a n, e
in r e r e r t he e o n e un i p o wer , &c , to co nvey t he a e ; h e . en
an d e n e , if m ay b e fo r i el , e ir , e x e c u

Fi t g ld E st D th t B sho ld q tl y joy
r n en a v e n an e

E llenbo ro uglz, i n a r n
”
P er r , an d a ni a rt

of Nothth mb l std g E icogto ts oR ithoso t cl tim g tio d om h ms l l stly

ne . r ra r , a e a

v . z e ra ,
15 a , 54 1 I n t he uk e . w a y, an d a u ui e en .

n, 5 T w u i n e rru p n fr i e f o r an y

t of l ss s of c t i mi s th t his h s ssi g s
r u er an v rr n . . .

522, e re w as a ri n of ven an up n in un e r hi m , an d

whs ch lthy ybo t dthwhmsch lfols owjod tlyco sof ths cl imssi g c d thshot ld mi t k
p er n a a ,

t he p a r t he e ee er a n n e , in a he, e i r an d a n , a n d all p e r

i in an d un e r hi m ,
“
e u

t of l s o h th g l wo ds l ow
un e e ve , n a n a e

af e r i l H eld, t h e n er

th d co ccot t hicht ofof its ll sswos lto to cos ciy l cow itth of th t thc dy
e v era ; e a ve ur er a ur an e a .

the e s r T ere w a s en a fur v e n in g fu l p e r, & c ,

“
n an . e n er a r ,
.

v e n an o n t he p ar t h e e ee
”
e r p a rt t he p re e

h wobo ds d thjoimtlyo ly jois tly lly th t w q gli i std by cts othh ss lf ci l

er n ve , e re e
un , w e f u d i n g pe a v e nan ; o r, i f n o t ,
’

ren e r an a a e
un H eld, ua fi e all t h e

b gt di dgtoof thcoi s bs qs by t co l ss tss h i s dmi bl o i i o of Lo d

ave e n n a . er e er p e a co v
im e
”
the an d a t t he the a of an d h i s
“
e n an ts a a n

l s o H ss St so
r n e v era ,

e in n n the v e n an t t he e ee , S ee t he a pn n
s id It i s i m t i Ni d M sh ll
e r . ra e r

all e r u e ue n E ldo n S ee a n, 3

wh tt is i t s oft d d d co stic i l g icot Moo Col B Ho ghto o w y Dy

e x en e v e n an . . e e v e v en .

Bullcr , J , a : m a er al i n BO S P 111 5 65 ; a , 3

w s Joh s
. . n v . ar .

r e , 70 3 ; n v C n
y p a rt ve

mt o st t ko d towholis cod d i tomco sii dg of Wh l Fio t g K ld m E st Joh s S w d

a
p ar a ee an u ar r u a , er .

n an n er e ; fo r i n n ru n we 240 a ; e v . a e ,
2 n . Ga s 2 03 ; .

t he l auff 19 97 Ba r

t s Wh th ci t l s of A st y Moo h i
u a e e ee n n e ra a n v . an , n .

i n , in r d t he to n 15 53 0 ;

tic cl i m s co sid ti o s fol B b M l s C tl

er ver e an n v . z era ,
a ,
a ar v .

”
t he p ar i e 10 re , 5 5 ; C a C lemi t

low d by g l wo ds of l s W st t t g l
ere e r e a re r e a n e
.
, p n v .

p ar ul ar 1 il i n, 22

g tic ll wo dscit shl l h s istf i d bysho ld woco stds followth m tic l lico bls to s l bjisctsto
a or n er a n ,
so n , ar . v . a

e e n e ra r re e a e, t he V e rm 98 . .
— h e re , i n a a u e, e n e ra
l be re ra n e the t he ru e

cit i th byo cdsq t gi l s c i t B ch B h s q stio os

e n e ra r a r p ar u ar ne ,

p ar u a r r e a T u , a m an u . n rue e ,
as a
pp a e u e

re e ve t e n p un an d v e a r e e p fo r e usdem
j gen er i s T u , i n S an dim a n v

o st t t c whi c h
. .
,

an d ui an d r e e a e t h e p e r 7 C r 96, a ue

oth g wo d l s d cts th t t d sm
,
e re a re a ,
. . n ar e
s o n o f a ll ac t i o ns , debts , dutzes , a n d de t he e 2 9 C ar 2 , 7,

oimit dsd byb cthoss fo lgost wog ds Rmolst sowo s msh ll dobo othcis sowo ldly
up n a u . .

ma nds , n in ul b e re e a e but t he ena ,

“
a no ra e an , a rt ifi c er ,

t en p u n ; e a u e th e a rk la

h s c tho gh s id to b si ss wo k th i o d y
r u an , re r, o r er
p er n or per
be l in l la
’

dShowd by Lo d co fi imghtd byColLo d coc l ti gsd d tho t dLo d s wo ds Itoth

e e re . . n ,
a o r e x er e an y r

A br 4 0 9 T i
. as e , u
. a be bo r , u ne ,
or r of e r r i n ar
e ni e H o lt, i n K n t he d ay
”
’
e, 1 a l n w as

o so s d i s st g
r v .
,
up n r .

t he
“
1 50, 1 5 5 , w as

M S lso R msd co ch s w cl d d oth wi s

. n r e r n en e a un er r er

E llen bo ro ugb, i n P a yle r H o m ersh am , 4

”
t he f

L m o Co k B bo so
e
v .
p ers n or p er n r ve r o a

426 S ee a en v B l in H eld

Ald S mo s Joh so B N i l li c ti o
a a e e re u e er e
.
. .
y . .

to n , 2 Ves 3 1 0 ; Q 5 fo r t he S ee T h e uee n

AdR ich LoLymd PicClk k MJ ckso ss th th s l to dic lds of co yt o cs wh

a n v r e, a v e rea n v.
p . . . .

. 60 6 ; i n v .
Q n n, 3 . ev , 8 . B 4 52 . .
— F o r th e ap p a n

1 75 ; 9 235 ; of i

StWilckhomsos M y ick
. an v . ar ; a . ru e ee nve an e er e
‘

18 325 ; p art e n um era i de

Ch J ckso St s Joh s
v . r ,
. a n v . e re a re u ar n or
l Co w 1 2 2 ; M c In t yr e s cri
p t i o n s, s e e D o e 2 Cr

Pit s mst st ck g d ofd itis cost stm t

a u e, . v . v . e r ,
.

li a n, 1 E dw . . 34 . F o r the co n J er . 2 23 ; a n v . e v en ,
16 n .

1 10 — o ut ru

tio St ickl d M w l M
. ar s ru an n en

m ay, ee ,
be re ar e in n rue

n . r an v . ax el , 2 C r . .

53 9 .
15
“
TH E L AW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ AR P T 11 .

b e i ll us t ra t e d b
y t he l i gh t o f o t h e r s T h u s , t h e c o n d it i o n o f a .

b o n d m a y b e c o n s i d e re d t o e x p l a i n t h e o bl i g a t o ry p a r t (3 )
"

A n d t he re c i t a l
gre e m e n t h a s s o m e t i m e s g r e a t in a deed or a

i n fl u e n c e i n t he i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f o t h e r p a rt s o f t h e i n s t r u
m e n t (l ) Th e c o n t ra c t m a y b e c o n t a i n e d i n s e v e ra l i n s t ru
.

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,

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o rd e r o f t i m e a n d ri o ri t a s w i ll c a rr i n t o e ffe c t t he i n t e n t i o n
p y y
o f t he p a r t i e s a s t h e s a m e m a y b e g a t he re d fro m a ll t h e i n s t r u,

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w a y a s i f t h e y w e r e o n l y s e ve ra l p art s o f o n e i n s t ru m e n t (w ) .

A n o t h e r ru l e re q u i re s t h a t t h e c o n t ra ct s h o u ld b e s u pp o rt e d
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9 an a , 2 0 9 C rn e v in my ife , e to

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ss l Joh s th t ti g i s h d by
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mm tt M i Ad ms
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er v . a a ,
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n, 1 0 2 15 t he a e in

N wh llS wyW ight M ss M i wob ld coit tost it omios id gco t of

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Smi t h Atk m t of of mo y to t
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p r v i n fo r t he p a y

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a er v . . u n ru e as

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v . 13 5 ; . en ne
9 1 03 3 In the v e r ure , t he a

m ksio l s s l oss ssig o t d tw ty oC Jth s id Ifco st coctito ct dmiofts

v . a ,
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v . ee , Co . 714 , e re w a s a
p er be a e r a n e ura n Wil .

b ut n o t i n re in p l ia ms ,
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y t s to comm c of wh ch wi l l d i t i ic ci o s lli fy
a e ea e e n, . a : a n ra a

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th t om it th t co st cti o sho ld do t d
ve r n . en an o n e n ru n , o ne

f ro m t he d ay i n e ff a

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e x c u ve o f t he d a
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oli i io th t j omgm t which I lg ti s sit do titoc ml k cot wht ct th t

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[ 14 ]
GIL L ] CON S T R UCT I ON A N D INT ER PRETA T I ON OF CO T N RA CT S .
*
1

i n t h e p re c i s e w a y i n w h i ch i t i s i n t e n d e d t o t a k e e ffe c t , s h a ll
e t b e c o n s t r u e d i n a n o t h e r, i f i n t h i s o t h e r i t c a n b e m a d e
y
"
e ffe c t u a l (y ) . T h us, a de ed i n t e n d e d fo r a re e a s e l , w h i ch can

no t o
p e ra t e a s su ch ,
m a y s t i ll t a k e e ffe c t as a gra n t o f the re

v e rs i o n , a s a s u rre n d er ,
or an a t t o rn m e n t ; o r e ven as a c o ve
z e d ; (2 ) S o a d e e d o f b a r g a i n a n d s a le v o i d
d
a
n ant to sta n se i
'

fo r w n t o f e n ro l m e n t ha s b e e n h e ld t o t a k e e ffe c t a s a g ra n t ,

o f t he re ve rs i o n
()
a If s e v e r a l g ra n t o r s j o i n i n a d e e d s o m e
.
,

o f w h o m a re a bl e t o c o n ve a n d o t he r s n o t i t i s t h e d e e d o f
y ,

h i m o r t h e m a l o n e w ho a re a bl e (b) A n d i f t h e re b e s e v e ra l .

gra n t e e s o n e o f w h o m i s c a p a bl e o f t a k i n g a n d t he o t h e rs n o t ,
,

i t s h all e nu r e t o hi m a lo n e w h o c a n t a k e (0 ) S o i f a m o r t g a
”

o r a n d m o rt g a g e e j o i n , i t i s t h e g ra n t o f t he m o rt g a g e e a n d
g
t h e c o n fi rm a t i o n o f t h e m o rt g a g o r (d) A n d i f a ch a r t e r w i l l .

b e a r a d o u bl e c o n s tr ucti o n a n d i n o n e s e n s e i t c a n e ffe ct i t s ,

u r o s e s ; a n d i n t h e o t h e r n o t i t w i ll re c e i v e t h e c o n s t ru c ti o n
p p ,

w h i c h w i ll m a k e i t e ffi c a c i o us (e ) T he c o u rt c a n n o t h o w e v e r .
, ,

t h ro u g h a d e s i re t h a t t h e re s h o ul d b e a v a l i d c o n t r a c t b e t w e e n
t he p a rt i e s u n d e rt a k e t o re c o n c i l e c o n fl i c t i n g a n d a n t a g o n i s t i c
,

e x re s s i o n s o f w h i c h t he i n c o n s i s t e n c i s so re a t t h a t t h e
p , y g
m e a n i n g o f t h e p a r t i e s i s n e c e s s a ri l y u n c e rt a i n No r w h e re .
‘

t h e l a n g u a g e d i s ti n c t l y i m p o rt s i ll e g a l i t y s h o u ld t h e y c o n s t r u e
i t i n t o a d i ffe re nt a n d l e g a l s e n s e fo rt h i s w o uld b e t o m a k e a ,
,

a c o n t r a c t fo r t h e p a rt i e s w h i ch t h e h a v e n o t m a d e t h e m s e l ve s
y .

Bu t w he re t h e re i s ro o m fo r i t t he c o ur t w i ll g i ve a ra t i o n a l ,

a n d e q u i t a bl e i n t e r re t a t i o n w h i ch t h o u gh n e i t h e r n e c e s s a r y
p , ,

n o r o b vi o u s h a s t h e a d va n t a g e o f b e i n g j u s t a n d l e g a l a n d
, ,

o s e s a l a w fu l c o n t ra c t w h i ch t he a rt i e s m a fa i rl
su
pp p y y b e re

S k ld Vi l
(y ) Go o d t i tle B s i l y Cow C J l s o W l sp 600 Wi lles in Ro e T ra nm arr , i le ,

H b y B W l i s Sh o ch
v . a e ,
.
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WPickl is M Rss ss ll P ok i Niidcho s Will s Smith F d ick R ss

v . e , . a . . .

v . an ur ,
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4 13 5 l , 7 682

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a ,
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.

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. 111 ; u e . 14 3 ; . v . re er , 1 u .

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e ,
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In s Co 9 61 1 ; 2 4 22

id j dg s th s l tt I bid
re . . en . a rre v . s . C . e . .

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1 C 3 54 ; (b) e p T 8 1 , 82

ti ths th I ohim ly y ightlh y h mogo Ad ms

ren ,
nn . r an v . ra e , . u . .

16 T he u e i n
4 74
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(c ) 82

G oldsmi t h id c s
. . e e a er . .

m e (an d t nk v e r r ) av e n e (d ) D o e v 2 Cr J er 2 3 2 ;

co sidssi tigo of sts bstt ccoc di mg toly

. a ,
. .

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fur er an f r an d a ve h a d Doc v 674 T re p o r t s a e ,

c h ch
er ,
re .
,
.

n fo r t h e 6 R ep 1 5

tm tly m ti s ofth ssi g shit dow w d s St S io id b

n era u an e , n a e , . .

t he e a e a t he (e ) M o lyn s 6 R ep ; C ur
’
t he p a n r n as e , . 6 a

i n en o f the p ar e , an t h e a , ar e n of . av ur, 1 0 . 67 .

”
na e ,
— the ann e r
pa n P er .
17
*
—
18
*
TH E L AW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ A R
P T II .

g a rd e d h a vi n g m a d e S o fo r t h e s a m e re a s o n , a ll t he p a rt s
as .
,
*
o f t h e c o n t r a c t w i ll b e c o n s t r u e d i n s u c h a w a as to g i ve fo r c e
y
a n d va l i d it t o a ll o f t h e m a n d t o a ll o f t he l a n g u a g e u s e d
y , ,

w h e r e t h a t I s p o s s i bl e (f ) A n d e ve n p a rt s o r p ro v i s i o n s w h i ch
.

a re c o m a ra t i ve l u n i m o rt a n t a n d m a b e s e v e re d fro m t h e
p y p y ,

c o n t ra c t w i t h o ut i m p a i ri n g i t s e ffe ct o r ch a n g i n g i t s ch a ra c te r,
'

w i l l b e Su pp r e s s e d a s i t w e re i f i n t h a t w a y a n d o n l y i n t h a t , ,

w a y t he c o n tra c t c a n b e s u s t a i n e d a n d e n fo rc e d
, T h i s d e s i re .

o f t h e l a w t o e ffe c t u a t e r a t h e r t h a n d e fe a t a c o n t ra c t i s w i s e , ,

j u s t a n d b e n e fic i a l Bu t i t m a y b e t o o s t ro n g A n d i n s o m e
,
. .

i n s t a n c e s l a n g u a g e i s u s e d i n re fe r e n c e t o t h i s s ubj e c t w h i ch i t s

s e lf n e e d s c o n s tr u c t i o n a n d a c o n s t ru c t i o n w h i ch s h a l l gr e a t l
, y
q u a l i fy i t s m e a n i n g T h u s L o rd C J H o ba r t s a i d z . I do ,
. .
— “

e xc e e d i n gl y c o m m e n d t h e j u dg e s t h a t a re c ur i o u s a n d a l m o st

s ub t l e a s tut e h ch s t h e w o r d u s e d i n t he P r o v erb s o f S o l o
(w
,
i i ,

m o n i n a g o o d s e n s e w h e n i t i s t o a g o o d e n d )t o i n v e n t re a s o n s ,

a n d m e a n s t o m a k e a c t s a cc o r d i n g t o t h e j u s t i n t e n t o f t h e ar
p
t i e s a n d t o a vo i d w ro n g a n d i nj u ry w h i ch b y r i g i d ru l e s m i gh t
, ,

b e w ro u gh t o ut o f t h e a c t ( o r d H a le q u o t e s a n d a
g)
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p .

a n d Wi lle s , C J
ro ve s t h e s e w o r d s
(1 ) q u o t i n g H a le s a
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1
p , pp r o . .
,

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,
.

t ri n e ; i t c a n n o t b e t h e d u ty o f a c o ur t t h a t s i t s t o a d m i n i s t e r
t h e la w a n d fo r n o o t h e r p u rp o s e t o b e c u ri o u s a n d s u b t l e o r
, , ,

a s t u t e o r t o i n ve n t re a s o n s a n d m a k e a c t s i n o rd e r t o e s c a e
, p ,
*
fro m ri g i d ru l e s Al l t h a t c a n b e t r ue o r w i s e i n t h i s d o c tri n e
.

i s t h a t c o u rt s s h o uld e ffe c t u a t e a c o n t ra c t o r a n i n s tr u m e n t
,

4 97 , th
(f ) h s E s S d s Po t
T u
w as
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. s wo ds
omiswitoth t st f omof s ch coi csts ctio l s s dlwoss ld od c
in an s ch so
er t 8
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r an d

th ssi o om f ct choic b i t d d
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p y p 1n co n

m o n e y J an 1 , 1 8 3 6,
“
t ra ry ru be an d

o d th t it mi g ht h som ld st to wo ld h
i n e re r n n n ee e u e
.
, pr
[ AM h fr no ef e If t he had
“
at t e

of om tio m stst co st y d m ihigs byl ioccg sio to l t toth s wold ds c t

e x pr e n . e een n en e
1 83 5 ia
,
r er a a ve e fo r t he e er s o n , t h e te a r u av e
be had no a dd For

lby is ll ill st t dI stilsot bt ys ofcNs t l withitho sc td io ticms is itto which ld

p e ra n, u n r ue as e an n a n e e r .

t he fi r o f J a n ua r , 1 83 5 T a ll h is p t he e

d li to
ea v n a e er, ex e
r .
p
we p ut of t he

L l tl t sttoto sldys yo d gwo ld so tco s hi c s tob dcli

ru e u ra e a a a e o ne u an un e , e er

l t ut hc r fo rt h i n h is n t he
'

u e a u ra n a er a n e e ve r
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aw, i 2 , ch 7 If a e t he a nd be

ho s d o s o ti o of yo g
. . . . a r, a un e r, r
p e e v

h ,
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In q ue a t he s a ll h is p a e h is of at t he

to yo g di
ur e

wo ld b y wil l l i cl i m
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pt t w hi 1 h t he c ld c 1 s in c c t he

ts h t l sh ll tho s t d o tim s to c i w ight Sid t y Hob

so n , c xu o ne u an un 1 e , p n ; un er
h e b1 1 p 11 . 1 t bc s h is un e r so n , an d u t he a ve ha d no a but
t he e de r a t a t o r : 1 i 11 e 1 f.t n of p la

s i d s ch so t s ch ossi g Sc d mo V t
rc 1 t a a e, a e e .

1 Ii vr r to t he yo ur1 r 1 1 o (g ) C la n r i c k a r d 2 77

i mis i lt ios this l twost told to Doc S lk ld Wil s

1 1
1
ne u an un 1 e v . ne , . .

a nd
o f t he a
p la t e , o f u r u (I1 ) C r n v . u a re , 1 en .

p e c e a s he p e as e ; de 14 1

h b choihc t yoso tg shoi c lds

ru e u

id
.

te r n e t he n en t n o f t he e a r v . a e ,
e ,
67 6 ; R o e v.
a ve ee n t a h is ,
un er so n u T ra n m a rr, . 68 4 .

h a ve t he e o f t he r and t he p e e .

[ 10 ]
 CO N R
S T UCT ON AND I IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CT S .

w h ere ve r t h i s f c t l f a ir a n d e n t i re l be do ne by
'

can a er e
p y y
ra t i o na l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e l a n g u a g e a c t ua ll y u s e d To do .

m o re t h a n t h i s w o u ld b e t o s a c ri fi c e t o t h e a p p a re n t ri gh t o f
o ne a rt i n o n e c a s e t h a t s t e a dfa s t a dh e re n c e t o l a w a n d p ri n
p y ,

c i p le w h i ch c o n s t i t u t e s t h e o n l ro t e c t i o n a n d d e fe n c e o f a ll
, y p
r i g ht s a n d a ll a rt i e s
p , .

A n o t h e r ru l e re q u i re s t h a t a ll i n s t ru m e n t s s h o u ld b e c o n
s t ru e d c o n tr a p r of e r en t e m
“
T h a t i s a g a i n s t h i m w ho g i ve s .
”
,

o r u n d e r t a k e s o r e n t e rs i n t o a n o bl i g a t i o n
(j )
,
T h i s ru l e o f .

c o n st ru c ti o n i s r e v e rs e d i n i t s a pp l i c a t i o n t o t h e gra n t s o f t h e
s o v e re i g n ; fo r t h e s e a re c o n s t ru e d fa v o r a bl t o t h e s o v e re i g n
y ,
*
a l t h o u gh h e i s
()I T h e re a s o n o f t he ru l e
“
ra n t o r t co n tr a
g .

(j ) WiD dhlto s c Ch
m
5 R ep 7 b ;
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cig tst bg soffici l y hitos coho sto ki g s the l aw ru e t he
’

h ll NMw yl Is c list ict lits bjl coct st ctio s b sio

n a ap as e , . . en a e n n
m an v . a n , P lo w d 2 8 9 ; Th e A da, . ra n en e a fo r n r, a n d t h e re
D a vei s, 4 0 7 ; T ra e , 1 9 V erm ef o f t he an d n o t t o m ak e

M W hi s l co st ofs chlsog Chts chw d s s St S io

v e . . u e ,
an y
2 02 ; p er Alde r s o n , B in in

io
.
,
e er v . aa ,
r or era n ru n u ve r n
M o lyn
’
6 61 2 T of s ca e , 6 R ep 6 a

w ll il l st t d by id b Acco di gl y q s
. . . ru e n ru e u r an . . .

ver ba cha rt a r u
f o rt i ns ip zunt ur S ee of
'

t n, — m ur ,

c s which
of D it S ith t Bl s Pto tii ost ism tsho l ss wldight sth o t d lthth tht
a cc a ,
ur ar en . av
co n tra p f
ro er entem, — is e u ra e 10 . 67 . r n ,
t h e rul e i n ue
'

t he 3 of t h e ru e

hold s fo tw dt ct t dti ly is o lyltodtod t

a e ann v .
p urr er , . . n e e an a an

3 99, i n w as held be

y s g to l ss him l it t t
a a ea e n ru en u u pp r e ra er an

fo r e fe a
“
to urt e e n , o r efe a e ; an d n o t a pp ie

lom d ol tios showhild cdh t mi io ds g t g to wh th ki g

o ne , e v en , en a co n

ty o ne t he ee, a n d bu t im t he e x en

s bj ct i s lw ys h ld to h i t d d
-
ea r ,
a ve e ra en re ,
n

t he at of th e p er f t he ; fo r a

lso Di o E st som thi g by g t It i s w l

a ne, p n o ra n ran r, e er n
,

t he S ee

coto st gctio t of g htsocksho old o f o blcy kg owts l m co gst ofctio wo dsi t

na e ea e u e er ne . or u e ,
a a e av e n en e

a Doe v . x n, 9 a ,
15 . T he e n hi s ran .
“
a e l - 1

be n in t h e f pr

Plow h l s Ri B Wilidg l msW H

ru u ru

dog ibtfst l togco tost th mit ismosts idsttho tgl

n n r an av ra e n ru e , n n o va e

t he ran ee T r. m rt n v . T ra ,
r an ,
i f the e a ni n t he r he
1 54 , 1 61 ; D o e ia 1 y
BBloiddgg t Joh s M l Ji ckso oby ositki gl whil s th c siss dog btts
. v .
, . u u ,
n r ue e r n

RI 25 . C ar e v er r e v . arr en a a n the ran r . But a a an

11 P et 4 2 0, 5 89 ; p re v a , i n a of

Ri M t co kst g ctio gis imstd most o bl

r e, . a n v .
pp e ru e e r an

16 1 72 ; P ro t he ; fo r u

och co Whitti N g t
e n e v n n ere e re an
,
. v .
y ,

pri et o rs , & c M er 5 15, t he a fa v

HM l s Li tlicol W ld MWi slow ll mit isd lidic stio t d Wh itt ics s s do ys

on ve r , e e ru e ra
.
,
. . n n
y
27 C e M an C o . . v . er, 10 . fo r t h e in an d a a n th e ran e e . T he
3 05 i 29 ain e, 1 69 no t But f

P ttid M hi s co st Pictik o how M o iits lyl do bt s chh c s s og ly wht dmithts of

. n n v . e r, ru e pu e . o ve r

i v . Ca n, 22 Ve rm 98 ; . n v . i e a
pp a n . To a a e e

34 25 ; ? To

m kist d of f qi y j gst ts so th tht th isy it sit t tio s oth ofmowhich stis icmot d
a e n, a ne, e v un r e , a u a e n e re er e
.
pp
36 . 3 09 . T i n ru n, e ve r, a re a u ,
w ere t h e ra n a
be 11 fo r t wo

sh llg to k sh l with sog i st

re

th t dochoict d iwis thoi lyt iol tioith of

u a a r u o ne, e re n e r re a
p n ,
o ne
a n e ui in ra n ,
a e e x en ve an d t he er re re r e ;
be t a e n In n e as o n ab ly a a n
not fa Op en , a n d e

t d d mosts ib lly ockmog to t

er

t obj cts of g t
a
'

so a a e r

t he r an r, a n d ye t a l n be m a y be a p

ki g s gwhicht wdmil tms ofk twoit itt t y oit dtio s

re a e u an
y v a n

l e ra fo r t h e r an ee If t h e
”
t he a pp a re n th e

cy
ex e n e . e r an .

P er S a un der , J , in T hr
’

B kl y woso thlb s f ct th oth l wiltt igis to it l

r n a n er r e a n
v . . n ran p ,

T ra , P l o w d 1 61 o ne o f i l u e rl an d

Jsh cksol how R s sti icst owh y

. . a e v

(k ) Willi o n v e , P lo w d 243 e s, an d t h e l a rea

so s ys commo
er . . r er ve

ee v e , 3 C a n e , 2 93 T e n a l e ef e e n t h e a er p re v a i ;

o th o i g th m ths bj tctit will mo of g which

a n v . .
,

al , ha ve n o r in fo r t h e r ea n ( a t he l aw )

lim bki gl thf mo bl il cobl st ctio

e ve r , o r n arr n

re fo r t h e benefi t o f t h e
”
t e rp re t a t i o n fo r t he v e r r w n o f be

mo tob g d d th y chiss ofit l

e ,
a

b t “
an d av ra an d t h e ho no r t h e ki n , is

ho o of
u a e ra e n ru n u e
’
fo r t h e of e i n la w , b e re ar e 10

kis tgh Lo d I st g ty of ot mityd to b cdsto No stlj i stidc i t g

a n e av a a re an pr .

q
us ue a d p le n i tud in e m, fo r t h e n r t he C o 67 . A n d i n e ver .
a e t he r u e i s

e an d n e
” ”
n . 2 n 4 96
“
A n d so n e, . . a e en t h e re a u
ai r Co ke, “
t he r avi t he a n r o f t he a e ra n e o r e x t rava .
p

[ 17 ]
20
*
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ ARP T II .

p r of er e ntem
‘

i s, that m e n m a y be p po s e d t o t a k e c a re o f
'

su

t h e m s e l ve s , a n d t h a t he w ho g i ve s , a n d c h o o s e s t h e w o rd s b
y
w h i c h he g i v e s o u gh t t o b e h e ld ,
t o a s t ri c t i n t e r p re t a t i o n o f
t h e m r a t h e r t h a n h e w h o o n l y a c c e p t s (1) Bu t t h e r e a s o n i s .

n o t a ve r s tro n g o n e n o r i s t h e r u l e o f s e c ia l va lue I t i
‘

s
y p _
,
.

i n d e e d o ft e n s p o k e n o f a s o n e n o t t o b e fa v o re d o r a p p l i e d u h
l e s s o t h e r p ri n c i p l e s o f i n t e rp re t a t i o n fa i l t o d e c 1 d e a q u e s ‘

t i o n (m ) It i s o f c o u r s e m o s t a p p l i c a bl e
. d e e d s p o ll (n ) a s ,

g tkcogst ctio is to i mt dtio f o ru be r Of l gi s l ti

sJ chs id thos bowo dsmof tio d m st
c as e O f a g t to com y
g t is ob oitss t si is olibc d l i t
an n n a e 1n av e ap an ve r an a

t he in An d i f t he Of the n e , Co lt ma n ,

co siy dwhidch ght lto g com

. n en n u as e a ve en

vi u , a fa r an d The t h e act be

J h l s Ri B idg W
ra n e ra n er . a : r u .

pr e t a t i o n en f of e rm P er as t h e an u ag e O f t h e

Bby idg J stic th t It gis l tsid ofdo h s l

r e . n er e

S to ry, C ar e be co t u d f
/ or t i e s

st ctil odi g is l d
ver r e v a rr e n Ou n s r e
.
pa n ,
”
e , 1 1 P e t 5 91 , 5 97 r e n te m T i r u e o f co n
wn co ntr a
p of
—

soo l y ig co stm d dog i tisto g t

r . . a r e .

Mr u e S to r ,
”
a th e t he co n tr a p r of er entem, pp i e
“

li d to wi l ls to st t t s
ra n ru n, a
.
y
the i n p ea n Ba e M a x R e g 3 ; but i s

hth t h l is l bllic ticoo sid c stios di ts jt dgm ts which wo ds

v e re n a re n ru e a a n r an ee . . . .

in c as e s o f and no t t a u e

s
n e re na n, no a e no r ver
pp ; ,

w t &e ar e n o t

l gij sstl ti g sots bl th t co st ctioIt

v a ua

M y Is c
e re e re a e n e ra n ; e ,
u en ,
.
,
r

t he ru e has of of lb

M WIt is to ot d s ith
a n o ap
p a n rn a e
p ar i e . .

1 1 P e t 5 97, 5 98 (1) P e r A ldomo n, B , i n e er v

sho ld co oy blc to l dsg byt
e a ve ra n . . .
/
aa , . .

is u an d r e a n a e a t he ru 6 85 61 2

th t t s l i s l st to
n n '
. . .

be fav ra e t h e ran e e , i n t he (m ) “
“
be n e , I ‘o rd
’

l bl co s d ti o
u

so t whd to othis l stoof osili dtio oof

a

c as e Of a n ve an e O f a n t h e so v Ba c o n, hi ru e t he a be re

whdi id lcl si to com il g s y gi toights

a

e re ig n fo r a v a u a e n i era n ; but an d b e r e e up n

wol cds thiils gi th l c oth thcomt

r e ,
n eve r

u ve p ri v e e ar e bu t e re al l

co off d t st ictiso s thosco st ctio blic

e re e x ve n an er ru e ex p n
i n v ua o r p an , an d r fa ; an d if a n y e in

oi t wol s thy bsth t whd g th lyy

a r er
ve o f e O f t he And is a

cg s st dos btci lly mwhb g itby ids gs i st

n e rre re r
pu , p a e, ve p a e a . .

p ri v a e p e r n , t h e ru n , in t o be O in

coit t d stood c oss whichoth m hold th

or n erv e e n e ra
p n r
of i u t he t h e r u e o f t h e l aw ,

ost sd of tollo im os blicd b fit sof

a e u or a ,
a a n a en e en
a re i m u n er a n d r

wothis thi tic l to y otf b l d to co itsidis

ra n e e , e
pe a e re u r en o n e an er an
y ca se ,
p e u p n t he p u a s i n t h e ea e Of b e un e r t h e la w

com y B StoAdb idg wh ight

,
e

p e fo r t he e n e e r , an d be p re erre ; a n d in

th t thiigso b doth i g l it somw istts icot css

ra e a
“
r
In Can C o v

ofLo td ki g toll s dgi tofollowicomg y

p an ur r . e . . .
p ar u a r ve r n a e n er,
W Vhe e le y, 2 7 92 , of

bs c oth l s whi c h of
e re a r . . a e n a ru e e r ne

w as and t ffi

gb gg i b twhis likcom y yoth dc s st is s o q ity lsoh Lom ity P s E st

ve n e re e,
a n a pan , r r, no as

r Tc n trxrrlc n u e t he n l an b ut i n a en e Of er ru e a re

Ba c M a x
”
T m re e a nd

b lic t ms whi c h So Ad Jmsstic W s id

ua e : ,
e an er a e ,
a u u an . . .

m pa n of a R eg 3 See 13

ss d st t t l
ar a n e ee n a ve n ure r . .
,
a ,
ve v . a re ,
a ,

a n d t he t he e r of 80 in 23 V e rm

st ctio to this schthc st s is mbifg lliyty hilics bl l to co stc s ctio is ost ictly
pu ,
a re e x . a v . ar n e r , .

p r e e i n t he a u e ; a n d t h e r u e o f c o n 4 11, 4 12 , Mr . u e R ed/field a :
n i n a ll no w u T f t p r p er

t ms co t ct st t wh wo ds s d wi
ru u a e es ru e o n ru n no

t a blis he d be in bu t f
'

g i st f o of
u

btio s iqth lly w ll two mo c is t th t

a an
; ya a
pp a e an
y a e, o ne o r

t he o f t he mu cqm vo ca t t o n , t he ll

l i ti s cl i
er n ra O p e ra e e re r u e
t he : ul ve n t u re rs , a n d i n a v r f

otby h i g which iBls k mo gi to th m oth q il oigistim thit s odl ght w l

a a n ear e e r o ne o or re n er re a
p
t he p ub lic ; a n d t he p a n ff ca n a m n e ua e . In s uc h a a e, if e re
'

n o t c le a r l be n o m f de t e rm i n

shiLo d K oc s sgh hd cid this lc s co st ctiooth is

n n ve n e er e a e e o
”
y
t he a c t (l la m o rg a n i n g t he e mi e l

G l dsto E st
a e re v . . e u p e, ru
re C a n Na v 1 M t he In a ll
yl 1 5 4 , 1 62 , p e r

L Bs Li oolB tt dth t lmostby lw ys h g itmh t s to

. . . . en u e e a e . er
r Il/(lo n G i ld a rt v
'
a ne , 1 1 a ,
. a e ,
w e re ru e o f n ru n
67 5 68 5 ; eed and C a n Co ra w e r] in w ay of an d

S o kto k R ilw ty M il w y llo t is sisdd whichm dmsik wto ight

,
ve r p . . ar u en

v . l l us t h r , 1 (Jr 4 2 4 ;
-
ar re v . . . a is a a a w ere a pp e n

t c &c (lo 2 Gr fa t he we

i d oh wk is lsoth Dodd g m t th o
n, a a . . . . on e e re su p

1 3 4 ; P ar e r (t re a \Ve s t e r n R a r — it

iP i stl y l M B Ad
a u e as a e re a e e
p
-

(Jo 7 2 53 ; M i rid g e C o v and u

so gi books
. a . . . ra er a n ar en a n a r e as n .

Ut ca S c h R N (lo (3 l a ig e , 5 5 4 In S e e, Doe
’
.
. . . . . a ,
v .
,
5 . . 68 9 .

‘
r e e v l e a d a, 2
i
St Gr 1 94 , i n t he
. . .
(n ) The re a n ven i n t he fo r

[ 18 ]
 CO N S TRUCT O IN AND IN ER RE A I N T P T T O OF CO T N R A CTS .

i f t e n a n t i n fe e pl e g ra n t s a n e s t a t e fo r l i fe i-
t i s im
s h e ld t o ,
”

b e fo r t he l i fe o f t h e g ra n t e e (0 ) W h e re t h e re i s a n i n d e n t u re .
,

t he w o r d s m a y b e t a k e n a s t h e w o rd s o f b o t h p a rt i e s Bu t i f .

i n fa c t o n e g i ve s a n d t he o t h e r r e c e i v e s t he s a m e r u l e a p p l i e s ,

a s i n ca se o f d e e d s o ll i c m m
p (1 )
9 A s i f t w o t e n a n t s n o o n .

g ra n t f t w e n t y s h i lli n g s t he gr a n t e e t a k e s fo rt y o r , ,

t w e n ty ch ; b u t if t h e y re s e rv e i n a l e a s e t w e n t y s h i l
l i n gs t h e y t a k e o n l y t he t w e n ty o r t e n e a ch (q ) A n d i n g e n
, ,
.

e ra l i f a d e e d m a y i n ure t o s e ve ra l d i ffe re n t p u rp o s e s h e t o
, ,

w h o m i t i s m a d e m a y e l e c t i n w h a t w a y t o t a k e i t (r ) T h u s .
,

if a n i n s tr u m e n t m a y b e e i t h e r a b i l l o r p r o m i s s o ry n o t e t he *
,

h o ld e r m a y e l e c t w h i c h t o c o n s i d e r i t (3 ) S o i f a c a rri e r gi ve s .

t w o n o t i c e s l i m i t i n g hi s re s po n s i b i l i t y h e i s b o u n d b y t h a t l e a s t ,

fa vo ra bl e t o h i m s e lf (t) S o a n o t i c e u n d e r w h i c h o n e cl a i m s a .

g e n e ra l li e n i s t o b e c o n s tru e d a g a i n s t t he cl a i ma n t T he s a m e .

ru l e w e t h i n k a p p l i e s t o t h e c a s e o f a n a cc e p ted g u a ra n t y
, ,

t h o u gh u p o n t h i s p o i n t t h e a u t h o ri t i e s a re S o m e w h a t c o n fl i c t :
i n g (u) .

the litoc tii od oft thss is thl tto dd dsds olloll i wosti ldl tio s g d d ty bo co d to dots
be t he an d

thist ctig o g d o d th lwo ld

ru e u

wo ds wo ds of g to
ap p a n ee re ar e as ven an
p ,

an d no t i n ee Of t he p ar t he

lwoo ds whilboth i tid s t sBlth y

e n ur e
n ,
a
p pu a n un
t he are t h e t he of
'

up n , ru e

to s ch s bj ct to li m i t
r r ra n r n a r ee an e co n
”
in t he
“
co n tr a p r of er en tem

Bd stio ctii og s ms how to tic o t s iwhily cth o s lysy bLolo dg to it Itth t

a ne , e n e n ur e e a re ru n u a
p
-

r o f p ar e . 2 C o m 3 80 ; . .
p ly u cas e s , u e a ll t he a
wn Be s tOn , P lo w d 1 3 4 T he is

good d g wi t h o t o d ti o It is wo ds of co t to t k
r n v . . . n
pr ” p er e n .

i be i n a E ldo n, “

t o dsth t wog dsto lod d ollit is most st o gly g i st co to

n n ee ,
e ve r , er a n ru e , a r a
f t he be

thth tt m st gq limfi dst by iobsd to tio

e ree u un a n . r a ven an are a en

r ue th e f t he t he ; but

two dsth t bothwo dsi s i d t s s

a r o a ee a re r n a a n ve n a n r
p
w Of t h e bu t no t be t he

twholtio co t t ti si st colml ctt d Bomo

r ra n r a n e, a u ua e e r va n
ue a t he Of a n t he d u e r e a rd be p a t he i n

to m k l q stiBoowi i g l c bl
r r n en ure a r e a a u
of t he
p art e in a n y su ch e n e a s n Of t h e p ar e fr

W i g ht B E l of
r en ,
as e e

a e t he r u e i n n ap p i a n e x o f t he wn

Wo ds of c ti o Sh wsbB toy GoFit ldg ldB E st

ue n e . e n ru en . r

S ee Ga wdy, a rg uendo , i n r v Bes ing 2 P ul 22 ;

s tiwoo ds i st my t whos g f d od
n n . v . r . . ar
,

t o n , P lo w d 1 3 6 r ex e
.

p n or . re ur v . u ,
2 . Al d . 4 8 7,
n i n an 4 94 ; 15 53 0 ,

c ti o s ti o i s m d Lo
r e erva

Litt
y n ru en a re re ar e ar n v . z era ,
a ,

as t he o f t h e p a rt in 54 6

fi ld s Bl ck tt bRoyH ll E Gh Assg
r e av r .

t h e e x ep (o0 ) C o 42 a

B o i g
n o r r e e rv a n a e . . . .

p ) S e e s up r a 11 (n )
’
case, 1 0 R e i l v
p 1 06

Do ll hG ockmo to cy id Hi l
e ran e ,
w
. . . .
,

P lo w d 1 7 1 xc q ) 1 wn n Bes t o n P lO d 14 0 ;

Co gSh id o ch h m LiDt lto id

a e
. v a . . . v .
,
.

CO 2 Cr J er 2 4 4 , 2 5 1 v CO T T ra 1 61 ; l

W
. . nn e . . r r n v .
,
. v .

l um bi an In s 2 S um n 3 66, 3 8 1 P al 1 71 C

th yty wo ld dicog st d g i st B Sh Jocksoch HH dsoyw d sJoh s

ra n e, a an v a n,
. . . .
p . .

m er v a rre n Ins C O 1 S t e 3 60
. A nd . . . . 2 89 ; T u ep . . 98 ; C o . . 1 97 a .

’
be s uch (1 ) e p T u 83 ;

B l D i g id
e u n rue a a n . . e ar c a se ,

Id ; C ar a n v A rn1 i t a e , 2 2 R ep 3 5 h ; a 3

J ckso H dso Joh s Ho s E di s B y B Block

p ar n v u n, n
g
-
. . . . . . .

C r 1 97 u l en v en n n , 5 84 2 ;

Pc lm Joh s S J cksot co ts Bhomll so MoodScott NRobR M

. . .

a n 0 . u n, 3 n . 3 87 ; u e (3 ) v . ur ,
6 . Cr 4 33 ; .

9 Geo 4 97 L aw 1 14 9; ill e r

il ss d t i d d tsti l tiol sso M B k St k

v . a er , . a n v . v . e . . v .
,

11 1 91 T 4 O
2 04

lso Som j dg s h b of io
re n e , n ep a ra e v e n an n,
. .
p ,
. I .

in th e p a r f t he (t ) 2 255 S ee

t ith ty to g m t
an n e n u re on o e r un n v . a er, ar . .

an d e e e , an d a n te , v o l 1 , p 7 1 9, n
n ee an
y pu a n on a ,
. . .

t he p ar Of e er p ar an a r ee en , () u e u e a ve ee n Op in n

[ 19]
22
*
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ ARP T II .

c a s es o f m ut u a l gi ft o r m u tu a l p ro m i s e w h e re n e i t h e r p a rt y
*
In ,

i s m o re t he g i v e r o r u n d e r t a k e r t h a n t he o t h e r t h i s r ul e w o u ld ,

h a v e n o a ppl i c a t i o n (v) No r d o e s i t s e e m t h a t h i s p er m i t t e d .

th t co t ct of g to ty co stco td ct cidi g q stioi sci l t tois so tfollsomow d l yi g

the
“

the p r be in de

f o P g tg to M h s whNichol itto do m thd t flibo l co st ctis o gio ghti g

a n ra u aran rs a n ra o ne o n n
p e e
s tr i c t is s i m i
j ur is ,
an d be n ru e in n ue n Of h r ; e a n

r of the T in wn

wo ds w I hym byt g to B g f o tyof oth ys gto whoit o ghtit to

av u a ran r . u ,
a a era n ru n u
so n v . a e ,
1 C1 . . 4 8, er e t he be a e in av r o f t h er )e r e n v n

be t he an d “ u

Bc idos s om whi c h gi wh ch l do t d by
r ere , ere a ree ah ua r a n ; er
s w e ra ble fo r t h e p a e n o f £ 5 0 fo r ia be i n t he p art m is

I wi l l o t of B ch M so
,
. av r
e no t pa
y fo r t h e g i n , & c , i w a s the th e

mo t o t of E ch h ld P i t ch d g l y c i d
c a se . . ve n , ru e a
p e
h e re e ve fr ay t h e Que e ri in
’
o u, an d C

th t this s idco ti i hgs gis ty i cii stl ofm t shois thld tt k c y mtoki g
“

y p ur s en a n v.

No w , t h e
”
a un , t h e C ur x e q ue r e r ar . e n e ra r e e ve

was t law the p a rt

t cctl gd sc i ttiy o wh ch it icos ott ct th tss t bo d b yoli dbi whity t it

a no a n nu n u aran r n e a a n
.
p p ,

A n d Ba yley, B , . a : T i a co n an y n ru en u a e a re s o ex
of i is ra of a t he n a ur e O f hi s o wn l

t ymct whit cofh his ty is d btt g i to o h hihs i dt thtiot shotyld c i s

ra u ar an a n a as
, p re ,

p e u i ar e r p n ; fo r n .
a co n a h e m ay no t be un e n a

e n e ri n fo r t h e w as he be , an d , o n t h e

bt hi lg i to it is cothit d ct which i s i st m t f i t h of it ts
ra a p ar n n en u n

o wn o r o n hi s o wn t er a t h e p ar w h o r e e ve t h e

so w th oods whi c h wo ld
pa en e ,
an ,

f ; bu t he en , a n d o n t h e

thit k ks ths cht it is s c dityty toof th tyt iwho h s h t d wi t h oth wi s

e a a n ra en n ru a p ar
fo r p er n ; a n d w e i hi s g he u n o t,

t i s mo o so whom
er n n a r , p er
‘
t he t he p ar e , a n d i s,

co gich id g it s ch wodistids ctly th dt st tyto wol bilidstyof si dst m t shoco stild t hti g th t
n a u a
p , av e p ar e er
re v er, n o t t h e p e r by t he
‘

a e u a e ur se e a n
'

in t he p a r t h e n ru e n t he

whIt ist t t sois bibldi tog himsctlf f om thi st om tI cow st oblid g d to fchooso If
u e u r as a r n u n
so v n m ay n un er an d ia a re u e a t all , u ave a
he i n hi s a v r ‘
“

ty who istyf thisht g wigoods f i t h tw co icti g i ci l s w ich

a ex e n n n e . n ru en n r ue ,
.

n o t un r e a e re f re , e be

l l t k g
a

h b l id dow th s s bj ct I
na e ex p e ,
r e re e
urn in o n t he e en t h e t w o nfl h

ty oims t wh chto sh ll l yi gl i g shoth t ldgi th M sod s os dP itchg d th th

p ar a n
pr n p e
of a he e t he i
“

ua r an a a u ar ave een n on u e
g ,
a ,

t er i an d 1 11 e r be i p e t o a ree wi

gth t ty li bil tyt is ttoto whic ch i d cts with P go t i io of lso M so NiP citchol
au in a a n u ra
p y
.

t e lli g ibly p n o ut t h e p a rt iv n t he a v en i n a n v r ar , an .

t he e x e n he t he Ba yley, B , in h

to s m f ct M l l H yd
ua r an

E st S i c
ex
pe p n n .

And
” ”
t he i be S ee

B l t Aldc s of M y othIs c h Md Bi g ot s
a a a rr e . so n v . a e . a ,
a n v . r
se e , t he a e ef e ,
e vi e v . a en , a rd , 12 a ,
2 2 7 ; H argr ea ve v n e, 6 .

3 5 93 On t he in 244 A n d s ee a nte, v o l 1 , p 5 0 8 ,

Wd d t h i g cit d N co s l P g t of bligLititto is co sid d co ditio

. . . er an ,
n . . . .

t he a er a e e er v . aa , 6 . an d n e .

60 5 , 4 J un 4 3 7 , t h e fo r t he (v ) C O 42 1 83 T he

s id
un e

g g of obl g i s co st d
a, a n n
-

. . . .

e fe n i e ho l s o n t he l an

othst c io It c ft i oly th t l of with o C obliJ go l gJ g

an av n e v . a e , an O a n n er e as

P a l /C6, B .
,
a : —
“
C an yo u fi n d an y ua e t he i e e , a n d so n ru e

er .i u t ho ri t y i n f i n fa v r o f t h e In t h e a n u a e

l i ci l commo
ru e

Bold Dy b y
av r o a co n r .

o f Ba ld w i n , an d F i tzher ber t in
’
t n 1 1 s a t v a rra n ee

thst ot glwoy dsg i st lw ys toty tsi kg thmostm co ditiofo bligblitigo tio isw ll
ru . er a n .

t he g e ne r a pr n p e o f the n la w , v M o li n e ux ,
. er , 1 4 ,
1 7 a, e ve r
be n o f an O a s a d e fe af

H is g ty sh of l tt obli g ti o w si gl ft obli g
a r a re a a a en n a n
'

t he t he O a s i f t he

ii d ttci gby ld i ti d tot giwith c diti wto of d i d t cos ditdio iss c ss ittis
r n a a n
p ar u n e . s a uce a n , as e

e re a ua ra n in th e ap e a e er a n e re n e , a n d a e r t he ee
wr t he e fe n t he v e m a e n e n ure o f e fe a an e , a n d a ll

tic l th t clsoss ofNowo blig tiog s whicyh is g bm tit ofof oblobligigo m d th t

en an ,

n u n t he p a n ff ve re a o n e , fo r t h e n n t he a e n an d
ua ran t t he ee , a n d a e fo r

oothly bichoosdi g s by of ti tos whm k it blyso it sh ollbliglwo ys t k most bo o d

pa r u ar per n .
,
a a re e en

o ne o f a a a n is t he en e f t he r ; an d fo r a

the p a r the be a e n fa v r

bio lydi go t i s lsowo ds his i st m t s ch o bligsttio to obligo ois ds bob o d

n n n o n o ne e en re a n a a a
er e h is o wn act a e a fo r t he r : a s if a m an be un
h im a T in an p ay t en p un e f re

i so tos it mct y i tid dtil t to itc ditil l g l st istst t h th t

n n o n . n ru en a n

n c n a n t he
f o n e o f t he r o u [
a fe a
] day, t he r no t un
e l , o f t he e fe n a n ; t he a o f t he n ex
pa rt e

cts o it by s d l lii g i g goodsj g isth t tim Ihis libob yd to ym tco Sod

na n an
, p ay
n o t affe t he p la n ff u n he t h e fe a , fo r h e a ll
"

and d e d a y p re e n a

t he
”
e f or e rt o f pa

co t s i d h i s ti o to o ds b o st of
a up n up p y n . a en .

A n d A /rlcr so n , B , i n e ve r n t h e ud t he l a w , if be n i

c bthil s s bj t whicoh cili i gci lly c iss ss StSt hom s th two sts of
. un
yo u o n
1 n c 11 t o f t h C ur , a T e re c o n s id
p a y t e n p un e f re t h e fea

hom s l t st f st i s th t b o
n
e d i lli c ul t a l l t he a , an d
y i n re n T fe a

f om ct th t q it which I bo d to soo
ra n a e . e re a re

o n u ec ; c pr n
pa ar e T. a , t he a e ea a e f re

r t he fa a t he y a re n o t u e at am un p ay, a n d n o t ner,

[ 20 ]
CH L .
] N
C O S T UCT O R IN AND INT ER P RETAT I O N or C ONTRA CT S .
*
23

t o affe c t t h e c o n s tru c t i o n w h en t h i rd p a rty w o u ld b e t h e re b y

a
”
i nj u re d . As i f t e n a nt i n ta i l m a k e a le a se “
fo r l i fe g e n e ra ll y,
this s h a ll be c o n s tr u e d lesso r to be a le ase fo r t h e l i fe o f t he ,

t h a t t he r e v e r s i o n e r m a y n o t s u ffe r (w ) An o t h e r re a s o n i s t h a t
a ,
.

’
a t e n a nt i n t a i l c a n n o t l e g all g ra n t l e a s e fo r a n o t h e r s l i fe
y ,

a n d t h e ru l e o f L o r d Co k e i s a p p l i e d ; n a m e l y t h a t a n i n t e n d ,

m e n t w h i ch s t a n d s w i t h t h e l a w s h a ll b e p re fe rre d t o o n e w hi ch
i s w ro n gfu l a n d a g a i n s t t h e la w (x ) T h i s ru l e , t h a t w o rd s .

s h a ll b e c o n s t r u e d co n tm p r of er en t e m w a s s a ys L o r d Ba co n , ,

d ra w n o ut o f t he d e p t h o f re a s o n ; (y ) b ut w e h a ve a l rea d y
i n t i m a t e d t h a t i t i s a m o n g t h o s e p ri n c i p l e s o f i n t e rp re t a ti o n
w h i ch h a v e t h e l e a s t i n fl u e n c e o r v a l ue .

No p re c i s e fo r m o f w o rd s i s n e c e s s ary e v e n i n a sp e ci a l ty (2 ) .

T h u s , w o rd s o f re c i t a l i n a d e e d w i ll c o n st i t ut e a n a gre e m e n t
*

b e t w e e n t he p arti e s o n w h i ch a n a c t i o n o f c o v e n a n t m a y b e
m a i n t a i n e d (a ) A n d t h e re c i t a l i n a d e e d o f a p re v i o u s a gre e
.

m e n t i s e q u i va l e n t t o a c o n fi r m a t i o n a n d re n e w a l o f t h e a gre e
m e n t (b) A n d w o r d s o f p ro vi s o a n d c o n d i t i o n w i ll b e c o n
.

s t ru e d i n t o w o rd s o f c o v e n a n t , w h e n s u ch i s t he a a re n t i n
pp
t en t i o n a n d m e a n i n g o f t h e p a rt i e s (0 ) A n d e v e n w o rd s o f .

re s e r v a t i o n a n d e x c e p t i o n i n a l e a se h a v e b e e n h e l d t o o p e r a t e

fo r th t most
lsoo t Shcts o ch L ght Pow
is my d t g l fo r S ee towo ld i t tio of of o ti ths s ofch
the t h e p ar u l aw

s cs st soc bl whi c h i s most

a a va n a e . n en n e ,

T 3 75 , 3 7 6 l be m o re full f rm sub
‘
u

o th g ds
a ,
e
p . . e on u an
C n ra But o ur l aw ,
’
3 96, 3 97 ; a e, 5 t he

Litt cto m ofs thbstm c oft wok s ds mos bst h c

,
au er an e .

R ep 2 2 a . . re a na e l aw u
p n e a r , re a r the

(w ) C 0 42 a e ffe an d r e t an

wo ds to i m l y fo m th o th
. . . u an e r

(as S e e a nt e, p 1 1 , n (o ) the f r an d a e t h e u

s ys S g t th oidth t i t t ch i hs shos l
. . . e ,
an e

(y Ba c M ax R” eg 3
’

of t he e re f, ra

B owsoi sg Bgsto d o
r r er
. . . .
p
(z ) In o ur l aw , a Ca tline, er ean , t h e n e n o f t h e p a rt e u d

E L E L
an a

a r uendo , i n A n d se e T en v C ee e , 3 1
”
n , P lo w d be v

thto mg k wogds m t lthoss dgh thw yitt S oot l ks L o

n n e
g r v . . . .

if a n y p er n a r e a ree up n a 3 97, p er Cr a n wor th, C

“
1 4 0, . . . . .

i n , an d (a ) ev e rn v C er , 2 e n 1 2 2
s l wo ds th y h Ho sto B Bi g S m
r a r e e x p re e or r en . . .

e th e a (b)Ba rf F resw ell , 3 Ke b 4 65

s obstos cd th mwitl l dit kg thto m to f ofct

a ree en ,
a u e are v . .

n o t a p t a n d u ua ye t i f S alt o urn v un , 1 4 33

l h Shm Moylo ch H f
r ,
e ave u . n a
p .

u in the e f e so n v Ea s t e r by, 9 Cr 5 05

slw ysm g dsct si t l wotio ds i s

ean e en n . . . .

p r p e , t he la w be (c ) C a p a e, 1 L ev 1 55, I

Nick so M i Wh
a e e v . .

t h e a e e ffe fo r t he l aw Ke b 8 4 2 ; T u 12 2 ; uf

l ly wo ds to th t whi c h li tog cog t g jmdicti l i c i tisolo d

a s u ua r . ep v . . .

t he n en n o f t he e re t h e
“
n, 27 a ne, 1 0 6
p a rt e ,

commo s m ti o t k to
a a re a r er .

a n d wi l a p p the an ua e o f an a ree c an b e r e

th i i t t s ch l ws y toth cot cst i it f t hs hc bs t

r a ,
en ve

in n is
n, m a
y be a e n ve n an , t he n l na

commcisd bl lw ys to i sist osho ld

n p re u p n a u a

be e r n en A nd u ; a n d e n e i t h as r e ul

hditldio ss ti l to bs coc s it tio ofth s it

a a re v er
. so n ru e
F o r if t he law be ed e rt a n

im t o m wo oldd gwod ds i t gtio

en a e u . a e a ure a ve e ve r een

a the t co n

is ct mitt othd to wois k tt ib dt sts toctiit

so up n a u a
p re e , as a n
p een e e en a n n

l ar f an d er o f in a ree In th e e o f a ny o f

ti s wh it ss d
r r r n . a en e e

en s , a n d n o t re t he no t the ru ve

oth ly wo dsi ofstiobst ofc woti lds to th P sch l P ssmo

u ar n en n p er e r e
”
of t he w as in e ffe t h e l aw e rw e a u e

P St
p ar e en ex p re e r .

b ut P e r Bell, J in l re , 15

o d fo m of wo s th wo ds
er r u an e, u ra er a a v . a

app t he nten n t he p a r e t he en n . .

r er an d r rd an t h e r
24
*
TH E LAw OF CO T N R A CTS .
[P AR T II .

gra n t f
gh t (d) S o a l i c e n s e m a y h a v e e ffe c t a s a ri

r
as a o a . .

gra n t o f a n i n c o rp o re a l h e e d i t a m e n t i f i t b e s e a l e d a n d d e ,

l i ve re d a n d a u t h o ri z e s t he p a rt y t o w h o m i t i s m a d e t o g o o n
,
.

t he l i c e n s o r s l a n d a n d m a k e s o m e u s e o f t he l a n d t o hi s o w n
’
,

ro fi t N o t s o i f i t b e on l a l i c e n s e t o do s o m e a rt i c u l ar a c t
p .
y p ,

a s t o h u nt i n a m a n s ark T e d i s ti n c t i o n b e tw e e n t h e s e i s
’
p h .

n o t a l w a s o b vi o u s ; a n d t he s a m e l i c e n s e m a O e ra t e a s a
y y p
gra n t a s t o s o m e t h i n g s a n d a s a m e re l i c e n s e a s t o o t h er ,

t h i n g s (6 ) .

E ve n a b o n d m a y b e m a d e w i th o ut t he w o r d s
* “
h e ld a n d
fi rm l y o bl i ge d a l t h o u gh t h e y a re t e ch n i c a l a n d u s u a l A n y
,
”
.

w r i t i n g u n d e r s e a l w h i c h a ck n o w l e dg e s a d e b t o r i n d i c a t e s t h a t ,

t h e m a k e r i n t e n d s t o b e b o u n d t o t h e p a ym e n t o f a d e fi n i t e s u m
o f m o ne o uld b e c o n s t ru e d a s a b o n d
y w , (f ) .

A q u e s t i o n t o w h i ch w e h a v e a l re a d y a l lu d e d w h e t h e r p a rt i e s
, ,
'

h a v e b y a c e rt a i n i n s tru m e n t m a d e a l e a s e o r o n l y a n a gre e ,

m e n t fo r a fu t ure l e a s e s o m e t i m e s p re s e n t s v ery c o n s i d e ra bl e ,

d i ffi c ul t y T h ere d o n o t s e e m t o b e a n y fi x e d a n d p re c i s e ru l e s
.
~

w h i ch w i ll a l w a ys s u ffi c e t o d e c i d e t h i s q u e s t i o n In d e e d each
a ,
.

c s e m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d u p o n i t s o w n m e ri t s ; a n d l i t t l e m o re
c an be said b w a o f r u l e , t h a n t h a t w h e r e v e r t he o b v i o u s a n d
y y
n a t ura l i n t e r re t a t i o n o f t h e w o r d s u s e d w o u ld i n d i c a t e t he i n
p

W
(d ) T h s
A Wickh
B com yHd wk M
in 7 ctil ow l l wf l whichic swittohogot itb yo db ha d

s s hoto sh t o lym ctiso s whik tochcomwithoi tot

u u

his h i s c t i l ds thc i h i s
,
a v . a e r, . a n a u ,
een

63 , an d to D an d fu ; l t he
'

. . . n ve e . un a as a en e e n
’
ex ep t ing a nd r es erv in

litoc h s t b m s l wfk l c ylic w sy

un e

sil g ss lib tythto comto h iwkto h t isoh

e r er a n an ,
ea ,
a an p ar ,
n

g to A .
,
B .
,
a nd C .
,
e r e r an d as h is u e , a re n a n ,
u

an d up n t he ha d But

dt kil l md to shigs o d toto c dowy it

ee n un a u a en e

fowl o th lyso t thics ll d

n ,
er e n en e , .

’
a nd and f an d in a an d
,
ere a ,
un , ,
un an
p ar ,
arr a a

H eld , was no t i n law t he o w n u se cu t

byty th i m ctiot d d d thd of o thlibt w ylic s s t to t ctstoofhihs ti g

a a r es eer e n
’
er ve / io n b ut a ne w in an d
pr p er
.
a e , g ra n t a ree a an r un ,
arr

(w ho e x e t he ) t he t he d ay af e r o w n u se ,

itlthoightgh i o ty his hd i ds c tti wg dow t to c y

u e ee a a n ex

an d e re f re t he a and

y of d ki l l d
un n

t
er e re n en ne ,
a a re en e as

m i n fa v fC an d n t he re e ; bu t a s t h e arr

l s o Do gl s Ad dow to mg tts toSo to lic wood s

n ure r o . e r ,
u n

he w a s t a par to t he i ng the e , an d re e c ut

El
a u no ee . a a ee r
S ee l )o c cl Lo ck, 2 t he y

L dbitt my chi m y to w m hi m by to
a , . u a v . . n, a re r an . en e a
7 0 5 , 74 3 m an eat my fi re t he

Woodw d S ly Il l ctiw omis g himti thg y i i glicmys swood it is

ea or
‘
. .
,

( ) Vo m l v 13 M Sb W in t he

ook bSttw s M sswhi h is co dil sd

0 . ea e r, . . ne ar ,
as

84 5 11 157 ; of fr a nd

coth ts q to tyc ss dilyst tooy d ctimo st

ar v . ee . a n ea n ,
n ,
,

C 11 533 T he ; bu t

ith ly g t lic dmis bly sto t d tbys

v . e a rn ,
a . . ar n ,
e a re en e

t i n e t io n lie e n s e t he se

tc s s by co s q woodt b t sodi ctly som

e ee n a c up e n e uen ne e ar a n

w a nd a w h ie h m y p r pe r be i n t he

Lo Sd hil VJ sticgh hom s

a ra n en e a e r e ea
, p e ra e

m e re l ie e n s e , is e n , a n d i n t he urn as i n

A its ct di s s ti o l i c s
as a a ra a e ea , e
C ef Wi n g/man in T an d no t and

s is h i t st s ys lt s t o s lys d st oyDodso lt K oy s ty
r u e a a e n e ue n re ,

330, 3 5 1 d i s pe n ef ef m ay

Co s
o r re ,
au . . as ,
a pe n a n or en e
”
at o n lie e n s e , be , “
an d a

o ty thi g o ly m k s c s Dy
o r a
p r pe r e r er p r pe r .

Yc lv 1 93
’
p as e t no n e re ,
no r a er o r ra n fe r (f ) n v . a e ,
. re

p r pe r in an
y n ,
b ut n a e an a e, e r, 20 a .
CH . L] N CO S TR UCT O IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF C O TR N A CTS .

t e n ti o n o f t he p ar t
y a c t u a ll y i n p o s s e s s i o n t o d i ve s t h i m s e lf
t h e re o f fo rt h w i t h i n fa v o r ,
o f t he o t h e r w ho i s t o c o m e i n t o
.

o s s e s s i o n u n d e r h i m fo r a d e fi n i t e t i m e t h e s e w o rd s w i ll c o n
p , ,

s t i t u te a n a c t u a l l e a s e fo r e a r s a l t h o u gh t h e w o rd s u s e d m a
y
y ,

b e m o re pro p e r t o a r e l e a s e o r c o ve n a n t o r t o a n a gre e m e n t fo r ,

a s u b s e q ue n t l e a s e But i f t he w h o l e i n s t ru m e n t fa i rl y c o n
.
,

s id e re d i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t i s o n l h r o s e a n d a re e m e n t o f

u
, y t e u
p p g
t h e p a rt i e s h e re a ft e r t o m a k e s u c h a l e a s e t h e n i t m s t b e c o n ,

s t ru e d a s o n l s u ch a g re e m e n t a l t h o ugh s o m e Of t he l a n g u a g e
y , ,

m i gh t i n d i c a t e a p re s e n t l e a s e ( g) .

All l e g a l i n s t ru m e n t s s h o u ld b e g ra m m a t i c a ll y Wri tt e n a n d
*
,

s h o u ld b e c o n s t ru e d a cc o r d i n g t o t h e r u l e s o f g ra m m a r But .

t h i s i s n o t a n a b s o l u t e ru l e o f l a w O n t he c o n t ra ry i t i s s o fa r .
,

i m m a t e ri a l i n w h a t pa r t o f a n i n s tru m e n t a n y cl a u s e i s w ri tt e n
-

t h a t i t w i ll b e r e a d a s o f a n y p l a c e an d w ith a n y co n t ex t a n d ,

if n e c e s s a ry t ra n s p o s e d i n o rd e r t o g i ve e ffe c t t o t h e c e rt a i n
'

, ,

m e a n i n g a n d pu rp o s e o f t h e p a rt i e s (ll ) S ti ll t h i s w i ll b e d o n e .

o nl w h e n t h e i r c e r t a i n a n d e v i d e n t i n t e n t r e q u i re s i t I nac c u
y .

ra c o r c o n fu s i o n i n t h e a rra n g e m e n t o f t h e a rt s a n d cl a u s e s
y p
Of a n i n s tr um e n t i s t h e re fo re a l w a ys d a n ge ro u s b e c a u s e t h e i n ,

t e n t m a y i n t h i s w a y b e m a d e s o u n c e rt a i n a s n o t t o a d m i t o f
a re m e d
y yb c o n s t ru c t i o n
()
1 G e n e ra ll
y a ll re l a t i ve w o rd s a re
.

(9)
“
It l i d
m ay be
C e
dow a l s ici n t
Gilbert,
to
swhyst Lo dwo dshi f B s o ci t to thl i t o m so io slyth y lic bli t od c d c lls
fo r a o s ch co t ct
ru e , whf
t
uff en pr ve u
ho w
a n ra ,
in a

i t t ti s th t sh l i t t of ti s mod l s
a r ar n a r e ve r e a re n r u e ,
or
u ffi e , t h e law in

doth st comh ms il to it sosschss od t mi t go s L wos sds K cco d glyls o

a e v er r ar e en ex p a n e v e r v ar u a p a
p a

t he n en o f t he p ar e , a t he o n e al t he n e n t he p ar e , a n d e an d

i ve f o f t he p an d the the Ba c
”
i r in

tifo m s ch lico dss whco th t th y g m t f ll lydisissc ssio ofc sths s s bj ct L s s

e e i n, v e rn r a . .

er e n fo r u a e er na e A br T i t . ea e , ( )
. S ee a ,
fo r a .

m e, wr in t h e i a n d an

of th ms l s s ci t will Pt ch ylo s L dl o d
u ,
e er e ru n u u n u e
of a v e n an o f t he a e , P l at t o n

coy sts ctio ofct l y mo t tomostl s o c s of St ttto P tt t E L l Et

r en e , ,
or a re e en ,
an a ea e ,

uffi
’
a re e e ve en ,
an d in 3,. 4 , se c 3 ; T a
. r . an r
la w fo r a n d T en an , t 3 7, et seq ; an d t h e

i t wo ds b m d of
n ru n a un a ea e a e .

effe if t h e e i , 30

thmostt oos co t y i f D k No h m
e ar as ua as
p r p er a e ra n v . . . .

an d p e rt n en h a d ee n 4 79

b l d E i gto h s
e u se

th tic fo m of
r a .

fo r p ur p e ; an d o n t h e J (h)P er Buller , in u e of rt u

wo sds t whl s by toy d ssc ib m d ss l s y smo sth ofi gF b y ylym k t

a n ra r ,

th e p r p e r a n d au e n R r e r an v rr n . n, 5 T 52 6 T u , . . .

an d if a m an i n t he

y bl sts St i c h l
e ru a r

o whol d d th s
r ,
e re e r e pa a n a e

e a e fo r a e us e o f, e a e fo r

s tochyi t t l ti th tot th y o l lys to Atio ch g l LS dy M ch Ad i g ci

e ar , are a ea r , r e e rv n a e ar ren
p re en
y e t if u p n the e ee e r e a pp e a r p a a e a t t he fe a Of M ae t he .

n en , b ut [ ep t an d t h e

mwod ds th l wbwil lk tth o dogh iol i ct tot t m sts shm lyl m k t s stsositio g
a re n n un
no u a e n
p re r an e , a

a ra an d r e a v e a f ut ure ea e n o f o ur a , [
ar ur n t he
p r
‘
be a e , t he a t h e l aw al

of oth th i s co t ct s y osss bssii og A g l cith tit o tSt Mich l id yA chly

ra er v en e er ,
a e r an p n

the hr u the n en t he fe a a t t h e fe a of t
'

r an re a ,
na e ,

t he p a rt e : fo r a l e a e fo r e a r n an d t he

o comts s l ds t oth i comsid d soi g J mt m Wi lsLit b

e n n n un a ae r.

no er an a n ra fo r t h e p e n an e , a t he ren m ay b e p a e ar

an d p r fi o f t he o n the o ne t he er Co 2 17 S ee

ot d s ithLo d
e, ur n

oth wo ds m d of
an . . . .

an d a r e p en e o f r e n o r er n e al , 1
ar an o n l , 4 3 7 , e t se q .

(1) N e rea er, C

”
o n th e er, if the r a e us e ar e
“
a r o k e,
“
al

[ 23 ]
 26
"
THE LAW OF CO T N RA CTS .
[ ARP T 11 .

re a d a s re e ri n fr g t o t he c e d e n t (j ) But t h i s r u l e o f
n e a re s t a n t e .

ra m m a r is no t a rul e o f l a w w h e re t h e w h o l e i n s t ru m e n t
g O
, ,

sh o w s p l a i n ly t h a t a r e fe r e n ce w a s i n t e n d e d t o a n e a r l i e r a n t e

c e d e n t (76) . 1

S o a s a g e n e ra l p ro p o s i t i o n w he re cl a u s e s a r e re p u g n a n t a n d
*
, , ,

i n c o m p a t i bl e t h e e a rl i e r p r e v a i l s i n d e e d s a n d o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t s
,

i n t er vi vo s i f t he i n c o n s i s t e n c y b e n o t s o gre a t a s t o a v o i d t h e
,

i n s tru m e n t fo r u n c ert a i n t y (l ) Bu t i n t he c o n s tr u c ti o n o f w i ll s ,

tho gh ma la gra mma ti a no n vi t ia t i n str u I thl thd mt kcco d ltggtoth I l mofst d c u e al

’

to co st i g d d wh ch is th t
u r e an , a en a o e e r,

menta , ye t i n exp o s it lo n e i n str umento rn m wi r in t h e ru e l aw a s

i ch sDic gs P ols A i stwo ds h cl m

e a
-

q
ma la gra mma tzca , uo d fi eri p o ss zt, vita nda
‘
'

i
'

if

thos th t foll o w i co si s t t
n ru n a ee , ,
a

es t
”
Fn ’
a e, 6 R e
p 39 yo u fi n d t h e f r

J k BC i t g ChBoldisti E st Dy with th m Sitom j ct l ttWhit o

. .r a ve a
. e ar e an

(j ) Co m Tit ar .
, ( i n g , b ut
. e
. a a re n n en.

v M o li n e ux , C pe v
”
1 80 ; t h e a er

I bit ts St M y s B Ald cock E i B YoHd dm Jo sH dmM

eu en . . e r, e ,
re e
. . .

14 b ; ar n v r e, 5 a ,
3 98 ; R e x
. C Ope , 1 5 1 18 S ee e v H an . . .

’
nh a of l 2 C 83 0

G s c s Dy bo W If thi g g t d g
v . an ar , ,
. ar an v ar . an , . . . .

32 7 C ro l z 886 ; ne , 1 3

D s St g St i l d l y th fo low st i c ti wo ds
. n e v . .
,
. .

e r, 4 6 h ; C a r n el
’

(k ) ui er 534 be r an e

Hol kik s M W Gd mys s wh ch go btoi dg st oy g gt to tththt ywhich

a e, an n e n er
y . .

v . a vi e , 1 ra n e , 3 94 ; an a n v a ,
an d e re l re r ve r ,
.

p n , 9 1 7 8 , 1 92 ; i t h e ran ,

tod miB s is t m of t lil l f B Hobst g t d MooSt k y NotB tl

ra
. v . e r e are r e .

C ar , 1 1 V e rm 5 83 W here A e i e j ect ed a s e n r ep u n an
. . a . is
fo r t he e r hi s n a ur a i e , t h e fi r S ee u ele

wh A d m s d to tB m of how wh wo ds th t fo lo
. ran e v u e r, . .

ri ma
f a die, fo r t h e fe o f ; 1 68 , 1 72 , 1 73 , re , 8 8 0

o ly l to y g t
e e , p
so , . .

But i e his exec uto rs e re t h e l ware

lt byi A lq s t co joym t i d t co to c s t c s of o m t of
er e e . e v er, r . a
a nd a dmi n i s tr a to rs , fo r t h e er his na t n ex p an a r , an d a re n o t r ep u n an

ur a l fe , an d t h e e a e t h e gra n ; a s i n a e a fe ff

mist s byl li ofhis itc to s thd t i g oth m t il of t k g odoly s l i s

n a ne a ve en
n an fo r t h e ui e e n . en o f t h e t w o a r e , ha ben dum t h e o n e i n fe e , a n d t h e
B , ex e u r , &c , ur n er i n a , t h e ha bend um

wo d f hisd to d g si tog cl s m tost stW i d giftAmJ ckso I l Wd

ex p a n
p re e . n .

t h e n a ur a fe A , w a s held a t he t he ann e r
. a in , an d e n o t re
“
in t he emi n ra n t he re a n , 3

tho gh m l st
au e u

co di t i o of bo d y t
r a n v . .

b e re e rr e A , t h e ra n r, a n d n o t 99 ; 2 3 J ur 2 7 7 , 2 7 8 h ere

d t g Dodd B Ad of mo y i s h t bo d sh ll oid
. en . . . .

B, hi s n a e w a s t h e a ant ece t he fo r t h e p a m en

i st b i l oti c to mo y is id it i s th t
. u n n a n

Doe v 5 68 9 In t a th e be v

dtobf d t d tst dt d th t ofc tio co Wditiigoht is oid Sg cy WMill ss

en .
,
. ne ,
. n a . .

a , the n th e i f the he ld
sc ir e
j a cla s a a n e ne no t
pa , a t he

e en a n w a s o n t h e 3 d day Cc fo r r ep u n a n

t bl sd y W i g ht Mod W l s
a e n n v .

er , 1 8 4 2 , an d a the exe u 1 F reem 2 4 7 C no m e l

to b d to th tsd y ofwo d mo tht S l Mod V o

a e n v r ,
. . . . .

w a s r e urna e o n t he 3 d T ue a o f O c 2 2 85 e l v T r eg us a n ,

Sid G ly G ly
v r ,
. . .

e r n ext H eld , the

“
nex
”
2 a k 4 63 , 1 1 1 91 ; ern n v A l

toN ttl moto th Bil thi gst it H wks Stockto J J

a . r . . .

r e fe rr e t h e 3 d T ue t he s o p , 1 L e v 77, 1 05 ; ul ul

M sh H it
a n
'

, v ,
. . .

an d no t the an d w a s s uf 1 20 n v T urn e r, 7

Hid sgood H tchi s sth idt sbych o dittoio h bgood dj dgth dt

n ,
a a ,
. . .

fi e ic n t e .e n v l n , 1 3 New ar 1 92
. In 3 9 6, 1 0 a , p l 1 5 , is . . . .

am p 4 4 6 S ee O n , 6 t tleto n

B omkl ys oh s idom ki sB d l d to t ctio id boo d yth t

. v . u a a ve
. e en a u e
3 74 ;
. l ’
re s e o t v C ro J a e 64 6 ; a . u a c n n w as .
,
an d a
.

G ui ldba n k , 67 8 ; n o n t he a t he

l is goods id th t mco ds l c
uc e v . unn v a p ea an a . n , .

Th a , 2 J n 1 90 ; T p n v Co r efen a n h a d n o t p a
. th e m n e , w a s a .

T he r u e ad A n d P r is o t a ffir e t h e as e ,
w in , 9 (l o w 2 5 5 p ro xi ba r

Dy b m tt wh s g t th t
. . .
,

mum (m l/ cmlml s fi a t r ela t lo , s i s en lc nt la no n a n d a h e w as o f i n t he

Sh o cht o h M wick Wh d cisio how c ot coy sid d ot

a un e
'

i mp nd iut l o ld v M o lin e u x ,
. e r, 1 4 .a er e n he w a s e r e an But a . .

(l ) e p T u 8 8 ; C t er v n o w be a s l aw

Bidggs s ttl mt t w th s tim t it sis gm dt by s ctimo ki dos s d

. e rr ,
e . n ann n ere . .

Il a ml w 94 ; C a r e r v Kun g s t c a d , O e n ,
. e re , . e ve r, t h e p a e e o f a n e, a t
‘ '
Doe v 2 l a un 109 In t h e t h e w as t he a er , a n d

wo dI l d st Vili cg hw c l llmoo y th to th o omis to c toi com l o t

, . e ne . .

)o dy o f a d e e o f e e en e re e e as a
p a r o f t he a e ran a n, n r e
la fu “
no t

g i i g j dgm t c s s i d It wh co i t omi s o s to
n ne ere n a p r e
r e r e r , p e p ay
of T he e C an e r, i n men e re f, b ut r e e ve t h e am un

b i g th i m ossi b l to fi m i g it it th t m st
re a n .
-

i n t he a e , a fo r t h e p r

to wo s st li g l w l o y of t k t of i st t
u en en n ve n e n ay
v n r p
af x a w a s held t h e i n d o rs e m e n t
” ’

e n en p e e an n ,
a u
‘
t he r d ,
er n a fu m n e be a en as p ar t h e n rum en , an d

[ 24 ]
OH . I .
] CO NS TRUCT IN
O AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CT S .

i t ha s bee n sai d t ha
l a t t e r cl a u s e p re va i l s o n t he g ro u n d
t t he
'

t h a t i t i s p re s u m e d t o b e a s u b s e q u en t t h o ug h t o r p u rp o s e o f
t he t e s t a t o r a n d t h e re fo re t o e x p re s s hi s l a s t w i ll (772 )
,
.

‘ ”
A n i n a cc u ra t e d e s c ri p t i o n a n d e v e n a w ro n g n a m e o f a p e r ,

s o n w i ll n o t n e c e s s ar i l
, y d e fe a t a n i n s t r um e n t B ut it i s sa id .

t h a t a n e rro r l i k e t h i s c a n n o t b e c o rre c t e d b y c o n s t r u c t i o n n u .

l e s s t h e re i s e n o u gh b e s id e i n t he i n s t ru m e n t t o i d e n t ify t he
’

p e rs o n a n d t hu s t o s u ,
l
pp y t h e m e a n s o f m a k i n g t h e c o rr e c t i o n '

Th a t i s t a k i n g t he w h o l e i n s tr u m e n t t o g e t h e r t h e re m u s t b e a
, , ,

re a s o n a bl e c e rt a i n t a s t o t he e rs o n It i s a l s o s a id t h a t o n l
y p y .
,

t h o s e c a s e s fa ll w i t h i n t h e ru l e i n w h i c h t he d e s c ri pt i o n s o fa r
'

a s i t i s fa l s e a p p l i e s t o n o p e rs o n a n d s o fa r a s i t i s t ru e a p p l i e s ,

o nl t o o ne B u t e v e n i f t he n a m e o r d e s c ri p t i o n w h e re e rro
y .
,

n e o u s a pp l e rs o n w e t h i n k t h e l a w w o u ld
y t o a w ro n
, g p p er ,

m i t c o rre c t i o n o f t he e rro r b y c o n s tru c t i o n w h e re t he i n s t ru ,

m e nt a s a w ho le sh o w ,
e d c e rt a i n l
y t h a t i t w a s a n e rro r a n d
, ,

a l so s h o w ed w ith e q ua l c e rt a i n t y h o w t h e e rro r m i gh t a n d .

s h o u ld b e c o rre c t e d
()
n .

T h e la w a s w e h a v e a lre a dy h a d o cc a s i o n t o s a y i n r e fe re n c e
'

t o v a ri o u s t o p i c s fre q u e n t l y s u pp l i e s b y i t s i m pl i c a t i o n s t he
-

w a n t o f e x p r e s s a gre e m e n t s b e t w e e n t he p a rt ie s But i t n e ve r
’

o v e rc o m e s b i t s i m l i c a t i o n s t he e x re s s r o vi s i o n s o f
y p p p p ar

t i e s (0 ) If t h es e a re i l le g a l t h e la w a v o i d s t he m
. If t h e y a re , .

l e g a l i t yi e ld s t o t h e m a n d d o e s n o t p u t i n t h e i r s t e a d w h a t i t
, ,

w o u ld h a v e p ut b y i rrrp li c a t i o n i f t he p a rt i e s h a d b e e n s i l e n t
' '

T he g e n e ra l gro u n d o f a l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t t h e p a rt i e s ,

t o t h e c o n t ra c t w o u ld h a v e e x pre s s e d t h a t w h i ch t h e l a w i m
l i e s ha d t h e t h o u gh t O f i t o r h a d t h e n o t su o se d it w a s
p y
, y pp ,

un n e ce s s a r t o s e a k o f it b e c a u s e t he la w ro v i d e d f o r it
y p p .

thctito th yo B cod ld m shit i g

t h e p a ee ai n a n l ey, 2 MyIf I dK is my l J d m J Wi ls
‘
14 9 ; 1 l

Mwh t A g ts l dtob l id dowft w thdst ftJ w ds by S sshmll wih l l I dothiis g it to

a n eve r u an . . ar . on ,

a n e re n . a rn a r v . Cu n ,
4 411 . ev e an to . S .
,
an d

23 0 It has t he

s m d d g ts s m l d ch s it myl st wi l th tJJ D sho tld

e e . . een a n, a a er ar a e ev e

B an d a D w J be

towhol l d g J t k C st t m d t k s
e re . ran an .
,
er ar . .
,
no . . a a ve n n ,

i n t he h e ra n t h e i t w as l

w to
a e ee a e an au e a a . . u
”
C , t he ee fir t he P e r A n derso n , C i n C ar er

com sitstis cy b tw to dts its i g this doct i P mo Y dl y

. ran na e a e a ve .
g
.

e an If t h e i n
. eu . en . 2 56 . v .Ku n g s t e a d , O e n , 8 4 But s e e , as .

o f an i n s t r u e , P lo w d

wholoid ly c Fli mi gi s sibl it wil l

n en e e en
p ar r ne , ar a ur v ar . .

s u ch a s m e an n 5 4 1 , n (d ) C o L i t t 1 12 b, n 2 3 Am

B oom s shL gll lcoMsidimsthis

en ren er
'
'
. . . . . .

u n e rt a n an d n e n be J ur 2 77, 2 78

Sh o ch Li t t
e, . .

’
Doe v n , 5 T rw 1 0 1 3 (n ) S e e r 2 d ed

P Bimoggs Y dlt y o st ti jc t mo l y h
v e e a ax
.
y . . .
, .

(m ) e p T u 88 ; Co 112 b ;
. . . .
p 4 90 , et s eq
. We a n .er s ub

e , P lo w d 54 1 ; D o e re fu l e re a fte r

Litt Good l s c s
ur v

Co st t Sh tt B t
ara ar . . e .

v 2 T a un 1 0 9 ; C n an n e v (o ) E xp ress n m fa c i’t ces sa re ta c lt um C 0

-
. . . . ._
,

a n i n e 6 Ves 1 00 a l a e 5 Re
n
; err a v en . . 2 10 a ;
.
p 97 . .

3
28
“
TH E L AW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ A R P T II .

But w he re t he p a rt i e s d o t he m s e lv e s m a k e
'

e xp r ess
p ro vi s i o n ,

t he re a s o n o f t he i m p li c ati o n fa i l s . If t he p a r t i e s e x p re s s l y

p ro v i de d no t an
y t h i ng d i ffe re n t b u t t he ,
ve r
y s a m e t h i n g w h i ch
t h e l a w w o u ld h a ve p i m pli e d n o w t h is
ro v i s i o n m a
y b e re,

g a rd e d a s m a d e t w i c e ; b y th e p a rt i e s a n d b y t he l a w A n d a s
'

'

o n e o f t h e s e i s s u r l us a e t h a t m a d e b t h a rt i e s i s d e e m e d
p g y e
p ,

t o b e s o ; a n d h e nc e i s d e ri v e d a n o t h e r r u l e o f c o n s t ru c t i o n ,

n am el t h a t t h e e x re s s i o n o f t h o s e t h i n s w h i ch t h e l a w i m
y , p g
l i e s w or k s n o t h i n
p g .

*
If h o w e ve r t he re b e m a n y t h i n g s o f t he s a m e cl a s s o r k i n d
, , ,

t h e e x p re s s i o n o f o n e o r m o re o f t h e m i m p l i e s t h e e x cl u s i o n o f
a ll n o t e x re s s e d ; a n d t h i s e v e n if t h e law w o u ld h a v e i m l i e d
p p
a ll i f n o n e h a d b e e n e n u m e ra t e d
, (g) I t fo ll o w s t h e re fo re t h a t .
, ,

i m p l i e d c o ve n a n t s a re c o n t ro ll e d a n d r e s t r a i n e d w i t h i n t h e
l i m i t s o f e x pre s s c o ve n a n t s T h u s i n a l e a s e t he w o rd .
, ,
“
d e m i s e ra i s e s b y l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n a c o v e n a n t b o t h o f t i t l e
i n t he l e s so r a n d o f q ui e t e njo ym e n t b y t h e l e s s e e But if w i t h
‘

t h e w o rd “
d e m i se t h e re i s a n e x pre s s c o v e n a n t fo r q u i e t e n
”

j y
o m e n t t h e re i s t h e n n o i m
, p l i e d c o v e n a n t fo r t i t l e
()
r S o a .

m o rt g a g e b y l a w p a s s e s a ll t he fix t u re s o f s h o p s fo un d ri e s a n d , ,

t h e l i k e o n t h e l a n d m o rt ga ge d ; b u t i f t h e i n s t ru m e n t e n u me r
,
.

a t e s a p a rt w i t h o u t w o rd s d i sti n ct l r e fe rr i n g t o t h e r e s i d u e o r
, y ,

r e q u i ri n g a c o n s t ru c t i o n w h i ch s h a ll e m b ra c e t h e re s i d u e n o fi x ,

t u re s p a s s b u t t h o s e e n u m e ra t e d (3 ) S o w h e r e i n a ch a rt e r .

p a rt
y t h e shi
pp er c o ve n a n te d t o
p ya fre i gh t fo r g o o d s
“
d e l iv e re d

a n d t he s h i a s w re c k e d a t B a n d t he d e fe n d a n t t h e re
”
at A w
, p ,

a cc e p t e d h i s g o o d s h e w a s s t i l l h e ld n o t b o u n d t o p a f r e i g ht
, y
p r o r a l a i t i n e r i s ; ()t a l t h o u gh h e w o u l d u n d e r a c o m m o n ch ar ,

t e r p a rt y o r b i l l o f l a d i n g b e b o u n d t o p a y fre i gh t fo r a n y p a rt
-

o f t he t ra n s i t e r fo rm e d i f a t t h e e n d o f t h a t rt h e a cc e t e d
p p a , p
t he g o o d s (u) .

h fo i f ki g m
yc i t s W dstmii gst t g y blt
(p ) T k t he lease his is cco d c with
(q ) T in a m ax
t he

LiB tt Ad lsoKi g I Hoh bitot ts

e re re , n a e a r an e

fo r e a t hi s i m , exp res s io un lus es t exc l us i o a lter i us C0

sido to oth o gl d t sh ll
ear re n er n a re n a a
, p . .

at e r, a n d t h e re 2 10 a S ee a H a re n, 5

of S dglNoky s cids
re e e n ra n v r
p .
, . .

t he de 7 1 5 ; T he

witho t ss wo ds i m li s th t M i l
ve r n an e r, ra n e e a . . n v . n a an

m an t he re n t up n t he fo r t he l a w , 2 65

l ss ki g ski gc si t m st t F Bimg N t iLid c St h so

an , e e ,
. .

4 R ep 80 b ; e rr l
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u e x p re r p e a the (r ) e a e, .
,
v .

’
e e i n t he t he re n e , 4 T a un 329

Ho to B Ad
n c ase u p a n v ep e n n,
e
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y ra . .

a t t he re e p ; a n d e a i r c ss lo c o r um 4 C 67 8 ; 5 1 83

clsos Litt Litt c s ook J i gs

n
y n . . . . .

q utc tue ltc zn s un t n ila t Op era / w Bo ro ughe s s St 71 5

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l l are v n, 5

L k BLydg N BC Mitch l
. r . . . .

a e, 4 R e
p 72 h ; C o . 201 b S ee . . . C R v en n n , 7
T
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el
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.

11 . rt hez, 2 i n . . . 555 .
 on . I .
] CO N S TRUCT O IN AND I N ERPRE A I N
T T T O OF C O T N RA CT S .
*
29

I n s t ru m e n t s ft e n us e d w h i ch a re i n p a rt p ri n t e d a n d i n
a re o

ar t w ri t t e n ; t h a t i s t h a re ri n t e d w i t h bl a n k s w h i c h a re
p e
y p , ,

a ft e r w a rd s fill e d u p ; a n d t he q u e s t i o n m a o cc ur t o w h i ch a
y ,

re fe r e n c e s h o u ld b e g i v e n T h e g e n e ra l a n s w e r i s t o t he wr i t
p .
,

t e n p a rt W h a t i s p r i n t e d i s i n t e n d e d t o a pp l y t o la rg e c l a s s e s
'

o f c o n t ra c t s a nd no t to a n o n e e xcl u s i v e l h e bl a n k s a re

u y
, y ; t
l e ft p rp o s e l y t h a t t he s p e c i a l s t a t e m e n t s o r p ro vi s i o n s s h o uld
b e i n s e rt e d w h i ch b e l o n g t o t h i s c o n t r a c t a n d n o t t o o t h e r s a n d
*
, ,

t h u s d i s c ri m i n a t e t h i s fro m o t h e rs A n d i t i s r e a s o n a bl e t o .

Su p p o s e th a t t he a t te n t i o n o f t he p a rti e s w a s m o re cl o s e l y g i ve n
t o t h o s e p h ra s e s w h i c h t h e y t h e m s e l ve s s e l e c t e d a n d w h i ch e x ,

re s s t he e s e c i a l a rt i c u l a r s o f t h e i r o w n c o n tr a c t t h an to
p p p ,

t h o s e n ro re g e n e ra l e x pre s s i o ns w h i ch b e l o n g t o a ll c o n tr a c t s o f
t h i s cl a s s (v) .

SE CTION IV .

EN TIRET Y OF CO T N RA CTS .

T he q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a c o n tra c t i s en ti re o r s e p ara bl e i s o ft e n
o f gre a t i m o rt a n c e A c o n tr a c t m a c o n s i s t o f fna n a rt s ;
p n
y y y p
-

‘
and these m a b e c o n s i d e re d a s a rt s o f o n e w h o l e o r a s so
y p ,

m a n y d i s t i n ct c o n t ra c t s e n te re d i n t o a t o n e t i m e a n d e x pre s s e d , ,

i n t he s a m e i n s t ru m e n t b ut n o t t h e re b y m a d e o n e c o n t r a c t , .

N o p re c i s e r u l e c a n be g i ve n b y w h i ch t h i s q u e s t i o n i n a g i ve n
c a s e m a y b e s e t t l e d L i k e m o s t o t h e r q u e s t i o n s o f c o n s t ru e
.

t i o n i t d e p e n d s u p o n t he i n t e n t i o n o f t he p a r t i e s a n d t h i s m u s t
, ,

be d i s c o ve r e d i n e a c h c a s e by c o n s i d e ri n g t he l a n g u a g e e m
l o e d a n d t h e s u bj e c t m a t t e r o f t h e c o n tr a c t
p y
-
.

If t h e p a rt t o b e p e rfo rm e d by o n e p a rty c o n s i s t s o f s e v era l

d i s t i nc t a n d s e p a r a t e i t e m s a n d t he p ri c e t o b e p a i d by t he ,

o t h er is a
p p o rt i o n e d t o e a ch i t e m t o b e p e rfo r m e d o r i s l e ft t o ,

b e i m p l i e d b y l a w s u ch a c o n t ra c t w i ll g e n e r a ll y b e h e ld t o b e
,

e s a m e ru l e h o ld s w he re
s e ve ra bl e
( ) d ri c e t o b e
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1 0 A n. t h t h e
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.
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8:
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136 ; 3

ch dl stomt s m so s othc ls
a er v . . a ar n e a e n n v . n n, . .

C p an ,
14 . . 7 94 p e r Oa kley, 1 62 . In a a e t he p f h a d p ur
a n

C . in e s er v . a an ,
3 S an df . as e fr t he a e p e r n t w o p ar e
318 . Of rea e a e, t he o n e fo r £ 7 00 , t he er

{ 27 1
 30 TH E LAw OF CO T N RA C TS .
[ A RP T II .

p a i d i s cl e a rl y a n d d i s t i n c tl y a p p o rt i o n e d t o d i ffe re n t p a rt s o f
w h a t i s t o b e p e r fo r m e d , a l t h o u gh t he l a t t e r i s i n i t s n a t ure

bo
fo r £ 3 00 ,
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too fo r

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an d he w as in

dc s ct th titlo db oi ght d ctio of Middllic s s d ctioof lots ofcowoodty

ne a en e n, ev e en an as an au n ee r , e n
p
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r a par e e v en a n
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of a e fe
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sold w co tyofMi d dl s
au

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p ur h a e , an d Two t he

bto ckgi s m ti m si g st w co ty of S olk

e re up n r u an a n e ex .

fo r h a d a n d r e e ve i n the e e x , an d

c l of l d whi c h d d t co t d d th t cl i
ne re ve r er e un
t he £ 3 00 , a t t h e e r e fu n t he e re i n t h e uff

b id co t l i ti ti th t t of it
a a e re un .

p t he p ar e fo r T he e fe n an t he m

th t d li titil gd to j dgm co t ofLo d cls limi g o tyic s whichhiswco ityl

ve u an n en e a a

£ 70 0 h a d e en p a A n d t he . ur held o f t he p a n ff w as e n re ; a
p ar
he w as e n w as a fo r Se r v e

co t g m dit ifs c lty co sidb d co sidth t tio co t toct b it g l ti st il l g l

a e re v er r . a ere e
A lva nley, i n e ver n t h e u en t he g al , i n e n p r p er o ut of un ;
ur , s a i d z — “
My fi u ha s an d a the re , a n d the

co tmis ts how ch of botht ctio co ld m i t C d

e en , n ra e n en
h o w far t he a re e e n to b e n ere n era n, as p ar at ea ,
e a ,

fo r t h e p u r as e t he n o t be a n a in e S ed

coco sid mtioch i d by l i ti f d s cl i m ti

as o ne n rac a n u .

set s o f e , an d far t h e p a r y a llo ca tur , fo r , p er S ha w, J

t ofwhi c h co t ct s l of ch l o t
p re no n .

as h e h as p a The p f ee n o t

tit oftl b ilg di hits i othtim comi ct c s t tioct is s l i oti s clch i s l

ca n re v er s o u a n a o n a n en re

w ay o f n e ra n fo r t h e p a r n ra . The a e ea i s a di s
e h as fa e , an d re a n t he a m fo r a
’
the t on T h e p a n ff

occl tt siqo dstidoo wbts imyolmidd this c s sthl w is com lsst omiss chto s l himIf
er n ra .

par the ar a n T fo r a . e
p en a n ar e up n ea e vera

in ; fo r if t h e an d

itwo ldq stioq wstio how co tof q ity fiti ds l it wo ldcomh s tiso t d dif
a ne u n a e, p e e on u a e .

a er ue n e re nv ve in a e er e e re an e x p r e
pr e
p ay
be a ue n fo r a su m , as a n fo r t h e

tofwhi c h ti t l f i l d fo
e u

m d q sti o W ti o i s
u ur . a xe p en a
If t he ue fa r t he p ar t i c u e n re a e ,

ss ti l i g di t b g i i s m d ti co si d ti o
n er e u ave
p re e n e a
l a r p ar t he e has a e fe re n t ue h ere a n en r e p r m e

gw oss sst j dstic woco ldt of s toif thtyt oidt ofth t coti sidco t tioct is ill ghl it is
r e n .

an e en a n re en o f t h e ar a n , t he a e o n o n e e n re n era n, and

in u e n ue m ay

wo ld t i of which ti t l i d c of omi s of ti
r e e u a p ar
p ar a n era n e a ,
e re u ffe re in a law t h e en re But er e

good c o o ti o bl t whol s ic It i s o d y
ur sa a av n ra no
y .

he re a n all t he e w as su m

of cht swhichmo y t i s mistghtPos c ccs ofs o ctioch s ticommissiocomwhil cth

u ev en e a
pr e o ne en re

,
a n d re o v e r a
pr p r na e p ar fo r t he e erv e . t he r inar
’
t h e p ur fo r t he re

hb tb k sold sl mss timoth ot ght s l swdo d hich q stio

a e ne -
. a e a n au n e er n,

s ibl
y t h e p ar h e re a n no t a ru e up n ea en re an d
p e e

the er p ar h a d We no t ho w t he

to l d o o i o to i t s m t m l y s osi g l i ti f
a ve e en ,
un e a e . see ue n
a en a t t h e e ; an d be w w a s p ut in t he

tst t c s co ccoctdidgwitoth it io s co c tmof Sostoth Rd dit gs whilli cgh it llotsw lyl i g

e en a e u c an an e re ,

no t b e v a ue i n p r p rt n ex a rg u en ,
na e ,
upp n t he p a n f
e n , b ut a t h e va r u c ir u ha d a f er the t w o

q i ty i q i i to ci c m hi m to s ll wo ld h b ti
e
r n
pp e n n

But ur in was fu fo r

s t c s b g i c ot mi d m t i l do to his commi s si o wo ld
an e n ne e . a u ea n ,
a

m a y n u re n al l t h e he t

c i how hi s cl i m
e u r u e ,
u no a ve een e n

t a n e , a n d m a y as e r a n h o w fa r o n e tl e d n ? If h e we
'

gcoo d s tio cco stdi g to wl std t thioigd dls by showis mg th t whicdidh som
u ,

p a r o f t he ar a n f r e a a er a no t p er e ve a c an be
f or t h e r e , a n d m a y a a r a he

t s ctiq o stio thiis ss c s ithow co sid tio s of oh biolicy t d by

r un av e n a e
,

m pe n a t he re a e o u t he d a y, w as
“

n a r n a e n e a e no t

o f t he In ma lw n i n pr i l aw ,
bu t a n a ct

so dto w thb t g lthoi d gh both i cs smof cocl imt q o i io th t l i tiff s

ra n a n . a e, se , e

e ve r, n o s uc h ue n a r e ; fo r a
p on n er a n
p u bli c p T he .

’
me a re o f t he p a n

ticom sis i g sttwoco isistid ct co tb ctsg i th t i s titl d to co

pe ar a a u p e e ur p n n a

fo r a t t h e fo r a ua n t um mer ui t m a y b e a ppo r

hi s s i c s s l two l o ts
g r un e re a r a ne a e a

e, we mu e r t he t io n e d , a n d he

th t o h t sold to P ki s MH o t PyWh t Bi g
n a r a n as a en e re ve r
”
n t n o f d n n ra ; an d fo r e r v e i n t h e a e o f t he .

t he o n e p a r w a s fo r £ 3 0 0 , a n d A n d se e ne, 3 285 ;

s m oi s t m t t t Bth t With s R y olds B Ad

a av r v n . .

t he t e r fo r A n d se e t he 11 2 3 7, 2 5 1 ;

Sick ls d Mc
er n v ar , ea
. .

n t M a fi e ld v V Va d s lc y, 3 2 8 82 ;

h s l s ibsj i ctt i cod t t cot it simssts K Fighti s D id lo B bl to Woods S ook

a e p er v e n
y ,
. .
, . . .

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’
C 3 57
. T he t a e e n i n t he e x ,
. a , .
e v . 257 ; .

w e re t he u e c o f t he p, 4 3 0, 4 7 ; n

ss g m t is d F st R obi so S yd P
n ra c n n v un . ar .

o f d t n a n d n e e n den r e , 19 3 13 ; C a r e n v

o si o siio tod s bl cois tw ctll whSt o ty is ch slicd bl tolotsc s s

e
e ve ra
p , v . .
,
.

rn d n o e x re
p a re e en m a e as to 8 e 2 90 . n n v n e r, 2 5 enn . .

t he c n d e r a t be p a id , t he 2 03 F o r t he law a p p a e

iGl l s t M bty c s h t Robi soctio ctio s t biddi gs

n n ra . . a e

m a y be c n d e re as e v e ra e, e . e re p r pe r p ur a e in at

u t ra e d t he a e of n n v au n at e a ra e n se e a n te, vo l
.
p ,
.

re e n , 3 e e 159 T a w as a n a
. . n 1, p 4 17 . .

[ 28 ]
 OH . I .
] CO N S TRUCT O IN AN D IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF C O T N RA CT S .
*
31

sin gl e a n d e n t i re .
() 56 But t he m e re fa ct t h a t *
t he su bj e c t o f t he
c o n t ra c t is so ld b y w e i gh t or m e a s u re , a nd t he va u e l is a sce r

t a i n e d by t he p ri c e a ffi x e d t o e a ch p o u n d , o r ya rd , o r b u s h e l , o f
'

t he q u a nt i ty c o n t ra c t e d fo r, w i ll n o t b e s u ffi c i e n t t o re n d e r t he
c o n tra c t s e v e ra bl e (31 ) A n d i f . t he c o n s id e ra t i o n to b e p a i d i s
*
s i n l e a n d e n t i re t he c o n t ra c t m u s t b e h e ld t o b e e n t i re , a l
g ,

h s i f u sh ,
b lt o a t
an d
s
i p be t
sof cih lt coco tt ctct th t giit is otoftio s t ms co s qch bc sh l whicoch co t c cti td
(x ) T i dui d the
t bup n g i a h ere a
fo r e a
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f
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fo r, i n
a n

ig css ofsh l wo kid ccom lyd g tot wh im moos d b shd lstyof o w l it tid fqto l ty
pe a n ra , par er u e o rn n ra e
t a n ra a ve n p r n o f t he n e ue n e o f t h e re e p o f o ne
al be p a r in t he or t he ua i

k l is l id m i twhd wh lightshil kis th t cosidt ct o i i o

pr e a p ro re u e a rr a n e

t he e n t he up n t he f

t
re r ,
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p ar
, p e no u p a n re

a t t he a in t he ue ? A nd w e f

l chchd i thst lm ist s s th t o co wht ct ofb cog i it b sh ls

ee a ; p ar en p an ; re are o n n
p
an d t he t he t t he w as ire Th e

c go
re a n er en p a n ra a n en o ne .

a un , w as t fo r r

k l i s l i d oth t schoo Shylock q ti ty mo

e e re ar e a e
p ara e n ra ar a n no o u e
fo r an d e re f r e b ut w as fo r t he f t he

shicom lwt dch ictisto lml st iismtom di t lyid di l ss t ic dsgo coow to co sist m s
ea n a en ; en rn , ar o

t he ee a ,
o r an y er p ar o f t he n er ,
be t h e uan re

p fo r hi be p a kn o f two

tyto co i st m t k to sc t i mo t to id
an n a en or e ; a ar n n

is ie ffe r e n k of an d t he

th t t s b com s by s l g i g
p e e , an a n e a e n rn ; ea n
fo r t h e o n e p ar ve r t h e al t a en t he a be p a

y t o ty oth ty t b sh l two ki ds
re n en ,
a er a n un
'

an d o f t he hi p e t he w e re i n t h e m o d e , by

Woods R s ll B Ald t k whol h i s g o d

a p ar e u ua a r ee n on

p a m e n t he p r p e r o f t he t he fo r t he and

lL soidl l k B liS so c MAd WE l th t th id c co ot t ctsd m i t i

er p ar . ra e per u e n ,

v . us e ,
5 . . 94 2 S ee. a e t he e . T e re no r un ,

C 4 44 8 ; t he e v to

i gh m Mo ll Joh s ti ct ki ds of co i t do s
a ar e v
,
.
pen e, . . on en e a s re p r e ,
a n a n

2 602 ; w e re t w o fo r t he di s

A d wsl k D B kt K M t th tco sist d of b sh lst th t wch So

a er v . ur n n, . . a e re n ra

C u nn n a v . rr e ,
10 n . 2 03 ; n n rn ; fo r e no t a pp e a r
ur an 1 35 bu t the

l di ti t cthisgoc s co ch s d ofbo d mth tst co t l id ti to s ocot hit s d osid tthio t

n re v .
,
e rn . . a u e a e re re

(y ) C ar v . a e r, 5 e e . 4 52 . T he t ain e d n e a p ar o f ea .

ff i n t he d e th e p a ff,

schooc tslyi g shBostol g y il owg to b gb i gs i s ch this s c l sb shw l s t

p a n a e
p ur a e a n upp r
“
p n,
fen an a ar of rn on ar a u n en ,
as he h as n en e ,
a

in t he in ep ara e

c ts whi t co q li ty di s ti ct ic th s
n er n , a re e n
n a e e re
p ay ar a n

of a
7 6; e n p e r bu e fo r t h e e l co m , fo r e a u gi ve n

fq dlityt w qt g tiittytoof coof c i ts ct tiothisi to t ts mi t of d it

ar a n e v era e
a n d 7 3 ; en fo r t h e e rn t he de ua ,
a n d fo r a n
pr e . Bu t i
a rran i n be e rt a n

k to w ds tim d th t th ch ws it tio of s ititsmii gdhtfi l it dlyto mi glti lic

e n an so n u e, a co n
a ep a r a n n p ar
ua T h e u an
. r n w as n o t ra o f n a ur e , c an n ever be a m
n wn a t t h e e o f t he p u r a e , b ut t e d ; fo r t he u

twl i ti f id d f db sht ls tio cttio ightAsofw l ctimiog t who y d soldsti ct

ea p a
af er in gi v d is
‘

ar a
p p e a re a e re e re be n u n e n e ,
n a

an d Th e fo r i

dof c co to mo t c i d o ghd bych st y d by i oc d l d byi c ofcloototh

ee n u e . n r a n e ve r n

p a n f pa t he in l h m an
'

e e n an n e a a
p r .

a v a n e , a n d a ft e r h a v i n f t ea t he

by c c co t dths tbj chct ofo ddisyti dct

un

imoc to g o d ths td to cmi i d foot

or a e e
g re e v e e n u e o p , p
t he rn a u n , a t t h e a re e the ar or a p e e o f an the f or
g ,

re fu e t he

shichs ctio c bgoo ghttow cot d cot cctio ch D sis bj ctM w lls
un ar
pr e , r e e ve an
y a re , n en a ea p , ,

re , o n t h e r un a t h e re a n er ,
o r a re , w a s th e u e a n

w as n o t u a s the was an d t he of a

M t wh l i ti g d wi t h
n t ra u e

di c b tw o s id s s
ar a r ra n e ,
ea e pa
t o be T S o in
”
n w as 12

of obj ct d th t co t ct d fti d l tt d d t toiowod k s mom ths

. a r u re ve r ra e a t n . av v . ax e ,

t he ffe re n e e e e n t h e af re a um e e . 2 8 6, e re t h e p a n ff a ree
an d T h e e en t he efe n t h e fa r of t he

thi t i t d withos tt oofctio th cot ld l i tw l co dollt ct s moti th it tho t

an r on
an t e e a t he n ra w as e n re , a er fo r t he p e r of ev en n ,
at

w a s held
”
an d the p re e n a n o t be a

i o cc dt dto t this objcoctio wh ch modoll thssw to tw ild doll s s

a n u e ve a r p er n ,

ma n a n e , u pr a the p a n th e n ra w a s en re ; t h a t e i g h t y f ur
'
-

t ff ffe re re urn t he i he be p a at t h e e n d o f e v e n

ttioi d s t Jc ss idsol s its l q i tos l i chg mo thd d tht s t s icl i wititho t

rn ar e re
h a d a ep e ; a n d e n w a s s us n an d n o t e ve ar at t he e n d
,

H ubba r d, T h e ue o f ea ; an d t he ff , on

good b fo s mo ths
a n
p

thc sgo w h th two b gdii sti ct co whol

a ne . a n a
’
n in t h e e f n t he e fe n e u

ti t l d to co
e rv

t cts
an
p re e n a e re ve eav n
i W a s t ere o n e ar a n fo r t he re t he e ve n n ex

y l ow wh co t g d dt
e c au se e

p ire d, w as
ar or e re e re n n ra no t en e re v er an
y
,

fo r t h e e l an d i te rn or w as hi n Of th e e fen an
 33
*
TH E L AW OF CO T N R A CT S .
[ A R
P T II .

t h o u gh t he bj e c t o f t h e c o n t ra c t m a y c o nsi s t
su o f s e v e ra l di s
t i n ct a nd w h o ll y i n d e p e n d e n t i t e m s (z ) .

SECT ION V .

A PP O T O M R I N EN T OF CO T N R A C TS .

A c o n tr a c t i s s a i d to b e a p p o r ti o n a bl e w h e n t h e a m o u n t o f
c o n s i d e ra t i o n t o b e ai d b t h e o ne a rt d e e n d s u o n t he e x
p y p y p p
t e n t o f p e rfo r m a n c e b y t h e o t h e r T h e q u e s t i o n o f a p p o rt i o n .

m e n t m u s t b e c a re fu ll y d i s t i n g u i s hed fro m t h a t o f e n t i re t y c o n ,

s i d e re d i n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n T h e l at te r m us t a l w a ys b e d e t e r .

m i n e d b e fo r e t h e fo rm e r c a n p ro p e rl y a ri s e F o r t h e qu e st i o n .

o f a
pp o rt i o n m e n t a l w a ys a dd re s s e s i t s e lf t o a c o n t ra ct w h i ch
h a s a l re a d y b e e n a s c e rt a i n e d t o b e s i n gl e a n d e n t i re .

W h e n pa rt i e s e n t e r i nt o a c o n t ra c t b y w h i c h t h e a m o u n t t o
b e p e r fo rm e d b y t he o n e a n d t h e c o n s i d e ra t i o n t o b e p a i d b y ,

t he o t h e r a re m a d e c e r t a i n a n d fix e d s u ch a c o n t r a c t c a n n ot
*
, ,

b e a pp o rt i o n e d
.
T h u s i f A a n d B a gre e t o g e t h e r t ha t A s h a ll
.
,

(z ) Mi B dl
bic st ci s cow d t o ds of ctiboth y Pi c k o 22 4 57 In
sci
yet t h e co
d t
d ct to s t ci t c s
ic id fo r uffi m ay

co d b ck o c d
n er v . ra e ,
. . n ra ,
en au e,

i t he e fen d an
put up at a u be r e p a r , an d t he p r e p a

hich l i ti f f bid to s id tosid c thitios cto ot lo ly

f a e n a n e as

an d 4 00 p h a y, an d m a be e n f r e as

which cowid ttimw ds d mth d d

er a n un re v e re a ,
y
f w t he o ff fo r $ 1 7 , t he r e But

c s ch s ct tht ticlis s hist s cobj t t ctis

'
o p a n ue . ann
p r per
he p a a t t he He be be t he ru e ; be

which s d itf s dhibsy ctiod d

e en re a an ex e n
.
p
c e i ve d t h e a n d af e r a r ih e ffe

w llJoh sol i d Joh so B w lP st t d

e au e ere a e
,
an e p a ra e n ra

t he h a y , w a s re u e t he e fe n fo r T

b o ght to dco d b cko bj ct d l th t

ea e p a ra e a r e . u ec

a n t , w ho h a d u e T was an d the la w

lco ti d dj dg th st t dl thi tit c bids

a n e ex a ne e a e
.
p ,

the f the in 3 1 62

coco tld ct co i b ck th t ic l idi ti

r u re ve r a v a ue o n n v. n n, . . .

b ay T he e fe n a n t e t he T he

offoth cowltho gh ic t k bil of

. e a e a r ne u e en a e a a e,

w as e n t re t he p a n ff an d H a d t he p a n ff
“

o i o it wi t ho t sci di g
a n n ue
n ra ;
t t he p r t he a t o ne
p r e , a n d t he h a y at

hol o t ct th t thi s co ld s l i cibothl s itofwo ld h bo comc s withi

u no re ve r a e
pa ,
or

rt f t he he h a d a e n o n e l

do o bwij cthoio t t s sti gi d bycow co t

an n o u re n n an er , a u
y p ,

w and t be fo r

s ch y cl th t ctco t ct it s msti to
e c n ra ,
a u no a e ,
u a ve e n
t he A nd t he t he But

s i d h c s s
ne u re u rn n .
pr n
p e a ve a e .

t h is was t he w as t t h e fa A nd

whs l liclg sl o t ts s l socoth t i g thco tldit i c o bc d s t c thsci t dit

e t n u a ne ur . u no . ee

fl/ o rto u , J .
,
a T e re m a y be a e ,
u s ve r ear a t he n ra w as en re
le f
'

f w as

chch ss d hold somc i i g oth s ticl s twitho t th lt ciit gco ld ti s

e re a e a c n ra c o a e ve r n a n apa o e ve ra n e, a

e ve ra a rt e m a y be e ve re d , a t he u no t be e n f r e in par a n d re n

m ay f t he ed i n p ar ; an d t be re

o b k i i d th m f h s bj ct of
e o a u no
p ur a er ar e

a nd, t re e m ay s c in de d t he in

m ti c l s b o ght ti ty D W S
no v n er u p a n
p ar e
p ur a e , ,

S ee
”
t he fo r s tu t u ur t t he

so m imch lthos gh tht y ic g d BiWhiggts B ow Jo E s LN CE

re c ve r ac
pr c e p a e q ua er o n u e

‘
. .

t re a n u b e r o f ar e a re u at en re ,
J o nes v un n 3 .
,
. . 1 09 ;
t he t a n d a e pa ra e p r e a \Vis k i n g , 2 5 257 ;

cl d d i s m t of co y c D l Cowl s id
, a e e, re e v . . . .

up n fo r ea ,
a u e a re a ll ih e v . r n, 2 ne
( . .
) 4 03 ;
u e in o ne n t ru en n ve an e, u a v . e ,
. 4 54 .
OH I . .
] N S TRUCT O
CO IN A ND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF C O T N RA CTS .
*
34

e nter i n t o t he c e o f B a n d c o n t i n ue fo r o n e ye a r a n d t h at
s e rvi , ,

B s h a ll p a y hi m t h e re fo r t he s u m o f o n e h u n d re d d o ll a rs ; a n d
A e n t e rs t he s e r vi c e a cc o rd i n gl y a n d c o n t i n u e s h a lf o f t h e ,

e ar a n d t h e n l e a v e s h e w i ll n o t b e e n t i t le d t o r e c o ve r a n
y y
-

, ,

t h i n g o n the c o ntr a c t (a ) T h i s i s a n o ld a n d d e e p ro o t e d p ri n
.
-

c i pl e o f t h e c o m m o n l a w a n d t h o ugh i t s o m e t i m e s ha s t he a p
,

e a r a n c e o f h a rs h n e s s i t w o u ld b e d i ffi c u lt t o c o n t e n d a g a i n s t
p ,

i t u p o n p ri n c i p l e W e h a v e fre q ue n t l y ha d o cc a s i o n t o s t a t e
.

t h a t c o u rt s o f j u s t i c e c a n o n l y c a rry i n t o e ffe c t s u ch co n t r a c t s
a s p a rt i e s h a v e m a d e T h e y c a n n o t m a k e c o n t ra c t s fo r t h e m
.
,

o r a l t e r o r v a ry t h o s e m a d e b y t h e m A n d i t w o u ld s e e m d i tfi .

c u l t fo r a c o u rt w i t h o ut t ra ve ll i n g o u t o f i t s t ru e s p h e re t o s a y
, k
,

t h a t b e c a u s e B ha s a gre e d t o p a y o n e h u n d re d d o ll a r s fo r o n e
e a r s s e rv c e h a s t h ere fo re a g re e d t o a t t h at rate o r
’
y i e h , p a
y ,
i

a n y p a rt i c u l a r s um fo r a s h o rt e r p e r i o d
, In o t h e r w o rd s i t .
,

c a n n o t re a s o n a bl y b e p re s u m e d t h a t t he p a rt i e s i nt e n d e d t h a t
t he a m o u n t o f co n s id e ra t i o n t o b e
p aid b
y B s h o u ld d e e n d
p
u p o n t he a m o u n t o f s e r vi c e r e n d e re d b y A w h e n b o t h o f t h e s e ,

w e re d e fi n i t e l y fix e d b y t he p a rt i e s T h e o n l y a gre e m e n t e n .

t e r e d i n t o by B w a s t o p a y A t h e s u m o f o n e h u n d re d d o ll a rs ,

w h e n t he l a t t e r s h o u ld h a ve s e rv e d hi m o n e y e a r T h e re fo re .
,

u n t i l t h e full ye a r s s e rvi c e h a s b e e n r e n d e re d t h e c us us f ee de r i s
’
,

d o e s n o t a ri s e .

It i s t o b e b o rn e i n m i nd , h o w e v e r t h a t t h i s i s o n l y a r u l e o f
.
,

c o n st ru c ti o n fo u n d e d u po n t he i n t e n t i o n o f t he p a rt i e s a n d
, ,

n o t a ru l e o f l a w w h i ch c o n t r o l s i n t e n t i o n T h e re fo re i f t he .
,

a rt i e s w i s h t o m a k e a c o n t r a c t w h i ch s h a ll b e a o rt i o n a bl e ,
p pp
t h e re i s n o t h i n g t o h i n d e r t h e i r d o i n g s o p ro vi d e d t h e y m a k e ,

t h e i r i n t e n t i o n s u ffi c i e n t l y m a n i fe s t Thu s , i f A a n d B m a k e
'

a c o n t ra c t b v i rt ue o f w h i ch A i s t o e n t e r i n t t h rvi c e o f
y
,
p e s e

B a t t he ra t e o f t e n d o ll a rs p e r m o n t h a n d c o n t i n u e s o l o n g
, ,

a s i t s h a ll b e a g re e a bl e t o b o t h p a rt i e s s u ch c o n t ra c t i s cl e a rl
'
y ,

a o rt i o n a bl e ; fo r n e i t h e r t h e e x t e n t o f s e rvi c e n o r t he a m o u n t
pp
o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s fi x e d b y t h e c o n t ra c t b ut o n l y a c erta i n re
*
,
'

l a t i o n a n d p r o p o rti o n b e t w e e n t h e m A n d c o n t ra c t s h a v e b e e n .

h e ld a pp o rt i o n a bl e i n w h i ch t he s e rvi c e t o b e p e rfo r m e d w a s '

n .
(a ) Ex p a rt e
(a ) W e ave
.
Smy h
h l dy co sid d t i
t
a rea
,
1 oi t
S w an s t
n
. 3 3 7 , an d
ere hs
p
s ec
n

. 1 .
in o ur fir st ol m B ch
v u e, . 3, . 9,
35
“
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ A
P R T II .

s
p e c i fi e d a n d fix e d , bu t t he c o n s i d e ra t i o n t o b e p a i d w a s l e ft t o
be i m p l i e d b y la w . Bu t t h i s c a n n o t b e l a i d d o w n a s a g e n e ra l
ru e l (b) .

W e ; h a ve t h a t w h e n p a rt i e s m a k e a c o n t ra c t w h i c h i s
se e n ~

*
n o t a p p o rt i o n a bl e , n o p a rt o f t he c o n s i d era t i o n c a n b e r e c o ve re d

in c t i o n o n a c o n tra c t u n ti l t he w h o l e o f t h a t fo r w hi c h
an a ,

t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s t o b e p a i d i s p e rfo rm e d Bu t i t m u s t
“

. .

n o t b e i n fe rre d fro m t h i s t h a t a p a rt y w h o h a s p e r fo r m e d a p a rt

o f h i s s i d e o f a c o n t r a c t a n d h a s fa i l e d t o p e r fo r m t h e re s i d u e , ,

i s i n a ll c a s e s w i t h o u t r e m e d y F o r t h o u gh h e c a n h a v e n o .

thi
(6)
s obc sRts H l o ck B Ad
shi b lo gi g to 3 4 04 c sslofy sim ciosil tg mss ch co gditiom t i n t he

f g dd stt ht i g com i to o cf to i ofly good so s l g d

er v . av e ,
. . , as e
pe a er a re e en ex

In t he d e ); an d

l i ti m l o y d s ch doct i wh
a e a p e n n
p re p n u a n n

rt in d am m ay b e in

d took to i to i ic to i d i s s ci fi c
av n e n a er a n rea n a e e
en an p
t h e p a n ff w a s e p an d r n e , fo r en the

B osfo b tw wo k com l t d di s t Sico clt i j Bowl s it i s cl h t

a e a e, e av r u a

p ut h e r n tho r o ugh r e p a r be p a s um , as i n

ti s l i ti f y h i g ht to
e a
un er . .
pr pe
the w as e ar t a t he

swod kto ocdy ddo til wh chidthis

pu

tio tth tt whd ch ti ti to th msh l t ist

r e e a e n a r e
e re p ,
v .
,

ar e e een t h e p ar e ,
an d t he p a n f ur an d ur c an a ve n o r a pp o r

r e fu e un he w as fo r i t he

ctio th t b o ghtctio did d f d ti sh l g m id t i istst dlmof ts coo t d y to

ee pa n a
pr p ar es e e ve

t he r al re a n e , an d fo r i h av e re a e a s e n re , an d say t a

w as T he e en an oh a l be p a in n a

o ic d isd bys cifi dg thims dit ic ltywhdo s

u

mhis chco ct l i ti lo g th comt l t d

a n r . en ,
n ra r

ec t e d , the a n o t li e , t h e a re e en , n e a i n a r un s um
j n n as
‘

t he p ff h a d n o t as p r vi e t h e a re e en ; but ,

c bls wo k os which it b il is ms tio is thh t s t ti s i t idghtd

u as a n p e e e re
n t ra , an d as n as a w as t h e no pr e pe e , ff u e

th e al rea dy d o n e w as u n a v a n o t ar e , a n d p e r a p t he rue a n d r

q d c s of Si cl i ym t to k c wi t h cc
a e, r
-

fo r t h e p urp e fo r ha d p re u p n t h e p ar e

Bowl sd t Bk s ci icwhich Amo y ofm d b tthis which ym t i s to

a e een ,
a n en e

re ui re A n d t he t he p a t h e a r ual

of co s o ly
. a e n a r v . en ee p p a e

e , 9 C r 92 , i n h av t h e e n e fi fo r be

to h i i g m ki d it ct gi t ticl who tio blco sidt tio itis iists lfsyofto

. .
, pa en

i n g un e r a e n fo r a p e f s um o f ne a e But
.
,
-

u r e , c an n be
re p a r a n d p e rfe en the

m d ittitl d ftoct itco whth tt cs s cifi dwhich thoco ghsid tioic is sob
a e a v en a r e, n e ra n e a n ap

an d av n r e p a re in p ar , b ut n o t p r n a e n a ur e , fo r ea p ut a
w as held he w a s a e in u n o pr e has

do s citid d I h oi t do btLoth dt dito isiblth t t tht shot it wod ld id bs d

a
a e p er e , , een

no t en e re ve r fo r a he had pe e , ye t t h e n era n of ia
w as in p Bu t b e a ur

l i ti thi s c s ti t l d to fog s to dm wi d l k whss it wo ldi t

ne, e as n . r v e a n a u re , a u

Te nt c r den u ul be p a fo r be

co Si cl i Bowl s
a ave no a sa y a o n e p ar

t he p a ff i n a e w a s en re t h e r e

t ct h is othi g c bs ccod to t qwhi Ah to f c to blly

n e a n e r ; as e re a p a n e r
’
In t he co n A s i en e , be

s t c s
re ve r n .a r v e . a ree ra u
w a s to do a sp ec ific wo rk f o r a sp ec ifi p a y a r a a e s um

mo i s ti g tom k co t d ctm to ddotil l whol bth cisih dd it bis ob tio s th t w l

ra a ur r e u re

s um T e re
. n n i n t h e p re e n a e on a un en alf t he a e n had
t he ee n fi n he h a s
‘

comthl tt d o ld l octi d f thtitl wid ttoh c fi ct d l ss lik howss sho clds s

a un n a n ra e e ; v u a

re p a r an d a e no e an t h e y a re e n re e v e no e n e fi , a n d ne ve r il
T he p ai n ff w as e n t he be

i s till id wh t th whit chi st coc ofsidRobtio tsis Hits lockt

e r e e ve a n y, u n e ene u
p e e .

h e w u T he re a re ,

dy Smi t h l d
sa a p r ee no ur er p er e e e ve r , a e ,
y .

t h e re p a r he w as pa a w a s al a fo r n

ot to h i g Powst t ld thiSmis tch ss L d o ti o bl th t

an e er v a ve ,
.

d ue Mr i n h i s e a rn e in t he in

h ti bb itg it dwo ld ic j st to
re a .
,
. n era n n a u re
’
C ut t c r 2 e , an d e r e , i f n o e n i re s um

q ot d lF omg thg s woLodsd it

n e v . e ,
ea . a pp r na

C as 12 , an d o n a s t he p r e Of t h e

s m th t i t ti o of co t
. av n a e a e, a ve e en a re e

t he f Te n terden , en e f , u n o t be u n u

tho ght t t g loo dshid hs tj gm t m to s c thwitth comsid titioo sho ld

u e an ua e o r e n re

s a ys z—
“
r e e r m a y he p re u e a t he n e n n t he n ra e

ud
’
h a his w as t he re un e ra

cd co di io c dis t toto ym t co bl b y cti o

u r p en
p ro r a n u

c e e de d o n t he t t he p e rf ke ep p a e t he n , a n d be

so Wi t h s
r un a or n e ra

a n e o f the w ho le wo rk be
'

t c o n s id e to t i es q uo t zcs

c ti g h R y ol d s BW d Ad SiWck dls
no re ve ra a n on a

t he p a qua n t um mcr ui t
”
S e e al ,

id wo k to do
e re a p n t n re e en en . er v .

o f a ny p a rt o f the p r ice , e x w e n t he 2 8 82 ;

both s ifi d l ss of co s H ycock P St
e n e n
p ,
. . e v .

s u m t o be p a a n d t he r be ne I ’
a t t is o n , 14 en . 2 57 . A nd a e v.

a re pe c e
(un e ,
ur e , in a ,
25 e nn . . 3 82 .

[ 32 ]
 CO N STRUCT O IN AND I N ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CTS .

re m e d
y o n t he c o n tra c t as g i n a ll y m a d e t h e c i rc u m s t a n c e s
o ri ,

m ay be ch t h a t t he la w
su w i ll ra i s e a n e w c o n tr a c t a n d g i ve ,

hi m a re m e d
y o n a q ua n tum m e r ui t .

T hus , i f o ne
p y ia rt
s
p re v e n t e d fro m fu ll
y p e rfo r m i n g hi s

c o n t ra c t b y t h e fa ul t o f t h e o t h e r p a rty, i t i s cl e a r t h a t t he p a rt y
t h u s i n fa u l t c a n n o t b e a ll o w e d t o t a k e a d va n t a g e o f hi s o w n .

w ro n g a n d s c re e n h i m s e lf fro m p a ym e n t fo r w h a t h a s b e e n
,

d o n e u n d e r t he c o n t ra c t T he la w t h e re fo re w i ll i m pl y a .
, ,

ro m i s e o n hi s a rt t o r e m u n e ra t e t h e o t h e r a rt for w h at he
p p p y
h a s d o n e a t h i s r e q u e s t ; a n d u p o n t hi s p ro m i s e a n a c t i o n m a y
b e b ro u gh t (0 ) .

S o t o o i f o n e p a rty w i t h o u t t he fa u l t o f t h e o t h e r fa i l s t o , ,

e rfo rm hi s s i d e o f t he c o n t ra c t i n Su ch a m a n n e r a s t o e n a bl e
p
h i m t o s u e u p o n i t s t i ll i f th e o t h e r p a rt y h a v e d eri v e d a b e n e fi t
'

fro m t h e p a rt p e rfo rm e d i t w o u ld b e u n j u s t t o a ll o whi m t o re ,

t a i n t h a t w i t h o u t p a yi n g a n y t h i n g The l a w t h e r efo re ge n e r .
, ,

a ll
y i m p l i es a
p ro m i s e o n h i s
p a rt t o a
p y s u ch a r e m u n e ra t i o n

a s t h e b e n e fi t c o n fe rre d u o n hi m i s r e a s o n a bl w o rt h a n d t o
p y ,

re c o v e r t h a t q ua n tum o f r e m u n e ra t i o n a n a c t i o n o f i n d e b i t a t us
'

o
a s s u m p s i t i s m a i n t a i n a bl e
()
d .

Goodm c Pl
() ch Pocock olb Q B
i ge
H l C 8 B 14 ; 130 b sh ls of Wh t sold
byb sh l l i ti dtof d dt g d t id c to d li an d vere d

R l y B Mo lto
an v . urn , n . u e ea e
15 5 76 ; al th e ff the efe n at 8 3 p er

sk M t B istHo lR d d Moo show thb tsh lsm d co t bsold d t h cot t ct

an v a n an
.
,
. .
p ,
.

v . up e ,
10 a rr, 231 u n v . u e . Th e e en an a ve e v en e
T ra , 9 5 77 he
“

S l b y H tchi so id lt cti ti h d ot f l ytitl d otom dcohis

e e . ag an v . re , a a e an a u e n ra

2 Bla c kf 1 67 1 Gil m fo r 2 5 0 u e , an d n en t a as t h e

st V id So tooD by S Johci l
. an n er v . ea ,
. e

92 ; 4 3 1 9 ; W eb p a n ff a n p erf
'

thic sg i d J ofb oi iowhomth t

e v . u n n, . u r e co n

En fi e ld, 5 2 98 he w a s n o t en

ctityo f lt c s isco b o dghtm gg si st

er v n ra e re v e r an
. . er v .
y
, 21 17 if But Ba yley, e f re t he

d d t t d
so n e ri n . . a pe a n .

t he the w as t r e was
‘

mitt d to fo m co t ct bco sht lsct itimd b o com lcttio g

a n on a e r u a a n au e ,
Op n n a ,
as
in to fo r t the e fen h a d n o t r e urn e t h e 1 3 0

soo mbld com s itiocl d dwh t b

ar au re ver a a e no an

e i ng pe r the e , a n d t he e fo r p e n t he

bcoo ght l l i ti f b shitl lsd which to

e
p er r n ra ,
a u
fo r h as e e n h a d e x p re e f re t h e a i n was

gD sby Goodm Pocock Q B

re a na e p en a n a n ra

p erf m a y be n in t he d a m t he p a n f w a s e n t

Joh so l k b d li d to cc t d by
r e u e r u ,
e re

15 5 76 ; v e r t h e v a ue o f t h e 1 3 0

M sigli cDs siob g o l t do dd t A l i tidifctwith l bccoty dito gly

a e . an v .
,
. . u e

er v . n n, 2 1 V e rm 1 8 ; C a r v . . h a d e e n e v er e an d a e
p e t he
1 3 17 efe n an w as a

oco ositi o it m st co f ss d y d d o t to otio o toto h t t cto b s i tg

ar a, en ,
. ver . r n

(d ) T he e a ri n u p n t he f un fo r t h e p a n f , i er t he

ictig d g thh y cl ss s co hos i tlisy

a e as
“

he e , v er e fe n an m ve e n e r a n n ui

d Lo d s id l
pr p n a re , u n e .

nfl T m ay b e But u p n a m t a e ffe

co t cts of s l thos si g coollowt d thd t if wh to b il itcowot ldct

n . e n ve n e n
.
n e n

in — t m a e, Tenterden a if t h e r u e

coo t ctsl dto do somoth s cifitoc l boct

a r r an e re e a e ; e ar r
i ng a ri fo r

b sh ls wh t
on n ra e n en e u
a e ; n e re p re v a ,
f t ere h a d

bth osildi gsisi g b ilod oo dids y bcoidgt sct b d d t li d todo co tldi d by co

on n ra e een a n ra
‘
pe a r , a
up n ,
t he an of an e r, as ere fo r 2 5 0 u e of ea , an d 2 4 9 ha d
and an d a n d re a n e t he d e

scl ssicis th t l di g c s W th l st b c s d li d
u n ,
or u r a r e ee n e ve r e
fo r fe n a n , t h e v en r

whol J d d t
e ar n up n r n ar n ra s u n e v e r re v er

T he f t he fir fo r t he 2 4 9 e a u e h e h a d n o t e v er e

B ss m sith tot co ctio ic of ht mi g comt i ldti g cob sht lcts t

e rv e . ea n a e o
a a of O x e n dal e v . e ere ,
9 t he e Ba yley, . Th e e fen an .

85 C r 3 8 6
. . . T a w as a n a n of ia av n re a n e t he 1 3 0 u e , a f er t h e
de bi ta t us a u p re ver th e p r e i e fo r p e n the n ra h a d ex
36
*
TH E LAW OF CO T N RA CTS .
[ A
P R T II .

; SECTION VI
*
.

OF C O D T O N I I NA L CO T N R A C TS .

It i s so m e t i m es o f grea t i m p o rt a n c e t o . d e t e rm i n e Wh e t h e r
t h e re b e a co n ditio n i n a c o n t ra ct o r a n i n st ru m e n t If .
,
fo r
*
i n sta n ce , a d e ed c o n t a i n a gra n t o n c o n d i t i o n t h e n i f t h e re ,
be

bo d by
s mti co t ct toJd li Wh l gth q tity
p i re d, w as to l aw p a y fo r t he cL so s d Pick
i n the e n s co d cl ss thH t cw s d
is

lho is ti co t d ct dd t w it cg tot i b tiilmd

un a e a a
y ar v .

a e P a r ke, “
e re i s an e n ar , 7 181 In a e t he

ofWithigoo ss cocifisistid tigm disti ct s ll c ls

. . ere a . .

in r in
en re
p a n ff u a

c t i m d f d t s
n ra e v er a ar e uan n ra e

d of u e fo r t he e fe n an , a t a e,

itio s tht t timc boti gb o ctio to i l dtim ft w dsdimb lt sio hos gs width
n n n
p ar e ,
er a n

pe
’
n ae e , a n d t he e er de an d i n a er a n a n n e r , On e e n an
l v er p a r , h e a n n e f re t he ex p ra a n , an d a e r ar ui t he in

co c s ic ch s th t ift d li dod wo km shi m

u e

i ls y
,

n of t he e , a n d Of t h e

oms t lmcoostt ct y dd fi gd t
a e, r n an a n re en n a ree o n,
ve r t h e
p r e Of b ut i n p a nd at e r a

f il tod lcom l t hi s co t ct t
v ar
a p ar e v ere ,
r an
b e au e t he p ur a m ay, the i n g fr t he T he

i d b il di g m t i ls o ol t bo ity
e en a n

t i t
er ven r n ra .

a t he w as p re en a da y ur n t he

dfo limi gd ft co t sct l l ttf il d

p e e n ra ,
r e urn e v er

p a rt e ve re h e r e a n t h e p ar But if n , a n d h a d an p p r un o f s ee

tim s to s t i
. u
e v e re , a e r t h e el er h a s a e in p e r i n g a ll t h e an d r, an d O b

co d li d l So lsogoodsRwhichd R wo k co i d to gi d cti o
a er a a
r n hi s t h e a e r m a y re j ect ed a t p art O f t h e m a er als

botio st f omho s co t o ctd d som s d

n ra , e
v e r t h e v a ue o f t h e he h as an d r , b ut n t n ue ire

B s id
ve ns
”
so e ve re in u th e u e, a n d e v ari ap

cgi s s iss toci l cocl imt ct ct t d hif omms timl s titosfitimd withoth gh to ofssi g woto k
a ea . v ann , . a r ere
10 C r 4 4 1 , P a rke, J , a :
. . In s o m e . n r t he n ra H e e x p re s e .

a e , a
pe a no t exe u e m ay e f t he

wh s ci l j dg i t Soo t ho s
n ra a e a p ar r
ve r e in t h e n a ure o f a f b

cogoodst cts t b ccomdi dg to goodsco t ct

a

doti f ks dowlto dgcc tht itt i t d ld ito

a r e e, u p r e n e “

qua n tum mer uzt, ex gr ,

'

e re a
pe a . . no u e Of n af er th e . u e w as
n ra h as a e fo r an d n e h e re u e b u t t he p a n

t l i d by ty th cl im f s thitttill t l i itti f ightishmd i tIti

ee n ,
a ep ,

en no t a r n t he n ra ff h a d n o n e e a h e n en e
a re re a n e th e p ar , fo r af er w as fi n w as

sst co st d co th ct om imci lic dm ctio g hisstl bo d f d t q q

e re a a re u e e .

t he v a ue o n a q ua n t um va leba n t m a y be held a t he p a n f m a n a n an
up p r e But e n fr th e n a ain t he ua n t um

to s m f ct Shi to m t i ls It g th
. r u a e en an o n a
an e a n ew n tra m a y be ”
mer uit fo r r, a n d o n a ua nt um va le

C sso Bit b d how J th ft om co sidj dgm t of

p e . a
A n d se e , t he e ef e ba n t fo r t h e m a y be a

th t d th t
a a er a
, p n v . .

a n, 5 C r 3 78 S O to o i n M as th e

d s ci c q ity of goods of titwotl thi gsl mi tistf oco d o dithto

. . . e re , e ve r , r u en
s a c h use t t s h as e e n held, if t h e P a r ker , C a he

soldt th d o ti t i coit t tct c i dos

a . n e re a o ne
ve n e e o f a
pe fi ua n t be p r v e i n r e r

thby t th co t t ho sstbsti t titio to go

n u
un er an e t he p a n f t o re v er ; — e

s d to d li si d this is
en re n ra ,
re e ve a en er

p ar f, a n d re a n af er t he v e n w as

s cb com s li tibl tyto codot ct

e re

tisloightofdit iwititoh so ly som com ti ly

r a e re an ne n en n
has re fu e t he t he n ra c an d a e x e cu

to som i c l s
e ve r re ue , a u an ve
,
e ve ra n f t he of the

ic s ch t Bowk Hoyt
e o en

o ccid dt c th sst th im li d bys t

re n ra ,
n ,
n e p ara ve
a nd he t he ve n fo r ev a p art

Pick h d th t
e e a e r n as e u ar .

t he p r f u fo r w as

simil l wo ld do t d by m jo
e o

ty with whom l i ti co t ct d
p ar . er v .
, pr v e or a e re a n as en
18 555 A nd we t he

it y Yo kco tsc s this co t y W th hSmitht s ch is o g M t Hoc i sd

a
. .
p p re en a a or a e
p an e , e x re
p or p e ,

a r ru e u be a p e a a r p ar p t he a n ff n ra e .

f t he in B ut i n T a n o w t he l aw , se e

ti l y di t d it
o ur

t Mo t
un r . u r e e ve
Ne w t he f O x c n d a le 1 st C n in Lo w

iiss th titl dh tot mo y s chh c lis

r u e

M s S ow Wlm st d MBt l LoPidck

a e o v e v ee
b
. . . .

e re l l ha s e e n en re re
pu a e ,
and e ll , 8 P i c k 1 78 ; T af v . g . n a ue , 14
e r e he ld t
'

t he ve n d in 2 82 ; O 19

R owl y W d id Wh l G y J i gs mM di
a r u a a e as . ea v . ea e, .

t ed C am 52 8 ; ar e , 1 3 42 ;

MK igdht DD golylo Wb d ig
no en e an re e r
y .
p n n v . e . v .

v 13 2 58, 18 187 ; 1 2 82 IIayd cn v

Joh sB KMittll H ty h
. e ,
en . . e e er, ra . a
,

16 63 2 ; hi e 7 Grc c n l 7 6 ; p, 13 Ca

l io so kl y hiMoo to ithl
ea v . e e r, en . so n , . enn n v .

p , 4 Ba r 36; l u e v a r ve , 2 1 V e r m
’
n un 94 ;

M ho to
v . . . n . e e v . .

O t t , 5 )e n , 4 0 6 ; O a e er, 4 T a u n 7415 ; C a p

c ow hi o PlH cml M t Si cl iE l is
v r n, . ur n v . .

Kc r n a n , 2 5 A n d a ls o i n O W el v l l ic k e s , 2 Cr 2 14 ; T

of most im o t
. . . . rn n .

r v \Vi t hc ro w. 16 O 2 3 8 , Item ] , J . v a e, 1 Bo b 2 1 8
. But s e e l . .
, , ,
.

d is s en t /ny —
O ne t he 3 T a un 52
p t
r an v a en, n a r v
. . .

[ 34 ]
OH . I ] R
C ONS T UCT ON A ND I IN ER RE A I
T P T T ON OF CO T N RA C TS .
*
38

and t he
*
a b re a ch o f c o n d iti o n , t he gra n t is vo id , e st a te m ay
n e ve r v e s t , o r m ay b e fo rfe i te d . A c o n d i ti o n o f t his s o rt is no t

BowlSm s MB H lm Woot 9
Wi l so
C r 92 ; R d
o b bo t f om d m lg boocc si
c e i ves a
ofo m
d byd en e fi t he

Whit w thli t th il to com l t th i s m ch

e ,
. . en v . ea ,
r a r p er r e ,

2 585 ; 4 M is v er an d a t he

c s s so why sho ld so bl
. . e v . n, . ve a a e a ne

41 ; O 36 M e 93 — We t h e fa

o coo tositctsio s ic t f tl y s cst ti i g bwo tht of whtht thwhs b do t s his

e v . ver, . . ure p e e, e re as u
a re no t a are a e re a re an
y a e re a n he u p a y t he re a na e
fo r e rv has fo r

N occ himi s ho sccowhidi chg to b sti b lilt

u

cHl b t dl dyofcitBd ibytto

up n n ra e u u a n n r a een ne

the n i n t he ex ex e t he e n e fi as e re i s en he e n er an d
pr p , p ,

T u rne r, 6 t he u e has

ot ss m siht t wo k ctio ofl bo tih o ss t s co t bct c s which s tisfi d

e e ra e o ne r n v . . up e ee n u
. 4 8 1 , a rea e us , vo l 1 , p 5 2 4 , . . fo r b ut
, ‘
no t a r n t he pu a
i h d eb i t a O f t he he p er
e ( p ) T a w as a n a and

fof om Md bych l i ti to D c db f d t wic tch whst t c s comb l dohim to ccb c t sit

n . n n n ra ,

t us a u p fo r r an d a r p er a
p e n er ,
no t e au e he i s a e

rm e t h e p a n ff fo r t he h as n e , but

sid cm y o th t d wod k t do s chl of it hoth ts sho ldIf y

e e n an , a ee n e au e
r ar 9, 1 8 3 1 , e e m er 2 7 , o f ir um an e pe a ep

the T he e fe n an o ffe i e d i s, he p ay fo r t he

d coof t cthto wo dk doll s y th t t k s co tt ct d tos s cit i m chct tidios

a e e ar . u as a u
ev e n e to p r v e a t he r w as ne v a ue the u e . t he p a rt
fo r o n e e a r fo r w ho h a s

l i ti l t hi s s ic wi t ho t th t whol will d l i d which is

un er a n ra r n ra e re e ve er an e

t he s um un dre ar , an d an d in

col s dt j dg wi thost tctgood c s do th s ms to g t

o ne a a e a p ar u e ,
expe a n

t he p a n ff ef hi s the be

d j y th t so th t S ho ld wh t
erv e u a e e v er e ,

n e n , an d i T he be

ltho gh hl si t oi ts sho tildtl d m d c i cd i thd l thbo is th tt d siymwhoil

u au e . n e v er n e, ere ee no re a er

e arn e u e n ru e t he ur , a re a n a he u p ay fo r a he h as
a ll t e e p be a t he
p art

cm ch d lhibos q fo m d co tso cihc tmst bc s shodo ld b fitl ofIt

a u n u a e re e ve ,
an ere

o ut , y¢ t t h e p a n i ff w as e n e t o re h as re e ve a r i n p a r , un e r ar

o v e r, u n e r ua n t um m er ui t un , a s p a y t he v a u e

bly wo th this i st cti o i s s i d th t thos c s s wh l i

r u an e ,
u
a s t he a w a s re a n w has n e fo r h i s

hl ld i tog co ct J ti b i t t d to co th
u r p er r e a een en e .

An d n w as in e re t h e p a n

co t t
ru

cc t c ofwh t b do
a r . n a ,
a e a e

be P a r ker , C i n de ff h as p e rm

oticsi cog sd cl lssof s idc s s cit hosd boc s s to l bo swf om th t wh co tc ctt i

e rre . . ee n e re v er , e re

i ve r n t he j u dg m en t o f t h e ur , a f er w as an a e
p an e h a d ee n
a ne .

the a e ve in T he i s, e re t h e is

to di s ti g i s h d i ci l i o d ty whom l bo
n n e ve ra e a an er a n ra

t he e n T da y t o d ay fo r a er a n

f om ths t wht l ss ty do to t th st it l t s too mc di it f om

a ,
a : e a e a r r

are n o t be n u e , in p r n p e, p er , t
he p a r fo r t he a r is
t h e p r e e n , un e it be i n t he c i r n e i n ru ipu a e

tl boct d to tof b shi dm t hoi lss dos c ci d ho gh cootht ct d to do th t llby do

r re e v e r
c um s t an ce , a e re t h e p a r h a s co n day day, a s i s p e rf r e , a n d al
urni a e r a , an d e rt ai n t t he e r m ay n o t e v e n u a

mco t ct if it do whom istob ilt doc ss ily s ccc oft c co wht ctt b
ra e u _

a r, a s ul a u e i n a p e fie al l h e h as n ra e ,
e re h a s ee n ,
is n o t ne a cc 0 1 di n o t he p an e o f a h a s e en

f s to c i l ct t k ty m st h d stood h
ann er , ne e ar an a e
g ,

t h e p a i t y fo r it n e i n p ur uan e t he a n d t he

b thfit f omo wh t do s b c i sh ll s chd cc tco ct ctIf hth t th ty to

n ra ,
u n ra ,

m a y re u e. re e v e i t — e e to a e n o p ar u a v e un e r w e n he
h a s een p e1f o 1 m e d m a e t he t a e re w as be

bot ct d to l bo m l ly whom to l tc o ts tot tot m c wii th kt owlodgm

en e 1 a n ra

and ere f re i f h e e re e ve h e
.
a be u a e p an e ,
e n , t h e p ar. st ipu

p a y t h e va ue ; e re as i n a c o n a es i n t he r e e v e p ar p e rf r

ty icos cot tict llyd c i g ctb tio th t wholo

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ld d
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e

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un e r a n e x p e a n s ee n o r eas n w hy h e u n o t e ua

l be u fi e , a n d c an n o t , u p o n be p ay fo r t he a O f v a ue

tod sch c gi hiwhms t f omb y do t th bk owlt dgof whth tt wholb wdoch with
a ,
en un
t he re a of ,
a ve an e e n t o re u e r e e ve , a s e re he a f er a r a e t he

h a s ee n n e, a n d e n efi h as

k thi s di c t of
us

t ct d b fo m d
r e e ve a a een ne, a

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coof t dictsf do ts l j sti yl io tolictht mo fo imth d ith co t cctiob

ar e . n e e e
thi n ffe ren e i n t he n a ur e the ra e fo r h a s n o t een p er r e In .

no t f t he ap p a i n er c as e h as t h e n ra t

tyc t i co iot d cts o s l bowimth flyl ty ssigi t ld coto t ccti whbotht is

n ra e u ne ee n p e r
a f eren ru e i n re a t n e . r e In n e . e r c a n an a n be s u s

T he p a r w ho fo r a r t ai ne d o n t h e Or In

kof owl cdg th t cc mti stg f omt fo m t c do c s o ssly tdiis ioc wiis thh tk owl
n ra e re ,
na n ra .

fo r a e r a n p er ,
d e SO ul t h e p ar h a s a en e re e ve a

a he t he n a ure T he n ffe ren e , t a i n t h e

'

f om to oth withtyk comowl dg othth t it is s bs q t w tho mk dowl

n e e u , r ne .

th e as e , be a e p n p ar p er r a n e o ne a e t he a en p r r, a n

d ay da if t he a ll m a y n o t b e p e rf r e , in

dgl y ilsoofcomth t l otht g tyt t m If dg th t whol b com

r er
p ar e e a
m en ces t he p e o rm a n ce , an d the i

h h si t ti o hold
n er u e ue n , a n

e a th e m ay e v e n t u a t he e h as n o t

d s ch c c mst c s ct l y th t s m l sho ld l d
e a er p a r e e ee n a e
a l fa l p e i n t h e e n ire er .
p li s he d W e ave n o e a n i n
.

un e r u ir u an e he a ua re i ng a th e a e ru e u be a pp i e

[ 3 5 ]
"
39 TH E L AW OF CO T N R A C TS .
[ A R
P T II .

fa vo re d a n d w o u l d n o t b e r e a d i l y i m p l i e d (6) But s t i pu l a t i o n s
,
.

o r a g re e m e n t s m a b e i m l i e d u o n t h e b re a ch o f w h i ch a n
y p p ,

a cti o n m a e b ro u gh t M ut u a l c o n t r a c t s s o m e t i m e s c o n t a i n a
*

y b .

c o n d i t i o n t he b re a c h o f w h i c h b y o n e p a rty p e rm i t s t he o t h e r t o
,

t hro w t h e c o n tr a c t u p a n d c o n s i d e r i t a s a l t o g e t h e r n u ll , .

W h e t h e r a p r o vi s i o n s h a ll h a v e t h i s effe ct fo r w h i ch pu rp o s e i t ,

m u s t b e c o n s t r u e d a s a n a b s o lu t e c o n d i t i o n i s s o m e t i m e s a ,

qu e s ti o n o f e xt re m e d i ffic u l t y It i s q ui t e c e rt a i n h o w e v e r t h a t .
, ,

n o w n o p re c i s e w o r d s a re re q u i s i t e t o c o n s t i t u t e a c o n d i t i o n
‘

It w o u ld b e d i ffi c u l t a n d p e r h a p s i m p o s s i bl e t o l a y d o w n r ul e s , ,

w h i ch w o u ld h a v e d e c i s i ve i n fl u e n c e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h i s v e x e d
q u e s t i o n I n d e e d c o u rt s s e e m t o a gre e o f l a t e t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n
a
‘

.
,

m u st a l w ys d e p e n d u p o n t he i n t e nt i o n o f t he p a rt i e s t o b e
“
,

c o ll e ct e d i n e a c h p a rt i c u l a r c a s e fr o m t he t e r m s o f t h e a gre e
m e n t i t s e lf a n d fro m t h e s u bj e c t m tt e r t o w h i ch i t re l a t e s (f )
,
-
a .

“
It c a n n o t d e p e n d o n a n y fo rm a l a rra n g e m e n t o f t he w o rd s ,

b u t o n t h e r e a s o n a n d s e n s e o f t h e thi n g a s i t i s t o b e c o ll e c t e d

to bothtio cl ofss s of lc wisl l s toci mly k woby k dod f d t g Dd s cc t d al t he n e , n o t as a b ut ye t a e

ty who i l d to l fi l hi s co t ct co ts oth St t s h th s
a e as e ,
e pe as r ree , ep
’ ’
t he be e t he t he 1 A br 224

p bl to s ch mo t d m g s show littl di s osi t i o to do t

O p er a n ru e a e en an . an e . .

h a s fa fu But t h e Of

oth himty to s st ti dlossi st d of i l Eildwsidgof Rowl d j dg h cos t

ar e n ra ,
ur er a e ave u
of t he far t he
'

a e u a un a a e as n e p n a
p
h as u a n e s ub the T u in

il m th ys cm kis whol g ly mo t l i i o im i tisttl td toof fcocts th t

p ar
er ,
n ea v e e a rn e u e .
,

j e c t in g a n e n ir e fo r a
p art a r e v . e, 2 Gi lm . 91 , t he ur
fa ur e , an d t he a held l ar t he

to i j y hold
u

J s i d It i s obj cti o to
a n un re up n a s a e a a

ce i ve d i n di s p ro p o r a nt ff w a s t en And

th tho t whs ci l co tty ct d t k s to b fitth t his d l fbod thit s b i cg i dc s

an as e no e re ver
p .

tio n ate t he n ur We ,
Yo ung , a no e n
t he h as t he

wh t d d t co ld
un

l bo f i s hi g of
a e re a e e en r e e ve
en , p ar er a s ay a an

fo r t h e p e r f

ms cht si lsci l gis m tot tichl gmod yois gs lt co c ods ofcts f hims l bo of ghtom
y up n
a a pe a n ra en e a or, e n a a e,

f o rm a n c e of a r, or t he urn n e re , fro m i t s n a ure , t h e e fen an

‘

u
he t be n o t e a ra e t he of

d cco di g to t ms of i t th fo to s o si b l to
a er a ,
no ar e up n p pr u a r r
un t he t h e e ne ra hi s ar , an d u

whco t ct ti swihl l imd ly i ss t t imwh ossibl t doilso Mig thl t whiGodch

u pe a a ree en ne n e rn

e a rn e a r n t he er ,
an d n o t, ere re , be re p n e an
y ex
t he p a r e ma a e v er fo r n o t

coti ts hct di t t df omi to th t cwhit ch o d Pid ck M i D is Mlmstw dll BM tl

e re a ve e a n e x p re en n a
”
n ra ,
t he l a w no t p a n d ra s e was p e S ee a l er v . .

ffe re n t he 34 1 02 O

som th t s cti o b tw l s o
a n ra r a ar ,
a ne , ea v . ea e,

19 52 9 ; 12

tis chs ch ctwh coty t ct ct llisy m cdi ofs f q tly is cl ss s cq s stis o s

a ve e n e re ex e up n av ax e e e
p ar e n , p . v .
,
.

e fa r er ra n a n e e e n t he p ar 2 86 . S ee a ,
a nte , v o l 1, p
. . 522, n .
(l ) ,

But i f, an d 5 2 6, (q ) — D ifii c ul t

l bbo fit m ls t g oth by d boi s of d g s s t ot ighttoof m s

e e re a n ra a e n ue n
.

p . . .

u a a ra er ; a p ar a ua re e ve re ue n ar e i n t he a e of a e co n

a t e ri a and s ide re d i n t h e p re e n n the

d m g whi h s lt d f om f d t to h d d ct d om mo t
a r, o r ,
e re e r ve e, a s ea

and a d va n a an d a m a e , an d t h e t he de

b lchbo ct collyt ct by oth l ty oth wisby co blco s q d cm gof

a ene e, ve r a ve ur e r

t he a a e c ha s re u e r th e en an a ve e u e fr t he a un
f t he t he t he

i s h co si d ti o b ch co t ct q sti o s
re a o n ra er er e re ve ra e a a e s us
par ,

t he d o ne , and t he t a in e d h im in t he

tht t o is s so omi s to wi l l co si d d d th i o i
a r a ua v a ue re n e ue n e
" ‘
c e i ve d , furn ne w d o f t he l he s e u e

b l wo th of h ds s bs q t tof s t
a n e ra n, an re a n ra . n

t he la w be un p r at e

s chki g c ss c s co wisidthi d ol m
e re u p n ra e a
pr e p ay n e re er e r a p pr

to t he e x en of t he re a n a e r ea i n the u e ue n p ar t he p re en

T his m a y b e

otitilgdi tol g com t ty i s

u ex e . n e re as v u e .

ma ne w t t he (e ) S ee a nte p 2 2 n (v )
cs H ys M
n a a e, o ne no n ,
.
,
. .

r na a
‘
re e en ,
a nd t he par en
f ) P e r Ti nda l C J in Glaho l m ,
. .
,
v .

e re ve r on hi s n ew a e fo r the a ,
2 . Gr 2 66 . .
 C ONS TR U I
C T ON A ND I NT ER P RE T A T I ON OF CONT RA CT S .
*
40

fro m t he w h o l e (g ) dc o n tr a c t
h a t w h e r e t h e cl a u s e It i s sai
”
t .

i n q u e s t i o n g o e s t o t h e w h o l e o f t h e c o n s i d e ra t i o n i t s h a l l b e ,

re a d a s a c o n d i t i o n ( It ) T he m e a n i n g o f t h i s m u s t b e t h a t i f
.
,

t h e s u p p o s e d c o n d i t i o n c o ve rs t h e w h o l e gro u n d o f t he c o n
t ra c t a n d c a n n o t b e s e ve r e d fro m i t o r fro m a n y p a rt Of i t a
, , ,

b re a ch o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i s a b re a c h o f t he w h o l e c o n tr a ct w hi ch ,

i ve s t o t h e o t h e r a rt t h e ri g h t o f a vo i d i n g o r re s c i n d i n g i t
g p y
a lto ge t h e r But w h e re t he s u p p o s e d c o n d i t i o n i s d i s t i n c t l y s e p
.

a ra bl e s o t h a t m u ch o f t h e c o n tr a c t m a b e r fo r m e d o n b o t h
, y e
p
s i d e s a s t h o u gh t h e c o n d i ti o n w e r e n o t t h e re ; i t w i ll b e r e a d a s

a s t i p u l a t i o n t he b re a c h o f w h i ch g i ve s a n a c t i o n o n l t o t he
, y
i nj ure d p a rt y But i t i s n o t s a fe t o a s s e rt t h a t w h i c h i s s o m e
.

t i m e s s a i d t o b e la w (1 ) t h a t w h e r e i n c a s e o f a br e a c h t h e ,
'

a rt c n no t h a v e h i s a c t i o n fo r d a m a g es t h e re t h e d o u b t fu l
p y a ,

cl a u s e m u st b e re a d a s a c o n d i ti o n b e c a u s e o t h e rw i s e t h e p a rt y ,

i nj u re d w o u ld b e w i t h o u t r e m e d y Fo r if t h e re a s o n a n d .
“

s e n s e o f t he t h i n g o r t h e r a t i o n a l a n d fa i r c o n s tr u c t i o n o f t h e
,

c o n t ra c t l e a d s t o t h e c o n cl u s i o n t h a t t he p a rt i e s d i d n o t a g re e ,

n o r i n t e n d t h a t t h e re Sh o uld b e t h i s c o n d i t i o n t h e n t h e r e i s
*
,

a n d i f a p a rt b e in this w a i nj u re d a n d re m e d i l e s s i t i s
'

no ne
y y ,

hi s o w n fa u l t i n t h a t h e n e i t h e r i n s e rt e d i n h i s c o n tr a c t a c o n
,

d i t i on t h e b r e a ch o f w h i ch w o u ld d i s ch a rge h i m fro m a ll o bl i
,

a t i o n n o r a s t i ul a t i o n , fo r t he b re a c h o f w h i ch h e m i gh t h a v e
g , p
hi s a c ti o n (j ) .

SE CTI O N VII

OF M UTU A L CONT RA CT S .

It i s a s i m i ar
q u e s ti o n — s o m e ti m e s i n d e e d t he v e ry s a m e
l
q u e s t i o n — w h e t h e r c o v e n a n t s a re m u tua l i n s u c h s e n s e t h a t ,

e a ch i s a s a c o n d i t i o n re c e d e n t t o t h e o t h e r A n d a l s o w h e t h er
p .
,

c o ve n a n t s o r a gre e m e n t s b e d e p e n de n t o r i n d e p e n d e n t (la ) By .

(9) P er
k
Lo d 10
R i t ch
AtNo thi som to E st Light Co P l r Col
E llen bo ro ugh, i n
2 95
ie v
A n d see T h e
.
(i )S ee P o r dage
3 19
v . e, 1 Wm s . S aun d .

E L R Ki gsto P sto cit d

n n, a ,
. .

Ga s arn e l , (j ) S ee i nfr a , (l )
Boo E H Bl Jo ss idB cl y hDo g th Lo kid ds of
r a
p n v. . n . .

29 . . . 23 1 .
(k ) In n n v . re n, e in
(h ) ne v .
yre, 1 . . 2 73 , 11 . ne v . ar e ,
u . 690 , r M a ns
fi eld a T er e ar e re e n

V OL . 11 .
[ 37 J
 41
*
TH E LAW OE CONT RA CT S .
[P AR T II .

t he y ve rd e fi n i ti o n o f t h e m i f t h e
y a re d e e n de n t
p t h at is if
, , ,

e a ch d e e n d s o n t h e o t h e r t h e fa i l ure o f o n e d e s t ro nd
p y s a
,

a n n ul s t he o t h e r O r i f t hi s d e pe n d e n c e i s n o t m u tu a l b u t o n e
.
,

o f t h e m r e s t s u o n t he o t h e r b
p y a d e p e n d e n c e w hi ch i s n o t
e q u a ll s h a re d b t h e o t h er i f t h a t c o n t r a c t u o n w h i ch t h i s
'

y y p ,

d e p e n d e n c e re s t s i s b ro k e n a n d d e fe a t e d t he o t h e r b y re a s o n o f ,

i t s d e p en d e n c e i s a n n ull e d a n d d e s t ro ye d a l s o But t h e y m a y .

b e w h o ll y i n d e p e n d e n t, a l t h o u gh re l a t i n g t o t h e s a m e s u bj e c t , ,

a nd m a de b t h e same art i e s a n d i n cl u d e d i n t h e s a m e i n s t r u
y p ,

m e nt In t h a t c a s e t h e y ar e t w o s e p a r a t e c o n t ra c t s E a ch p a rt y
. .

m u s t t h e n p e rfo r m w h a t h e u n d e r t a k e s w i t h o ut r e fe r e n c e t o t h e ,

d i s c h a rg e o f hi s o bl i g a t i o n b y t h e o t h e r p a rt y A n d e a ch p a rt y .

m a y h a v e h i s a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r fo r t h e n o n p e rfo r m
*
-

a n c e o f h i s a g re e m e n t w h e t h e r h e h a s e r fo r m e d hi s o w n o r n o t
p ,
.

N o w t he l a w h a s n o p re fe re n c e fo r o n e k i n d o f c o n t ra c t o v e r
a n o t h er ; n o r d o e s i t b i t s o w n i m l ic a t i o n a n d i n t e n d m e n t
y p
m a k e o n e r a t h e r t h a n t h e o t h e r a n d s t i l l l e s s d o e s i t r e q ui r e ,

o n e r a t h e r t h a n t he o t h e r It m a y i n d e e d b e s a fe l y s a id t h a t
.
,

t h i s q u e s t i o n i n e a ch p a r t i c u l a r c a s e w i ll b e d e t e r m i n e d b y l n
fe rri n g w i t h a s m u ch c e rt a i n t y a s t h e c a s e p e r m i t s t h e m e a n i n g ,

a nd u r o s e o f t h e p a rt i e s fro m a r a t i o n a l i n t e rpre t a t i o n o f t h e
p p ,

w h o l e c o n t ra c t (I) .

co ts S whch ith c ll dty q stio s ofci thist timki ds d dd cisid o th of

1 mutua l (Z) In the

coj y d m g hs omc i dothby b ch oo ic l g sgbtlof co cost tctioct s th

ven an : . u as a r e a e an en e e n

a nd i n dep endent , e re e er p ar m ay ue n n e
p en e ra er
fr t he e r, fo r t h e an d u ru
p ut

co ts hi s f o wh it o id t s s i t tio
re ve r a a e up n n e e n n
'

i n ur h e m a y a v e r e e ve t he

isb ch c s co dts d t to t ll g co sid ti tios g th whol d f omi st tiom tl

a rea up n an ua e a n ra ,
an

o f t he ve n a n in a v r, a n d e re up n the e v en en e an d n en n of
n o e x u e fo r t h e e fe n a n t he p a r

l i ti h co whts chwhich h s s bj Hct m tt it g m l td

a e e a e ,
as a e re r a ra na

re a o f t he v e n an o n t he p a r o f t he n e ra n o f t he e n ru en ,

p a n ff 2 T e r e a re a n d t he f the

foio m oc m c of d oth ds o th wibyth to s th t if y co It

. . ve na n u e -
a er o a r ee en .

a re c o n di t i o ns a nd dep en den t, i n i t he T u ,
in 1 5 . 7 , 1 0 , p l 1 7, . w as ru e

p er r an e o f o ne up n t he s C J

ofo d til tothis io y cois ditilio blis to codo t with him to gi him sh lI
e pen uc ar ,
. .
,
a o ne ven a n

p r r p e rf r a n e an er , a n d e re me e r ve m e fo r ,
a e a r, a n d

f re , u n h £ 2 0, i f

ctithio d so coco t ts hichh is lso h s ctis o oth wis it ltho gh

ve
“

pr r n n per v e n an

rm e , t h e e r p a rt no t no t sa
y f o r the c a use afo res a i d, h e a l

is I
a e an

n o n h is 3 T e re n fo r t h e £ 2 0 , a he

o m d s m th t sh ll h c
a ve n a n . a . a ve an a u
rt o f w a re m a me ; if

tim o d toh s o m ty t dy will SoyhisI cod ght t with co th t tsI

a ve n a n n e ve r er ve er e sa
r , y
t u al c o m/ [l i o ns to be p e rf r e a t t he a e a he a a ve £ 2 0
fo r the a use af o re
a n d in t e e , i f o ne p ar w a s re a s a id if a m an

oth gl ct d y s d oftof d o m it dth ghtt wil l k h i sst t to

e ,
. ve n a n a

a nd ffe re p e rf r h i s p a r , a n d t he m arr au e r, a n d he v e n an

o r re fu e p e rf r h is , w h me a he m a e an e a e me

fill dc io g g m dt lt othi t i oth bwomgott I dft ghtw ds mm i y

er ne e e

h e w ho w as re a d and e re h a s ;ful _
a n d hi s au er , a n d the e r o f o ur t w o

h is e n a e e n , a n d m ay m a n a n bo d ie s en , i f

thoo bligghd toit cfi stt i th t cith lsois othco t i stI sh toll hcom l ctioto
e e a er ar a rr

an a t n fo r t he e fa u o f the er ; an er an, o r his au er a rr es

i s no t e r m a n , ye t

M so h m b s to Litt l k st t co t w
u er a n a er an a a v e an a n

hi m p e hi m
”
d o t he act S ee a of

th tc wo ldm k th stt ct sto wo ld

r ve n a n a a n
e .
g
a n v C a . er , 4 e , 2 53 ; and m a e t he e a e ; b ut if t he ve n a n e re

M r D urn fo rd s n o te A c he r le y v Ve r a he a e t he e u s t wo fo r
’
. . u a e

n o n , W i l lc s , 1 5 7 . the a use a o res a i

f d, i n a a e he u

[ 38 ]
CH . L ] CON S T R UCT I ON AND I NT ER P RETA T I ON OF CONT RA CT S .
*
42

*
SE CT I O N V I I I .

OF TH E P RE S UM P T ON S I OF LA W .

T h e re a re s o me ge n e ra l p re s u m
p t i o ns f l a w , w h i ch m a y b e
o

a ffe c t i n g t h e
*
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no t m k st t o tii l io m holi d t he e P l S EtogL WE R R w e w e re Co a rn e l 29 229; Um

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t h e hi n the n e ra n o f the rre l e in w as u ,

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doi git oths th t ty M soddock h mbAld sdg Litt Bibb

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c d t o m soc it is thwht which is is fi d omc kis sof coE l iotcts W d

re e up n s ee e e v .

to a e t h e p er fo r nut n ce a n n
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an d e re no t i me 2 79 ; T 5 4 96

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toc t i m dctsby Bl gd t d co soldt tod toB

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a n ua r , 1 8 1 8 , o n t he Th e er e m u

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th ms dolll s s lty of
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c o ve ry A n d s e e t o t he a e e ffe
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a rd v . a e , Bla c kf 1 72 ; . a ne fo r n o n p a en t he ne
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[ 40 ]
 CO N S TRUCT ON I AND IN ER RE A I
T P T T ON OF C O T N R A CT S

a t i ve s
p a rt i e s m a y
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2 79 F o r A o n t he o n e t he p a n f h a d t he d e

B sh d sm g loss o othly of might cog osisst l t ltiio ti s titl d to dco t didy it sod y
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lby chi cog s t chth mt t i ls co itsid tio l stby B ho s tol B th itt Am stdid
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b ea b ut w as held a t ea t he be a d

gto m tb i g th t wsholl ld c s ss d ho s it fi lt s l y
n u a er a u e, ,
or u
the ur , a t h e who le n e ra n m it t ed i n hi s p e a a co n
o f t h e a re e C u ve y t h e u e , bu t w a s n o t a wf u

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en e n a p er po s
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Foth gi l W lto J B Moo

e e e .

t he of t he urt e r n of

sidco tio com b s ch of dwhmchg s might St s Mil li g Bi g N Fis

v e n an u ra
e n
pr n p e , see
ea r e but p a rt o f t h e c o n er l v a n, 2 . r e , 63 0 . .

n , fo r a i D C u1 3 C

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e ra re a a ve r v . n ,
n . . .

p en e i n A nd Fi an k li n v 4 Ad & E l 5 99 ; h

by t t sft i go toght toigkht toth t icights RitchiSto Atki so E Mst S

re v e r a re a a e . . e r, . .

C a v n in p a r e x e u e
’
a re e en , n er . v . er n, 5 . Gr
D a r 13 1 , G0 1 do ri, 3

itho t i g m i d of lock G dd s id J
ra n e rr n e xe r e 1 er v . . .

t he p a e n , h e u n ot 3 08 ; 10

sidsom tido mbgc bys D s hh i gs i stst i ctd G t NoGo thld RWilwbb y E EL

ee p a r e v . n n, a ,

w u p ay n t he r e a n e r t he c o n H a ve v . e e ,
. 555 o n a ss o lm
e a u e h e m ay u a ne Co 2 8 L &E

him d m o l d Mi l Fo d y Ho y
e ra n ave r ea r ern a a . . . . .

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t ru 4 81 30 E1

m b l Jo s H c Pick N w ll
e a a e no av n n u v . e ,
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ed and t he w as ve rr u e 33 1 ; D am 21

it th s s th otht simsoil of db cisisdio s b myB t NicholsPi l y Bi Joh s

; e urr e r . un er v . ve ,

Ca p el v . n R e 6 T
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. 5 70
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13 M a

t he re a t he 4 06 ; 7

ith qt whlity of dso m g s s c msi to soodd GS llmmow ys HG tt Joh s L wis

a p e ar a n e n en ne v x e n
p .
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.

in e e an d er ar c as e s , e e O er er v .
,
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be , a e re a h as r e e ve d a T u er 2 ra 1 67 ;
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p a rt of t he n e ra n fo r w i he en v . e n, 3 an . 71 ,
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4 [ 41 ]
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45 TH E LAW or CO T N R A CT S .
[ A R P T II .

n ame d t h e re i n x e c u t o rs
.
( )
m H e n ce , as we h a ve see n, e ,

t h o u gh n o t n a m e d i n a c o n t ra c t a re l i a bl e s o fa r a s t h e y h a v e , ,

a s s e t s fo r t h e b re a ch o f a c o n t rac t w h i c h w a s b r o k e n i n t he
,

l i fe t i m e o f t h e i r t e s t a t o r A n d i f t he c o n tra c t w a s n o t b ro k e n .

i n h i s l i fe t i m e t h e y m u s t n o t b re a k i t b u t w i ll b e h e ld t o i t s
'

, ,

e rfo rm a n c e , u n l e s s t h i s re s u m t i o n i s o v e rc o m e by t h e n a t u re
p p p

Co x, 6
2
B b P
A K M sh om Kki s EBl otow thth tt cos it byts w i tyd bo dd tot
ar . c
38 6 ti ic t s
427 ;
of s l of l
a d yn e it v . Bet t i sw o rt h ,
held
er f a e
t he
a e an ,
”

an d w as

W d id S ld Joh s P B b ssig to m t di ss
. . ar . ee n an v . r n, a v e n an ere n ep en en ,

21 V e rm . 86 T p n v . li ,
5 an d a m a u t he p a r un
4 96 Gran t on , 5 g en ei al a v e1 en o f l e a n e o n

H i ght BK ightb s ysE gl d th DNos thd W d

en v n ar a n, a
'

. . .
'

1 61 , 6 3 3 7, 1 24 7 ; h i s p a 1t p e 1 fo rm w as s uff1ci en t S lo

h m
e en , e
.
pp e r v . .

20 429 If, S ha w, c um v e p ar , 8 61 5 S e e No r

Wotostb dil d ho s sh o l dty om Moio tgomWhity Joh s R obb

a ,
ar . . a . en . .

C J in Th e New r up , 6 C o w 2 96 ; C a

P k
. .
,
n v . n an r up v . r _
.

Co 2 Cu 2 8 6, e, 5 Co w 509 ;

oth to l c digm w llit miows s i Pms m l W JohS sg AdH msllow Wiy l

r e a v
. .
p ar pr p n v . . .

i se u a u e up n th e an of ah n er , 2 0 n l But se e ar er .

e r, a n d to t h e p re 20 130 ;

lm t id lsco ts s is hso blytom s it lyis Dto iqs iW thightt s ch stiJ stil tico wos shold lds m
a e on e ,
v . ar e e, n . a v .

an d p a e a
pu p in ; an d t h e n er l a ,
2 . er . 227 ; a a v .

f the a n 129

y cl th t sti l ti o to f i s h co sid d d d t L o d
o v en a n ea na upp av ,
r ,
. u e u ee

a ll an d furn be

mco tditiiols ibs dc s d t b ild coc stitott s B t s K Hood ot Pick C

a er a a
pu p; re u re a u pu a n u
v er e ar a t he pu a n ur n n ere
p en en as e n ar e . v .

pen an d 1 Bl a c k f 1 7 2 , n e ; p e r S ha w,

foSo mto his mt i itol w ll m t i ls Itsti l tio lsos lomiid s dows d dh tt

a er a e en ,
n u e a a e ,
. .

n n, e a u e t he u er an n J in 13 2 81 — 6
per .
,
an e v .
,
. . .

ou p a r un t h e h a s t he m ay be n a s a r ul e , t

stib c l s tioit goto sditog wsmll isll tcoo ldiy tio l f om to d wh chcts thto y st o m
r a er a . a a a

p ut a
pu p n t he e . But t h e pu a m a y b e ep en e n
n or pr e
no t t h e n a u re o f t h e a b e p e rf r

co sidd tio io doo sm c c ss ily t Wh c d ollowty m chst othc s

pu a n a e n na ,
r

e au e e a a
p ar n o f t he e d, a n d t he r er in i e mu n ec

n , an d t ne e de e s sa r ily p re e e a n d f

ofcom ows t d d bmc g ss f il m dy wh c dsti l t s to ofm f othct

n era e no ar ea er .

p e rf r t h e p ar e n t h e a c t o f o n e p ar me e
“
pen on a pr r an e, o n u
t he an d be s a r i ly p r e e e a n y a c t t he

ow whis by ctio m t l coco t ct ts icothl f om m t i othls to sti fl t isshtod by

ner , e au e a a ur e c an er , a s

p en a e in a a e ,
an d t h e re e e re o ne pu a e an u a ur e an
”
o f t he n 0 11 t h e a rt be urn

go to m t l co ditio s oth siodms ishm t imlst i clsss ily c d s ish g

n er a n ra . e r a er a e
4 . B ut
“
e re t he u ua v e n an t he er, a n d t h e er pu a e fur
t h e who le c o ns i der a t i o n 0 11 b the t he a c t o f furn in

cb s m st D k St m ct i g will co sti t t
e , n a er a ,

t h e y a re u ua n , an d
p erf r t he p re e e t h e a c t

Bl G s co di t i o c d t wi t ho t ss
n a er a ne e ar

b e a vc r re t u e of Al of a n ufa an d

E L E G y F i
u u e

wo ds C Mi l
an e . ur n ,
n

S h o r e , l II 2 70 ;

E L E D ki Wi l li ms Fo d y Ho y Pi c k hom s
an v . . . ra v e v . a n n
p re e e n ,
u e x p re

P e r S ha w , J
”
L c g, 2 5 5 52 ; in D am

ddo Wh twowh ctsA to dw lWod stWid l s K ight

r
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r a r, r . . .
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26 . . 27 ; a n v . . a ,
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21 . 439 T a
“len 67 5 Ca al 4 96

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. . ere . a a re v . a e r, e ,
n v .
’

be n e a t the s a me t i me , a s
.
e re co v Ne w En g . r e Co . 2 C a sh 2 8 6 In . .

e n an ts at e C o m he v 11 4 80 , t h e

co ts to i hA m i t micos s to t dd th td t wo ld d f dd
n ve an e on u . r ee n e , e .

a d ay , and in n de r a n e re a n e e a e n u e an d
p
-

a s um f m o n ey o n the e fen an d t he

tio o wi t showi g o tmthoc gh it is dw lliim g hoo ms ts d ddiditio ctis oto

ve n a n p ay o p re e an , e en
t he sa m e (la y , ne t e r c an a n ai n a n a c a nt ve n a n e a he u e x p en
t ho u
p erf r a n e o f, o r £ 100 i n and a

t i which thiths m tiisc olblilyg d tolidos oi somt d co t l ti tis f yo toth t

n n
p r ve e n n

an ffe r t o p c r tb r m h is p a r , u t he e n u e , un e r t he re n -

no t cer a n o f of m p e en be a p

toc s s cit ds bys Sl t m o s ditiooi tm c t d t tos yod f d t s

e e e ur ve r

t he li rs t a c t ; a n d p ar u ar a
pp e p n e hy t he p a n f If cld , a t he . .

”
a ll c a e o f S e e t he n u e r u of a r w as a c o n

lso b ll G i t ti g s hi o to d
s a e . a pp n en ur v e
l Vl/lia ms
’
rje a n And t he lia

Wil i Pmsi oh s D io D h i tosh M R i l w y Co M

a e e e . n p re e en e en an

Cam p e v 19 O 34 7 ; bi l i ty t he £ 1 00 But s ee M ac

W
a n , ,
. e x p en .

v l l c a l c y, 3 3 63 ; Ga z T he C 14

S ld L st J w tt M W
a en ,
. n v a .a . . . .

lc y v : r c e , 1 6 J 2 67 ; un am v 54 8

K b Whoth c tyt i gs msd Q ick

n . . . .

l c t re e , 4 508 ; (m ) S ibo n i v l u rkm a n , 1

’

M sh l B o dh st
e e er v e e , . . . . .

l 4 53 4 1 8, 4 23 ; u L udbo rro w , 3 Buls t

to to ssig c t i
e rn . . e re a
pa r a re e on v . .

t he p n y um ut an er o f er a n u o f 30 ; ar al v r a ur , 1 C r J er . . .

m o ne y a ( t i n ! p e rs o n , a n er a n 4 03 .

[ 42 ]
 CH . L
] CO N R
S T UCT ON AND I IN ERPRE A I N T T T O o r CO T N R A CTS .
*
46

o f t he c o n t ra c t ; a s w h e re t he t h i n g t o b e d o n e re q u i re d t he p e r
s o n a l s k i ll o f t h e t e s t a t o r h i m s e lf ( 11
) S o to o i f s e v e ra l
p er .
,

s o n s s t i pu l a t e fo r t he p e rfo r m a n ce o f a n a c t w i t h o u t w o rd s o f
y ,

s e v e ra l t t h e re s u m t i o n o f la w i s h e re t h a t t h e i n te n de d to
y p p y
x
,

b i n d t h e m s e l ve s j o i n t l y (0 ) But t h i s pre s u m p t i o n a l s o m i gh t .

'

b e re b u tt e d b y t h e n a t u re o f t h e w o r k t o b e d o n e i f i t w e re c e r ,

t a i n t h a t s e p a ra t e t h i n g s w e re t o b e d o n e b y s e p a ra t e p a rt i e s ,
“

w h o c o u ld n o t j o i n i n t he w o rk (p ) .

It i s a l s o a l e g a l p re s u m p t i o n t h a t e ve ry gra n t c arr i e s w i t h i t
*
w h a t e ve r i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e u s e a n d e njo y ni e n t o f t h e gra n t (q )
'

Bu t t h i s ru l e a pp l i e s p e r h a p s m o re s tro n gl y t o gra n t s o f r e a l "

e s t a t e t h a n t o t ra n s fe rs o f e rs o n a l ro e rt T h u s i f l an d he
p p p y .
,

w a n t e d t o a n o t h e r a ri gh t o f w a y t o t he l a n d w i ll go w i t h t he ,

g ra n t B u t i t h a s b e e n h e ld w h e r e g o o d s w e re s o l d o n e x e
.
,
.

c u t i o n a n d l e ft o n t h e l a n d o f t h e j u d g m e n t d e b t o r t h a t t h e
,
.

, ,

u rch a s e r a cq u i r e d no a b s o l u t e r i gh t t o o o n t he l a n d o f t h e
p g
r o o ds .3 B i
s e ll e r fo r t h e
p pu o s e o f t a k i n g t he
g
.

() u t t h a s a l so

b e e n h e ld t h a t w h e re g o o d s o f t h e p l a i n ti ff w e re s o ld o n d i s t re s s
fo r re n t , w h i ch w e re o n p l a i n t i ff s l a n d , a n d o n e o f t he c o n d i ’
.

t i o n s t o w h i ch he w a s a p art y p e rm i tt e d d e fe n d a nt t o e n t e r
fro m ti me t o t i m e a n d t a k e t h e g o o d s a w a y t h i s w a s a l i c e n s e ,

b y t h e p l a i n t i ff, a n d w a s i rre v o c a bl e b e c a u s e c o up l e d w i t h a n ,

i n t e re s t (t) It m a y p e rh a p s b e i n fe rre d fro m t h e c a s e s a n d

.
,

(n ) S ee a nte
L g l M
vo l
i m s M W B
1 , pp 1 0 7, 1 1 1oom s Ki n sco t e , 6 85 1 74 ;
’

c s Sl t M g w Pom t
,
. . . v . . . r

(0 ) S e e a nte vo l 1 , p 1 1 , n (h )
'

3 62 , 2 d ed

Gill Joh Rs idd citSchd m ho R ot Howto

,
. . . . e a ax ,
.

(p ) S ee t h e of (r ) fre R i cro ft , l S aun d Wms

o
a e a er v . a ra ,
v . . .

12 85 2 65 , a n te , v o l 1, p 323, (6) n v F r e a rs o n 8 T

B b lBso wstE skis s SiI lst tc t BS ld It m st of co i c Nichols c ssity

r n . e . . n e .
,
.

1 1, n .
(h ) D e er v . er er rn, 10 . 5 0 ; C o lli n s v . P 1 en ti ce , 1 5 C n n 3 9 . .

63 8 ; 4 be s t 1 i ct l y w ay f

tit L c Pick Al Ki c id
ar . re er v . en e , -

e . u a o ne e ,

S ee m e1 e
’
2 07 i 3, an d t

Li t St y s t Wood
. a r ne n u e, . no n ven en e .

3, 22 24 1 02 l en

Pomf Wt Wms li m t M i skight P tt sois

. s ee . . v . u e, . v . n a ,

(q )L ifo rd s
’
1 1 R ep 52 ; Co F a ir f r uff ,
’

c a se , . . . 2 1 55 ; u ve
. an v . 1
56 a ; R ic ro ft , 1 S a un d New J e r 1 3 4 ; T r a 29

m liow d oth ilwcomy comy byy mto c sossof dc s s d Pist oyc d wS ll ck o

re v . . . . v . a er n,

3 23 , n . h e re an a c t o f p ar a en a n e , 4 99 Th e r . of w ay s us
ed o r h e n e v e r t he

b idgcomit y co sh qt tly ight Wh Ho cs l of Gol di isg soldBi g

e p e re a ra a
p an r p en , e r e n eces

t he n e o f an er p an ,
e an si ty ea e . er e v . e e ,
18 C nn .

w a s held t
fi rs t m en t he 321 ; lm e , 2 76

ofl d lb cilo ggit mg o yl sctt oldiif g so l c tio co y d witho t s

a r e, a -
v . r n n . .

t io n e d p a n had t he r fo r

will im ly o of
n e ue n e re a a sp e
p ar e an

a ff o n t he c ifi c p u rp o se f an d

it w c ss y os do ight
u

c ssit y
p a n e p ra r n n ve e re e r

t o t h e a e r, th e n , t h e l aw i n fa v r
no t

co st cti g b idg owith tobjo ctg l dch is co Ssist l yt

an e n n
p a
x
va p
ing e re n e e ar fo r t h e p urp e o f the ve n r a r o f w ay o f ne e
ru t he q
e ; fo r ubi a li uid hr h s uc h an , n n

l c R il w y Bi s ho o
n n r ve r or u en

co nc ed it ur , c o ncedltn r et i d s i n e
'

the o f t h e p ur

GM t o th E gl dlsoR ilw y Wil ms Mo is M W

a e ee e
q ua res tp sa e
'

. .

es s e n o n p o tes t C a ren e a a .Co v . . v .

p, 1 9 C nn . 128 .

N r of Co 13 (s ) li a 8

E l of Bi g N C D d Wood M y Ad E l
r ea n an a a . v . rr ,
. .

. \V 70 6 S ee a . IIi n c hliffe v
. . 4 88 .

ar Kinn o ul, 5 n 1 ; an . . .
(t ) v . a nl e ,
11 . . 34 .

[ 43 ]
47
"
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[A
P R T II .

di cta bj e ct t h a t a s r e a l r i gh t s go w i t h a gra n t o f re a l
o n t h is su ,

p p
ro e r t y w h e r e t h e
y a re e s s e n t i a l t o i t s
p p
r o e r u s e s o s u ch p e r
,

s o n a l r i gh t s o r e v e n e rs o n a l c h a t t e l s w o u ld o w i t h t he t ra n s
p , g ,

fe r o f p e rs o n a l p ro p e rt y a s w e re a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a ry fo r t he ,

u s e a n d e nj o m e n t o f t h e t h i n g s s o ld ; fo r i t m i gh t w e ll b e re
y p
sum e d to h a v e b e e n t h e i n t e n t i o n a n d u n d e rs t a n d i n g o f t h e
“

p a r ti e s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d p a s s t o g e t h e r (a ) A n d w e s h o u ld b e
*
.

e v e n i n cl i n e d t o s a t h a t i f o n e s o ld g o o d s o n h i s l a n d e s e
y p .

, ,

c i a ll u n d e r s e a l a n d t h e re w a s n o t h i n g i n t h e c o n t ra c t o r t h e C i r
y ,

c u m s t a n c e s t o s h o w t h a t t he b u e r w a s t o c o m e i n t o o s se s
y p
sio n O t h e r w i s e t h a n b y e n t e ri n g u po n t h e l a n d a n d t a k i n g t h e m ,

i t w o u ld b e p i e s u m e d t h a t t h i s w a s i n t e n d e d a n d t h a t t he s a l e ,

O e ra t e d a s a l i c e n s e t o d o t h i s i n a r e a s o n a bl e t i m e a n d a r e a
p
c h t h e s e ll e r c o u ld n o t rek el v
s o n a bl e w a
y w h i , () .

W h e re a n y t h i n g i s to b e d o n e a s go o d s t o b e d e l i v e re d o r , ,

t h e l i k e a n d n o t i m e i s s p e c i fi e d i n t he c o n t ra c t i t i s t h e n a
, ,

re s u m t i o n o f la w t h a t t h e a r t i e s i n t e n d e d a n d a g re e d t h a t
p p p
t he t h i n g s h o u ld b e d o n e i n a r e a s o n a bl e t i m e (10 ) But w h a t .

i s a re a s o n a bl e t i m e i s a q u e s t i o n o f la w fo r t he c o u rt (x) .

T h e y w i ll c o n s i d e r a ll t he fa c t s a n d c i rc u m s t a n c e s o f t he c a se
i n d e t e rm i n i n g t h i s a n d i f a n y fa c t s b e a ri n g u p o n t h i s p o i n t
,

a re i n q u e s t i o n i t w i l l b e t he r o v i n c e o f t he j u r t o s e ttl e t h o s e
p , y
fa c t s a l t h o u gh t he i n fl ue n c e o f t he fa c t s w h e n d e t e rm i n e d
, ,

u o n t he q ue s t i o n o f re a s o n a bl e n e s s re m a i n s t o b e d e t e r m i n e d
p ,

b y t he c o urt In g e n e ra l i t m a y b e s a i d t h a t q u e s t i o n s o f re a
.
,

ood If
(u )
g g t t t s g owi
t g his in stth ikt s lic st so g o ositii o octo bl ’

ow c y th m w y lwhichss it mo t to i t co st y dl byd
o ne ra n re e n e o n e as a n pr p n s ay
r

r r

w ,
t he m ay e n e r cu t
ra n e e an d a s uc h a en e c a n be rr e v a e,
d t he 0 0 0 5 a n d in

dMo d is M Willsoi msG l

un

cs Sh o ch By
n a rr e a a . un e a an n ere an ,

1 te 11 i c 1 v F o g o s s a , P lo w d 1 6 ; L i fo rd s m us t t h e r e fo r e be
’ '

sh o d i g ht of
« r . . n ve e
_

a e, 1 1 Rep 5 2 ; p T u 89 P er P a r ke, B , i n l

comi g o i s hi g Wh ocktl y E s m Fts kli H

e . . . . ee . . a v .

7
a g i a n t o f t he fi in a p n , a r 8 “ 4 88 S ee a

th m is g tS dh o ch Lo d
rr a e
~
. . .
,

u p n t he ba n ks a n d f fo r and 1 8, et s eq

F hom so M E llis
n n a e on a e en , p . .

R e n ig e r v F o g o s s a , (w ) C T he

D cy Askwith Ho b A cto G s
e ra n e . . er v . ra n n .

l lo w d 1 6 ;
’
T u 89 ; M an Co 3 S um n 530 ;

t i to los to c y w y Ashli S wy
e r v
.
p . . . . . . .

234 T 3 W '
44 5 ;

i h sigoht tiths ls o b b i Sidlbyt to m tt id M i Atki soHow B How ti g

re r n, rea ve v
ar v
.
, . .
p . . .

m ay en er n a c e a rr a a t he 3 C a mp b 4 2 6 ;
n, . a er v . H am
t he u ua w a y, a , 15 a ne , 4 0 ; un

l hl s how it wo d M i Attwood
t t e ve r as nc en e v . n

h is r . to t he e . C v . e ,
5 to n , 3 50 ; n n
. v . r n, 20
a n e , 67
’
DO S 4 06

d i llfic lttto ts lo sst this g o osit io llis M i

.
-
ll . . .

Per ap , ul be (as) C la 1 k , 2 G1 ec n l 2 4 9 ;

Smith
e v e r, v . .

f o un d f u t n Ixi iws le y \Va 14 a n e , 5 7 ; M 11 1

dlic bsy o d It towo l i s ocm thbl t st c tio s toM thi is How lso H
up p r v
pr p .
,

i n i t s fu e x e n , un e t he r an wa s 1
y v .
,
l l l a w ke s , 4 1 . Fo 1 c e 1 t a in

ma e dee d u d s uc h 1 i1 le , see un t

ohich t g t by d id t Itst c tl i dly Hob t M i

ee a
. e x ep n e v .

a e n e , in r er be r re v a e , m u i n r t o 11 , l 5
r a ne, 3 50 . S ee a H i ll v.
a m un to a ra n o f a n n e re in a n , ar 16 a ne, 1 64 .
,

w c a n o n ly b e e e
“
er a n .

[ 4 4 1
 CO NS R I N T UCT O AND IN ERPRE A I N T T T O OF CO T N RA C TS .
*
48

s o n ab le n e s s , o ther t han t h at o f ti m e , a re q u e s ti o n s o f fa c t fo r
t he j ury .

*
SE CTION IX .

OF TH E E E CT FF OF CUS TOM OR US GE A .

A custo m , w h i ch m a y b e g re a rd e d a s a
pp ro
p ri a t e t o t he co n

t ra c t and c o m p re h e n d e d b y i t , ha s o
yft e n
g re a t i n fl u e n c e ve r in
t he c o n s truc ti o n Of its l a ngu a g e .
()
y T h e g e n e ra l re a s o n
*
o f

cc stom (y ) Th t s id
g c
of t d to gi of m ay b e th e mio i g of l tt Astoto “

stm ctiio g woco dst whct ithdo byb t fi l i g m g of Bif gs Rlsod H y G s

a ev en e v en a e an n s ea -
e er . r v .

u or u a e ra e a id i n th e Un n In s . CO . 7 Co w . 2 02 , as the
n Of a eani n
“
S ee

b N y I d RobB tsoto J ckso

ur

byf omgi hi gi to dim my i gowholll ysd sts ctis

o n ru n ra ,
e er x n . a a ne v .

the e an n Of r e re u fu , o r H o llid a 7 n . 5 87 ; ea v . ran

he i in 1 09 ; M c Kelw ay,

w ll st bli s h d doct i h s wh CE B V Moo C m b ll E L

v n a e an n err , re . ar n v .

t an d 2 J er 1 74 n 2

itoli cy i s s t cd th t d wshiit is s d il R ic S ld
r e r r n ar p p u ar .
en e , . . er v . a n,
T u 4 12 ; 26

of co t ct s l m ss o k
a e -
e a e r ne .
,
e re . . re v . a p e ,
. .

w as to 52 2 ; 1 1 55 S O in

to s il mo th cto Scott id c dmitt d

re p re e n e un er r er on a . a v . e, e . .

of t he t h e c ase el
'

“
to

tom Showt tho kt this l g g Scottm k t

ure

id ssic o dmittmod toth Shof w ctob th t

n ur an e a p n a n ra e r
p p
w as a
“
b
i n th e n o f O e r, o f ev en e w as a e
w as the i n t he ar e

w ll d stood mo gst s d to Pow l Ho to Bi g N C

ev en e a e o a a an ua e
O
”
i n t he ma n ufa ct ur ed by C0
“

comm ci l i s to si g i y som ti m Wh ock cots Kt ctt ho wos d dth s it Sol

e x p re n n er, e an r
p .

w as m en l 2 668

b tw th t mo th
e un er a n u e e v . r n, n . . . .

a ffa r f w as d

s cc di g mo th h mitt d to show th t by s g
er a n e e ere a n ra r e u
t h e 2 5 th o f an d the 18 p at w as

d A g st i P k s N P of d stoodt d to m co t ct so wocwtd d
e een a n e en p ,

l st 2d f t he C be t he u a e

Soto show lso c thstomt whs g li g oy gdmitt d

or o u ee n n au
p er e n a
~

Gas 4 3
’
the ho p

ock t S ic oo
r an v . n er e n, ea e . . . . ra e, a n ra r e
m ay b e w as 1 00 3

t g of l h ts Q B lso Bowm Ho s y
a ,
u or u a e a e un er e an .
p er .
,
”
“
ia an d n o t p er p C p e r, 1

bwh chl ss of hiislld ds Mco t tsl w ll Mood i d c

a a a n v a e e er v
.
p .

c l ud e s t h e a ki n the 4 24 S ee a

bco siddmidtt d to showwithith t icm mo

sea e e an on an v r e
p
-
. . . .
, ,

an d 2 Bo b 8 5 SO has

lso to
ea e an as ,
as e as . . . ev en e
S un Ins C o 3
”
C is no t

cotto b l s yl o B iggs of olicy i s c Scottlso

a e . v . u ua . .
.
ee n a e a r e

S an d f 2 6 SO m e an i n g o f t he
'

the

Cto P h s tw igt ht NElsoid c

. . a as n er e as co r n n e ran

d um
”
in Ta 2 Of

lto yto m G i gsog Adwo dE l l l

n a e r v r a n u ran e v
. .
, p . .

5 2 5, an d Ou Bo u rd illi o n , 5 BO S P u] 2 13 S ee

lso dmitt d th t wo d
. . a er v . e n , as . . . a
'

C a
”
t he fre n, 5 3 02 ,

dd ysys bil i l gdid gysm sochwo ki g mo g i s Al s o th b t

ra e on v en e n v re as
p . . . .

”
m ay be t he t he Of th e
“

mi g E com L lEt c go to h
a a e a r e an n r eve
in a l Of m Cu C um

tgib g m c Etil idm c i g lso

a a n e an r n a n n er . er v .

an d no t r un n n C 30 604 , the p

GB owt MBy ddo E ML WE

a ,
a . ran v . n ,
. . . as r as e

Be 3 Es p
“
full
”
12 1 m ay an d And

tb msl y good li d to
er ,
. . v en e a p e e ar . se e
be o f t he O f t he 15 73 7 ;

H tchi s o Bowk M to m g g l t s
ve n e r an e e an n ran v . a x, . .

” ”
an d fine ,
“
26 24 7

W lso Whitmo o ts Mi s lo di g Sch l t

er as a e r n v rn e ,
, pp . . . . .

5 SO the e a n in of
“
in

to m i g wo d Lcc Et m wi gwhich to loos

ar e . u n v . er , . as re u ar urn
53 5 ; C a , 14 9 Of
”
E
L ic d e m ann 24

i i l g g m t wi h olici s
. re v . . . a n ,
v . u z, .

SO the ean n Of t h e 3 05 O t he e and in

m mt shi E s PD tt ystM ss cg lmost d w c clli ss to thic ss i ssti

a as r . . . n
in t he o f in
‘

pr v e e, an a re e en t .
a u ra e an n er in p e

as e r O f a Bir c h 4 f h as

id c dmitt d to S how ms gt s b twwhich id dc wis it dmis tt d

p . v . ep e er , u ra n e a re ra n, a a o a e

C a p 3 85 In 3

th t sc osscti g co tcy m smthmot

. . v an 11 . ra ,
.
p run up , a pe u ar u n

Gr 7 5 9, e v w as in Of

sscl s sd i g to c dt fii it womds g
. en e a e en ,
ev en e a e

in an d t h e
“
the un

id s to ligob oty to bst cg iot s

a a r a un r ,
a e ran u a e e e en er r er

du m the a ffi x n an d

h s Bido cgh of itmoctic of R

re pe n a ra e, e an a a ur e ,
er a n r

v e r all O an d an d e a n in
‘

t au e kno w n

Sl ight H t ho Joh s to
r er a re ru n ,
a e n e .

a re no t at er ,
us e a a e . S ee T u ,
in r u v . Wh re , 4 T . .

e v . ar s rn e , 2 n . 53 1, as 2 0 6, on ev en e the p ra e m er

[ 45 1
50
"
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
[ R P A T II .

t h is i s b vi o u s e n o u gh If p a r ti e s e n t e r i n t o a c o n t ra c t , b y
o .

v i rt u e w h e re o f s o m e t h i n g i s t o b e d o n e b o ne o r bo th a nd th is
y ,

t h i n g i s o ft e n d o n e i n t h e i r n e i g hb o r h o o d o r b y p e rs o n s o f l i k e ,

o cc u a t i o n w i t h t h e m s e l v e s a n d i s a l w a s d o n e i n a c e rt a i n
p y ,

w a y i t m u s t b e s u p p o s e d t h a t t he y i n t e n d e d i t s h o u ld b e d o n e i n
,

t h at w a y T h e re a s o n fo r t h i s s u pp o s i t i o n i s n e a r l y t he s a m e
.

a s t h a t fo r s u
pp o s i n g t h a t t h e c o m m o n l a n gu a g e w h i ch t h e y .

u s e i s t o b e t ak e n i n i t s c o m m o n m e a n i n g A n d t h e r ul e t h a t .

t h e m e a n i n g a n d i n t en t o f t he p a r t i e s g o ve rn w h e re ve r t h i s i s ,

o s s i bl e c o m e s i n a n d O e r a te s H e n c e a n e s t a bl i s h e d c u s t o m
p p,
.

m a y a dd t o a c o n tr a c t s t i p ul a t i o n s n Ot c o n t a i n e d i n i t ; o n t he
g ro un d t h a t t he p a r t i e s m a y b e s u p p o s e d t o h a ve ha d t h e s e
"

s t i u l a ti o n s i n t h e i r m i n d s a s a
p p a rt o f t h e i r a gr e e m e n t w h e n ,

t h e y p u t u p o n p a p e r o r e x p re s s e d i n w o rd s t h e o t h e r p a rt O f
i t (2 ) S O c u s t o m m a y c o n t ro l a n d v a ry t he m e a n i n g o f
*
.

ch ts s t d w it sshiit an d un thoft w as held e x p re ss w i t i g whol of

t ct bycowhit chctthwiythi t d d toc tobothosd
in the t h e co n

cshi w w ot ct dLobyd olicy

an er r er ,
a r n e

p ro vis io n s , e n o ut i n a p fo r th e us e be

k iowt s s g sbooks hll s s th st g mot g

ra e n en e un ,

t he but r e fe ren

gi i sgjid dgm t s id m mb it
re ere p r e e a on a n ra e e
, p
t he p an d f ur n i ture Kenyo n i n T
“

m y y s th t Lomb
u a u a

coco it s ctiof g wo k iist c tliib y mbto i t

. r ,
n n u a e .
,
e a n

u I an d p ri n

stolicit s of i s gi c dcocl st tictio o to

v n en a re e er n er e er a a er ,
, pr ,

w as if ar d to pr n nu e r Of

om bs m his s whildis stos ldi isg

a an ear a er a n
go , a n ra n a

ha d t t at e rt

oli c y wo ld h b g l
r ee no v en a n ru n e a r no pr n
p ,

n ura n e , fr the t y pe

dofmm ch ts th t d w iito sm ctic missibl whWil li msbo ghtGilm sold ot s

p e a e a ra n on a a e e an n an

p had o n
u e n e ra a ve e en extr a n u m er fo r o wn p a ,
ad

urre r ; b ut t h e un f r 3 Gr ee nl

d d th m i t lligibJohl s Coit idComc wtio gi ics l tobtobccocco it

e a an,
p ra e e . a v . .

er an a n d un e r r e r h ad re n 2 76 . S O, ere u an d n e
”
In a e Of in
‘

c i d of s g mo g d mitt sd gto Showob ccoth tt byd sts bs

er e e n e e a an ac
'

v . . e re ve n o n a ,

m e rc i a l I n s C O 7 3 8 5 , e v en e fo r t he p r e O f t he w as

w iootst s m chm mots std icmti g olicy tm

n . . . n a ,

w as re e v e u a be th e e

w bybos mghtl tho soldgh ot sos Sy sss d

a e a n un er
p er e n, a a

an d t he l i she d o f the t e , a ll al e

to ish bl ticl s wcl di g ths is till

r er er an re r n er u a e a ra

i n t he
“
f u t

Jo D s i sE ch m lso QHodgso
r e u no ex e
ra n o a
p e re a p e, p re
s uc h in i n t he an d

lso AllG il lg Js All g M Myl yd

ar e as e re e r n a ur e u n e . er v .

an d 2 111 S ee

I h bito ts of RStokob so o Hil l t Q B

p er a e, ex u n a r a ar a na x a n
p .
,
. .

S ee a
’
A d m rs v Ca 5 3 0 ; Th e
’
2

l id i g M cy
e re ar an . v . av e , ,
p . ue e n v .

I ns C O 2 13 6 ; T re n 5

M t Ey Whitt k goodsM so co siBig g Nto C

. . e re v ar . . n a an e up -
n -

,
. .

In s C O 6 H a r & J 4 0 8 ; 3 03 ; C in 2

Mi W S D
an . a v . . . . n ne r v . n, ,

“ f nd n In s C O 9 3 54 ; 3 54 ; 2

g t s oc withds itig s s l i cist tcom ctio s lto

e e re v
. . . . a er v . a n, n . . .

a r n e In s CO 5 S 1 16 ; 1 3 59 — Vhe r e
V n ed

lo g b s ttl d s ys
. uer . .
t
. . a re n an

0 11 Ins 1 8 5 fo r al e ,

W M c it with i st cti o s g t
. . a en e n e ra n ru n

( i t ha s uffi pi
“
r e mi t t h e p r
)
th t comm ci l t s b y bil l ch g i t ho t
z n ee n e e , a ee a en
,

l t t r re, L , i n l l ut to n v
’
a rre n , 1 s uc h i f t he

cs igo s is dmii siscsi b id c c stoi id ts g t i g it o i d d s ch

. . an e n ru n a en

81 V \ “
in m f ex w i n d o rs

s g g t s l c b si ss
. . a er a ra n re o an e, u
a t e x tr n en e o f m and i ng or is

toS wct itot whichco tth ctsy sil ttt s withs m Pott Mo l d
n ev,
u ua ran e e n , pr v e u
’
le t he t he f
“

to e at

P t Gmoss illotsoiss G t
u a e a a nne x nc en u a a en
p a e o u ne .

in m a 3 C a sh 3 8 4 S ee

l oth lso sb c io s li dli to co whit ctsch

r t en n ra er re er v . r an ,
. .
_

T he T 1 3 M e t 5 17 B ut

i i stc i s ti c l l y
pe e ar e en . a e u na v . n, . .

ha s Cr , 3 ra t 2 62 — T he

k ow il s g s h his b b st bdolish d o s th t i s b tw
ru e a ee n a pp e n ra see r v . .

in t ra n t f fe in n fl ue n e o f lo c a l c us to ms

l dlosod li ttl t t sc ib commol ti

er a n o , p ar u ar
an d m a n fe i n t he c a s e

s m i o th t s h
n n u a e a ve een e a e a ar e e een

p re va e d , a n d t has e e n an d enan T he la w

t s c io s ti s did m to
ne u

d ti s of l dlo d t t si c
p n an r . n

t he p r i n c i p le o f p re u p t n a i n uc do es e to p re r e t h e re a ve

ra n a t n the p a r e no t ean u e an r an d en a n , n e it

[ 4 G]
 OH . I .
] CO NS R I N T UCT O AND IN ERPRE A I N
T T T O OF CO T N RA CTS .
’

w o rd s ; () g i vi n g e ve n t o
a s u c h w o rd s a s t h o s e o f n u m b e r a

e n ti re l y d i ffe re n t fro m t h a t w h i ch t h e
*
c o mm o nl b ear
s e n se y y ,

lco ss ofml tt g m libt y tol s s s

th e er a t t s wo ldh s sc ib c s of D olicy
e rt p ur ue a n y p ar i e , l

i s g i l ty of w st th t it i s by i s c i f i s ks mi
e av e a u p re r e ue r o n .

he p p ro v i d In s 2 0 0 T u , i n t he a e

m s s i s i g th t co tssho ld ti o c
ur e an a e en ea e a
,
. .
p
ed he t of t he r and

hd ctiob thoso blyg i l clitio sd to mod i t o c tts ch dli bl th t toti ls loss might
no u a e, a n uran e ,
p re
no e an urp r n a t he ur u u m are e n re , a n d t h e p o li cy h as n e
’

fa v t he t h e n urer i n an y

c lti ti o whi c c stom s g ti t l s him to t i whol of mi

a ve ee n ra n ne n r a a e , so a

Of i n t he a e be e fo r a t he la w e n

hmost b st blificishl dto chti dis st ict to i s By tic sl ch sc gs ss howoblig d to

u n e re u a n e a a ,

o f u va n, h u an d u a e e re a n t h e e t h e p re
i n ea be t he um e ve r , t h e

H t o W M W t t of mi m Lo g
a ve e a e r
p ar u a r u a e ,
.

P a r ke,
”
a ll p a r P er n ur e r m a
y in u be

L gh H wDtt llisoE stDo gl Wig All Dod wgl it to Whs ttl itccois di gs gto
en e a e . a e e

B .
,
in u t n v . arre n, 1 . . 4 76 ; r e ur n a p ar t h e p re u n v . .

i 4 1 54 In 4 2 76

t ltho tgh th llow d o mw yl goil s g c od fo igdj stmo t s tchof sg g willl g mitt d

e v . e ,
a ,
. an , u . . e re a u a e

g le sw o r t h v . a n, u . 201, t he o f the un er r er e e a r n

w as t he a in

s l do s c stomlt s ys oLot ddict to djct stm igthts fo igti s o lthot is gh

e n an a e an a a -
n r p, u en en e ra a v e ra e a
a u e re w as a f r a ea e un er re n
p r ,
u u a e be p er e
“
The M a ns a ffe t he r f t he p a r

g ightm which t col s sq it tio llytos dds homf omo wht t Phil it wol i sld h b
ea . u ,
a r o e ,
a u

fi eld ,
“
e no t a er or C n ra t he the a u en in t he re n
p r d if
i n t h e e a e, up e ra fere n t at

h i o t by c stom Pow Whi t o M

a re e en n r a u ave e en

is t he t a k t he 2 In s (3 d e d )
ltho gh m ti o d g t lso V ll c D w
a r n e ue n a e r on
p .
p . .

i n g , as a e r m a y be d ue u 1 63 , et se re , 4 m

l s s lsoi coc ostomt dtoi tomo l s m id c H lsdmitt y dB ow

p er v
,
.
q ; . . .

a u no t en ne i n t h e ran o r S el 1 4 1 S ee a
.
,
a an e v
. e ar , .

SO a ve fi x 1 C a p 5 03 — In
”
n, 3

E y tom m ch ts o ctic t
u

N ss
ea e . a re . a e v r . .

t u re m a y b e n r p ra e D ay, 3 4 6, e v en e w a s a o f a c us

dS mictstobmtwtt s l dwho dch t tti s byYo k thmt st is ight ofq isit c ith dt
n a ea e . e

V an e v P ac ar d , 2 P e t 1 3 7 ve r
. .
'

. of er an i n C nn e u an d New
e e n an l r an d e n a n , i n r e t h e fre mo ney r e e ve

silby t g lf slygo toc stoml tio t ctis to so llowy li bls of ss l

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pe a er in i t h e p a r e a re the a er hi s p er u e , an d a
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[ 48 ]
 C O S T UCT ON R IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N RA CTS .

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.

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.

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V OL . II . 5
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53 TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CTS .
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hw bt com s gm tio llythk t owco t cts to W ttsccom i d Si glith isoloot dofi stg c s
rue e a er a e a . ar n v . e a a re . .

i ng ex e a uffi en R en t t e a . C . C . 2 54 ; app v . a er, 3

an d 1 78

mSmidth W ightc to iti s Nobl c s stom g ill i s Dodd ci t Pst blishSt

ave e e e n e ra n n, a ,
. n e a e n an e ,

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in re fe re n P e r Cur ia m, in u a w be n uffi to

K ow y Do gl wh U i t d St t s B ch
a e e . e, en e a a
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s g h st yblishs d Loby d id c s idist d o d th t Uc sstomg m st i co

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,
en n . .

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e n e h a d ex H o w 83 , 1 0 2 — be gen er a l

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u

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ree e ar , r r er a a u
It t h e u a e h as p o ra t e d n it s
“
no a er n an a re e en ,
r e
”
fo r the be be g en

t of ti s i s s It m st
u

b i co o t d i to co t ct
e en a e ar ,
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. ex en e, n
t ree

thoo lygh shot dt tim s chBt os ist d c ot o b oso ghtdto to ct s g s

ru
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ha s e en n rp ra e n a n ra ,
al t h e p ar t he p a r e a r e u be .

t he in ha s g enera l a s pp e lo c a l, fo r lo Cal u a e

N lso Do ch st st cti o of w i t t i st m ts ss
u ra e u re e ex e

fo r a rt M c Ke l be in a ffe t he c o n

Mish lto B kylo BEiggsgl d B Pk B tlk ttowl Pdg tl of d B ti s is fo d

n a r e . n v . an n r u

w a y, 2 . J e r 1 65 . . S ee a ,
r e er ru n r en n ru en ,
u nl e
an d Ne w t he th e p a r e
’

R ob so J ckso G y Lloyd i d Scott

n an v . n an an ,
n e e un .

2 C C r 7 60 , 7 70 ;
'

1 Cu 1 7 7 ; Ta e n an , 1 0

B L wiSis glMto sh l Hil liM d St oh i Pigck B AdCl yto StG gsos R Ads
r v . . r ,
. . ar e v . . .

525 Bu t s e e . e rt n v . a n, 2 C . ab a v ,
3 7 93 ;
. v Ir . .

4 12 ; 1 1 60 5 ;

HR yw d P lmMiddl toW tts El s g how

. n e n v . ar , r . v n ,
. . e v en v . ee v e ,

2 03 ; 7 Gr 7 2 9 ; 9 1 98 ; 5

s g loc l s s b i g co fi d to
e v ar a .
,
. . . a n v . re n, .

3 M c C o rd , 1 2 1 ; 3 02 A m ay b e

st m st co st tly ti c l o t l c g l
a ar v . e n, . . u a e, e v e r,
3 1 7 8 — U a e i n t he f

o bsWoodd s Pm m s g Wood t d f cq tostio Bso ts g g d

a pp v . a e r, a ,
a en e o e n n ne a
'

mu b e m nfin m It u n an be p ar u ar p r or p a e, a n d
ye t en e r a
'

i n t he In i n re t he t he

t mclotthsd tos t showi s ctil oti toSom oft tw s s i Whs d is o s g d

e r ve e a nn e r e re n e p e1 n en e
°
a . a 1n

v .
,
1 C . . 5 9, a u a e w as at ra in ue
e n a x e1 v L e la11 d, l . .

be t he re u rn Bla t c hf C C 5 2 6 e re a u a e b e

wiwitthi sswhich s s ok b thy ysto wh tithm hid c it molicyst is cts gd Rog so t

e e n re a ve
p . . . .

o f en fo r n
pe n . e t he e e n i n ure r a nd n ure ffe re in
f da t he b e t he u a e o f t h e p r

wowldk th of moothth s s ok M chM icts l hil d

ne e p e o re e as e ev en e, u
n t he u er was s ay e er w e re t he p e ffe e er v . .

he b uy em t ; In s C 0 1 S t e 60 7 ; C

tis mh s g to i stbi dict gd m st th t s g m stso l Wh oit os d to c

u o r no er
p e e an v . . . .

of a ee ,
and o ne a n ,
as t he S un u ua Ins C o 3 S a n d f 2 6 — T h e . . . .

‘
j udg e t he j ury be gen era l a s p p e
'
J l1e u

o m th t s g o d to comm ci l m i g of wo d
ru e u a e
e . n ,
a
p ar
uc a u a e ,
be n n ,
u be un i t ia l, o r p e r n a e re h as refe re n e .

f r ,
a nd a t he u a e pr ve w as no t t he er a e an n a r , or

[ 50 ]
CH . L ] CON S T R UCT
0
I ON AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T N R A CT S .
*
54

t h e se
*
ch a ra ct e ri s ti c s
b e l o n g to t he cu s t o m w i ll d e pe n d i n
m ust
e a c h c a s e u o n i ts
p p e c u l i a r c i rc u m s t a n c e s S u pp o s e a c o n tr a c t .

t o b e e n t e re d i n t o fo r t h e m a k i n g o f a n a rt i cl e w h i c h h a s n o t
b e e n m a d e u n t i l w i t h i n a d o z e n ye a r s a n d o n l y b y a d o z e n ,

t
.

p e rs o n s W o rd s a re u se d i n t h i s c o n t ra c t a n d
. h e ir m e a n ing ,

i s u n c e rt a i n b ut i t i s p ro v e d t h a t t h e s e w o rd s h a v e b e e n u s e d
a n d u n d e rs t o o d i n re fe re n c e t o t h i s a rt i cl e a l w a s b
y y a ll w ho , ,

h a v e e ve r m a d e i t i n o n e w a y a n d t h a t b o t h p a rt i e s t o t he c o n
, ,

t r act k n e w t h i s T h e n t h i s c us t o m w i ll b e p e r m i tt e d t o e x p l a i n
.

a n d i n t e r re t t he w o rd s o f t h e
p p a rt i e s B u t i f t he a rt i cl e ha d .

b e e n m a d e a n hu n d re d ye a rs i n m a ny c o u n t ri e s a n d by m u l t i , ,

t u d e s o f p e rs o n s t h e s a m e e vi d e n c e o f t h i s u s e o f t h e w o rd s ,
,

b y a d o z e n p e rs o n s fo r a d o z e n ye a rs m i gh t n o t b e s u ffic i e n t t o ,

g i v e t o t h i s p ra c t i c e a ll t he fo rc e o f c u s t o m O t he r fa c t s m u s t .

b e c o n s i d e r e d ; a s h o w fa r t he m e a n i n g s o u gh t t o b e p u t o n t h e
w o rd s d e p a rt s fr o m t h e i r c o m m o n m e a n i n g a s g i ve n by t h e d i e
t i o n a ry o r b y g e n e r a l u se a n d w h e t h e r o t h e r m a k e r s o f t h i s
, ,

a r ti c l e u s e d t h es e w o rd s i n v a r i o u s s e n s e s o r u s e d o t h e r w o rd s ,

t o e x p re s s t h e a ll e g e d m e a n i n g B e c a u s e t he m a i n q u e s t i o n i s .

a l w a s t h i s ; c a n i t b e s a i d t ha t b o t h a r t i e s m us t h a ve u s e d
y p
t h e s e w o rds i n t h i s s e n s e a n d t h a t e a ch p a rt y h a d g o o d re a s o n ,

t o b e l i eve t h a t t h e o t he r p a rt y s o u n d e r s t o o d t h e m .

No r i s i t n e c e s s a ry t h a t t he w o rd s o u g ht t o b e i n t e rp re t e d
*

b y c u s t o m s h o u ld b e o f i t s e lf a m b i g u o u s (j ) F o r n o t o n l y , ,
.

w i ll c u s to m e x p l a i n a n a m b i g u i t y b ut w fll ch a n g e t h e s e n s e ,

o f a w o rd fro m o n e w h i ch i t b e a rs a l m o s t u n i ve rs a ll y t o
'
,

to ic sl g mof t d odoi g th t this gto it l dd d t o mod sof ldcosch s g b i tg d

th e i de

mch stts g s ml como gt y bythoswhom h c sli g ht i d c w ll

a u a e ra e p r p er , a ,
a an e ,
e ar e e n

p a rt of in up n t h e u u a u r e Of t he

q i d Nobl K ow y Do gl
u ar an n e r n a , p en en ra e,
be a ll m er an d i be

wot dd is qs d stio M ti g gDdl w S choist lsod t c s is whfollow d st gki ofg

u e n e ra a n e en e er ev en e
an ,
i n t he a e un r ,
t he u re . e v . en n a ,
u . 5 10 .

w ho i n th e t he t he u a e

W sh ott cm go shi Ki gstolso B Ktoib bs

r u e , or a re en a e u a a e ere
ra in t he f in

Wood G Mll t M cy Wood Wh li g

e ue n . ar n v . e a a re
p r o e p a r u re e a n

In s CO 2 C C 2 54 ; Tr in t he of a

N hi s
a v ar n n v n
. . . . . .
p . .
,

1 443 ; 1 C a p 5 08 , S ee

Wood P ctimoo s mcoltitc ctli tot d sli of mbl ss

,
a . a v . a n . 11 . a ar n v .

In s Co 9 3 54 , 3 65 ; M c K e l w a y, 2 J er 1 65 T w as

Wh
. . e e. v. . . . an

1 C 59

wom dsi g cl s s doidb t c l of ths gi thmight showhigthh tbyIt i th s t git

,
. . . a n on a n ra e ve r a nu er

(f ) S ee of
“
a n t e,
p . 51, 11 . e re ru u au s ree ,
no t e

in f w a s held,
”
fu oo t

wim l l si g c toD d t i Whth i cl gthstom m d l d sto th t ticl

r or au e a re u e r an o ne . a

m uc h sli
g h t er e v e n e be t he u n l
‘
e an n ,
u a e n a v c i sa u a e
uffi fi x an d e e rm and f a ll in

goods b o d ss l i s d ti l i wood lsoj Mocti go Atg i s imm tm

e ne e r u o e a er a ar e,
1 ue r o n Ins 2 54 t he w as t he t o f t he

disschg sg dms cs ssf lyyl to d d mso ti tog

ean n . . . e re en e as ure p o

0 11 ar a ve e a re n ur e un r pe ,
re e n t he re en a ur e

kn 3 Ca
”
an d to p S ee

of cl s til d sch g d s f ly
ar e a e an e ,
a re r . a ,
x n v .
, p .

u a e ee ne e ar fix t he e an n 2 00 .

t he au e un i ar e an d a e
 56
*
TH E LA W OF CONT R A CTS .
[ A R P T II .

a no t h e r w h i ch i s e n t i re l y d i ffe re n t T h u s w o rd s o f n u m b e r a re
.

‘
o f a ll o t h e rs l e ast a m b i gu o u s ; b ut a s w e h a ve s e e n cu s to m , ,

w i ll i n t e r pr e t o ne t h o u s a n d t o m e a n o n e h un d re d d o z e n , o r
t w e l ve
C us t o m a nd u sa ge a re v e r
y oft en
p o k e n o f a s i f t h e y w e re
s

t he sa me th in g . B ut t h i s i s a m i s t a ke C us t o m i s t h e t h i n g
.

to b e p ro v e d , a n d u s a g e i s t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e c u s t o m (It ) .

W he t h e r a c u s t o m e x i s t s i s a q u e s ti o n o f fa c t (i ) Bu t i n t h e
* '

ro o f f a c t qu e s t i o n s o f la w o f t w o
o f t h is k i nds m a a ri s e
p y .

O n e w h e t h e r t h e e vi d e n c e i s a d m i s s i bl e w h i ch i s t o b e s e t t l e d
, ,

b y t he c o m m o n p ri n c i p l e s o f t he l a w o f e vi d e n c e T he o t h er, .

w h e t h e r t he fa c t s s t a t e d a re l e g a ll y s u ffi c i e n t t o p ro ve a c u st o m .

If o n e m a n t e s t ifi e d t h a t h e ha d d o n e a c e rt a i n t h i n g o n c e a n d '
,

h a d he a rd t h a t hi s n e i g hb o r h a d d o n e i t o n c e t h i s e v i d e n c e
‘

w o u ld n o t b e g iv e n t o t h e j ury fo r t h e m t o d r a w fr o m i t t he
i n fe re n c e o f c u s t o m i f t h e y s a w fi t b e c a u s e i t w o u ld b e l e g a ll y ,

i n s u ffi c i e n t Bu t i f m a n y m e n t e s t i fi e d t o a u n i fo rm us a g e
.

w i t h i n t h e i r k n o w l e dg e a n d w e re u nc o n t r a d i c t e d t h e c o urt , ,

w o u ld s a y w h e t h e r t h i s u s a g e w a s s u ffi ci e n t i n q u a n t i t y a nd
.

q u a l it y t o e s t a bl i s h a c u s t o m a n d i f t h e y d e e m e d i t t o b e s o , ,

w o u ld i n s tru c t t he j u ry,t h a t i f t h e y b e l i e v e d t he w i t n e s s e s t he , ,
,

c us t o m w a s pro ve d T he c a s e s o n t h i s s u bj e c t a re n ume ro u s . .

(g ) S ee a nte p 5 1 m c
i tti l is g
i o sdo s m d
ch ts
(b) d oto e u a no t

B c stom m st st blish d by whi tio s bliclyis ss d o th o

,
.
,
n . . or e r an e e ep e n up n

(h ) P er Bag/ ley J R ,
.
,
i n Kea d v . an n , t he p r va e Op n n of er an as

10 Cr 4 4 0 0 t he la w e ir

i d c wi t ss swhos kdi ctl y th i A l

. . . a , or e ve n up n
i ) T he be — but

toL wis ctM sh ll isMt c c stomid c E diM ch E ts tBI dik W dB

u u e a e Op n n pu e x p re e up n
t he ev en e o f ne e pea re e r a c ts . P er Wa lwo rth , C , in . l en

o f the f t he u In
'

t h e fa 22 222 S ee

o d toightshowwoth ldt cot sidms d to SyMs shBll idg C Do Pgl Wi th o ofts

ex en e o . v . er an an ,
en . .

e v . ar a ,7
. 8 Gr 72 9, e v e n e
5
. e v . as n a C o .2 urr . 1228 ;
t he e r
“
was ffe re 5 2 7, 5 3 0 Cr

como it is issti g gom thss i g sss g mo y U iMo ch icsCo W h C Rog s

a c ar er v . r e, u .

go and fre u be n ere v . ar a ,

7 . . 5 97 ; n r p v .

e n e r a n d t he n e t In s 2 C 7

s id ch ct Altho gh it ss t sti i s g ll y to
e e ra e p a n n as
pr e . . . . er .

pr f ar n fr In s Co 1 S t e 60 3 , 60 7

d sc osi tiois ictd c gd issilbl s g th t st t f ct oftic l s i gst c of iso bs bl cto

ne e
e r
pa a e v an
-
. . . . . .

Tln da l, C J , a . T he. a ra e r an d u a w ne fe e e n e ra

n o f ev en e a m e fo r t he t he u a e , ye t if h e

cb icsi ss ili g j gm t tic ol i ito dof s g Lohisd id c sho ldSy s

e r p a a un a e

t he fa of a e n e ra u a e a n d a e a u t he
p ur p e par ar n an e e r va n e

p ra t e p re v a n i n t h e p a r u a r ra e f the be

wi t ss s co t ct B i d g Do gl
o u a e, ev en e u te
n o t t h e ud j e ct e d /i elcl , i n
P er fil

s c lyto co ct ctly si gt titd with f oth h d Riticc l Si stld c s which

u ne en o r
o r , p n n . er v r an s .

t he ne e ; fo r t he n ra m a y be r e, u 5 3 0 ; 1 D uc r o n I n s 1 8 3 . . .

a fe and S e e Vai i l v e, 1 155 0 11 t he

s mc idg h t tis chs ct th t th y coto t ct woc tdsi m ci gt i cob s giollowtod c t iof

n e r re e re er o
rre p . . .

m a y b e p re u ar n a n e in
'

en e t he fa o i u a e ; as er an , par a
i s’ k uo w n t he c o n ha s e e n
'

fa

coo i oio i y th witot ss s l dj dgm t ccomil i std bbliyshi idg c c distomct towh
u e t a u er a n ea n n ve n er a n

t ra t n p a r e , a nd a e n ra in r ,
o r a er a n ur e f e , a re

n f rm t But t he u in

s tg i o i iio t is ot iio d to sth hji dg fStct s g D o ll FDodd P

e re en or . 1 10 a va e a n a u , en
'

c a e , a tl o r d s n o
p n n o f t he t he

m s B k of
ne e un a p an e ev en e re

a fe u d e fo r n e r p re a t f C pe 13

c stom ofm ch ts M yl d Gil l Joh s

u a

k owl dg
n, as uc u a o e . v .
, en n .

Re p 33 ;
’
men o r p n n c n f ne e r o wn . . uva v . ar er an
T he
”
n e e . u er an ar an ,
9 n . 31 .

[ 52 1
CH . L] N S R CO T UCTI O N AND I N ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF CO T NR ACT S .
*
57

But d e fi n i t e ru l e a s t o t h e pro o f o f cu s t o m c a n b e d ra w n
no

fr o m t h e m o t h e r t h a n t h a t d e ri va bl e fro m t he re a s o n o n w h i ch
,

t h e l e g a l O p e ra t i o n o f c u s t o m re s t s ; n a m e l y t h a t t h e p a rt i e s ,

m u s t b e s u ppo s e d t o h a v e c o n t ra c t e d w i t h re fe re n c e t o i t .

A s a g e n e ra l r u l e t he k n o w l e dg e o f a c u s t o m m u s t b e b ro u gh t
,

h o m e t o a pa rt y w ho i s t o be a ffe c t e d by i t But i f i t b e s h o w n .

t h a t t h e c u s t o m i s a n c i e n t v e ry g e n e ra l a n d w e ll k n o w n i t w i ll , ,

o ft e n b e a re s u m t i o n o f la w t h a t t h e a rt h a d k n o w l e dg e o f
p p p y
i t ; (j ) a l t h o u gh i f t h e c u s t o m a pp e a r e d t o b e m o re re c e n t a n d
*
,

l e s s ge n e ra ll y k n o w n i t m i gh t b e n e c e s sary t o e s t a bl i s h b y i n ,

d e pe n d e n t p ro o f t h e k n o w l edge o f th i s c u s t o m b y t he p a rt y (lt ) .
'

A n d o n e o f t he m o s t c o m m o n g ro u n d s fo r i n fe rri n g k n o w l e dg e
i n t h e p a rt i e s i s t h e fa c t o f t h e i r p re vi o u s s i m i l a r d e a l i n g s w i t h
,
-

e a ch o t h e r l T e c u s t o m m i g h t b e s o p e r fe c t l a s c e rt a i n e d
() h .
y
a n d u n i ve rs a l t h a t t h e s a c t u a l i g n o ra n c e c o u ld n o t b e
’
a rt
p y
g i ve n i n pro o f n o r a s s i s t h i m i n r e s i s t i n g a c u s t o m If o n e s o ld
,
.

(g Wh
and n
c st o m
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show m tt
lq isit s oto io lids c stomto hit is coothcl tiR s sos s dPicitk Hilsoto St Locks of
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t he
be n as a a
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er

See
a a t he p ar

sit o ct d withth t f c ti tos mit st h th i WiH soll D llDw y

e ra r u ,
ave er e u e . a ,
e ve n v .

re u e o f a va u ,
a n u e eve ,
9 . 1 98 ; n n v . e,
f la w t he 5 i 439; 1 Ins But s ee

k l owlyto dg iGs cogsocl si Aly sE lm d Scott lI ytoi g GB gsoAd A St s

n o a
p ar e u a ve co n ,
ue r o n .

ra e r e e re n e ,
an d e r n r v . i a a , 4 M et c 2 2 1 -
. .

In (k ) C n, 5 & El 3 02

bi t to fo d th t cco di g to
u u

R s Pi c k St w t Ab
n e e n ve
p re e . a n v re . . .

C 5 8 3 02 , n , 1 81 60 5 ;

tom c i d distst idct g miwo dss thl o ghl d i AsMth t W of ti s cc s

a n v . re n, .
5
. an v . rv e ven . . .

ar ra r un a a r n th e cus v . ee v e ,
9 .1 98 ; e ar v . er

an d u n in of 4 211:

d c t thi m i gs bwhilowch l so withto c ctt i i s c mc y G b yl c

er an ner r u e n, . .

t he (l ) t he p a r e w as a
“
o ut a e rt a n r ,
r e ve ,
a o ne u
” ”
an d in to m ed e ffe n u r an e a t a c e rt a in p a e
“ “

ti s to s it Som f Lloyd B B tl tt P t
ee p e r an , e a ea e,

o
,

had er a n w e re i n fa v

ti s to l s di d i wi t hi
er a n

l d B P lm Bl ck
e an n ,
r or a o p an . a a v .

o f o n e Of t h e p a r e the 3 Cr 7 93

dic sstom
t ct st t d withthit s ch diisstt ctc did bcc stomBid gto t s ct bth sit ss i s w
u . e ,
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th e p a r e t he e a e no t l ve n an ,
10 . Cr . 7 60 a er v . a

the ri Il eld, t he ex of Or
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urn , l p a rt

is coti cls sis od t msth t cco di g t oi b k B idthg to t B kti s Dysid

. a en e n . a e e re

th e u a e , n u ri ,
a u e r an a u ne a t a cer .

n o t ra n of l aw t he eo v 19

tow sichch cj stomy might d wo thly t icod clc siomo P l tlc whd B s g ists l Byto l tt
e a n u a a n an . r ep r an v . er ,

en an t i n g p ar e u e the er a r n C nn 13 6 . . Or a t h e p ar e re e at
bu t w a s fr t he p a e th e u a e ex a rt

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h 10 8 C r 7 60 C

ol l ow d wo ds o d
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.
:
. a n v .

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o dthm t y diwo d lt ml i higschismc t gis m tio sm t s ctioso s b tw l i i g

a ra r re n, . . e v en v .

ha d f e t he r o f the r e r, a n d e e ve ,
9 . 1 98 . v en e m ay be
‘ ’
f un a t he (w ven o f f e e n t he

cco dimi g tos so c stomso j dgm d tmist ghtd co tm ct i Bog t ms s d w tt

r ev e a a er ran a n e
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t he u an d u n e r t he o f t he e r in ri

hwo ldb h gi b s ltd d t th his Fo d Y t s M

a r n an ea n n u e a en

i ng o f an d Ga t li fi , 1 1 C l & F i n
'

wh i d c j ct d th t
n er u en n ra . urn e v . . .

v e n fo r t h e efe n an ; 4 5 , 70 B ut 2

f o dist ict which i di g iiss imitmd chto to by ti s hos ls cow s soldd l gc dit
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.

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. ere e v en e w as re e e a

Bu t the f n n l t he u ur e o f in be t w een t h e

th t wo d which ti c l mo ths w i t t co t ct si l t
av r . e a p ar ua ea

t i c ular o f s ix

sif g ifitlcy tio oth this s dist icitf th t m so it oti s s dbj ictssibl Pto giio s d mo gs
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n a r up n u e . rev u o
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t
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s s oi t d It o ght th fo to Lo i g G y Pick
an n as a n a en e en an a ve n n
i n t he p r e e n n ra w as u e i n the la w . u f r v . a fe , 7 as ,

en e p n e o ut . u ,
ere re S ee r n v . ur n e ,
5 . 15 .

[ 53 ]
 58 *
TH E LAW OF CO T N R A CT S .
[ ARP T II .

g o o d s a n d t he b u ye r b e i n g s ue d fo r t he p ri c e d e fe n d e d o n t he
, ,

g ro u nd o f a c u s t o m o f t h re e m o n t h s cre d i t t he j u ry m i gh t b e ’
,

i n s t r u c t e d t h a t t he d e fe n c e w a s n o t m a d e o u t u n l e s s t h e y c o uld ,

no t o nl
y i n fe r fro m t he e vi d e n c e t he e x i s te n c e o f t h e c u s t o m b u t
,
'

a k n o w l e dg e o f i t b
y t h e
p l a i n t i ff B u t i f t h e b u e r h a d g i ve n
y .

a n e g o t i a bl e n o t e a t t h re e m o n t h s n o i g n o ra n c e o f t h e s e ll e r ,

w o u ld e n a bl e h i m t o d e m a n d p a ym e n t w i t h o u t gra c e e v e n ,

w h e re t h e d a ys o f g ra c e w e r e n o t g i v e n b y s t a t ut e In s u ch a .

c a s e t he re a s o n o f t he la w o f c u s t o m
, t h a t t he p a rti e s c o n —

t ra c t e d w i t h re fe r e n c e t o i t s e em s t o b e l o s t s i gh t o f But i n .

fa c t t he c u s t o m i n s u ch a c a s e ha s t he fo rc e o f l a w ; (m) a n
i g n o ra n c e o f w hi ch n e i t h e r e xc u s e s a n y o n e n o r e n l a rg e s h i s
-

ri gh t s .

N o c u s t o m c a n b e pro v e d o r p e r m i tt e d t o i n fl ue n c e t h e c o n ,

S t r u c t i o n o f a c o n t ra c t o r v a r t h e ri gh t s o f a rt i e s i f t h e c u s
.

y p , ,

t o m i t s e lf b e i ll e g a l F o r t h i s w o u ld b e t o p e r m i t p art i e s t o
.

b re a k t he la w b e c a u s e o t h e rs h a d b ro k e n i t ; a n d t h e n t o fo u n d
.

t h e i r ri gh t s u p o n t h e i r o w n w ro n gd o i n g (n ) .

N e i t h e r w o u ld c o urt s s a n ct i o n a c u s t o m by p e rm i tt i n g i t s
*

o e ra t i o n u o n t he ri gh t s o f a rt i e s W h i ch w a s i n i t s e lf w h o ll
p p p y ,

u n r e a s o n a bl e
.
()
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p p e rl
y e n a ct e d t h i s , ,

ii n q u i ry c a n n o t b e m a d e i n a c o u nt ry w he re t he j u d i c i a l a n d t h e ‘

il e g i s la t i ve p o w e rs a re p ro p e rl y s e pa ra t e d Bu t i n re fe re n c e t o .

c u s t o m w h i ch i s a q ua s i l a w a n d h a s o ft e n t h e effe c t o f l a w ,
, ,

It how s s d
cBstomk l owiit gd foSt t ds ys gWhc t Mills
(m ) m ay, d by be chic g gh lfd si woof k Wi dows m
th e
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fo r an d a e r al is

P sto dith Y t s l s o hom s

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a u a n ur a ra e .
pr e a r ee on r

f Un 11 431 and v

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unre a

D Also
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’

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(11 ) S e c 1 Ins 2 72 W al l [8 0 C ar ] 3 08 ;
V m PickB y t ommo w lt
ue r o n . . ra v e ,
n . . . .

27 2 66 we e in i n,

sbylsm s ic l s olitss to ishbidl stod thwi i st c s

a e v . u e, . .
pe ar v . e ,
ur n

(o ) t he 23 1 59 ; C ea h

hichl ks g Bs hk b M th ld sohombl s
u a e a n ner ve s or . r an v . n

at
pa rt In s Co 6 13 1 For in

ss ls o ig oh tsbillcs otAbi sd th tom

e u ar p r pa y ra n . . . . n an e

fo r fur n w

Mi l l s Co st
a t e rs up p e e e r u a e ave een e r ea na e,

we in f C a r 11 11 186 ; T

so bl w ll Wi l l i ms Gi l m
e re n
p r ,
an n n e s ee . a e r, e e . a

f “ ’
O H a ra , 1 R [8 0 C an ]

B oidg o Rt oBb i kso DyHil l o

p to 1 s o u ag e ,

th t s g c ot
. a s 111 c 1 5 111 . n . . .

be l1 be re a n a 3 03 ; 3 Gree n l 2 76 ;
'
n rus t

so bl ow s ts l s o
e as e as a v . an , .

c o n ve n k n t ; 11 n d be e r, 1 9 C n n 1 3 6 ;

th b t mmi g E L E
a u a e a nn r ep r an v . .

w hic h p u d t he p r p
at C n n er v 2 , [8
0 C ar
] 354 ;
by i g th s o si bl Wh th s g is so bl wo lds m
re a na e ir . n n, . .

e rt y o f t he u1 r a t t h e p e a ure o f t he Cu Cu 30 604

cchichtohs b d w by to q stimo ks D C J
er v . n ,
. . . .

n 111s t 1 1 m ak n e ui re p n e as e er a u a e re a na e u ee

b ills hi m , a n d be f la w 1 Ins

Bottoml Bow y Fo bStodd s Bid g NM t

ue r

ss m litios h t i s ds w il d
a ep r on ra n a ue n o . 0 11 .

o f Tza da l,
'

w a ve e e n n c w o t i a u d o n t he as 2 69 . S ee re ar . in
he fun e re n e e d e fo r 5 C 127

q sti o so bl ss of
n t a t

s ch s
u e v r e n
p .
,
. . . .

up p e o r 1 1 p11 r ; 11 1111 n o e v c a n flo w And 10 3 75

s g i l Jt to i gs by Lo d
en e e

Bow S od M t
.
-
s ee ar ,
. .

f1 o m reje 1 t i n g u g
a u a e l 1 r [ l ab
’
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So s g mo g l st s to
.

bu r / l , J i n .
,
en v t d a rd , 1 0 e e . . u a e w as ef t he j ur r Eldo n ,
‘
in a mp (a )
3 75 . a u a e a n
p a e re r n er v . en n n ,
1 . 5 05 , n . .
CH . L
] CO N STRUCT O IN AND IN ER RE A I N
T P T T O OF C O T N R A CTS .
*
59

b ut h a s bl i g a t o ry p o w e r o ve r t he c o urt t he ch a ra c t e r o f
no t i ts o ,

t h e c u s t o m w i ll b e c o n s i d e re d a n d i f i t b e a l t o g e t h e r fo o l i s h o r , ,

m i s ch i e v o u s t he c o u r t w i ll n o t r e g a rd i t ; a n d i f a c o n t ra ct e x i s t
,

w h i ch o n l y s u ch a c u s t o m c a n g i ve e ffe c t t o t he c o n t ra c t i t s e lf
w i ll b e d e cl a re d v o i d .

L a s t ly i t m u s t b e re m e m b e re d t h a t n o c u s t o m h o w e v e r u n i
, ,

v e rs a l o r o ld o r k n o w n u n le s s i t h a s a c tu a ll a s s e d i n t o la w
, , y p ,
.

h a s a n y fo rc e o ve r p a rt i e s a g a i n s t t he i r w i ll H e n c e i n t he i h
"

.
,

t e rpre t a t i o n o f c o n t ra c t s i t i s a n e s t a blis h e d ru l e , t h a t n o c u s,

t o m c an b e a d m i t t e d w h i ch t he p a r t i e s h a ve s e e n fi t e x p re s s l y
to T h u s t o re fe r a g a i n t o t h e c u s t o m o f a ll o w i n g
,

ra c e o n b i ll s a n d n o t e s o n t i m e t h e re i s n o d o u b t t h a t th e
‘

g p ar ,

t i e s m a y a g re e t o w a i ve t h i s ; a n d e ve n t h e s t a t u t e s w h i ch h a ve
’

m a d e t h i s c u s t o m l a w p e r m i t t h i s w a i ve r A nd n o t o n ly i s a -

c u s t o m i n a d m i s s i bl e w h i ch t h e p a rti e s h a v e e x pr e s s l y e xcl u d e d ,

b u t i t i s e q u a ll y s o i f t he p a rt i e s h a v e e x cl u d e d i t b y a n e c e s s a ry
'

i m p l i c a t i o n ; a s b y p ro vi d i n g t h a t t h e t h i n g w h i ch t he c u s t o m *

a ffe c t s s h a ll b e d o n e i n a d i ffe e n t w a F
r y () 11 o r a cu s t o m c a n .

n o m o re b e s e t u a g a i n s t t he cl e a r i n t e n t i o n o f t he a rt i e s
p p
t h a n a g a i n s t t h e i r e x p re s s a g re e m e n t .

K o Ni tt C bb
(p ) n x v The 5 34 o to so t to
cstistoml tiotos co t olw itt coy t ct ositi
b e p r p er s g an y u a

s g c ot i o o t dmto
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S ee mfi a n (q ) t he

co t ct hi c h i s i co si s t t wi t h o d to co t dict th m
. . u n r or var p ve

(q ) A u a e an n be nc r in an d a

tSchooms of co t ct s ioft ss co t ct i s i s
p ra e pu a n a r en n ra ,

w t he fo rt io r i , n o t i n
wco yst ol dmisssibgl to cs stoms d lytt
a n ra ,
n n en r er n ra e .

t he In t h e e a e t he A n e x p re of t h e p a rt al

tt mbyt which
d to goods y wcommoto bidl l li d
er n ra . n ra e

n e r R ee s id e , 2 S u m n 5 67, w as up e r e

lw ys w i d wi l l
. a a e, e , o r v ar ,
or
t he o f la d ; fo r t h e

good o d c co byditisto blishi g ti s w itt ss

a e
p e v ar n n r ,
a u a e or u a er
i n g, be e vere m ay be at the of the

tco ctt cdict otd by o tsollg d c stomi d

e re a a a ve ,

in 1 er a n d n , t he da n er
g of But r a n d e x p re

tom th t ow s ck t ss l s
n en co n
p ar e . a

the s eas o nly ex ep ted, be C

twli bl o ly Yod km g togoodsocc Bosto sho sildo d thd tcwoto ldco t olo ly y to codmit t dictolw it
e a n a c us ra ann n r e ,
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or

,
a t he n er Of p a e ve e be n ra e ,
a u a e or u ; fo r
e e n Ne w an d be no t be e vi

by th ti gl cto i t o c J cos mt t ctso s it woim lildc tiotos llowmo ly

r n u a u n a par
a e n fo r a a e a ne en e n r ,
v ar ,
or n ra r
e r o wn n e Bu t , p e r S to ry, t en but u be

c stom is i tot i tito s oft othti s is to isssii g s i t bstio c to co t olositi y

e . n ra ,
a e re
t he rue a n d a pp r p r a e ffi e o f a usa g e p re u p i n an d p a n ,
p r per
n e r re t h e e rw e 1n i n t he a e n e o f a ny p

scco t t ctsi isi gt om t t stith i cow ittt didctcl most fo m l d li b t

or u ar n ve ex
, p
d e t e l m i n a t e n en p ar e , a n d o f n en

ti o s of ti s
n n, n r va r , o r
p re on ,

er a n t h e n a ure a n d e x e n of the and

om m i m l i c ti o s Bl ck tt RHoyl l E Jch soA s E L

a e r n ra r a e era e

See
”
n o t fr t he p a r e

sq i moc til ochs ct ctsIt dolsobt l

n ra ar n ex p 1 e s s
, pa r en e a ra n .

l a t io n s , but fr and C o 2 Cr

Fol y M so M yl Hi to
er e x s ur
p a n a e v a
-
. . . . . .
'

n , an d a of a fu o r J er 2 4 4 ; l 29 &E

to sc t i t m i g of Lock H l G t M ddo
p re u p u . a v . an n, . . .

m ay a be a d 111 6 37 ;

M K W B Yktofs Pymit d St t s t
n

tgiic l i wost dm tof wh tic l wowo dsd

e u v a a ra er . e v . a n, ar . n

m i tt e d a e r a n t h e r ue e an n a v . e, 5 i , 437 ; ra n v . a x,
in 15 85 73 7 ; a e 6 T a un

wosomds h lifi d io s soms s st chsomic commo B W sh P

p ar u a r r , or p a r u ar r . . v .
,
.

e n t he 446; Un e 2

Sw t J ki s
a e

l cco d
a v en n ru en , r or e e n er v . an ,

2 3 7 ; M Greg o r In s C o of
’

to i d s bj ctIm tt hto d thhicht itth y R hod Is Li sl y L l y Vt

r a ve v a r u en e ,
e n, a rr , v . . . en n .

q an d 1 C C 39; 1

c stom th t t t q itti g
e ua e ,
e e n a ,
a r a . . . ee v . en n ,

ing t he u e -
a er w e e . 14 7 ; n e v . ov e ,
26 .

a re appl e . But a
pp re en a c an 123 . A u ,
a a en a n on u n
60
*
TH E LAW OF C O TR N A CTS .
[ A R P T 11 .

S E CT i ON x .

A I SSI ILI Y X I I I
E TR N S C E V DEN CE IN
I
OF TH E DM B T OF TH E I NTER P R E

TATI ON OF WR TTEN C ON TR ACTS .

It i s ver
y c o m mo n fo r p art i e s t o o ffe r e vi d e n ce e x t e rn a l t o t he
c o n tra ct i n ,
a i d o f t he i n t e r r e t a t i o n o f i t s l a n u a e
p g g
"
T h e .

g e n e ra l ru l e is, th at
d e n c e Ca n n o t b e a d m i tt e d t o c o n ch e vi
“

su
-

t ra di c t o r v a r y t he t e r m s o f a v a l i d w ri tt e n c o n t ra c t ; o r a s t h e ,

r u l e i s e x re s s e d b w ri t e r s O n t h e S c o t ch la w i i g c anno t
“
w t
”

p y r n ,

b e c u t d o w n o r t a k e n a w a y b y t he t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s (7 )
'

T h e re a re m a n y r e a s o n s fo r t h i s ru l e O n e i s t he g e n e r a l p re f .
,

e r e n c e o f t h e l a w fo r w r i t t e n e vi d e n c e o v e r u n w r i t t e n ; o r i n ,

o t h e r w o rd s fo r t he m o re d e fi n i t e a n d c e rt a i n e vi d e n c e o ve r
,
.

t h a t w h i ch i s l e s s s o ; a p r e fe re n c e w h i ch n o t o n l y m a k e s
w r i t t e n e vid e n c e b e tt e r t h a n u n w ri t t e n b ut cl a s s i fi e s t h a t ,

w h i c h i s w ri t t e n F o r i f a n e g o ti a t i o n b e c o n d u ct e d i n .

'

w ri t i n g a n d e ve n i f t h e re b e a d i s t i n c t p r o p o s i t i o n i n a
'

, ,

l e t t e r a n d a d i s t i n c t a s s e n t m a k i n g a c o n t ra c t ; a n d t h e n
, ,

t h e p a r t i e s re d u c e t h i s c o n t ra c t t o w ri t i n g a n d b o th e x e c u t e t h e
'

i n s t r u m e nt t h i s i n s t ru m e n t c o n tro l s t h e l e t t e rs a n d t h e y a re n o t
, ,

p e r m i tt e d t o va r
y t h e f o rce a n d ( Effe c t o f t h e i n s t ru m e n t al ,

t h o u gh t h e y m a y s o m e t i m e s b e o f u s e i n e x p l a i n i n g i t s t e rm s .

A n o t h e r i s t he s a m e d e s i re t o pre ve n t fra u d w h i ch g a v e ri s e t o
,

sh ol l d b i g totitl d to d idd
l th e m an ure be wistill l tioch s lis s d cl d hid cbyh
p ur it, — t ex u e

s m i s by ss holof ds th t wistl l cow s m th mfo ths

a e ave e x p en e a e no a.

u p n t he l an he be p a in t he un w he

stishol ldtio s ll l s thw ty t t

,
e n
o
en e pu a n ea e er

fo r t he e x c l u de d he

sl ds ch ofm it sh illsi g th fsoomS d

a e, an e x p re ,
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‘
i n t he the t he hay a nd t h e fa r an d

m co tl t is m tisotl dl tot
pu a n ea e a e n an ra on ,

t t ake a f t he the an d

l d l dl o d
u e or a ny o an u re e re r
no a p re a ar n ,

be
”
The t en no t

It ltog toh i ol i s id Lo d t of c i i Wg so Mb l Wic it lso

a n ure . e n an no e e a ve u as a p re a
re ve r t he va ue O f t he a n u re ef . o n t he an fo r t he us e o f t h e an r ,
on
Lynd fo r
”
wa s a et d H ut

th tcwhis omch l ss it i t o did dd to by SSy ios Jo smytEg ch Holt NIf P l gis

er e, a r re e v n a re a na e pr e .

hurs t , (I B . .
,
“
p r v d e f or o ne p ar to n v . arre n , 1 . . 4 66 . S ee a ,

was s ulli c ie n t l fo r Ar 1 97 ;

oM h t lsoR o bW tsbb B k gi to ti c l wo d
e en a e,
a y pr v r v .
,
. .

t he u t wa s 2 111 t he

otiid g c q tistyg d i it gim toi gShow

,
un e n en e ex er v . na ,
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c l ude t he t er la t ure h a s de

B by At c tstom m
pa r . er v . ar e r, ve n a par u ar r

1 Cr S ee a I l um
l
808 ef n e

th Wit itlsios s dB Addi t s s H Smilm th

. . .
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ea ve t he m a n ure fo r t he an r ,
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CO S T UCT O IN AND IN ER RE A I N
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t he s t a t ut e o f fra u d s ; fo r as th at s t a t ut e re q u i re s t h a t c e rt a i n
c o n tra c t s s h a l l be i n w ri ti n g s o t h i s ru l e re fu s e s t o pe rm i t c o n ,

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de n ce But t he p ri n c i p a l c a u s e a ll e g e d i n t he bo o k s a n d c a s e s
.

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a n d t he e x a c t e x r e s s i o n o f t h e i r u r o se A n d a ll o f t h e i r
p p p .

e a rl i e r a g re e m e n t t h o u gh a a re n t l m a d e w hi l e i t a ll l a y i n
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,
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c e rt a i n t y a n d fi x e d n e s s i n a n y w a y (t) .

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m u s t b e a d m i s s i bl e i n t he e x p l a n a t i o n o r i n t e rpre t a t i o n o f e v e ry
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T P T T O OF C O T N RA CTS .
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g d d l i g d j dg t i t
. . . . on
he a e o f e a , 3 V es by t h e a s e r o f t he o s i n h is

mt stimto g to w f i t thists c s t t pp t dt t w p p d w
v . . s a e
3 0 6, h as een re ar e as fa l n un e r t h e u m e n , an d n o t , a s h as bee n e rr o
f a lsa demo nstra t io In n eo u s l s u o s e , fo r t h e ur o se o f sh o
“

oc ds ofc t iti s t oof thmy Bstockk of t d c ip ti l gc t titick

ax a e
,
.
y
a e a r av e hi s i e t he n e re an d i n g h a t h e e s a o r, h en he us e t he
in o n o f 4 p er e n
“

E gl d d i g t m w c p c d w t p d c
pr e e p ar e rro n e o us es r s o ,
.

t he 4 p e r an n u f m e a n t o be q ue at h e t he o n

t l lsh lltog th wioth s sidch di i c c t t ck ttit tt t t

en e e an . an n u e s,
an , fo r a n d th e e r o f her hi h h e h a d ur h as e i h t h e ro u e
'

n ur n
i fe , al l o f t he 4 p er e n an d ha t he re s ul

ti m my d c s At ti m p ci fi c j ct pl c p c fic
n a ur a e er u v . s o ,

de n ds a s be d ue up n t h e a o f t he a us e w as , n o t t o s ubs u e an o h er

mc dt wiiti s stock som l g cy w ic wil l titp t p t dl g

a
”
at t he e of e ea e the e . s e s ub e i n th e a e of a s e i
he a e hi s ll h e h a d n o i n t he 4 h h th e t o be

wh Loch g A solditi s M st i st d p p t w gic t t t c t k

e a ur o r e

p e r en ann u e , b ut h e ha d h a d ea t h e u e t he o n
e, u — n o t t o s ub s an
.
q
i h e ha d o u t , an d h a d n ui t i e s , hi h t h e e s a o r h a d an d di d n o t

R ol s R P s id It ti w ic di d p p t
n ve e
in The a er o f t h e ur o r t o ve , fo r t h e 4 p er e n ban a n

l mistookt st to f md t to gict d l og cy gi gi i cg t t Sp dpc fic lp g tcyd

n nnu e . .

l , S ir A rden , a : . is . uni e s , h h he h a d n o t , a n d ur o r
c e ar t h e to The a bs en e o f t h e fun

idtio th tt stock stock t d d t id t ck

e a r ean ve a e a ,
ve . ur o r e
b ut t h e un H e a e u p n t he . t o be v en sh o w n ha a e i e a

ea a h e h a d s u ch T he d ist i n c . w as n o t i n en e , o her e v en e w as a d
n is hi s ; if he had h a d t h e at m i tt e d to sh o w h o w t h e m i s a e aro se ;

[ 59]
 64
“
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

*
pro m i s e to a
p y m o n e y, no ti m e be in g e x pre s s e d , m ea ns a

an d t i
h s be n i g
h a t h e e a ees er e e n
cl e ar ly s ho w
t t l gg t lwp titll dt t p y t Fi it ExcExc t M d ill n, i
to
t w a s held L aw
a m en S m h, 1
Eq 3 0 7
h 8 79
l
S e e a s o Ni gh t in g all v
In
. . .

ct y R y ll wi g t d l d l t l
e o r re . .

she r , 4
”
o ut o f t h e e n era e r so n a e s a e A nd . h 5 91 , her e w a s a ev se t o .

s ee t o t e h m ff , S
w m t h f ff t
“
all m
y e as eho d

Adt di ity iwt l i cd tw i tyt t t c H lddi gtd Mc gdt li i g ll g t

s a e e e a r e v u n e
.
,
e o o n e e c z

1 5 En g L a w. Eq 4 In W ro t e sl ey v
. . farm ho us e , h o m es e a , a n s , an d e n e
.
-

a m s , P l o w d 1 91 , i s a d o n ha m en s at a bo u

dd d t i g t t c t i x d cc p ti B
. ea n o n, on a n n
“
he r e i s a h ere a e r a n i s 1 7 0 a re s , h e a en Co

w ig tt i g c t il d D l wl ic H t di gtt w ic B ccl pi dd
ve r s un e r a e e,

a e to a h n h a i s u n er a n , an d O fo r , a n d n o w i n t h e o u a o n o f ,
”
h er e t o a h n F o r if I r e e a se a s e n an t o m e a farm a t

I I d lc dt D pl t d c tt t t p cMl gd ll d l ld t w
er a n . o u e .

all m y r h i n a ll m y a n s i n a e , h h ea n o n, h h w as eas e t o t h e t es
h a ve by e s e n o n t he a r o f m y fa h er , a o r by a e n C o lle e , an d h e re
'

p t t l d t t d M gd l l g i
a e re
g
~

an d h ave an s i n a e b
y es e n o n t w o ar e s o f an a s o h e by t h e t es

d l c t p t tw dt
t he ar o f m y m o he r, bu t n o
es en o n t h e ar o f m
an s b

y fa h er, h ere th e a e a t
y
t d HB di gt t t d c ip ti
a o r un e r a a en C o e e, a n d s t u

o n , but n o t i n t h e o c c u

t i typ t ly wt ic I i g ddd dc t c ldl d i jg ct d p i B

ea n

re e as e i s v o id, an d s o t h e
.
o r s o f cer p at i o n o f H eld, ha t h e es r . on of
n am e h h h av e by e s en o n t he an s be n i n t he o s s e ss o n o f

g ctl w d w ic wl c t i p c d q tlyd i p t ci l cdid

a n , ,

t o the n o t be re e a s a ls e demo n s tr a t eo ,
'

t he a r o f m y fa h e r, b e n a e ou e
f
h h an d t he t wo no t

i t c l w i c I d li i g j dg t
en e ra or s e re u n e r a n , a re o n s e ue n ar e s

o f e ff e B ut if t h e re e as e h a d be en o f a s s un er t h e In h s as e , A l

cit t d cp tt p t t I t w tc tt t idt i t d d q ti d
. ev s e .

W h e a re i n D a e , h h h ave by de derso n , B , in e v er n t he u m en o f .

ar o f m
s en o n t h e y fa h er, a n d h a d t h e o ur , s a The ue s o n i s n o t

tt g w c t i ly l xp gd d t w pplt y i g w itd t l cl d l
:

n o t by e s en o n t h e ar o f m
y fa h er , h a t h e e s a o r n en e t o h av e o n e ,
but o h er i s e , yet t he r e e as e i s o o , fo r b ut h a t he o r s o f t he a us e m ean ,

i t w dc t wty ic c c ddiyti c t cti

t he hi n w a s er a n
f r s t o r s , i n h h as e t h e a
e ress e by t h e a f er a
on of o n s ru
n to
t tl
t h e es ab i s h e ru e s o f
O n e o f hese r u es i s , F a lsa

p flt P ki T t
on .

‘
i s n o t n e ss a r , but demo n t a t lo no n n o c et ; an o h er i s, No n
’
an o her er ain

d i
e s r

a c c i z debc nt verba i n demo ns tr a t t o nem

' '

In D o e v al
'
”
n, 5 a un
f
g fi t l t t t
s u er uo us . ar .
p . .

a ll m
y m es s a m,
quce co mp etunt i n li mita tzo nem e er a m
'
’
ev se o f
“
3 2 1 , he r e w as a

t t t d q t i c i t d c i p ti w t
-
.

s ua e s, & c i n T , a n d n o w in m y o w n o c T h e rs ru e m e an s h a i f he re be a n

g t t wlyict t cc ppi d d ly pc i t c q t i tty w t dditi wit

. .

T h e e s a o r h a d t w o m es
”
c up a t i o n . a e ua e an d suff en es r o n, i h
s ua e s i n T , o f h h he o u e o n of h a w as m e an t o

d i t c t c t i ty i t i t i t c ct ti c c
. o n ve n e n er a n
H eld, h a o n h a o n e a ss e by a s s , a s u bs e u en e rro n e o us a ll

dd d J w t G llc wt yi B Ad wit i it l l tpplti d c iptij ct

o ne . on

t he e v se In hi s a s e h ere w a s er a n
. no t v a e T h e h a ra e r i s of
. as e s
to h a w as un e r a n S ee p er h n t he r u e i s h a t h e es r

w y it t ppli
a e . o n , so

P a r/cc, in D o c a , 5 fa r a s i s fa s e, a es t o n o s ub e at

c ll dw Pld wdwil l ll wic g t d t lyd d t lt p l w d t w t t it

a o . .

51 . \Vo rds o f cert a i n ty, ho e ve r, as t he a l l ; an d s o fa r a s i s r ue a es to o n e

in e n , fo o
genera l o r o n T he o her r u e m e an s , h a if

t icti w ct d i g t yi p l c d t
a re a e o n .

unc er ta in n o t be o ns rue o ub fu u o n the h e he r

ww dld lly i d p ti w c tit t li wit t gt y lityw d t i t

o r s, as s an or s
re s r ve h e re t he e ffe of o n so he m o rt a fa s e re feren e o r em o ns ra
he t o re n er t he gen era l o r un er ta i n he he r he b e o r s o f r es ra n

c d A t t t jdct id d J w l d d wit l i t t d
ou o n, o r
o r s w ho n o e ra ve , a n d he re t he ha m t he ene ra o f t he fo r m er
er ta i n w o r s m a
y be re e e a s f ulsa de o r s , t he l a w l n e ver n en e rro r o r

t
rno n s tm t io

g d w clt l idt t Littl

“
a ll
.

t es a o r

ho s e m y hre e m e s s ua e es ,
o se o f a n , a n d a l
e v se

wit
to S
h t he l d
fa s eho o
w i
tp t l t y w ll i ip t t d d tw d
an
. .

he re n all t he
l o ther my] rea l rue , a n d so m e he re n ar are rue an d
d
If, h erefo re , he re i s s o m e
.

t ti
e m o n s ra o n s a re
‘

py l i A B At cc dp tti tw lii it ti ci c pt c ly tt l d
a r e ns ,

e sta te , ha s o e ve r, s ua e a t e l l ea t h, a r fa s e , he sh a he n e n e or s of
i n t he a r s h o f E , n o w i n t h e o u a o n m a o n to h o s e an s

t t t t
r ue

t t xi t fi t
a ss o n

a e of he re n t he r um s a n e s a re rue W he
”
o f m s e f, a n d a nd t he

p d t g wi t c ctl y ct d p
. .

t he w i l l, a n d a t t he d e a h o f t he e s a o r , h e r he s e m a m s , o r ra her t he rs , h as

g d cl l d Littl d ci d d c w i c c t
he w a s o s s e s se o f hre e m e s s ua e s , h be e n o rre u o n i n s o m e o f t he

t w i w cc p ti d i t d d d
a e
and a o f an , at as e s , i n h h t he o ur s h av e p re

i li A B g d itl t k iwl ig dd i tl Tc y tc ctit i ly t

a r e ns , o se e e e

H e a h, h ch e re i n t he o u a on of fe s se , o r n e n e s o t o do , n ee n o t n o w
h m s e f, a n d a nd l l e h a d a s o t he he n q u re he

Littl w ictitl d it lic ti t fici td pc ipti t c jd qt t

. n o er a n a re a c
.

re ve rs o n i n a ho use a n d a r e n , s ua e a t no ed e r u e s o f o n s ru on Is here .

e l lc a t h, h h w a s i n t h e o c upa o n he n , i n t he re se n as e , a n a e ua e a n d

h d ht t p p ty g pd i F tii l d l i g t pt i
o f (J , w ho w a s e n e

i
to
t h
fo r fe
h f
H e s uf . en es r

t b
o n o f t h e s ub e c o f t he de
t t h ‘
d e s e rip

p d d g l B w l d t ti
a n o o e r ro e r n e a r s o v s e ,
s o as . o e n a e u s o r e a e
t ha t he ho us e a n d i n t he o n o f t he be n i n t h e o s s e s s o n o f

p t jc tit cc di g i t
ar e n

di
an

o c c n p n t io n o f (J as s e u n e r t he e n e ra ur ro s a s a fa s e e m o n s ra o n , a n d re

e v se to J S ] ) o e v C a r en e r, 1 Eng to th e f rs r ule l No w if w e
’
. . . e a or
. n .

[ 60 ]
CH . L ] N R
C O S T UCT O IN AND I NT ER P RE T A T I ON or CO NTRA T C S .
*
65

*
p ro m i s e t o p a y it o n d e ma n d a n d e v id e n c e th a t a p a y m e n t a t ,

a fu t ure d a y w a s i n t e n d e d i s n o t a d m i s s i b l e ( 20
) .

T he re a re re a s o n s a ltho u g h p e rha ps n o d i re ct a uth o rity fo r

'

, ,

a pplyi n g t o t he c o n s tr u cti o n o f c o n t ra ct s a d i s ti n cti o n w h ic h i s

t a k e n i n re s p e ct o f w ill s If t he p re s um pti o n i s ag a i n s t t he
.

a pp a re n t a n d n a t u ra l e ffe ct o f a n i n s t r u m e n t i t m a b e r e b u tt e d
y
-

b y p a ro l e v id e n c e ; b u t n o t s o if t he l e ga l p re s u m pt i o n i s w it h
t he i n s tru m e n t A s if a t e s t a t o r gi v e s t w o l e g a ci e s t o t he s a m e
.

p a r ty i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t he pre s u m pti o n o f la w i s t h a t t h e y
,

a re b u t o n e l e g a cy e v i d e n c e i s r e c e i a b l e t o s h o w th a t t h e t e s
,
v
t a t o r s a i d w h a t he m e a n t a n d th a t a d o u b l e gift w a s i n t e n d e d
~

, .

But if t he y a r e s o gi ve n t h a t t he la w h o l d s t h a t w h at i s t w i c e
gi ve n w a s m e a n t t o b e twi c e gi v e n e v i d e n c e i s n o t re c e i v a b l e ,

t o s h o w t hat b u t a s i n gl e gift w a s i n t e n d e d ( 56
) .

W h e r e t h e a gre e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e p a rti e s i s o n e a n d e n ti re ,
a n d o n ly a p a r t o f t h i s i s re d u c e d t o w riti n g it w o u l d s e e m t h a t ,

t h e re s id u e m a y b e p ro v e d b y e xt ri n s ic e v i d e n c e ( 31)
*
A n d if .

dy l gi g itd i gi t fi t d
th e ua e o f t he in i t s o r i H J M t BT y p R K tc
13all ,
e e 520 ho m h

l ld t d Kt i g t t p i y ti
e v se
“

re a an . so n e
an d o b v o us se n s e , is a f rs , o f am , 8 o hn s 1 89; a n so m , 2

l dd M gdt l tl g H di ccgt pi d ld
n ar . a rr

a l l hi s e as eh o fa rm h o use , h o m e s e a , 4 62 Bu t a ro m s e to do me

iwit gi xp d l ti p i it
-
e rn . . so

a n s , an d e n em e n s a t o n , he h h er
h an t o p ay m o n e , n o me

B w pT d it d t l t t ld
ea n n o
a en C o e e , an d o u by be res se , m e an s a ro m s e t o do

l M t c c
un er a e n e
’
h e re i s n o o ub ha t h e h n a re a s o n a b e me W a rren
cc p t B w itg tt t t c t tt p tip l t d l
urro s . .

fa rm —h o u se a s se , fo r w as a e a s eh o W he e er, 8 e e 97 A n d i n su h a a se ,
tc ct t ct ly p t t
. .
,

an d i n t h e o u a io n o f urro a nd se e m s ha a o n e m o ran e o us v e rb a

w itt g t ld d
s ;

if he re w as o n e a r e , a n d o n e o n , o f h a a re e m e n t h a t h e m a e r s
‘

fo r i n

i Bd c wip ti t t w ldld p d p tic l ti w ld d i i l

u a e
h a ra er , an d h a w a s n o t i n t h e o s s es e n a ree m e n sh o u be o n e a t a

i g p q ti l
a r
s on of s, h a h av e a ss e , m e, b e a m s s b e as

i ppl c l c
ou u ar

ti P ck AtwB i dg
u rro ar ou
an d t h e o n wo u h av e b een r e be a r n u o n t he ue s o n o f re a s o n ab e

wl l d t pt t gi H di gt t tl t
es r

j t e d as i ab e t o a n y su h The me P e r S ha w , C J , i n

dM tMwlk p
e c na . . oo v . . .

’
i he n ro fe sse s t o v e a ll t h e e s a o r s C o bb , 1 6 i 231 A n d se e

ld c d c llp g ci t i iBg w t
arr n e r
. .

an s a n d e n e m e n s a t v S n ee , 3 S e 2 0 1 ; S i m so n H en

HDl y Hill L wl
ea n o n , e as e . .

ho u n er t h e abo u der so n , 3 00

d ict ip i pplic c l g d fi j tct

o e e, on a n n a . . .

1 70 a res , i n t h e o ss e ss o n o f urro (95 ) a l v 1 Co n n o r

p c t Eqc it l J pdicti
s .
,
. a so n ,
T h e e s r t i o n by a re a e e n es n o h 1 2 0, 1 r ur W arre n 94 S ee

wt dd d
,
. a so ,

i n g , fo r a b e t o an S en e o n t he
is na y s ub e , ab e uri s of

t w ld y t i p i t l y x i d
u on

[ he h er th e t w o p arc e ls w ere a e o r t h e C o ur o f C h a n e ry , v o l 1, 5 65 , et

dit t t j ct dc t t t t J iti ycit d lt t k

. .

n o t , t h e a m o un ou h av e b e e n v e r s eq .
,
w h e re h s o n i s ful e am n e ,
an d
ffere n fro m 1 70 a r es , ] an d h e r e fo re t he ho r

t i gc dd fi xi t l d pli p tic l cti d t kidg p d p t c

au es e .

h a m a y b e re e e , a n d h e n h e r e i s (y ) In e ffe r v . Wa o n, 1 S ar . 2 67 ,
no h n to e n e an y a n s i n in fo r t of

d t t til d xcl i i g t t
u ar

pl i ti ti l w gg d d d
ar . an a on no a n ro er are

T h e s e o n m a m hen ap e s , an d a ll a h o rs e hi re by t h e e fe n an o f the
t he e m o n s r a o n s h e r e be n rue a s t o a n ff, t h e fo l o i n m e m o ra n u m , m a e

p cl p t y i g t d c lt j k L d
t h e re s o f th e a n , e us v e o f h e s e t w o at t he m e o f hi ri n , w a s o ffe re i n e vi

t p Bc l wt y B pAd l
ar e s , an d ar o nl
h e s e a r e s , h e do n o t a s s
be n rue as t o

S e e a so ,
en e :

W m W a o n , un r
S ix w e e s a t tw o

g cd dcl i d it w i tc pl t
’ ”
ui n e as
E len bo ro ugh

H d QB
. . or .

Doe v e r, 3 4 5 3 ; Ba c t h e m e m o ra n um a s n o m

N wt L c l M t w itt g ti t i iidg lyt

.o . . . r e ar e e e,

M ax R e g 1 3 D o e v
. . ub ba r , 1 5
. . . but o n u s v e a s far a s en Th e .

u as , 6 S im 5 4 en a ree m e n , be, m e re r e g
“
22 7 ;

Atw d Pic R py t I l ll w
e on . . r sa

(w ) W arren v W h e e er, 8 . e e 97 ; . u l at e s t h e m e o f h r n an d t h e r a e o f
v C o bb , 1 6 k 227 a m en , an d sh al no t a o a n y e vi
“

oo .
yan
.

V OL . 11. 6 [ 61 ]
67
“
TH E L AW o r CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

th e re c o n t e m p o ra n e o u s w r iti n g s b e tw e e n t he s a m e p a rti e s
a re ,

s o fa r i n r e l a ti o n t o t h e s a m e s u bj e ct m a tt e r t ha t t h e y m a b
y e
-

d e e m e d p a rt a n d p arc e l o f t h e c o n tra ct a lt ho u g h n o t re fe rre d t o ,

i n it t he y m a y b e r e a d i n c o n n e cti o n w it h it ; (2 ) b u t n o t s o a s
,

t o a ffe ct a t hi r d p a r ty w h o r e li e d u p o n t he c o n t ra ct a n d k n e w ,

n o t h i n g o f t h e s e o t h e r wr iti n g s .

R e cit a l s i n a n i n s tru m e n t m a y b e q u a lifi e d o r c o n t ra dict e d b y

e xtri n s ic e v id e n c e i f t h e l a w o f e s t o pp e l d o e s n o t p re ve n t
, So .

t h e d a t e o f a n i n s t ru m e n t (a ) o r t h e a m o u n t o f th e c o n s i d e r a ,

ti o n p a id (b)ma y b e v a ri e d b y t e s ti m o n y A n d a n i n s t ru m e n t
,

v
.

m a y b e s ho w n t o b e o id a n d wit h o u t l e g a l e xi s t e n c e o r e ffic a cy ,

a s fo r w a n t o f c o n s id e r a ti o n ( o r fo r fra u d
0
) ()
d o r d u re s s o r , , ,

a n y i n c a p a city o f t h e p a r ti e s
()6 o r an
y ill e g a lity i n t h e a g re e ,

m e n t (f ) In t h e s a m e w a y e xt ri n s i c e v id e n c e m a y s h o w a
*
.
,

t o t al di s ch a rge o f t he o b lig a ti o n s o f t he c o n tra ct ; o r a n e w

a gre e m e n t s u b s tit u t e d fo r t h e fo rm e r , w h ic h it s e t s a s i d e ;
(g ) or

d c gi t t pl i ti t o be by th e
P
a n ff i n c o n B ck
y l A
(a ) re v C o e , 4 S an df 7 9 ; bra m s
pi t t it c p t t pl ti E t w d t
en e v en . .

o m e ro , 1 3 111 13 3 ; H a l l v C a ze no v e ,
'

t ra di c t io n o f h e s e e r m s , bu t I am o f v

gi i d c ppl t y tt d dy i t t
. . .

ni o n h a i s o m e en t o th e a i n ff 4 4 77 W h e re , h o e v e r , t h e a e i s
pH td g P t D K pp t fixi g p tii p ty w
o as ,
.

to ve i n e v en e s u e or m a er as a referre t o i n th e bo o f t he n s r um en ,

o f t h e a ree m e n S ee t he m e o f aym en , as h ere

c G tld it P M t Edwt d d t c t ixltty dd y i dd t p l

ar na v as
. n .

ar e n , 6 C 74 5 ;
. e s ho n v . M er h e r e i s a ro m s e t o p a y m o n e o r t o d o
.

h an s In s C o 1 1 so m e a c t a s fro m
”
1 99 ; in s the

M yl K i g t K tt d c J p Bi g l w
. e e . ar s . a e,
sm h , 1 6 en n S t 4 3 ; C o a e s v b e a er e o r v ar e by aro

ic T x Al H ly li d T l c d
o .a e an n o . .

S a n g st o n , 5 ar 12 1 n h . no s, e vi e n e o se h e o ,
4 C ush 8 2 . . .

8 R h L aw , 3 5 e a t he r v R ec (b) C ffo r v u n e , 1 Yo u Co l

l p iDti w w t T R B ld ct y cit l
so ,
’
. . . . . .

o rd , 1 2 e as , 4 9 . Gas i n C h 1 3 8 ; R e x v S am m o n en , 3 . . .

(z ) In C o bo urn v so n , 4 En g 4 74 ; S e m o ur, 8 C o nn

dB d tq g d tyi g i wit t c id c ti y c y p y t c
a . e en v . . . . .

L aw E q 3 7 8 , t h e l a n ffs r o e t o t h e 3 04
. A s t o t h e effe o f t he re a in a .

e fe n a n W e a re o n b u s n e s s h d e e d o f o n ve a n e o f t h e a m e n o f t h e
,
a n d re u ire a

dj cti t w t c w I
ua r an
o f £ 2 00 , a n d he re fe rs us t o yo u
”
p
t o th e am o un
y De t di
o ns
E
a m en , thegli A ld c
e ra o n m o n e , a s e vidence o f su h

g
s h an d

c m e ri an a u
-

ci t l c c id c
n .

fe n a n ro e i n h ave n o t ho ri t ies ffer, t h e fo rm er h o i n su h

j i d d j i dt t ct I y gc d c
an s er :

ob e o n t o be o m e s ec m i t
y fo r B , an d re a t o be o n lus ive e v e n e , an d t h e l a t
'

s u b o n a m e m o ran um to h a e ffe t e r o n l p r m za f a i e S ee t h e as es c o l

y i g g t g ty iM c i d c E wi
. .

T he m e m o r u m s ub o n e le c t e d a n d arr an e i n 1 C r Ev § 2 6,
“
w as :

d
a n . .

h e re b e n a e to ua ra n to es s rs C o l

t x d t t F t J ll y M
n . .

bo u r n, ro n m a s ers , £ 2 0 0 fo r r o n re e ve ( ) S a u n e rs , 1 C o w 2 4 9 ;

tt g t t d ct t t w dld d c it Bc wt i c t yMd ct
-
r n v . .

fro m he m fo r B , as a n n e e H eld, h a 1 Cr
”
. o s er v o ,
. R o s 703 . . . . .

he se h re e o um e n s s ho u be re a T h e as e o f o e rs v IIur d, 1 0 a s s 4 2 7,

i wg d t i t ct k id witit t t Pick l d P i Hill t id

-

. .

o e he r , and ha the w e a re so fa r as ri n e ,
“
o r s, o n a ns a o n rar o
S ee v Buc km i n
”
do n b us n e s s , h t he re s , h as bee n o ve rru e

d t d t ki g t t pl i
a en . .

s ho ha t he fo r t he s e r , 5 3 91 ar s h S o ne, 1 4

tig ld t c t tit t pply B gwitd E wi Rd J

e o ns e ra o n . .

de f en a n s un e r a n w a s ha t he
’
a n 1 98 .

ff s ho u o n n ue t o h (d ) r n v S‘a un e rs, l C o w 2 4 9 ;
c id ti lR gH t BF t Mitclli ll Piilck
su . . .

o o ds , a n d ha h e re w as he re f ore a o o V a n Val ke n bu rgh C o un , 1 2 o hn s 3 3 7 . . .

S e e a so , ro s , 4
(e ) he Ixi ng m an , 5 431

w FL itt M i K y G M L d N gP kit B PicAdk

o ns e ra o n . un v . . .

C us h 5 4 ; l l a n fo rd v
. o e rs , 1 1 a rb 1 8 ;
.
(f ) C o n s Bla n t ern , 2 W s 3 4 7 . . .

S ha 3 S a n d f C h 1 63 ; Ga m (g ) un ro e v ns, 9 2 98 ;

Nic l l R d Di
eav ,
. er
. . .

mo n v re e m a n , 3 1
. a ne , 2 4 3 ; en o n o ss or u en , 5 58 ; . .

v . ho s , ho e Isl 4 1 1 a v s v T a llco t , 2 Ke r n 1 8 4
. . . . .

[ 62 ]
 CO S N TR TI N UC O AND INTERPRETATI N O OF CO NTRA T C S .
*
68

t ha t t h e ti m e wh e n (It ) o r t he p l a c e wh e re (if) c e r t a i n t h i n g s , ,

w e re t o b e d o n e ha d b e e n c ha n g e d b y t he p a r ti e s ; o r t ha t a ,

n e w c o n tra ct w hic h w a s a d d iti o na l a n d s u ppl e m e n t a ry t t h e

o
-

o ri gi n a l c o n t ra ct h a d b e e n m a d e o r th a t d a m a g e s h a d b e e n
(j ) ,

w a i ve d (k ) o r th a t a n e w c o n s i d e r a ti o n i n a d diti o n t o t h e o n e
, ,

m e n ti o n e d ha s b e e n gi ve n if it b e n o t a d ve rs e t o t h a t n a m e d
, ,

i n t h e d e e d (I) A n d if n o c o n s i d era ti o n b e n a m e d o n e m a y b e
.
,

p ro ve d
( )
m .

A re c e ipt fo r m o n e y i s p e c u li a rly o p e n t o e v id e n c e It i s .

o n ly p r i mci
f a cze e vi d e n c e e it h e r t h a t t he s u m s t a t e d h a s b e e n
p a i d o r th a t a n y s u m w ha t e v e r w a s p a i d (n ) It i s i n fa c t n o t
, .

r e g a rd e d a s a c o n t ra ct a n d h a r d ly a s a n i n s t r u m e n t a t a ll a n d , ,

h a s b ut littl e m o re fo rc e th a n t he o ra l a d m i s s i o n o f t h e p a rty .

re c e i v i n g But t h i s i s t ru e o n ly o f a s i m pl e r e c e ip t
. It o ft e n
h a pp e n s t ha t a p a p e r w h ic h c o n ta i n s a re c e ipt, o r r e cite s t he
r e c e i v i ng o f m o n e y o r o f g o o d s c o n ta i n s a l s o t er m s c o n d i , ,

ti o n s a n d a gre e m e n t s o r a s s ig n m e n ts S uc h a n i n s t ru m e n t ,
,

v
.
,

a s t o e e ry t hi n g b u t t he re c e i pt i s n o m o re t o b e a ffe ct e d b
y ,
"

e xt ri n s ic e v id e n c e t h a n if i t d i d n o t c o n t a i n t he re c e i pt ; b u t a s

t o t h e r e c e ip t it s e lf it m a y b e v a ri e d o r c o n tra dict e d by e x t ri n ,

s i c t e s ti m o n y i n t he s a m e m a n n e r a s if i t c o n t a i n e d n o t h i n g
,

e lse
()
.0
‘

*
If a c o n t ra ct re fe r t o p ri n c i pl e s o f s ci e n c e o r a rt o r u s e t h e , ,

t e c h n ic a l p hra s e o lo gy o f s o m e p ro fe s s i o n o r o cc u p a ti o n o r c o m '
,

m o n w o r d s i n a t e c h n ic a l s e n s e o r t he w o rd s o f a fo re ig n l a n
g ua ge t he i r e x a ct m e a n i n g ma y b e s h o w n a s w e h a e a l re a d y
,
,

v ,

D B il y K
(A) ti g P ic J NP l 1 o h ns Ga s 2 2 t Td R Ry Rt dt P t t i 9 Co nn 401 S Bas l,

c ipt y
ea n r e, . . en en , . ra o n v . a

e arb o rn C ro ss , 7 C o w 4 8 ; ei 2 3 66 ; 6 12

M R i B tc ld N H k wlk dgpi dg it t tc i did c

v . . v. . . an C . an ,
os . .

C he ves , 1 a e , 53 7 C u ff en n , 1 (0 ) W h ere in a re e m o ne w as ac

S 21 h a ve b e e n r e e ve
to fo r

JFl y i g lGit l l t t Jk d i d ipl it d w t tk pi g y

. . . no e e

w as held h a n o e v e n e
”
o b n so n v . a he e r, 4 . . 40 . s a fe ee n ,
-

e ffe r Wa S 2 67 w a s a m s s b e t o sh o h a t he m o n e

li dB dTll cll Y ll di c g d t
v. o n, ar . .

em m n be r 3 hn s 5 2 8 w as n o t fo r s afe e e n , bu t

G t l E gl t
,
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w L i t t B i t
v . urre ,
. . . . .

i n C h 13 8 ; 7 R ep 1 3 3 a ; rae e r , 1 Bla c kf 3 5 3 S e e a so ,
’

Vill B t y B w i H wk t V c B c ck
. e e s as e , . . es o n .

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Mil P tt lkT dd till l

“

ea v ,
. . . . . .

e a m o n , D e r, 1 4 6 a ; D o e d n, 3 s, 5 8 0 M ay v ab o

ii G d H Pw y d Big t
ers v . . ro a ,
.

burn v S a el , W e s , 677 4 Oh o , 3 4 6 ; S o n e v a n e, 6 H a m

D tt Tild P
. . . .

e rr , W r
(m ) o h u n e r, 2 C o l 7 6 (O h o ), 2 4 6 ; W o o v h ,

Bp tllick B ll it P H p Ki kl ylG lcd i t M Mly i

v o . . . .

St 4 6 ar b
(n ) u on v en, 13
. enn . .
(Oh o ), 2 4 0 ; ra ve s v ar o o , 9 . .

12 St 235 4 7 7 ; W a an 5 A la 4 3 0

Tl l it
e v . e ,
en n . r
. v o se , . .

S m h, 1 0 um h 18 8 ; Co O Bri en v i hr s , 3 4
’
a r v . . e . a n e, 5 4 4 .

v . a
y o r, 2 N J er . . 5 9 ; F u er Cr
69
"
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

re m a r
”
k e d b y t he t e s ti m o n y o f e xp t
, w ho a re p e rs o n s p o s “
er s,

s e s s i n g t h e p e c u li a r k n o w l e dg e a n d s kill re q u i s i t e fo r t h e i n t e r
'

p re t a t i o n o f t h e c o n t r a c t
.
(7 )
7 It m a
y b e a dd e d t ha t t he t e s ti .

m o n y o f t h e e x p e rt s i s s o fa r a m a tt e r fo r t h e j u r y t ha t if it b e
,

c o n t ra d ict o ry a n d c o n fl i cti n g o r u n c e rt a i n it i s t o b e w e i gh e d , ,

b y t he m But t h e l e g a l e ffe ct o f t h e w o rd s o r p hra s e s w he n

.
,

t he i r m e a n i n g i s a s c e rt a i n e d b y e xp e r t s b e l o n g s t o t he c o n s tru e ,

ti o n o f t h e c o n tra c t a n d i s fo r t he c o u rt (q ) , _
.
.

Qu e s ti o n s d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e c o n s tru cti o n o r i n t e rp r e t a ti o n
o f a c o n t r a ct s o m e ti m e s a r i s e b e t w e e n t h i rd p a rti e s w h o h a d ,

n o p r i v ity o r p a rticip a ti o n i n t h e o rigi n a l c o n t r a ct a n d n o t hi n g ,

t o d o w it h t h e l a n g u a g e u s e d i n it In s u c h c a s e s m u c h o f t h e .
,

r e a s o n w hi ch p ro h i b i t s t h e I n t r o d u cti o n o f e xt r i n s ic e v id e n c e
*

fa il s a n d w it h it t he p ro hi b it io n fa il s It w o u l d b e o b v i o u s ly
, .

u nj u s t t o h o l d t he s e p a rti e s re s p o n s i b l e fo r w o rd s w hic h n e it h e r

o f t he m s e l e ct e d o r a d o pt e d o r ha d a n p o w e r t o e x cl u d
v
e o r to
y , '

q u a lify T he y m a y t he re fo re S h o w b y e xt ri n s i c e id e n c e w h a t
.

t h e a g re e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e o rigi n al p a rti e s w h ic h p ur p o rt s t o b e ,

e xp re s s e d b t h e w ritt e n c o n tra ct re a lly w a s s o fa r a s th i s i s

y , ,

(p ) G l t App dix M t wxp d d dfi i d c t i ti

ob e Bee ch e y, 3 S im 2 4 W ig an d t he a s er a n m e n f t he

M t P N xp i t i gi di g
v . . e o un e ,
o
r a m 0 11 “ fil ls , No 1 is n sh e
be fo re t h e bus n e ss o f

M ll igl jw dgld w d tt c t dicti ct wit it

en ,
. as e r s or s
a s e rs , 1 . Wms . 4 25 ; o r m an C . e os o n be ns If t he r e a n . o f the
4 Ve s 769 S ho re W 9 e re n o t m a e r o f fa

c t k lwt yti li tkill g ppi g d c t pcti

o r re

P it l
,
. v . so n , u e ,
n e ss e s

Cl . F in5 1 1 ; C a b a rg a v S e e e r, 1 7
. . ou n o t b e he a r i n o n ra on of ;
S t 5 14 T he o ur m ay a a s in an d h o u h h e i s s u t o h a v e e en

i g t d l g g i t i l
en n . . . o se
fo r m f by m ea n s o f bo o s a n d re a s e s i n t he m e a n n an d

i t t t ci pt ci lly w ci tti tc k l dgpp figd gi l tt p igi t

se ar s o n s ru on
as t o t h e m e a n n o f t h e e rm s u s e i n an o f a n u a e , n e h e r h i s b us n e ss n o r e ar n
n s r um e n , e s e h e re h a i n s t r u i n g i s su to ve h i m a s u e r o r

J il c i ctt p wt ldp p w tt t t it ptic

a o se

m e n i s an e n , o r us es s e n fi t e n n s . no w e e of ure s o r e e rs H is r h .

P e r Tzn da ll, C i n S ho re O W s o n , 9 ri Co
'

to en i n

t y G l Pl t Gl A t wi t ldp t ppE glci dw itliy gt g wt d

. . n e r re a a er

Cl . F i n 5 68 ; p e r Ey r e, C B , i n A t
. . . h ara er s ou be t h e s a m e h a i s to
Co 1 sh ; ye t t h e o r s

l ti j yw t ly
us

A t g B w tt
o r ne -

e n e ra v . a e as s . . n e r r e an n r n

be a r o a he h ro u h a ra n s
'

3 9, 4 4

w d t ly ttc ipt gdii p t lwg dlly c p t d t c tdi w dit itp t d

. ou on

(7 ) In r m s ro n ur ro s, 6 Wa s, a on T he u r
. e re , he r e fo r e , n o t o n
2 66, h ere t he o n m a er in s u e w as o m e en t o re a t he s u e

p l i ti d t i g ill g i l c t t p t g
e a
a s t o t he a e o f a re e ve n b
y t he o r , b ut bo u n t o as er a n ha w as

t i l d
ff, t h e a e be n

di ci d t i t t id c gdi t R Hil J
a n

u p o n t he r a a s s um e xcl e

i i g t
b e , t he o ur
h g P ldJ ck m e a n t o re re s e n
S e e er, 1 7
”
S ec C a ba r a v
S t 5 14 ;
. . .

Fi dl
an e us ve r en n a . so n v . .

o hn s 1 0 7 ; S he o n 0 : Ben
to p he r t h e n s ru m e n , a n d t o e e r i a n so m , 1 8

J i R H w d Ad
e -
.

m n e t he a e u po n t he e v e n e ha m , 4 1 2 9 D an a v e r , 2 K er

j Tg t t t t dl w xclid i El Ni i it id t Lt d ti i i g
, ve n .
,
e .

U p o n e r ro r, (f l/mo n , C g
i n re ve rs n t he . n an, 4 4 0 In e m o n v
. a
y ar , 2 . .

ud m e n o f t he be o , s a 666, i s sa h a a q ue s o n a r s n

igt t t d ci t l Itc t ttld l ttl g w d c ty i t dw itit pg dw c td

c o ur .

“
h a t h e c o ur a ss um e an e us ve at s l r i us , be fo re
’
or D e n ma n , fro m
h to phe r t he e rs i s t h e o b s uri o f t he h an ha t h e

it i t i xt d wl ttitt id c ti llyi w l l d ipd d cid d

r e o n es e e r n ,

b o h r ue a n d fa a d o ub e ss be o n s . o r s o f a w r i t t e n n s r um e n ro u e in
n e r p re t t he n n a n i n g o f e re , his o r s h

d cip i
to to e

it j y
r en
-
ev e n e re a e

w o rds ; b ut t h s e e n s n o t t o t he t h e q ues o n h m s e f, an d re fus e t o ha ve

t i g A w iti g d it
e e rs ,

fo r t o i n te rln c t a n d t o he r a re d ffe r p ut t o t he ur
'
e .

e nt h n s r n . is re a be fo re is

[ 04 ]
CH . 1 CO S N TR TI N UC O AND INTERPRETATI ON OF CO NT A T R C S .

ne c e s s a ry t o e s t a b li s h th e i r a ct u a l right s a n d t o d o full j u s tic e ,

b e tw e e n th e m (r ) .

’
T he r ul e i n re l a ti o n t o e xtri n s ic e v id e n c e p ro hi b it s t he a d m i s
s i o n o f o ra l t e s ti m o n y t o c o n tr a d ict o r v a ry t h e t e rm s o f a “ ”

v a li d w ritt e n c o n t ra ct T he re fo re t he re i s n o thi n g i n t hi s ru l e
v ,
.

t o p r e e n t t h e i n tro d u cti o n o f s u c h t e s ti m o n y fo r t he p u r p o s e
o f e xp la i n i n Bu t h e re a d i s t i n cti o n i s t a k e n
g t he c o n tra ct .
,

w h ic h if it d i d n o t o rigi n a t e wit h L o rd Ba co n w a s fi rs t cl e a rly

, ,

s t a te d b
y h i m ; i t i s t h e d i s ti n cti o n b e tw e e n a p a t en t a m big ui ty
a n d a l a ten t a mbi ui ty
g ()
s .

(T) R ex
L i d c T d S T T R
yl
am m o n 3 4 74 ; d ti g c t wi tyd p t l L g
o ub S ee , t o t he

B ldwi B Kp idti L N ltY Fig d i g J t

v . en , . . o r un e r a n . a so ,
as
R ex v . a n R o n, 8 . . 3 79 ; a or v . m e an n o f the or or ,
”
De on ue
10 arb 582 ; a ffe r m ere In s Co 10 o hn s .

t t t cti wtw tt c cct t A i g

a n, . r er v . v . . . re . .
-

t y, 1 W h a rt 3 03 The es to in 120 S o a ho u h to

l c w ld id c t ti ty
. . ar an . a ev s e o r ra n
”
s rum e n m ay sh o t he h a ra f o f t he s o n s of he h av

it wiBt t g R yt dld
r ue er o o ne . n

t he be he m i n be vo fo r un er a n ,

d i
ran sa on een e n re s e ve r a s o n s , ou
h S (A lt h a m s a se , 8 R ep 1 5 5 a , ) ye t here
’
L am
“

Idl V l T p A i g d d i g
v e rs e s s ra n e rs . ra er v . .

be h , 7 M en 5 8 9; M ag i s n o r e as o n w h y a ev s e t o o n e o f t he

ly ill w ld H g d
. . e no s v .

e a , an d h a v n
”
2 el 2 6; en a b e v ho m so n s o f h e be n

l g dd i ig
n es s, re ,
. so n , .

1 1 A la 14 7 n o t be Wig
w ld d id c
. . on o n e so n , ou oo .

(s ) T he la tent an d ra m o n W p a ten t a m
p a tent a m
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xt i t ic ct l gPcyic P g P i
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6 ik
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T h e re be t w o so r s t o f a mb igu iti e s o f w o rd s ; t he o n e i s
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x CO NTRA T C S . 71

a p p e a rs t o b e a m b ig uo u s u p o n t h e d e e d o r i n s tru m e n t ; la tens
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G d p t ppl i c ti di y t t
.
,

e a h a ns e r n t he e s r on of h e he r p a tent o r la ten t, i n t he

t i l pi i t t it d ki d id c
eo r e , a n es,
t he a
’
t he so n o f s en se o f h o s e e rm s , m rrs t b e

d t dt ct ipti ti t p t c t ly pli cit g t c t w lyic

or , re v e n a on or nar

o f h s ru e ? W e a re o f o n o n h a r e m o ve by t h e s a m e n o f ev en e ,
o es n o t In r u h , t h e m e n o n o f p e r n am e by t he h h is t o

wi l l ct t i i l i t ti t
.
,
a n o ur
s o n s by h o s e o n s i a o he r n s r um e n

p p xit t cp c pxt i ic id t c t pp tti t lc t i t t ig titi t l ll

es r ar s o n s r ue a n as n e a r as p o s

o f t he h a s n o m o re effe , fo r h s s b e i n t h e s ua o n o f t h e a u ho r o f, o r
ur o se , h a n ro o f b ar es to , su h n s r um e n T h e ru e o f

w kit w w t t td i w w ld t t gw ic d d t i i i g d ci i
y e r n s e v en e .
.

o f the e s e n e o f su h e rs o n s , an d h a a en an d a en am b u es, h e n , fa s
t he y n to t he t o th e ro un , a s furn s h n

i t w d c i p ti
ou

w t id c i t t d
ere no e v so r , a e s ve

h a ve h a d ; s ho ha he r e ere t w o by h h to e e rm n e i n a ll c as e s

ti ld ppli c l t t xpl i i t t i t t
s es
p e rs o n s , t o e h e r o f ho m t h e es r he h er e v en e m a y be a dm e

c p tkw
on to
i n q ue s o n w o u be a ab e , a n d ha e a n a wr e n n s r um en .

su h t w o e rso n s w e re bo h no n ; an d
73
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

be a m big ui t a s t h e rw i s e it i s : a s if I gra n t m y
la te n s , the n
'

m a n o r Of S t o J F a n d h i s he i rs he re a pp e a re th n o a m b i g u ity
. . .
,

a t a ll ; b u t if t h e t ru t h b e t ha t I h a ve t he m a n o rs b o th o f ,

S o u t h S a n d N o rth S t h i s a m b ig u ity i s m a t te r i n fa ct ; a n d ,
. .
,

t he re fo re it s h a ll b e h o l p e n b y a ve rm e n t w he th e r o f t h e m w a s
, ,

t ha t t h e p arty i n te n d e d s ho u l d p a s s (t) .

T he ru l e s o f L o rd Ba co n res t e n ti re ly u p o n t he p r i n cipl e th a t
'

t he la w w ill n o t m a k e n o r p e r m it t o b e m a d e fo r p a rti e s a , , ,

c Orrt r a c t o t h e r t h a n t h a t w hic h t h e y ha ve m a d e fo r t he m s e l ve s
'

T hey c a n h a v e n o o t he r b a s i s t h a n t hi s ; a n d s o fa r a s th e y
c a rry t h i s p ri n ci pl e i n t o e ffe ct t he y a re g o o d ru l e s a n d n o fa r ,

t he r F o r it i s t h i s p ri n ci pl e w hic h u n d e rli e s t he wh o l e la w o f
.

c o n s tru cti o n a n d o rigi n a t e s a n d m e a s u re s t he v a l u e o f a ll i t s

,

ru l e s T hu s i f a c o n tr a ct b e i nte lligi bl e a n d e v id e n c e s ho w s
.
, ,

a n u n c e rt a i n ty n o t i n t h e c o n tra ct b u t i n i t s s u bj e ct m a tt e r o r

v
-

, ,

i t s a pplic a ti o n o t he r e id e n c e w h i ch w i l l re m o ve t hi s u n c e r
,

t a i n ty i s a d m is s i b l e (u) Bu t if a c o n tra ct i s n o t c e rta i n ly i n t e l .

*

p
(t ) Ba c M ax
p p p ly g
t i wip i t lt g
l ppl
R eg 2 3
y q ly
d i t
i t ct h ho u h m a w h re fe re n e

iw t t p t it ct t kd t ii ti g c dt d y It t tt lw yw d
. . . . s o n ,
a e

(a ) F o r t h e
“
f a i n th e ur o se o to l s, a e ua to a ll n s rum e n s

n s r um e n t o t h e fa s , a n d e e rm n n t o be o n s rue m u s a a s be r e
“

dl it c t idt tii ly ct pt t will t tcitlyt t lik t ci c t y ct pw ic

.

m e m ber e ,
”
a ss e s b
y , a n d w h o a e an n e r s he, ha t he or s of
“
ha sa

e st u n e r e v e ry m a e r a fa ha e h o s e o f ev e r o h er

t i plg c c t w ip t i c itt tid d t xp i gw i i c

,
a es a o r, e rs o n ,

e n ab e t h e o ur to en f t h e e rs o n o r a re fe r t o t he r um s an e s by h h
h n nre n t i o n e d i n t he n s r um e n , an d at t he me o f e h m se lf h e i s s ur

di clt t i g w d it wit l l c k d w w ic w dt t t widll

re ss n

to a e t he o ur , h o se ro v n e is to r o un e . If, he re fo re , hen t he c r u m
e a re t h e m e a n n o f t he o r s o f the h h t he e s a o r m a e h i s

ti id c p ti it d i i l fici tly xpt ict li it i t xpti iti c i d

s an e s u n e r

n s r um e n , as n e a r a s m ay be i n t h e s u a a re no n , t he o r s o f the do
o n o f t he i s a m ss b e i n s uf r e s s t he n e n o n a s r be
t
il Myl K t g d c c t
ar es o ,
en e

P e r P a rke, B , i n S ho re v t o h i m , t he s r m s of e
”

L d c t cti wi l l
ev en e . . . os o n can

W so n , 9 C l St F i n 5 5 6 S e e Guy v n o t be ra n s re s s e , be ause t h e o ur , i n
’

M ti t xt i ic c ll t l ci c t c
. . . .

S ha r p , 1 5 8 9, 60 2 , p e r a id o f t h e o n o f t he e fe rs

JL d M w ic it c t i l g g
. or . o n s ru , r

Bro ugha m ; D o c v a r n , 1 Ne v M an t o ho s e e r um s an e s

Hi l d d wi l l It t t t wi t t
. . . r ns o a e ra

5 2 4 p e r P a rke , D o e v H i s co c k s , 5 to h h i s e r a n t h e a n ua e o f t h e

F gl i H k c i d c p ci i g
. . .
, ,

\V 3 67, p e r o r A bi ng er ; e b ra n r e fe r s m ay be rue , ha , ho u

P dd ckM BM lk i p d wtil l d c wildl l w ic dxpt i d it

. .

v . o e, 20 Oh o , 14 7 ; as bro o v . su h e v e n e , t he re se m e an n o f t he
1 a rb 63 5 ; S m s o n v Hen n o t be e erm n e ; but is

G t i i t i c i d t t t
a o ,
. . or s ou

d e rs o n , 3 00 ; Wo o v Lee, 5 t he h h e re ss es a n d a s c e r

Bt t t t ck t t t gigi t it A p g i t y i t l igi l til lili ill

a . . . s

M o n ro e , 5 0 , 5 9 ; Il i t e hi n v ro o m , 5 C . . a n s t h e n e n t o n a s r be t o th e e s a o r .

5 15 W he re he re i s a f o f the a e of h s or
(to u s e a fa m a r us
di t i g t w wit d l t l xtdi ic ci c t cw kw wld
. .

ha i s a m b uo us , t r a t io n )m ay n o t be n e so m e c o l
’
es a o r s s o ,
be
ha s ffe re n m e a n n s he n us e by a r um s an e s a re

t j w l l it i gi t t c q i i g k wl
a era e r ns no n

fa r m e r a n d a m e rc h a n So h a be to t h e re a e r No o n e , h o e ve r,

W ld j w ll it dg w i t i g
. . ou

q ue s o f e e s ; i f by a n o b e m a n , m a n e ha he w as a u r n a n o

w ld T p t t txp i
o u p a s s a ll ; b ut if by a e e e r,
no t

c
ho s e ha he ha d i n h i s
d k t t p g i tl
e e O f t he

o ther so urce tha n the

’
r er s mea n n f ro m a ny
p a ge he wa s r ea di ng ,

y i g cc di g ci c li gi l i d i d w t
o u ass

s ho p hus t he s a m e e re ss o n m a b e a use , i n o r e r t o m a e ha

t c t tt M ci td ywit w it l g dc t y t
.
y a e n e

va r i n m e a n n a o r n to t he r um b e , be re q u re t o be n fo rm e t o ha
l e r P lum er ,
”
th e r e r be o n e , o r t o be fur
’
s a n e s o f t he

l l yk wlJt w ic di g ig
es a o r . . o un r

i n C o l po ys v C o l po ys , J ae 4 64 S ee h she h a m a p o f t he o un r a bo u

ill
. . .

a so Ke v l o
’
e , A m bl. 60 5 , 6 1 0 . . h h h e w as re a n ”
W ram o n
.

p
T he r e m a r s o f S i r a m e s Wig ra m u o n W s , s e c 76 . .

[ 08 ]
CH . L] N TR TI N CO S UC O AND INTERPRETATI N O OF CO NTRA T C S .

ligi b l e b y it s e lf, it m a y be s a id t ha t e v id e n c e which m a k e s it s o

m u s t m a k e a n e w c o n t r a ct ; fo r o n e t ha t i s i n te lli gi b l e c a n n o t
b e t he s a m e w it h o n e t ha t i s u n i n t e lligi b l e : a n d th e re fo r e t h e
v
e i de n ce i s n o t a d m i s si b l e B ut t hi s a rg u m e n t m u s t n o t b e
.

c a rri e d t o o fa r fo r i t i s n o t a l w a ys a pplic a b l e wi t h o ut m u c h
,

q u a lific a ti o n W ha t i n d e e d i s t he me a n i n g o f u n c e rt a i n ty ?
.

If w o rd s o f a fo re ig n l a n g u a g e a re u s e d t h e c o n tra ct i s u n c e r ,

t a i n u n til t he y a re i n te rp re te d ; if w o rd s w h ic h a re m e re ly te c h
n i c a l t h e n i t i s u n c e rt a i n u n til e x p e r t s h a v e gi e n t he i r m e a n
,
v
i n g ; if w o rd s w h ic h a re a pplic a b l e t o t w o o r th re e d iffe re n t
t hi n g s o r p e r s o n s t he n it i s ,u n c e rt a i n u n ti l t h e o n e t h i n g o r p e r
,

s o n i s cl e a r ly p o i n t e d o u t
/ N o w w h e r e d o e s t h e la w s t o p i n
v
th i s e n d e a o r t o re m o ve u n c e rt a i n ty ? W e a n s w e r n o t u n til it
,

1 S fo u n d t h a t t h e c o n t ra ct m u s t b e s e t a s i d e a n d a n o t he r o n e ,

s u b s tit u t e d b e fo re c e rt a i n ty c a n b e a tt a i n e d
,
In o t he r w o rd s , .

if t he c o n tra ct w hic h t he p a rti e s h a v e ma d e i s i n cu rab ly u n c e r ‘

t a i n t he la w w ill n o t o r ra t h e r c a n n o t e n fo rc e it ; a n d w ill n o t ,
”

, ,

o n t h e p re t e n c e o f e n fo r ci n g it s e t u a di ffe re n t b u t v a lid o n e
‘

p ,

i n i t s s t e a d It w ill o n ly d e cl are s u c h a s u p p o s e d c o n t ra ct n o
.

a t a ll ; a n d t h e p a rti e s a re l e ft t o t he m

a n d o b lig a ti o n s w h ic h m a t he n e xi s t b e t w e e n t h e
y
t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e la w will n o t p ro n o un c e a c o n t ra
,

u n c e r t a i n a n d t h e r e fo re n u ll u n til it h a s c a s t u p o n i t a ll t he
, ,

lig ht t o b e g a t he re d e it he r fro m a c o ll a ti o n o f a ll t h e w o rd s
u s e d o r fr o m a ll c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s fa ct s w h ic h e xt ri n s i c t e s ti
,

m o n y e s t a bli s he s (v) If t he s e m a k e t he i n t e n ti o n a n d m e a n
.

Ak w g ct i t l ct d ct t ity
(v) mo n t he m a e r fa kil l gwit i t d d g tt l P t w ll
t of her h, or of t h e b ir h of

pl c d Biddl ll G di g G d
a s n e es s a r no no ea
to be by t h e in o r er ha t he ma h er S ee

p iti p ti c i t t t ig l l
o ur au e
“

no n e e . a so ,
o
m ay b e a s n e ar a s m a
y be i n t h e 2 Da 70 ;

c l i g t
a e v . e, . oe n e v . oo

o n o f t he ar es t o a n
y n s ru m e n , 1 Ves S r 2 3 1 ; C a re e ss r C a re e ss ,

ti pplic ct tii ct ci t ily i t l d B w t w d i ti

os n e, . . .

i s t h e kno wledge o r ig no ra n e o f h o se p a r 1 9 Ve s 60 1 S a n a n v “ fr h , 1 3 P i c k
. . .

e r a n fa M c C all s e v s ee s , 1 5
’
es as t o 523 ;

p B yt i g d c i d Elit T t p ly i t t i t ct
s n e e s sa r n v o ve re s er v .

i n t he a a o n o f t h e n s ru m en t o t h e C o n n 2 74 , 2 96
. h e re t he q ue s o n
. So
e rso n s o r h n s e s r be in h us , i n i s o n e u re o f i n e n t o n , t h e beli ef o f t he

d t i d Mg yt wit i d i l d it i p
.

D ec v e no n , 1 2 A d 4 3 1 , h e re a u tho r o f a n n s rum e n , a s t o fa

tt t t d ii gd p c t cti A
. . . s n e c es

w as a e v s e t o B , h re m a n e r s ari l
y n v o ve i n m a y h a ve a n m o r

At d t wi l l M y
ar .
, _

to h e r h ree au h e rs , Di a ry , Eliza beth, a n be a r n u o n i t s o n s ru t es

B lli i gigt t d g illt gitiM ty i T t TwRic

on .

an d A n n
”
. t h e a e o f t he ,
ar a or ev s e his fa rm i n A , i n t h e p o s .

h a d tw o i ma e a u h ers , se s s o n o f H , to H e ha d tw o

d Eli t It t t p i ti T i g i d di ic t t t
. e ar . . . .

an d Ann , v n , an d ma e f ar m s i n A , b o h o f h h w e re i n t h e

d c ly d il gii tl i t dwtg ttM yBd

o ne e .

n am e za b e h w a s held , h a e v i o s s e ss o n o f H , b ut a t ffe r e n re n s

t t t i t d d gi
.
. . . .

e n e w a s a m s s b e t o sh o ha ( l n a q u e s o n be n r a s e w h h o f he s e

E li t di d y T t t d d Ti R t t k
ar .

fo rm e r ha d a e m a e a u h er n a m e t w o fa r m s t he e s a o r n e n e to ve t o

d t wil t t t t t did
za b e h , w h o

a e o f the
e so m e ea rs b e fo re t he

l , a n d ha t he es a o r
B , held , ha t he e v s e m us be a e n
. .

t o h a ve be en m a e t o fo r hi s p er . .

[ 69 ]
75
" "
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

i ng o f t h e p arti e s
c e rta i n it m a y s till b e a n i n t e n ti o n w h ic h t h e
,

Wo rd s c a n n o t b e m a d e t o e x p re s s b y a n y fa i r re n d e ri n g In .

thi s c a s e a l s o t he c o n tra ct i s n u ll fo r it i s t he w o rd s a n d n o t ,

t h e i n t e n ti o n t h a t m u s t p re v a i l But if w h e n t h e i n t e n t io n i s .
,

th u s a s c e rt a i n e d it i s fo u n d t h a t t he w o rds w ill fa i rly b e a r a

,
*
c o n s tru cti o n whic h m a k e s th e m e xp re s s t hi s i n t e n ti o n t h e n t h e ,

w o rd s will b e s o c o n s tr ue d a n d t he c o n tra ct i n t hi s s e n s e o r , ,

wit h t h i s i n t e rp re t a ti o n w ill b e e n fo r c e d a s t he c o n tra ct w hi c h

, ,

t he p a rti e s h a v e m a d e .

T he di s ti n cti o n a n d t h e r u l e s o f L o rd Ba co n a re t he r e fo r e .

l e s s r e ga rd e d o f l a t e t ha n t he y w e re fo rm e rly (w) T h e y a re .

i n te n d e d t o e n a b l e t he c o u rt t o d i s ti n g u i s h b e t w e e n c a s e s o f
c ura b l e a n d t h o s e o f i n c u rab l e u n c e rta i n ty ; t o c a rr y t h e a i d o f
e v id e n c e a s fa r a s it c a n
g o wit h o u t m a ki n
g fo r t h e p ar ti e s w h a t

t h e y did n o t m a k e fo r t h e m s e l ve s a n d t o s t o p th e re A n d it i s ,
.

fo u n d th a t it i s s o m e ti m e s o f d o ub tfu l u tility t o r e fe r t o th e s e
v
r ul e s i n t h e e n d e a o r t o a s c e rt ai n t he m e a n i n g o f a c o n t ra ct ,

ra th e r t h a n t o t he s i m pl e r r ul e th a t e v id e n c e m a e xpl a i n b ut
y ,

c a n n o t c o n t ra dict w ritte n l a n g ua ge T h i s l a s t ru l e l i m it s an .

e x l a n a ti o n t o c a s e s o f u n c e rt a i n ty b e c a u s e wh e re t h e m e a n i n g
p ,

i s pl a i n a n d u n q u e s ti o n a b l e a n o t h e r m e a n i n g i s n o t t h a t w hic h
,

t h e p a rti e s h a v e a g re e d t o e xp re s s T hus if a b l a n k b e l e ft i n .
,

a n i n s t ru m e n t o r a w o r d o r p hr a s e o f i m p o rt a n c e sm itt e d b
y
m i s t a k e t h e o m i s s i o n m a y b e s u pp li e d if t he i n s tr u m e n t c o n
, ,

t a i n s t he m e a n s o f s upplyi n g it wit h c ert a i n ty o th erw i s e n o t , ,

b e c a u s e t he p a rti e s i n s u ch a c a s e h a v e n o t m a d e t he i n s t ru
m e n t ; a n d t he la w w o u ld m a k e it a n d n o t t he p a rti e s if it
'

, ,

lt d t itg c ld p c tt i td t t e an d n o t u an d p t d tt dt it ld ld t i t t d td
ha he h e o ne o f h e m i n rus

t t it ld c it id d t ppt d
so n a

j ct t t
a va n a on ru s ; o se ,

if h e re fo re be a s e r a n e ha if so he and n en e

t t t t t t it d t t it c it
o u or re a e as

o n e o f t he fa rm s w a s s ub e ha sh o u
b e o ns e re an d rea e

t t t ldt pp dt t tt it ld
t o a rus , o r
h a t he e s a o r s upp o s ed t o be s o , h e ld , a n d i f do e s n o t a e a r

i t d d d i d
a s so
m us he n b e n fe rre h a s u h fa rm w a s h a h e he , o r s u o s e h a h e he , t he

t t t t tt L d
n o t t he o n e n en e t o be
d ide v s e , b ut
ha t h e o h e r w a s t he o n e r e fe r re t o by tld t t tw ict t d pp d ld
o he r o f he m o n an y r us ,
m e h a t he o n e
s e e m s to
h h he s u o s e t o b e

“
l y
th e e s a o r
ti w i
c t t yt dl ycid dld tt i twt t
T he o n
o r
.

c l t
S t L e o na rds s a
ly
.

h h is a b so u e c j ctt g dd di i t d dR i
he o n an
y rus , o r re a e a s i f so he

b e re a r e a s n en e t o b e t h e
,

c d tly t td t t t
q ue s o n an n o

to be e i s h s , n o t he h e r s ub e o f t he e v se to Mr o b ns o n,

tw t c i d li d t dt t d
n e e ss a r e .

t he he ho s e e s a e s , o r an d t h e o h e r e s a e m ay b e

di Gl dl t Q i c
e s a o r re a o n se q ue n

o f he m , o n a n y v a but d ee m e t o be t he o ne re fe r re t o i n h a

i t t t t w t
o ne rus s ,

r a t he r ha he o n s d e re a n d un e rs o o m d e ll v a s o n e , 1 2 En g

p d t tt t ld tt t d i t dt d Q i cy J it ll y
e v se . . .

t o be his n e re s , h a is , he he r he s up L a w So Eq 5 2 S e e a so , u n e

P ig B k B k
v
y
. . .

’
h a h e he he m , o r (m e o f he m , u n e 11 ur s 111 Co nno v ar

tt tt d tld t t t
o se , ,
.

o n an r us or re a e o r n en e to do n, 1 a e, 2 91 ; a er v a e r, 2
y
.
, ,

re a o r to h a ve he m or o ne o f he m Ve s . 1 67 .

re a e
,

,
as i f so he in r us . i f he s up (10 ) S e e a nte , p . 69, n .
(s ) .

[ 70 ]
CH . L] N TR TI N CO S UC O AND I TERPRETATI N
N O OF CO NTRA TC S .

t k t o su pply by p re s u m pti o n a n o m itte d w o rd n e c e s s a ry

u n de r o o

t o i t s l e g a l e xi s t e n c e A n d i f i t p e r m itt e d t hi s t o b e s u p pli e d
.

b y p a ro l t e s ti m o n y it w o u ld b e t h i s t e s ti m o n y a n d n o t a w rit
, ,

t e n i n s tr u m e n t w hic h p ro ve d t h e p r o p e rty o r d e t e r m i n e d t he
r ig ht s a n d o b lig a ti o n o f t h e p a r ti e s
():c B u t thi s r u l e p e r m it s .

a ll fa i r a n d re a s o n a b l e e x pl a n a ti o n o f a ct u a l u n c e r t a i n ty T hu s .
,

i f a g u a ra n ty b e gi v e n b e gi n n i n g In c o n s i d e r a ti o n o f y o u r
, ,
“

h a v i n g t hi s d a y a d va n c e d m o n ey & c w h ic h g u a r a n t y i s
”
,
.
,

i n v a li d if i n fa ct fo r a p a s t o r e x e c ut e d c o n s id e ra ti o n e v i de n c e ,

s h o u ld b e re c e i ve d t o s h o w th a t i n p o i n t o f fa ct t h e a d va n ci n g

o f t h e m o n e y a n d t h e gi v i n g o f t h e g u a ra n ty w e re s i m u lt a n e o u s

a ct s
(g ).

It i s n o t e a s y t o l a y d o w n ru le s w h ic h will a s s i s t i n d e t e r
*

m i n i n g t hes e d i ffi c ult q u e s ti o n s a n d n o t b e t h e m s e l ve s o p e n t o ,

m u c h q u e s ti o n Bu t w e s h o u ld e xp re s s o u r o w n v i e w s o n t hi s
’

s u bj e ct b t h e fo ll o w i n g p r e p o s iti o n s
y .

If a n i n s t ru m e n t i s i n t e lligi b l e a n d c e rt a i n w h e n i t s w o rd s
a re t a k en i n t h e i r c o m m o n o r n a t u ra l s e n s e a ll i t s w o rd s s ha ll
'

b e s o t a ke n u n l e s s s o m e t hi n g i n t he i n s tru m e n t it s e lf g i v e s t o
, .

th e m di s ti n ctly a p e cu li a r m e a n i n g a n d wit h t h i s m e a n i n g
, , ,

t he i n s tru m e n t i s i n te lligi b l e a n d c e r t a i n ; a n d i n th a t c a s e
‘

thi s p e c uli ar m e a n i n g s ha l l b e t a k e n a s t he m e a n i n g o f t h e
p a rti e s .

Ifx t he m e a n i n g o f t he i n s t rum e n t b y it s e lf i s i n t e lligi bl e a n d

v
'

, ,

c e rt a i n e xt ri n s ic e i d e n c e i s a d m i s s i b l e t o i d e n tify i t s s ubj e ct s
,

o r i t s o bj e ct s o r t o e x pl a i n i t s re cit a l s o r i t s p ro m i s e s s o fa r
, , ,

a n d o n ly s o fa r a s t h i s c a n b e d o n e w i t h o u t a n c o n t r a d icti o n
, y '

o f o r an d e p a r t u re fro m t h e m e a n i n g whi ch i s gi v e n b a fa i r
, y y ,

a n d ra ti o n a l i n t e r p r e t a ti o n o f t he w o r d s a ct u a lly u s e d .

If t he m e a n i n g o f t h e i n s tru m e n t b y it s e lf, i s a ffe ct e d with ,

d Mi
(x ) l l Pi T Bi g Bi
N g 8 244 c t i
id c wc t t i t t c t ig
i f yo u c an t p l n st rum e n by aro

B y i AttT y G l AtkH t
er v . r a v e rs , n . o n s r ue a n
S au n p 5 C 425 h e re h a n s rum en i s amb

itt j dg li i tyl l g g
e rs o n v . er , n . . . ev en e ,
ls v — 2 23 9 ; u o u s , i n s u h a m an n e r a s n o t t o

Ht
a . o rne e n e ra ,
. o n ra

C a s t l e do n 3 A tk 2 5 7 And
”
ur n e r, di et , yo u a re a t ber t o do s o

w E xc lw B tc c idt ti t My i g
v . . un v . .

o r , 3 Bro C C .3 1 1 t h e o h er u e s u s e s m i ar a n u a e S ee

t i c c l wi t
. . . .

(y ) Go ldshe de v S an , 1 h 1 54 u he r v S eu a r , 1 1 W 8 5 7,

d id dc t i i t dd i i l l yt t tp l l c d diti l ld i g p p ctlp
. . . a so , . . .

In h s a se , P igo tt , of o un s e h t he he re , “
i n o n s e ra o n o f o u r h a v n
e fe n t o h a v e a r o s e i ve
”
po n t h e r u e ha w as h e

w i t t i t t xtD wi ic id c l H ig
an ,
ns s e u a ro r e e a se ,
is n o t m b t o v a r t h e e rm s an d m e a n n , by t h e h e of

t y ptit g iditt i t c t t
ev en e a ss e on o na
of a m en B ut P a r ke, B , A n d s e e C o bo urn v

B k Ad
r en n s ru . . e r ns ev en e . .

in erru hi m , sa Yo u s o n , 4 En g L a w 85 E q 3 7 8 a h

p l id c t t gl l
n an no a . .

v ar t he er m s o f a w r en n s ru m en by v . ro o s, 1 0 E1 3 0 9 . . .

aro ev en e ha is a re u ar ru e ; but
77
"
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

un c ert a i n ty t h e i n t e n ti o n o f t h e p arti e s m a y b e a s c e rt a i n e d b y
,

()
*
e xt ri n s ic t e s ti m o n y , z a n d t h i s i n t e n ti o n w i ll b e t a k e n a s the

tic xcc pt t t c t i d p p
(z ) S ee p a n t e, T i 69, (s ) h i n t en yJ l i w c
ab e r e v e of th e b y Tin

tc ckt t d li i d l d d c J
. n . . s v er as es
of i s t o a s er a n e , i n al l C In D o e d H i s co ck s v Hi s co c k s , a

d l p t c
o n, o u rs e , . . . .

h a o f la tent a mbig uity ro a n s t o hi s s o n o hn H i s

d w i c i t t d gJ d id
as e s , e e es a o r ev se
e r , by a e v e o m en o f t he i rc ums ta n ces s fo r fe an d fro m h i s e e a s e , t o h i s

Itw cd p t d ccl t iti d c i gi gti At ti ki g

o

h h t h e n s ru m en w a s m a e ra n s o n J o hn H i sco cks , eldes t s o n o f t h e sa

wil twict t t i d J i wi
un er .

be as e r a n e by br n n fo r o hn H i s c o ck s the m e o f m a n the

w ict t k pld c t t w d
a nn o .

ro o f o f t he e s a o r s s o n
’
o h n Hi s co c k s h a d

c d wi
ar e a r a o n s o r o n v ers a o n s ,

h h oo a e at t he im e t h e i n s t ru bee n e m arr e by hi s f rs t fe h e

A t c idl l lcy c i c d p ld t t
,

m e n w as m a e , o r befo re , o r af er a r s h a d o n e so n , S n no n by h i s s e o n fe

c idil d c i dt ctig t gi t t
.

f er o n s erab e o n fus o n by s o n J o hn , a n d o he r

t i clp lyt ttlp cid l y E gl d c Bwill

a us e an e es o u n ge r
s o m e a n o m a o us e a r as e s , t h e l aw u o n h re n , s o n s a n d a u h er s eld , ha

tti t t wild li i l wd wcl ic

.

h s o in , e s e a i n r e feren e t o en e o f t h e ven b
y t he

t F ll wP t t G dit Y dl y
s, ev n s ru o ns
is in In e au e s a o r fo r hi s a n d o f hi s

t d c ipti g d wi l L dt d d
e ar se e n an .
,
e a ra

mo n v e , 2 W m s 1 4 0 , w as p e r o n s , w as n o t a m ss b e t o sho h h

i t d d d i g td
. . .

m i tt e d t o b e s h o n ha ert ru e o f h e se t w o ra n s o n s w as i n e n e by

t t t t i tq ti t ti ig d idct It ticti g
ar e

w as t he p t o be e s n a e t h e es r o n in t he l A bi nger ,

E ly c t t d p
e rs o n n en e . or
by a e s a o r by t h e n a m e o f C a h a r n e a f er s a n t he fa s , a n d n o t he

T T T R t t i t p i l lt g t
n

a r n e , [s e e t h e a nte , 62 , m us be a d

t d i ll w cd cid cidl tdii jt cct wt ct k it

a se s a e . u e s o n r a s e , sa
In ho m as v ho m as , 6 m i t t e d ha i s n o t o ss b e a o e h e r t o

It I d i g dd g t
n . . . .

67 1 , here w as a e v s e as fo o e t he ffe r en ase s h a h a v e b een

Mp i y T M t xp di t i ti g t p i
s : re o n

em e v se t o m a u h er, h s s ub e ; hi h m a e s
“

t t t g d pil l wt ict t g dt c cxpli id

.
y r an e e on
h o m a s , o f Ll e c hl o yd , i n er h r t h e m o re e e n t o n v es a e t he

di i gg t p l c ti Edli E wil
ar y e r n
”
a r sh , & c T h e es a o r ha d a r an c i p le s u o n h h an y evi e n e t o e

j ct c di c
. a n

a u h er o f t h e n am e o f t he w o f a e s a o r o u h t o b e r e e ve

gli dt g ddpl c t M iyTl di t t i t t ti i dt t td i g t i fi t d

no r v an s, .

l v n a t t he a e m en o n e i n the l, T he o b e i n a ll as e s is t o s o ve r t h e

an d a a u h e r, h o m a s, n en o n o f t h e T he an d
g
M t yt pid i c Itd cl ti L dd wii tl l ti w iwtt d it c ll ct
rea ran -
ar es a o r . rs

who ve at a a e so m e m es s an m o s o bv o u s m o e o f o n h s i s t o rea
fro m e rt h r ar s h w as held b y o r hi s a s he h a s an d

td wt tldt tid i i l w ll w wSp ctid g p pct ty ci c t ilyc

. r en ,
o e
Ken o n, h a e v en e o f e a r a o n s m a e h i s n en o n fro m hi s or s But as h i s
.

by e s a o r, at t he m e t he i w as o r s re fer t o fa s an d r um s an e s re

wd c ipti t t t l H t p i ccP i ct twill it w id t t t d c i g

e
m a e, o u ha v e been a m s s b e t o s ho e n h i s ro e r a n d hi s fa m ,
an d
h o m t he e s a o r m e a n by t he n a ura e o hers ho m h e n am e s o r es r be s i n hi s
es r
2 Ve s
on
t
S e e a so
d
P ic M ddP G ldV y H dg til
2 16 ;
.

R
a m sh ire v

S l V
e r e, .

2 pplic witi t t idw cd c tt ct

,
i s ev en
a o n o f h is
h a t he m e a n i n a n d
be as c er

cii gc t c w it d tt fi d t
. ro e v . u s se ,
e rn . a or s an n o

62 3 ; ge, 4 680 ; S l t a i n ed h o u e v en e o f a ll ho s e fa s

H dg V t
r e v . a ese ,

Il o s t e , 6 1 92 an d r um s an e s T o u n e rs an th e

c cti d i d i ctl i ct t id cll pp ti td p j ct ll i

v . a . e . o so n .

v . o so n , 2 e rn . 5 93 . S o far as hes e m e an n o f a n y r e r, w e m u s rs be
t he ha o f t he e r so n s a n d c i rc um st an

d l tcl t d t w k t t k llyi l
as e s sa n on o r ne ev en e a r se

f in ten t i o n i s a m s s b e i n as e s n o t fa c e s h a a re t he s ub e s o f h i s a us o n s o r

d lfi d d cp Mil l t yT
o
i n g un e r t he r u e a s t o la ten t a mblg ultg , a s s a e m en s a n d i f he s e a re n o t fu dis

Bic ckg M
e ne a n te,

by t he a s es o f
70, n he a re o ve r
.

ra ve rs , 8
.

t tiw t i t y w k ti c t w pic
o se i n h i s o r , w e m us l o o fo r l us
r a o n t o t he h s o r o f t he m es i n h h

Mi l l t t All ctict g p
ru e er v .

and D o c d H is c o c k s v H i s h e ro e, an d t o t he or s o f o n em o

T tt t dc i ty Li ick
n . . .

s, 5 W 3 63 In r an e o us a u h o rs t h e fa s a n d c ir

pd p t tydly l giw tiic t wil l t l t

o . er v . . . .

ra ve rs , he re w a s a e v s e o f a l l t he t e s c um s t a n c e s , h e re fo re , r e sp e

ci t y i i c k At ti
n e rs o n s

t a t o r s e s a e s i n t he mer
’
of to h h t he

ki cg tywill i t ictk t t tll y id i gc pplicl ti d w t d d

o un or ro e r ,
re a e s , ar e

an d o f L mer t he me o f . u n o ub e e m a e , a n d o f e n n ece s
m a n r t he t he es a o r h a d n o e s a e to en ab e us t o u n

t tt citgy i wiickll i d c idt Ac gll id c t i t p t t t i g it lly

, sar ev en e, ers a n

i n t he o un o f L mer H e ha d a s m a . t he m e a n n and a hi s o r s
a on of .

e s a e i n t he o f L mer n a e ua e t o a n, — t he e s a o r m a y h ave h a b ua

lIt itt t tit c ld c ty w l li k w w ic t t y w

, q
m e e t he c ha r e s i n t he and h n s by p e c u

l
,
o ns er a e er a n e rs o n s o r

a b e e s t a t c s s ua e i n t h e e re n o t co m
o f C a re a r n a m es , b
y h h he

pLi l ickid wc t it t wd d ict k ty ccpl i d will c ld ly

o un .

w a s he ld , ha o u n o t be s ho n b
y m o n ly no n If h e s e n a m e s s h o u d
.

h h
t e
“
o f u r i n h is , t
he y o u be e x

t dt t t wt td i tc d tdy d l i dt c lik w w ic wil l w d

a ro ev en e a o r s o un o on
mer e re ns e r e by m s a e , i a a ne an d ( o n s t rue d b t he a i d o f e vi
y
h h h e us e
”
o i t he o f C a re ; e n e t o s ho t he s e n s e i n
“
'

o un

t t c ty l w itt cip ig l g g
s ea o r s

a n d ha t he e s a o r n e n e t o e v s e h is he m , i n e m a n n e r a s if h i s e re

e s a e i n t he o un o f C a re S e e t he . r e n in he r, o r i n a fo re n a n ua e
 '

CO S N TR TI N UC O AND INTERPRETATI N O OF CO NTRA T C S .

m e a n i ng o f t h e p a rti e s e x pr e s s e d i n t h e i n s tru m e n t , i f it be a
*
m e an ing w h ic h m ay be di s ti n ctly d e ri ve d fro m a fa i r a n d ra ti o n
al i nt e r p re t a ti o n o f t he w o rd s a ct u a lly u s e d But if it b e i h .

c o m p a ti bl e w ith s u ch i n t e rp re t a ti on t he i n s tru m e n t w ill t h e n

v
b e o id fo r u n c e rt a i n ty ,
,

A c o n tra ct m a y b e u ra l o r i n i t s

l e g a l m e a n i n g a lt ho u v 0

gh e id e n c e b e o ffe re d t e n di n g t o s h o w
,
,

t ha t t he i n t e n ti o n o f t h e p ar ti e s diffe re d a b s o l u t e ly fro m t he i r
l a n gu a ge u n l e s s t he t ra n s a cti o n b e o id fro m fra u d ill e g a l i ty
, v , ,

i n c a p a city o r i n s o m e s i m il ar w a y
, .

L a s tly n o c dn t ra c t will be e n fo rc e d a s a c o n tr a ct if it h a v e
, , ,

n o pl a i n a n d n a t u ra l o r l e g a l m e a n i n g b it s e lf ; a n d if a d
‘

y ,

m i s s i b l e e xt ri n s ic e vi d e n c e c a n o n ly s h o w t h at t he i n t e n ti o n
o f t h e p a r ti e s w a s o n e whic h th e i r w o r d s d o n o t e x p r e s s Bu t .

t he s u pp o s e d c o n t ra ct b e i n g s e t a s id e fo r s u c h re a s o n s a s t h e s e ,

t h e p a rti e s will b e re m i tt e d t o t h e i r o ri gi n a l rig h t s a n d o b li

a t i On s .
g
~

i t
lp l i t c i l ilidl c t t t t t
T he h ab s o f the e s a o r i n h e s e p arti c u d c l t t c qt i c tiw t L d
us e , i n h a ase h ere i s ha Ba

w idd c q llyp piply i t itti

or
'
’
ars m u s be r e e v a b e a s e v en e t o e x a ls e , t he

tt t t d w c t i i g id ic t ti
co n an e u vo a o n , z . .

a n t h e m e an i n c f hi s w But h ere t o e her m an o r , an d

l t l t t i g i t y
g . o r s e ua a

i s a n o h er m o e o f o b a n n t h e n e n o n e v e n e o f r ev o us n en o n m a y b e re

d clwil ti t ci tc ctit c gi
o f t h e e s a o r,
e ara o n s o f t h e i n s r u ve n fo r iwt ti k w wwt tt i t di t
hi h is by e v e n e o f hi s c e ive d t o s o ve his a e n a mb u
'

t h e n en o n sh o s h a h e m ean t o d o
; fo r

liplk i tg ww icd iddg c d wi l pl c i t t dd w itc t

o ns
hi s l , an d o her h a , yo u m m e a e
'

r um s an es o f t h e an d hen yo u n o
e n a u re ; h h are n o t a u e fo r e x l y er e v e h a h e h a s o n e by t he g e n
ai
n n

it pcplyity d ficigi cy
t
b ut e h er t o su
h e o r s o r m e an n
so m e
o f t he
dc t ycti It pp p p ly t t t t
l , e ra w o rd s h e h as us e ,
o r i na r s e n se , m ay
hi h , i n h e ir
be a r h a

ct ig xp i tt t ic g t t ct t pi t l ti id cg t w txcl
e en , o
r r o er
re m o ve s o m e o b s ur
.
, o
r to v e so m e o n s ru on a e ars t o u s h a , i n a ll
.

e ffe to e ha a re un m ean n o her en e o f ha w a s

wid icc it ippt ti tp tpt lyi t p t pl i g d t t wi l l

re s s o n s as es , a ro ev
o r a mb uo us No w , h ere i s bu t o n e ase t he es a o r s n en o n o u h t o be e
’
u

g t d w i t g
.

in h h e ars t o us h a h s so r o f d e d, u o n hi s r o un , ha hi s

t t w g iw titi tig cxpl i t d cid c pt p c t

a a n
e n e o f n en o n ca n be a d o u h t o be m a e i n r in ; a n d i f hi s

t t ct w dw it d i ig
ev r o er
m i tt e d, an d ha i s , he re t he m e a ni n o f n e n o n an n o be m a e t o a e ar b y t he

wl l Att iyl
.

the es a o r s
’
o r s i s n e h er am b by r um s an e s , h e re

c it p cctc ti t cl gi l tt d
uo u s r n , e a ne
n o r o b s ur e , a n d h ere t h e e v se i s o n i s n o S ee a s o S h o re v W so n , 9
”
i l

l l t
. .

the fa e o f erf e a n d n e li b e , but , Cl F in 3 5 5 , S C n o m Gen

p ig tity g i w ic w ic cE L AttE y wG tl i l pl tt
. . o rne . . .
-

fro m s o m e o f t h e i r um s an e s a dmi e era v S h o r e , 1 1 S im

. 5 92 , a n d t he a e .

i n ro o f, an am b u ar s es a s t o h h as e o f v C a ham , 3 1

p w i g ll y d c d p t
o rn e e n era -
.

o f t h e t w o o r m o re hi n s , o r h h o f the 14 2 , h ere h s w ho e m a er

wxp d T w l tt tt tt i dt id d tdi tc d t i l p t cti i p i t

. . .
,

tw o o r m o re e rs o ns , (ea ch a n s er n t h e i s v er F o r t he
y fu
_
i s uss e r e s en .

o r s i n t he il , )t he es a o r n en e t o s a e o f t h e l a w u o n t he v a r o us

A i l ittl y tg titly d t dJ
o n s
hus , if a e s a o r ev s e hi s i n h s a s s e o n , th e p ro fes

N t d i t ly itw i g cl t
e re s s. s uss e
m an o r o f S , t o B , an d h as t w o m an o rs s o n a re v er in eb e t o the a d

I t p t ti i l
. . re a
of or h S an d S o u h S , be n m i rab e l re a s e by S i r a m es IV

q ly d t d w d
, . e ar e
he m ea n s t o e v s e o n e o n , h er ea s bo h gra m o n t h e n e r re a o n o f W l s .

II
are e ual en o e by th e o r s he has

VOL . . 7
 —
80
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

C H A P T ER II .

TH E LAW OF PAE L C .

S e ct I
. .
— P re li m i n a ry R e marks .

IF o ne o r bo th
p ti e s t o a c o n t ra ct e n t e red i n t o i t a w a y fro m
ar

t he i r h o m e o r if a c o n tra ct o r q u e s ti o n s d e p e n d e n t u p o n it
,

c o m e i n to litig a ti o n b e fo re a fo re ig n tri b u n a l t h e c o n s tr u cti o n o f

v
t he c o n t ra ct t h e rig h t s th a t it gi e s t h e o b lig a ti o n s th a t it i m
,

, ,

p o s e s , a n d t he re m e d i e s w h ic h e ith e r p a r ty m a y h a e m a y de
“

v ,

e n d u p o n t h e l a w o f t he
p p l a c e w h e re t he c o n tra ct w a s m a d e , o r
t h e la w o f t h e d o m icil o f t he p a rti e s o r t h e l a w o f t h e pl a c e wh e re
,

t h e t hi n g t o wh ich t he c o n tra ct re fe rs i s s itu a te d o r t he la w o f ,

t he t ri b u n a l b e fo re which t h e q u e s ti o n s a r e l itig a t e d o r t o use ,

t h e L a ti n p hr a s e s g e ne ra lly e m pl o y e d ,t h e lea: lo ci c o n tractus ,

t h e Zen: do mi ci h t , t h e lex lo c i mik e , and t h e lex f o m
' ’

r et .

T he c o m m o n la w h a s l e ft m a n y o f t he s e q u e s ti o n s u n s e ttl e d
b ut t he i m m e n s e i m m igra ti o n i n t o thi s c o u n t ry , t he gre a t a n d
gro wi n g i n t e r c o urs e b e tw e e n it a n d fo re ig n n a ti o n s a n d t h e e x ,

t re m e fa cility a n d fre q u e n cy o f fo re i g n t ra ve l a n d m o re th a n , ,

thi s t he fa ct th a t o u r o w n n a ti o n i s c o m p o s e d o f th i rty o n e i h
v
-

d e p e n d e n t s o ve re ig n ti e s , a ll c o m bi n e t o gi e t o q ue s ti o n s o f ,

t h i s ki n d p e c u li a r i m p o rt a n c e a n d o n s o m e p o i n t s p e cu li ar
, ,
.

diffic u lty . It will n o t b e p o s s i b l e t o e xh a u s t t he c o n s id e ra ti o n

o f th e s e t o pic s wit h i n t h e s p a c e w hic h c a n i n thi s w o r k , b e ,

gi ve n t o t he m But a n a tt e m pt will b e m a d e t o p re s e n t t h e
.

l e a di n g p ri n ci pl e s w h ich m u s t d e t e r m i n e a ll th e se q u e s ti o n s
v
.

T o fe w o f t he m i s t h e re a p re ci s e a n d c e rt a i n a n s w e r gi e n b y
t he c o m m o n la w ; a n d s o m e o f t h e m h a v e n o t ye t p a s s e d i n t o
a dj u d ic a ti o n B y w rit e rs o n t he ci i l a n d c o n ti n e n ta l la w o f v
v v
.

Euro p e th e y h a e b e e n p e rh a p s a ll o f t he m e ry fu lly c o n s i d
, ,

v
e re d ; b u t with s u ch a di e rs ity , a n d i rre c o n cil a b l e c o n t ra r i e ty
*
,

[ 74 ]
CH . TH E LAW OF PLA E C .
"
81

o f c o n cl us i o n th a t w e s h a ll c o n fin e , o urs e l v e s, a s fa r as p o ss ib l e ,
to t he c o m m o n la w a u t h o r iti e s (a ) -
.

S E C TI O N II .

G ENE AL PRIN IP E R C L S .

T hefi rs t pri n ci pl e w e s ta t e i s t h i s L a w s h a e n o fo rc e b y . v
th e i r o w n p ro p e r v i g o r b e y o n d t he t e rrit o ry o f t he S t a t e b y ,

w h ich t he y a re m a d e ; e xc e pti n g fo r s o m e p urp o s e s t he high , ,

s e a s o r l a n d s o v e r w h ic h n o S t a te cl a i ms j u ri s di cti o n W it ho u t
v
.
,

t h i s li m it th ey h a e n o s a n cti o n ; o b e di e n c e c a n n o t b e c o m
.

e lle d n o r d i s o b e d i e n c e p u n i s h e d a n d n o c o n tig u ity o f b o rd e r

p , ,

and no diffe r e n c e o f m a g n it u d e o r p o w e r b e t w e e n t w o i n d e ,

p e n d e n t S ta t e s c a n a ffe ct t h i s r u l e F o r if t he S ta te a la w o f .
,

whic h i s b ro k e n s e n d s i t s o ffic e rs i n t o a n o t he r a n d t he re b y
, ,

fo rc e o r i n ti m i d a ti o n a ct s i n re fe re n c e t o t h i s b re a c h a s it m ig ht .

a c t a t h o m e s u c h a c t i s w ho lly ill e g a l ; a n d if it t hu s a ct s wi t h
.

t he c o n s e n t o f t he fo re ig n S t a t e w it h i n w h o s e d o m i n i o n it g o e s ,

by i t s o ffic e rs it i s t h i s c o n s e n t o n ly w hic h l e g a li ze s i t s
'

a ct s
()
b .

In t he ne xt pl a c e a ll l a w s d uly m a d e an d p ub li s h e d b y a n y
*
,

(a ) M r J tic
fl ict L w
l gg w t S to ry s
’
o rk
g w t t c flict xpl w i c di
is i t o ne o f w i c l a w ; b ut is h h

ct p d cl i cg plictig g p t t
. us e ar e on c 1 s 1o n o ne
the Co n f i s in m ea s s o ut o f the of s of ffe r

t g t t t t q iti g dit iic kilt d

o a s a re a ro on a

om f t he s e o nf ent O u r fo rm e r ha d

yd p It wigll ccl y l d
u re o se o n s a e s a es . e er en e
m en an d in hi s h he h us h a ue s o n s o f h s

t t cc py tt ti
os n a ra au a re
'
s ra n

to t he t h e m o s e m ba r ras s n a n d ff u o f de

jcdi tt t i t g t yt q ti c t i tytill l t
ur

t g p t idt i c c jw tic
sa s . o e a rn e

re a er , u on a en e r a s urve o f t he s ub c i si o n h a c an o u t he a e n o n o f
ha m an ef in a ho se w ho e in o urt s o f

t dpcidi cipt l w Diic gt t ti g lt t t t c tc l l i ig wd icl

e ,
ue s o n s are s re s us e .

s re ss n s a e o f un e r a n ,
as t o th e T h e ar um e n o f h s as e h as sh o n u s
h h o u h t o re u a e h a t h e v as m a s s o f e a rn n h h the
‘

t i dig d tdt ct i j dii t t di g

ru e

jd ct it w ld l p d pp c dity
r n es
an d e e he m . ffe r en n a o n s e n er r e se a r h o f o un s e h a s furn s he , e a ve s
ffe ren n e s an d ffe re n us a es t h e s ub e as m uc h e n v e o e i n o b s ur

t i ld pi i pp i t d t di g
a n o r _

in to he m T he ur s s o f ffe r and o ubt a s h av e a e a re t o

cp i ciplt w ic g t d i t ll c llwd t t d cid witt tg t k wwl itdgt

re ar . ou
en t Co un r es h o o n o ns o os e to o u r o w n un ers a n n s, h a d w e be e n ,

h o h er , t o so m e o f t h e fun a m en a o n to ho u t he no

pti ti ti j i t il l d g p it
ea as a e e e, e e
h h o u h t o h a v e a un ve rs a of h a o h ers h a d ho u h o r

L i D d Bl c d
r n es r en
‘
o e r a o n , an d t he ur s s o f t h e s a m e n a

tt l M t di
u on

R ll M B k A g t
.

on a r e s o m e m es a s am o n (b)L e 2 2 10 ; ha r

y EF tl it G d y
ag re e o u s, o s . an
”
he m s e v e s A n d i n S aul v H i s C re 13 as s 4 ; f

ly q ti p t d
. . v . us s e ,
an . o u us a.
o rs , 1 7 ar 5 70 , P o rter , J , s a s :
. . v . ar e , 1 3 P et 5 8 4 ; S m h. v . o fre ,

Th e o n ues o n re s en e fo r o ur de 8 es . 3 79 .
82
*
TH E LAW o r
‘
C ON TRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

S t a te b i n d a ll
p e rs o n s an d t h i n g s withi n th a t T hi s
i s a g e n e ra l a nd p e rh a p s u n i ve r s a l ru l e ; fo r t h e fe w s e e m i n g
,

e xc e pti o n s t o it a re n o t s o i n fa ct A s tr a n g e r i s b o u n d t o t h e
.

S t at e W he re i n h e re s id e s o n ly b y a l o c a l a n d l i m it e d a ll e gi a n c e ;
b ut it i s o n e w h ic h i s s u ffici e n t t o s u bj e ct hi mt o a ll t h e l a w s
o f t h a t S t a t e e xc e pti n g s o fa r a s t h e y r e l a t e t o d u ti e s which
,

o n ly citi ze n s c a n p e rfo r m F o r a s e ve ry S t a t e h a s t he ri ght

‘

.
, ,

i n l a w o f e x cl u d i n g w ho m i t will s o it m a y p u t wh a t t erm s
, ,

a n d c o n d iti o n s it wi ll u p o n t h e a d m i s s i o n o f fo r e ig n e rs Al l .

c o n tra ct s t he re fo re which a re c o n s tru e d with i n t he S t at e i n

, ,

w hic h t h e y a re m a d e m u s t b e c o n s tru e d a cc o rdi n g t o t h e la w

,

o f t ha t S t a te T h e s a m e t h i n g i s t ru e i n g e n e ra l w h e n c en
.
, ,

t ra ct s a re c o n s tr u e d i n a pl a c e o th e r t h a n t ha t i n w h ic h th e y
a re m a d e ; b u t t hi s r ul e a n d t he e xc e pti o n s t o it will b e c o n
, ,

s i d e re d p r e s e n tly .

In t h e n e xt pl a c e e ve ry S t a t e m a y b y i t s ow n l a w s b i nd a ll
,

v
i t s o w n s u bj e ct s o r citi ze n s w he re e r t he y m a y b e , w ith a ll t h e
,
, ,

o b lig a ti o n s w h ic h t he h o m e tr i b u n a l s c a n e n fo rc e F u rth e r .

t ha n t hi s if s u ch l aw s a re m a d e t he y m u s t n e e d s b e i n epe ra
, ,

ti ve a s t he y c a n n o t b e e n fo r c e d b e y o n d t h e j uri s dicti o n of t he
,
-

h o m e tri b u n a l s e x c e p t wit h t he c o n s e n t a n d by t he a cti o n o f

,

t h e fo re ig n S t a t e ,

L a s tly it m a y n o w b e s a i d o n g o o d a u th o rity t ha t fo re i gn
'

, , ,

l a w s m a y h a ve a q u a li fi e d fo r c e o r s o m e e ffe ct withi n a S t a t e
, , ,

e it h e r b
y t h e c o m ity o f n a ti o n s w h ic h i s o n e o f t h e fr u it s o f
,

m o d e r n ci v ili za ti o n o r b y s p e ci a l a gre e m e n t a s b y t re a ty o r b y
, , ,

c o n s tit u ti o n a l re q u i re m e n ts a s i n t h e e a s e o f o ur o w n c o u n t ry
,
'

o f w hic h t he c o n s tit u ti o n re q u i re s t h a t
2‘fu ll fa ith a n d c re dit
s ha l l b e i v e n i n e a c h S t a t e t o t h e p u b lic a ct s r e c o rd s and
g , ,

Bu t i n n o n e o f
"

j ud ici a l p ro c e e d i n g s o f e ve ry o t he r S t a t e .
”

t h e s e c a s e s d o l a w s a cq u i re s trictly s p e a ki n g t he fo rc e o f l a w s
, , ,
*
w it hi n a s o ve re i g n ty w h ic h i s fo re ig n t o t h a t i n w h ich t he y

t(a )
“
gi l ti E g li I l
y d p i pi ty i li y ctli it l g di ti ct Pl t titi
T he l a w a n d l e s a ve g d Mi c pL i id sh m a n
i n re an , n o r a , t h e Isle
'

pt
o ve rn n

m e n o f e ve r o m n o n e a ffe s a ll o f M a n , o r the a n a o n s , h as n o

l d ci i H ll p ll wp
q ua r v
”
e rs o n s a n d a ll w t h n t he m s fro m t he n a ve s P er o r

ti ic i t i t i t
ro er e e s n .

Ilfl ims / iclf l, i n a C a m be , C o

'

he re o f ; a n d is t he r u e o f e s o n fo r a l l 2 08

p c li l w t pl pc t
. .

w h h h “ ’ h o c ve r
S ee R ud i ng v S m h, 2 Il a gg C o ns s

l d
q u es o ns a r se e re . . . .

ur h a s e s , ve s , o r s ue s he re , u s him R ep 3 8 3 . .

s e f u n e r t he a s o f t he a e An
.

[ 70 ]
 TH E LA
'

W OF PLA E C .

we re cte d ; n o r c o ul d th i s b e t he c a s e with o u t a c o n fus i o n

ena

o f s o ve re ig n ti e s Bu t t h e e ffe ct o f s u c h c o m ity a i d e d i n s o m e .
,

i n s t a n c e s b y s p e ci a l a gre e m e n t s o r c o n s tit uti o n a l re q u i re m e n ts , ,

m a y b e s t a te d t o b e t h a t t he l a w s o f ci v ili ze d n a ti o n s a re p e r
v
m i tt e d t o h a e s o m e O p e ra ti o n i n fo re ig n S t a t e s s o fa r a s t he y
,

i n n o d e gr e e c o n flict w it h t he p o w e rs o r t h e r i g h t s o f s u c h
‘

fo re i g n S t a te s o r wit h t he O p e r a ti o n o f t he i r l a w s (d ) , .

T he fi rs t a n d m o s t g e n e ra l p ri n ci pl e a s t o t h e v a l i di ty o f a
c o n tr a ct, re s t s u p o n o b vi o u s re a s o n s a n d c e rta i n e x p e d i e n cy if , ,

i n d e e d w e m a y n o t s a y t h a t it i s fo u n d e d i n t he n e c e s s iti e s o f
.

n a ti o n a l i n t e rc o urs e ; i t i s t h a t a c o n tr a ct w h ic h i s v a li d w h e re ,

i t i s m a d e i s t o b e he l d v a lid e v e ryw h e re A n d o n t he o t h e r
‘

h a n d i f v o id o r ill e g a l b y t he la w o f t he p l a c e w he re m a d e it
v ,

i s o id e v e rywh e re (6) .
,

q t y ill wl t F ct yq wi d c ik dt
ci t t t t
(d ) S to ry
se s a em en o f
fro m H iber us a ver
hi s rul e “
R
E
uo e s
ec t o r es

gl d It t t t ti
th e a

ab e
s of
h e re ,
r a n e re
he
u re
e re
to m a e he m
in

c t i l i t
re
p . a va re e ve

i mp er io m m 1d co mi ter a g un t , ut j w a c u is ha t he mo

tE glit it c p t ctlywil w ll t ttlk d t tict

y us n an . rue , on on

q ue p ap a li i n tr a term m o s ej us exer ita tenea nt fo r a new r a , i s p ut on t he g ro un d

ubzq ue s ua m vi m , q ua ten us m in ! p e tes ta t i a ut ha is e rfe ha

w i g T i d t d y
e se e an

uri a lter zus unp e mnt zs ej us q ue c s sh l of

j m p ree
'

o ur t

T p G y t liT dp B c H Ll w
n no a e no e
n r evenue la ws
”

j ud zcet ur Ge n fl o f L a s ,
'

. 2 9, n 3 . . . fo re . h s is un o ub e l
A n d se e Z ip cey v ho m so n , 1 e s ab she S ee o u he r
'

Vig i Bi g H J R p Bigg L w cid

ra , . . v . a so n ,

243 . C as . em . H a rd w . o m an v .

(e ) T rimbe y v u e r, 1 hn so n , C o w 3 4 1 ;

J i l i g Pl c Fl tc g
. n . o s v .a ren e , .

1 5 1 ; D e S o bry v D e 85 L a i s t re , 2 3 T 4 5 4 ; Glug as v P e n a lun a , 4

P ll wi g t M l J
. . . . . .

o hn s 1 91 ; W C o n s e q ua , P e t 4 66 ; a n hé v h e r, 1 D o u

i t M d y J ck R ll it
. n s v . . e . .

C C 3 1 7 ; e a r sa v D h , 2 R L u dle w v V an e n ss e a e r , 1 o h ns 94

y H pki i d H g t t t ld i g t c
. . as s . . . . .

88 ; Sm h v ea , 3 C o n n 2 5 3 ; M ed In W n n e v so n , 2 uss e , 3 5 1 ,

P g N ttH G Dyd y HF tt id E g i F c c t t p i tl d g F c
. . a .

bu r v o ns, . 4 72 ; ou h on v . . w as held h a a ho e r m h re o ve r i n an
n l sh on a b l ra w n i n
'

a e, 2 42 ; un , 5

it ddt G M yt id A d w i t q i d F c i c gd
er v . . . . o ur ran e

4 0 1 ; Ga s se o fre , 6 4 15 ; re n h s am , h o u h i n c o n se

i l d
v es . . on a

Sm h v o dfre , 8 3 79 ; W h s o n v q ue n c e o f i t s n o t be n i n t h e fo rm re

di t L i Y g cti w ic g t it
. . .

S o er , 8 95 ; Hi s by t h e re n h o e , h e ha d fa e

H it i d t B M lly B k Fc c w E c idc t d ct i l t ti g
ar n re s v . . u re
C re o rs , 1 1 ou s 4 64 ; o un v . . in an a on h h h e br o u h o n in
14 o nro e , 5 5 9 ; of v e n if t he s in he se

AH dt wid P d id ilcK x ld F l cw ti twl c ld F c c t ct

arr s , an . ra n e . o n ra

U n e S a te s v D o n n a , 8 P e t 3 61 ; . . a se s e r e t o be o ns e re as v o a n
o n , 13 65 ; W s, s l ,

G ll T H g t li g i B llN t F c ggl ldgg d d iE tgl d

n re s v . o v . . o n y re v e n ue a ou a o n ra
3 7 8 ; V a n R e i m s d yk v ma e in be e en re n h m e n
"

un ,
. . an e , ra n e , .

1 3 71 ; C as s n , 1 he re , t o s m u t he la w

i R i i Bl d P Bk M t At t ic w g c l tp i i lycipl
o uro
a . v . . e oo s
a g a ns

M c C o rd , 1 7 3 ; ou h a n v . a ,
20 Of ra n e be he oo in n an or
M s s o ur , 5 63 M I n t yr e v m e r a ? No t o n an y en e ra
’
3

BE g wi M J c c t ct d E gl d
. ar s, e e. r n es
2 07 ; o b n so n 2 urr 1 0 77 ; ha w e a r e a a re o f ; an d er a n no t

Al ggl i t F c w ld ld g d
v . an ,
.
'

J e m i n o , 2 S t r 73 3 ; L a b e a us e a o n ra m a e in to

T T l gg l L yt ti ctE gl d c t c ct t d ly ly
ur ro s v . . e un e n an .

u en e , 2 a so n , 4 59 ve s v . H e dg sm u e n o r an e ou be he oo ,

7 R 24 1 ; C e ev , 3 in ; fo r t he a s es a re e n ire di s

t dly l g t dll t td xt w ltiyg wt c t t y c d ldl w

so n , . v . . n an
‘
Ga m p h 1 66 h e se t w o ru e s , o r ra he r
. . n — S e , if o n ra s a re m a e o n
.

hi s o n e ru e , i s he re by l a w h e s h o u be i n

t c c w i g t w t g i d
e n era a ss e r e as o ra
y ,

b ro a as w e h a v e s ta e i t i n t he e ri n , he be e n fo r e e s e h ere

tw t dc flict wit it J w t t dy ly w wc diti g t c it id

; an n o
y .

an d
ye t h ere are a s e s an d di ta o f e h h er e wri i n i s n o t re q u re A n d if .

ha h In a m es v C a he r m a e or a l he r e i s n o t re q u r e ,

y l t F c c i p t w c c t ct ld i t i g
on . .
~
r n

o o , 3 D e wl St By 1 90 , h e r e o n a s he c a n be e n fo r e i n o her o un r e s

w d id c t p d Vid l T p M t Al
. .

s um p s i t fo r m o n e en i n ra n e , r e e s h e re s u h o n ra s s h o u be i n wr n .

e re O ffe re i n e v en e n o t s a m e as a v h o m so n , 1 1
. ar 23 ; ves .

[ 77 ]
3?
7
 TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

*
g e n e ra l r ul e a s t o t he c o n s tru cti o n o f c o n tra cts i s th a t
T he
v
i f t h e y re l a t e t o m o a b l e s w h ic h h a ve no pl a c e n o s e que la m
.
, ,
,

i n t he l a n gu a g e o f t h e ci vil l a w fo r mo bi li a i n hce re nt o s s i bus “

'

,
,

t h e y a re t o b e c o n s t ru e d a cc o rd i n g t o t he la w o f t h e
-

and
p l a c e w h e re t h e y a r e m a d e o r t h e l ex lo c i co n tr a c l us ;
(f ,

if t he y re l a t e t o i m m o va b l e s o r w h a t t he c o m m o n la w c a ll s re a l ,

p ro p e rty t he y a re t o b e c o n s tru e d a cc o rd i n g t o t he la w o f t h e
,

pl ac e w he re t he p r o p e rty i s s itu a t e d o r t he lo w lo ci r el s i l ce (g )
'

.
,

H dgp T R l gg L y 7 241 C due t o him t d p igl p pt ty d

h er

T tk ip pi ty
v . o so n , . . e v . ev ,
or o e rso n a ro er ,

3 Ga m h 1 66 ab ro a , t h e as s n m en u n e r t h e co m

HH l y RicR d MJ ct ll y t
. .

f ) h o rn e v W a in s , 2 Ve s 3 5 ; m s s o n Of b a n krup t e pe r at es up o n t h e
’ '

B c l dit c g i t t t k ppt l w
'

. .

o m es v e m s en , 4 o hn s C h 4 87 ; ro er an d e ffe ran sfe r s i t at

Bl c B ill P
.
,
. ua .

ha r s , 1 as o n , 4 1 2 ; e a s a s a a n s a ll h o se er s o n s w h o e w e

tBi i t y Mil Mt t
a r ve v . ru e

ru e , 2 2 2 9, n (a ) S o m e r o be en e t o h e se b an r u s , t h e s ub

c y E wiIt cl J
v . . . . a

S o m e rv e , 5 V es 7 5 0 In t h e j e c t s o f h s Co un r
”
vi e v In

t l wi t q l fic i
. . . ne v o re . .

ase In r e n, 1 C e r 1 5 6, Ba le , t n, 6 n n 3 5 3 , Ti l hma n , C J

ity B c c B c ill yl T i t t t xt t
o s a es
y y
. .
g ,
. . .

B , sa s i s e ar, fro m t h e a u ho r the r u e h so m e ua i at o n He

il l
. . .

of r u e , 2 Be s P ul 2 2 9, s a s h s p re p o s i t io n i s r ue i n g en

t t l t t p l wip t t l p p l t xc pti l c lity t t

ru e v . . .

a n d t he as e o f S o m e r v e v S o m er v e ra , b ut n o t t o i t s u m o s e en , n o r

p p ty lp wct i t
e, .

5 V es 7 5 0 , ha t he ru e i s h a ho u s e v e ra e In o n e sen se

g l t d t g l pl c w i c it
. e rs o n a e o ns .

fo o s t h e p er so n , an d is no t ha s o a h a i s to

i t c i t t d i i i l c i ti g
ro e r e rs o n a ro e r
y ,

i n an y r e s e t o be r e u a e b y t h e s a y, if an ib e , i t h a s a a e in h h

d pt d
s zt us ; a n d i f i n a n y

l w i c i s s ua e , an d i f n v s b e ( o n s s n o f
dw t it d t idid plt c
'

n s a n es , t h e s i te s

p p ty g d c
h a s b e e n a o e a s t h e r u e by h h t he eb s ) m a y be s a to be i n t h e

t d i t i p p ly ci c t tk c d t g t li kl g ti c
a e

i s t o be o v ern e , an d t he lex lo i h e re t he e b o r re s es ; an d o f h es e

d t p dp tyicil
ro er

r el s i t ce r e s o r e to , h a s been m ro e r r u m s an es t he mo s b era

p p ty j ct g l ti w i c it
n a o ns

W h e re v e r t h e o m o f t h e p ro h a v e a en a van a e , by m a i n su h

id d ill it t ill w ic c t p c t i ig c l l c
o ne .

p r i e t o r i s , he re t he ro e r i s t o be c o n ro e r su b e t o re u a o n s
’
h h su
a s s u a e ; a n d , i n t he as e o f he ir o w n o n v e n e n e
'

c t i cw ict yt w ic w t ck l t d cit iilti g xpl cit A i

s e re .

S o m e rv e v S o m e rv e , . h h w as a (9) U o n h s en era ru e t h e o m m o n
as e i n h h h e r e w as s o i n t he fun s l a w a n d l a w a ree ; an d t he m er

lt ci t ck ti d d d d Blig l k
v

of h s h h ere a t e a s a s fa r c an a u h o r e s a re e i S ee W ar

l c l t ti
o un r , .

o a l as a n y o f t h e s o s m en o n e i n r e n er v W a rre n e r , 9 h , 1 2 7 D un

w tld g l cct d i Et glit p p ty ppi ppi P

.

h s c as e a re o a , he r e w a s a q ue s o n d a s v D un as , 2 D O W C ar e , 3 4 9 ;

U it d t t y c
.

he he r t he s u e ss o n t o ha Co Co 2 W in s 2 91 ;
c tc R ll cc pii i t t ttd Nic l lp Pt ig Pick il l
ro e r n v n, . . .

sho u be re u a e by t h e n sh o r b n e S a e s v C ro sb , 7 C ra n h , 1 1 5
y .

t he S o h r u es o f s u es s o n T he M as C u er v D a ve n o r , 1 8 1 ; Ho s

p p d ici l p t y c t wp t H K li t
. . .

t e r o f t he s was o f O h a t h e fo r v ho s , e, 2 2 0 W s v

lc dcl i w ic i g dc wt i d tt tt
o n on a . .

om o f t he was in S o Co e r, 2 am m 3 12 ; e rr v M o o n , 9

id c cl Di y Mt yi idl wil It
ro er ar . .

A n d ha v n h a , t he W he a 5 65 M c C o rm i c k v S u v an , 1 0
'

p p ty E gli d
an . as e r a n e . .

h h he w as , h a t h e 1 92 ; a rb 4 65 is

g ltd c tc d cc
us o n

p c di g t i t i t t
on re v a er, . . . .

i n t he s h fun s w a s t o b e us o n fro m h s ru e , a s be

id t w ld x c pt w d ci g tii dtl l l t d ly cgi ityt witk

ro e r n a on
re u a e b y t he S o h m o e o f s u e s s e e n fro m t he re e n a u ho r es, ha
s o n ; a n d if t he e e u o r h a d , a s h e n o t he e to c an be

i t p i q i t
an ve n o r a e n , a c

o ub h a ve , t he o e r o f re u n i n o n fo rm h a ll

p tti g t i t p ck t
o u

w ti l xit tt it wt dt c
qu re o r o s , o n
t he b ro pe rty n o h is o w n o s s es s o n , a n d t h e r e u re m e n s o f t he l a w o f t h e p l ac e

itc w t ldy w iict i t pd ty

'

u t he a m o u n h is o w n he re t he re a e s a e i s s ua e S o me

d t i l i l
n n o o e , .

be d s r b u e by t he la w o f t h e q u e s o n m a y e s a s t o ha o m es

P l p wp ty it lw y lipp l
o u

o un r in h h t he
is a
ar w a s d o m i c i le d
ab e to be
un e r h s r u e a s t o m m o va b e s
o b n so n v an , 2
.

R i ppliBl idt pB lic t ck L d

1 0 7 9,
In .

w t t
urr

J tic L w
e rs o n a ro er a s or . .

t ra n s li rre d , he re ve r m ay ha e n t o be , Ill /m s fic/(l a to ub A nd

p p ty cl tg i t i tp i t w ic l p p l y
es s o
'
.

by t he a ct o f t he p a r t t o ho m h a M r us e S to ry, Ge n fl o f a s , 3 83 ,

pply pt l lc l t dd
. .

be o n s ; a n d e re a re a ut ho r i s a s z—
“
T hc s a m e r u e m ay

l gy i l t t
ro er ro e r
y
t ie s t h a t a s e r a n hs o n , h h be a rs a t o a ll o he r o a s t o c k o r fun s ,

t t t w icgl dp c l p pk typtd t
by a n a o o n t h s e ase , na me y , h a it a a l t ho uf h o f a e rs o n a n a ure , o r s o m a e
l c l c k t ck
'

i c t ck t p ik c l
r

ra d e r i n En an be o m e s ba n r u , h a v b y t he o a la w , s u h a s b a n s o -
.

i n gr h a h h i s e rs o n a ro e r ,
e b s, n s ura n e s o ,
urn e, a na , an d

[ 78 ]
 TH E LAW OF PLA E C .
*
84

T hi s we ha v
id t o b e t he g e n e ra l rul e ; a n d if w e d o n o t
e sa
*

c a ll it a u n i ve rs a l ru l e it i s b e c a u s e w e a re n o t q u ite p re ,

p a re d t o sa y t ha t n o n e o f t h e a pp a re n t e xc e pti o n s t o t he rul e
,

a re re a l .

T hu s th e re i s a q ue s ti o n i nfi e lve d i n t he c o n s tr u cti o n o f
,

e v e ry c o n t ra ct o r r a t h e r a q u e s ti o n p ri o r t o
,
i t s c o n s t ru cti o n ;
,

n a m e ly w h e t h e r t he p a rti e s t o t he c o n tra ct h a d t h e p o w e r t o
,

m a ke i t T hi s i s t he q u e s ti o n o f t he c a p a city o f p e rs o n s ; a n d
v
.

i t i s d e ci de d b y w h a t ci ili a n s t e rm p e rs o n a l l a w s A n d t he
,
.

g e n e ra l ru l e i s s a i d t o b e t ha t a p e rs o n a l c a p a city o r i n c a p a city ,
cre a t e d b y a la w o f t he S t a t e w he re i n a p a rty h a s hi s d o m icil ,

fo ll o w s hi m wh e re ve r he m a y g o (it ) But if t hi s b e t he ru l e
-
.

, p
o f l a w it i s n o t o n e o f u n i v e rs a l a p lic a ti o n a n d i n s o m e c a s e s ,

n e e d s i m po rt a n t q u a lific a ti o n F o r t h i s ru l e a s t o c a p a city .

m a y c o m e i n t o di re ct c o n fl i ct w it h t h e g e n e r a l ru l e , t ha t a ll
p e rs o n a l c o n tra ct s a re t o b e c o n s tru e d a n d a ppli e d ac co rdi n g t o
t h e la w o f t he pl a c e w h e re th e y w e re m a d e a n d w h e n t h i s c o n ,

fl i c t e x is t s t h e i m p o r ta n t q u e s ti o n a r i s e s w hic h r u l e s ha ll pi e
v
'

, ,

a il T hi s w e c o n s id e r i n t he n e xt s e cti o n
. .

S E CTION III .

C APA ITY PARTIE C OF S .

It m u s t b e re m e m b e re
th a t p e rs o n s h a e d t ha t '
t he r ule is v
c a p a city t o c o n tra ct ; a n d t he exc ep ti o n i s t he i r w a n t o f c a p a c ,
*

ity T hi s e xc e pti o n th e re fo r e m u s t b e m a d e o u t A n d c a p a c
.
’

, , .

ity wi ll b e he ld n o t o n ly w h e n t he re i s n o e vid e n c e a n d n o ru l e
ag a i n s t i t b ut w h e n t he e v i d e n c e o r t he r u l e s , o r t he a rg u m e n t
v
l e a e it i n d o ub t
,

.
, ,

In c a p a citi e s a re o f t w o k i n d s ; t h o s e w hic h m a y b e c a ll e d

br idg wi g xi t c i p gl pl t pd
e sh a re s , a n d o t her w igit t h ti t l E p d
t he l aw of Co n

p c i l dc l l w c Np p ty txc pt y w d c it t H gg
n co r o re a ro e ,
on nen a uro e ;
e rt y, o n its e s en e to , or re u a e b ut do es n o t se em t o h a ve been a s se rt e ,
by, e ul a r o a o s i t iv e i n s o m an o r s, b
y t he o u r s o f co m

p c i d l c l i t L d i c
a s o ran s
.
p
fer c an b e m a e o f su h m o n la w In R u d in g v S m h 2

g l tiT i l l id d w iplit d w t y itc w ic

ro er ,
e e . u .
,
.

i n t h e m a nn er re s r be by t he o a C o n s s R e p 3 91 , o r S to well d s us s es
. .

”
so m e ha A nd se e m s t o be i m

gcit d t ltit diti w igt t l

re u a

llq ti c p citty c id ti
o ns . .

(It ) h s ru e is a o n by m o s t o f e i n m an o f t h e ase s t o h h we
t he re a mu tu e o f r e r s , wh o m a
y sha re fe r , i n t h e fur he r o ns e ra o n o f

be e as a u ho r es of r e a er or es s t he ue s o n o f a a .

[ 79 ]
86 "
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

t l i n c a p a citi e s , a s a b s o l ute d ure s s i n s a n ity o r i m b e cility ;

’

n a u ra , ,

a n d t h o s e w hic h m a b e c a ll e d a r tifici a l b e c a u s e a r i s i n g b fo rc e
y y ,

o f l o c a l l a w s fro m m a rr i a g e o r s l a v e r y o r s u c h o th e r c a u s e s a s
,

a re m a d e gr o u n d s o f i n c a p a city o n ly b
,

p o s iti e l a w s
,

hich v
v
w
“

y ,

ary i n d iffe re n t S t a t e s A n d fl i e n t he re i s a t hi rd ki n d b e tw e e n
.

t h e s e t w o o r c o m p o s e d o f t h e s e t w o w h e n a n a t ura l i n c a p a city
, , ,

a s t h a t o f an a c tua l i n fa n t p a s s e s b i m e rc e t i b le d e r e e s i n t o
“

y p p g
'

t h e a rti fici a l i n c a p a city o f a leg a l i n fa n t o f tw e n ty y e a rs o f a g e .

In r e g a rd t o t h e fi rs t cl a s s it i s t rue t ha t w he re ve r t he i n c a p a ci
,

t a t e d p e rs o n g o e s he c a rr i e s h i s i n c a p a city w it h hi m ; b u t thi s
i s p e rh a p s n o t be c a u s e hi s i n ca p a city w a s c r e a t e d b y a la w o f
t h e h o m e fro m Whi c li he c a m e fo r it w a s o n ly re c o g n i ze d b y
,

t h a t l a w ; a n d b e i n g r e c o g n i ze d b y e v e r y o t h e r l a w h e fi n d s
h i m s e lf u n d e r t h e s a m e i n c a p a c i t y i n e e ry S t a te b e ca u s e h e
’

v ,
,

fi n d s a s i m il a r la w e v e ryw h e re i n fo rc e F o r t h i s l a w i s o n e .

w h ic h m ay w e ll b e c a ll e d a law o f n a t u re ; t h a t i s a la w e rr
a ct e d b
y t h e s u p re m e cre a t o r o f a nd .
l a w gi e r fo r h u m a n
,
v ,

n at u re a n d a s w i d e i n i t s s c o p e a n d o p e ra ti o n a s t h a t n a t u r e
, .

W he n w e c o m e to t h e i n c a p a citi e s o f t he s e c o n d k i n d t ha t ,

i s ,t o a r tifici a l i n c a p a citi e s t he la w i s n o t s o c e rt a i n
,
U p o n t he .

l a w o f t he c a p a city o f t he p e rs o n a n d t h e l a w o f t he pl a c e o f
‘

t h e c o n tra ct o n e it h e r o r o n b o t h t h e l a w o f c o n s t ru cti o n o f
, ,

c o n tra ct s a s t o pla c e w o uld s e e m t o b e fo u n d e d No r i s t he re

'

.
,

a n y d iffic u lty i n a pplyi n g e it he r a l o n e o r b o t h if t h e y a re c o i n ,

e i de n t b ut if t h e y a re b o th a p pl ic a b l e b u t w o ul d l e a d t o ,

di rectly o pp o s it e re s u lt s t h i s c o lli s i o n gi ve s ri s e t o q u e s ti o n s
,

w hic h it w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t o s e ttl e a b s o l u t e ly e e n 0 11 t he , v
a u t h o rity o f ci v ili a n s ; b e c a u s e t he re i s a n i rre c o n cil a bl e d iffe r

e n c e a m o n g t he m . Bu t j udgi n g a s w e ll a s w e m a y fro m t he
, ,

g e n e ra l p ri n ci pl e s w hic h be l o n g t o t h i s s ubj e ct w e s h o uld p re fer ,

t h e o pi n i o n o f t ho s e w h o h o ld th a t w he n t he t w o ru l e s a b o v e
, '
.

m e n ti o n e d c o m e i n t o c o n flict t ha t w hi c h gi ve s c o n t ro lli n g p o w e r
,

t o t h e Ia w o f t he pl a c e o f th e c o n tra ct s h o u l d p re va il
’
We .

m ig h t a d m i t a di s ti n cti o n s o m e ti m e s i n ti m a t e d a n d s a y t ha t a ,

q u e s t i o n w hic h re l a t e d o n ly t o t he s ta te a n d c o n d iti o n o f a p e r
s o n w it ho u t r e fe re n c e t o o t he r p a r ti e s w o u l d g e n e ra lly b e c o n
, ,
‘
s t r ue d b y t he la w o f h i s d o m i cil w h e re ve r he m ig ht b e
,
B ut if .

o n e a w a y fro m h i s d o m ici l d i s p o s e s o f h i s m o v a b l e p ro p e rty ,

[ ]8 0
CH . THE LAW o r PL E AC .
—
86

o r e n e rst i n to p e rs o n a l c o n tra ct s w e c a n n o t b ut th i n k t ha t t he
,

la w o f t he pl a c e i n which h e d o e s th e s e a ct s w o u ld b e a p li e d
p
to t he m (i ).

q ti
(1) On t i p i t
h s o n , as o n m o s o f t h e
pi t i The law
t g c
of t
th e yc w t t c
h e re th e
wt ct
t
ci ili t d pgp td j city t t t t ct ld c i id c id c
o un r o n ra
ue s o n s o f t h e lat loc z, t h e o n o ns o f a ro s e m us o v e r n t he o n ra c an d ha
to e a h o h e r 11 re c ha law i s s ho u be g v e n i n e v en e t o
'

w i g t t t t gi I c t t k w t
v an s s an o o se
o n e ila bly ; t h e ma o r bo h i n m e a s a fa No su h e v en e h a s be e n

d ici l d t i y t t wi t t id c It w d
re a ,
.

n um b e r a n d h , a s s e r ha t h e l a w o f v en ; an d a e t h e fa c t o f ha

c pc city ppp ictyti t y di l y t t d t t ti ct p tti wg d diictiil dctly

e an no

t he om e e rm n e s e ve r w h ere t h e ha l a w i s h o u e v en e . o ul
o f t he ; bu t he ff e r v e r s ee m i n h s a se , h o u h n o t

i t ity ld di t E gl d l di t
a a ar s n

m u h i n t he a l a o n o f t h e ru e ; a n d s a e , h a bo h om in

d ct i c w k t iLi j ct Di t Mp td w ld wg ic itd igt t

ar es e re e
so me o f h g h a u ho r ho a ffer e n n an . In S a u Hi s C re o rs, 1 7
But o n h s sub e w e m us 5 69, 5 90 , h h m h b e s up

tt iy fl icl t i lL w FB gig Al p l cit it t t t wc ic t l w

o r ne . ar .

’
re fe r t o s u h o r s as ve r m ore s s se r o se ou be o ve rn e r a h er by t he
’
t a t i o ns , S o r s C o n of
’
ur e s ru e s o f t h e v l law , t h e o u r s a y :

Lw wic t H t yiti F ciitgd g g p ty l jt ctt t cit wt l

a s,

C o m m e n a r e s o n C o o n a an d o re n e rs o n a s a u e i s ha h h fo o s
s , an d n L aw , i n an d o ve rn s t he s ub e to h et

p d t d t w ld p t i g d xt d y d
a en r on o re ar

h h he se a u ho r es are an d co m e ve r h e T he re a s a u e o n r o s

ig id idi t i i tl dt cti will l it t ity c t yp wl tc t itt d i

e o es . .

ar e ; an d t h e s u e n w h o ou u sh h n s , a n d o es n o t e e n b e o n t h e
hi s n q u r e s fur h er i n hi s ir e o n i m s o f t he o un r fr o m hi h

d pl c w c t c t c t l p l t t t
'
er v es

be u e t o t he o r g n a a u ho rs , an d re i t s au h o r The ers o n a s a u e o f o n e

tii t ci qid tid wg lci diil i c g t dc t y i t w ic p ty c

.

fe rre t o t he a e s in hi h h e se ue s q o un ry o n ro s t h e ers on a s a u e of
T he ho e an o he r h h a ar

t p p xl ctt tdit ti cti di ti twcti t ctj ct d it l t ldt t pl c wit

o n s a re o ns er e s us o un r , n o on e .

s on of h s ue s o n , a m o n v a n s, o ve rn e by t h e fo rm e r, o r w ho m a y c o n
urn s u o n t h e e a o n be sh o u re m o v e B ut is

W ly k w c p j ct p l ld
s n ee n ra un e r , ,
.

re al an d s ub e t o a re a s a u e o f t he h ere

iw dt d t y d t td i g w tict t fixw ic i c t tw p pit tyt d

e rs o n a s a u es ; a s n on a e

ho l un n o n to t he o mm o n law . t he e rs o n s u b e t o th e erso n a sho u

A n d n e e he un e rs an by s a u e h m s elf, o r here t h e

w t i g i A t w d p i l t ti t
ro e r on
”
no t h a w e do , b u t a n y h n h h h as h h t he o n e s ari se s m a y be s ua e

t i ti y t t w l l c t W t ld
.

t he f0 1 ce o f l aw , h a e ve r b e i t s o r f er ar s, 5 97 , i n l us r a o n o f h e se

c ti dt l jci i t gpp i gl yit d pt ppl c c t ctply t ct

n .

a n d a u ho r za o n . Ke nt s a s h a hi e ru e s , t h e o ur s ay h a w e sh o u s up

t he o n n en a ene ra l t he o s e t o m e an s i m h a t h e la w o f t he

ct flctict wit E gl c pl c d pt p i dg ic cl c p cityfixi g

ur s s a o
l aw o f t h e o mi l , (s u o s n t o co m e a e o f t he o n ra o v e r o m e s t h e l aw o f
in o n h t he l a w o f t h e a e o f t he t he om i as to “
No w sup

c Kw t w jic ity tw ty li dc p t iy
a a .

co n ra t he n i s h o m m o n la w a o s os n t h e a se o f o ur l a w n t h e ag e o f
t h e lean lo i co nt r ac t us S ee 2 en s C o m fi ve , an d t h e o un r i n
’
ma o r at

l t i d ctM l c cl i t c j i ctig c plld ci gp it p tw td

. . en -

4 59, n (b) W e h ave n o t , ho eve r , b e en

'

. . h h a m an w a s bo r n a n d v e , rev o u s
ab e t o fi n d i re an d u s ve a u h o r t o hi s o m n h er e , at

w i c pl i ti g t l j t t t d i t
on a n en y
i ty fo r h s In a e v R o b e tt s , 3 Es o n e , no o b e b e e rh a s m a e

c c tl d y p id d c d di t cy d li w ld ti t twt t c t ct
. .
p . on ou
1 63 , i n h h t he a n ff s o u h
to t e t o t he r u e us s a e , a n d m a y be , an d
o ve r m o n e fo r t h e e fe n an in w e b e e ve be rue , h a a o n r a

L idd c t iidc tIt t pp c p d l dy ti ctd w t ldi c i d

a ou

S o a n , a n d t h e efen e w a s n fan , m a e h ere a t a n y m e be ee n t he t wo

Eldo n s a ear s fro m t h e e ri o s a rea m en o n e b n

ti t g c tl dd c l tw ct t tt pl c d pp tj ityt t twt ty
or a ou

e v e n e i n h s a u s e ha t h e a u s e o f a c hi m . But reve rs e t h e fa s o f h s as e ,
o n a ro se i n S o a n ; t he o n r a m us an d s u o s e , as i s t h e r u h , h a o ur l aw

ci tcyy w g dc d t ctc i
be h ere fo re o v ern e by t h e a s o f ha
he r e t h e o n r a a r s e s Wou ld t t twc tyd
ha
a e t he ag e o f m a o r
.

pi i d wc ic t y
—fi v e w a s t he
at en
at
-
o ne ;
h h a

ct tl d W t cti c c tl dc d wtw ty id cd i t t t t i t t
o un r . en er o
n fa n be a oo e fe n e by t he l a w o f -
m an e as e t o b e a m n o r i n t h e o un r
S o an , h a d t h e a o n bee n o m m en e here he r es e ; an d h a a t t he ag e o f

wigt i t p cti t igc t c c i gt t dt i tt c t ctld w ldc it

h e re ?
h res e
h a t h e l aw o f S o a n
t o t he r h o f re o v er n
is en fo u r h e a m e n o h s S a e , an d
-

— be p e r

c tl d t t d d ci t i
e n e re n o o n ra s ou
n fan fo r n e e ssari es I a n n o m i t t e d h a he sh o u , i n o u r o urt s , an d

c c cd tg cti t ip t t ct ldt ld pl dt pl wt cti g i igt c tgy g

a a ns an
s ay ; b ut i f t h e l a w o f S o an is , ha t o t he e m an o f o n e o f o ur ze n s ,

su h a a s t he n o t be h is e n a e

gi i d c I ld w i c p pl L i i
o n ra r ese n ou e a , as a ro e o n a a ns
e n fo r e n fan , ha sho u m en s , t h e a s o f a fo re n o u n r , o f

yc lt ct w id t d yi g t c ttl cd kig wl dgc ig lldw t ll lt ti t t

a a ns an
ha ve b ee n ve n i n e v e n e , an d ho h h the eo e of o u s an a ha d n o

m s e f no t a rr an e i n s a n ha su h e ; an d w o u we e h em h a

c it id E gl d c t ct d p tt
no e
a o n ra is vo by t he l aw o f S o a n , n o r a n e o f fo r e n a s , i n re a o n t o a

be aus e i s vo by t he l aw o f n an . o n ra m a e h e re , w as t o re v en he m

[81 ]
87
*
— 88
*
TH E LAW. o r CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

T hu s i f a w o m a n
, g wh o s e d o m icil w a s
at t he a e o f i
n n e e e n, t
l n M a s s a ch u s e tt s h a v i n g g o n e i n t o V e r m o n t (w h e re w o m e n
, ,

a r e s o fa r o f a e at e i g h t e e n t h a t t hey ma b i n d th e m s e l ve s a t
g y
th a t a ge fo r t h i n g s n o t n e c e s s a ry )t he re b o u g ht n o n n e c e s s a r i e s ,
-

a n d g a ve h e r n o t e fo r t he p r ic e a n d w h i l e s he w a s t he re t he .

n o te w a s ut i n s u it a g a i n s t he r w e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t s h e c o u ld
'

p ,

i n t e rpo s e t he la w o f M a s s a c hu s e tt s i n h e r d e fe n c e A n d if a .

w o m a n o f t ha t a ge w h o s e d o m icil w a s i n V e rm o n t c a m e i n t o
, ,

M a s s a c h us e tt s a n d t he re b o u gh t n o n n e c e s s a r i e s a n d w a s s u e d
,
-

fo r t h e p ric e w e t hi n k s h e c o u l d i n t e r p o s e t he de fe n c e o f i n fa n cy
,
.

If i n t he fi rs t c a s e t he w o m a n re tu r n e d t o M a s s a ch u s e tts a n d
, , ,

t h e n o t e w a s s e n t a fte r he r a n d p u t i n s u it t h e re it m ig h t a d m it '

o f m o r e q u e s ti o n w h e t h e r t h e l a w o f t he fo ru m w o u ld n o w

v
‘

p re

a il o ve r t h e l a w o f t h e pl a c e o f t he c o n t ra ct a n d c o n s tit u t e a ,

g o o d d e fe n c e ; o r if i n t he s e c o n d c a s e t h e w o m a n re t urn e d t o
, ,

V e rm o n t a n d s u it w a s b r o u g ht a g a i n s t h e r t he re it m i g ht a d m it
, ,

o f m o re q u e s ti o n wh e t h e r t h e l a w o f t he fo r u m w o u ld n o w re
p
v a i l o v e r t h e l a w o f t he pl a c e o f t h e c o n t ra ct a n d e n fo rc e t h e

v
c o n tra ct n e g a ti i n g thi s d e fe n c e But t h i s d o u b t w o u ld b e i n
,
.
,

fa ct a d o ub t w h e th e r wh e n t h e la w o f t he d o m ici l a n d t h e la w
,

o f t he pl a c e o f t h e c o n t ra ct c o n fl ict t h e la w o f t he fo ru m m a

n o t c o m e i n a n d d e cid e i n fa o r o f t h e l a w o f t h e d o m ic i l if
,
y
v ,

th a t b e a l s o t h e pl a c e o f t he fo ru m o r i n fa vo r o f t h e la w o f ,

t he pl a c e o f t h e c o n tra ct if t h a t b e t h e pl a c e o f t he fo ru m , But .

w e a re n o t s a ti s fi e d t ha t s u ch w o u ld b e t he r ul e .

T h e re i s a n o th e r p ri n ci pl e w hic h m a y h a v e a b e a ri n g u p o n
*‘

t hi s q ue s ti o n ; fo r i t s e e m s re a s o n a b l e a t l e a s t t o s a y t h a t a c o n
tra ct vo i d o r v o id a b l e a t i t s i n c e pti o n c a n n o t b e m a d e v a lid
,

a g a i n s t t h e will o f t h e p a rty h a i n g t h e r ig h t o f a v o i d a n c e b v ,

a m e re c h a n g e o f h i s pl a c e n o r c a n a c o n t r a ct a lid a n d e n fo r c e
,
y
v ,

a b l e w he n a n d w h e re e n t e re d i n t o b e m a d e i n va li d i n t hi s w a

v y .

A n y w o m a n o e r e i g h t e e n b u yi n g o n c re d i t n o n n e c e s s a ri e s i n ,
-

V e rm o n t m a k e s a c o n tra ct w hic h i s v a li d t he n a n d t he re a nd
, ,

an w o m a n o f th a t a e m a ki n g s u c h a c o n t ra ct i n M a s s a c hu
y g

en f
mc i ug i t t g
i ti g dlty w ldt i t tti
g t h o u h t he a re e m e n w as p E gl i ddi id Ml jc ct ttit cw i ldd
th e ua s ub e to is

tt ti c c t di it i fixg d t t tl w
'

,
o se n v a rr e
b nd n by ho s e o f he r wn S a e ? to h us e s ; —

T k t c By l w
o n an or ou assa

Mos we t 1 6 M ar h e r o ur s s us a n t h e a r u m e n ha h i s

t i i tc t y l t y p itt c d i c il k w t y
a ss ure o u no . n,

1 93 he r t he f t o n w as by t he a s

w ld
. a e ano a se . a s o s a e o r on e

h s o un r s ave r is er m ed, and t he o f h is d o m o f o rig i n l W e n o he ’

.

”
r
gh s o f t he m a s er can be e n fo r e . S up o u no t .
CH . TH E LA W OF PLA E C .
*
89

tt s m a k e s o n e which i s n o t v a li d th e n a n d th ere ; a n d t h e s e
v
se

c o n tra cts m u s t re m a i n t he fi rs t a li d a n d t h e s e c o n d i n v a lid

, ,

w he re ve r it m a y b e s o ug h t t o e n fo rc e t h e m u n l e s s i n t h e fi rs t , ,

a fo re i g n l a w i s a d m itt e d t o d e s tro y t h e v a lidity o f t h e

v
ca s e ,

co n tra ct a n d i rr t he s e c o n d c a s e c o m e s i n t o gi e t he c o n tra ct
v ,

a li d ity a n d fo r c e
,

a n d w e t h i n k a fo re ig n l a w c a n d o n e it h e r

o f th e s e th i n g s .

B y t he s e c o n d o f t he g e n e ra l p ri n cipl e s w hi ch w e p re s e n t e d
e ar ly i n t h i s c h a pt e r t h e l a w s o f e ve ry S t a t e h a e a b i n di n g
,
v
fo rc e o ve r a ll p e rs o n s a n d t h i n g s withi n i t s d o m i n i o n a n d c o n
tra ct s a re am o n g t h e t h i n g s w h ich it t h u s c o n tro l s It m u s t b e .

tru e t he re fo re , t h a t t h e s e l a w s g o v e rn a n d d e t e rm i n e a ll e o n
,

tra ct s m a d e with i n t h e i r t e rr ito ri a l s c o p e o r i n o t he r w o rd s t h a t

v
e er y c o n tr a ct m u s t b e c o n s tru e d a cc o rdi n g t o t he l a w o f t h e
, , ,

pl a c e o f t h e c o n tra ct u n l e s s w e a re a t l ib e rty t o s a y o n e o f t w o
,

t h i n g s ; e ith e r th a t t he fo re ig n l a w a ffe ct e d t h e c o n tra ct, a n d

c o n tro ll e d t h e h o m e la w a t t h e ti m e t he c o n tra ct w a s m a d e o r ,

e l s e t h a t it h a d t h i s e ffe ct s u b s e q u e n tly No w t o s a y th a t t he .
,

fo re ig n la w th u s O p e ra t e d u p o n t h e c o n t ra ct a t i t s i n c e pti o n ,

w o u l d b e t o s a y th a t a fo re ig n l a w e n te re d i n t o a fo re ig n a n d
i n d e p e n d e n t S ta te with a p o w e r o f i t s o w n a n d th ere b y t h i s ,

o w e r re s i s t e d a n d c o n tr o ll e d t he h o m e l a w a n d i m p o rt a n tly
p ,

a ffe ct e d t h e r ight s o f p a rti e s w h o m a d e t he c o n tra ct u n de r t h e

h o m e l a w s A n d t hi s w o u ld b e gi vi n g t o t h i s fo re ig n l a w a
.

o w e r fa r b e y o n d w h a t it c o u ld d e r i ve fro m a n p r i n cipl e w h ich

p y
‘

ca n b e a d m itt e d t o b e l o n g t o t h e c o m ity o f n a ti o n s
()
*
j O n t h e

c
j ) Inl t S au
t di tq ti g
M
H i s C ret 17 p i cipl T d yfi ttfix tpt td w c
‘

he h av e em to

c ll c pti l cl p ijti ct c fixt d T yt t g dg fitt d

o rs , ar . r n es . a e go
5 95 , t he o ur sa y, af e r fro m
uo n to o fa r . To e ne an d ha hi h
C han e o r D Agus sea u
’
If t h e sub e in the ure o f hi n s be

l w ld ly l ti it t di il t t i tt tc td y wc t ity qti ti w t c t
an n o na e ne

h ad bee n sus e b e of e ar an d os ve an d e . he s ee m t o h a ve fo r o en
r u es, w e m a y s a fe be l e ve h s l us r o us he hi h
'

ha n

tg i i g kwl dgl it t tT t tcit ity t c ily d pt d c t i

ro e o a ues on
m an o u n o t h a ve ef i n o ub , fo r if ou he the om o f na o n s, and ha
an y h n be m o re r e m a r ab e i n hi m h an ha om i s, an d e v e r m u s be

l cl t ci c t c w c c t
un e r a n .

hi s e n us an d hi s k no i s t he e x ha m u s n e e s sar

wi ic j xpi p d c dti c dwi it c lt wi l Tt t

e e e en 0 11 a v a
t rao r di n a ry fu n e s s an d e a r n e s s wi h ri e t yof r um s an e s hi h an n o b e
h h he e
t o n s o f ur s ru en e
y t t
re sse s hi m s elf o n a ll q ues

g t
W hen b e , h ere
re u e w hi n an y er a n r u e

icitti wit t t w t t y i j y t
ha n o
ll s uffe r t h e a s o f an o he r t o
.

l xt g c lt i ip gi ciplt d c ild
. na o n

fo re , an d s o m an o h e r m en o f n e rfere h h er o w n , t o t h e n ur o f h e r

dw pic d igc d ti g tc t
-
re a

t a e n s an d earn n , a r e h us fo un t o fa ha h e h e r h e do o r n o t m u s

c cl d t t t y i l d
ze n s

in fi i n e s , w e a re fo r e o n t he o n i o n o f t he o un ry i n

w t c ptilitly i cg ttl d ttc t c d p ti c l t l gi

er a n r n e en

to o n u e h a h e h av e fa e n o t fro m h h t h e fo re n l aw i s s o u h t o be e n
an o f abi
no t s us e
,
but b e a use t h e m a e r w a s
b e o f be n se e o n e r a in
fo r e
lt t h e ar
a i o n — h er p l cy
o i ,
c ct
u a r n a ure o f h er e s
a n d t he h ara er O f
~

[ 83 1
 90
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II
.

o th e r h a n d ,if w e a d m it th a t th e c o n tra ct w he n m a d e w a s a
'

v lid
o n ly a cc o rdi n g t o t h e l a w s o f t h e c o u n tr y w h e re i t w a s m a d e ,

bu t s a y th a t a ft e rw a r d s a n o the r la w t he l a w o f t h e d o m icil o f a
'

p a rty o r o f t he fo r um b e fo re w hich t h e q u e s ti o n c o m e s v a ri e s
, ,

t he c o n tra ct i n i m p o rt a n t re s p e ct s w e s a y n o l e s s th a n t h a t a
'

l a w w h ich t he p a rti e s i n m a ki n g t h e i r [c o n t ra ct c o u l d n o t b e
s u p p o s e d t o c o n t e m pl a t e a n d w e r e n o t a ffe ct e d b y a ft e rw a rd s
, ,

m a d e a n e w c o n tra ct fo r th e m , o t e s t a b li s h e d o r di s c h a rg e d r e l a
ti o n s o r o b lig a ti o n s b e tw e e n th e m , a g a i n st o r w ith o u t t h e i r will
and co n sent .

U p o n t h e wh o l e w e a re o f o pi n i o n t h a t t h e ru l e whi ch re q u i re s
'

th a t e ve ry c o n tra ct S h o u l d b e c o n s tru e d a cc o rdi n g t o t he la w o f

t h e pl a c e Wh e re it w a s m a de i s e r y n e a rly u n i v e rs a l , v
T he e x .

c e ti o n s w e s h o u ld a d m it a r e pr i n cip a lly t h o s e fo u n d e d u p o n
p ,

t h e p o s s i b l e fa ct th a t t h e l a w o f a S t a t e m ig h t o pp o s e o r a r y
,

v
t h e la w o f n a tur a l c a p a city o r i n c a p a city o r m ig h t p e rm it a ,

c o n tr a ct w h ich c o u ld b e p e rfo r m e d o n ly b y a ct s i n a n o th e r
c o u n try w h ich w o u ld b e di s ti n ct ly a n d p o s iti e ly p ro hi b it e d b y v
t h e l a w o f th a t c o u n t ry A n d e v e n i n s u c h c a s e s it m ig h t m o re
.

p ro p e rly b e s a id th a t t he c o n tra ct s h o u ld b e c o n s tr u e d a cc o rd
,
-

i n g t o t he l a w o f t h e pl a c e w h e re it w a s m a d e b u t t h a t wh e n
v
e e r s u c h c o n s tru cti o n c o u l d m a k e it ill e g a l it w o ul d b e fo r t h a t
,

re a s o n o id v Bu t t h e i ll e g a lity h e re m e a n t i s n o t th a t o f a n i n
.
,

fa n t s c o n t ra ct fo r n o n n e c e s s a r i e s o r t h e c o n t ra ct o f a m a rri e d
’ -

w o man W h e n it i s s a i d t h a t h e o r s h e c a n n o t d o t h i s it i s
.
,
"
m e a n t o n ly t h a t t h e la w p e rm it s a p a r ty m a ki n g s u ch a c o n t ra ct
v
t o tre a t it a s o id ; n o t th a t t h e l a w p ro hi b its s u c h p a rti e s fro m
m a ki n g t he s e c o n tra ct s .

All o f th e s e qu e s ti o n s a re s o m e ti m e s m u ch c o m p lic a t e d w ith

o t h e r q u e s ti o n s a s w h e re t h e d o m icil o f t h e p a rty i s o r wh e re
, ,

w a s t h e pl a c e i n w h ic h t h e c o n tra ct w a s m a d e a n d be co m e i n

thi s w a y m u c h m o re di ffi c u lt .

her
a
i
s,
tit
nsti T t u c i c
o ns
n n rs t
t
be
t
. t d to
d xi
lw wic it ld p il t tt t w d t t wit l l p t g t c
ha
fte n
t w ic
c ty i n the
a m a er
o nfl

o f o ub
Of ha
ci d cs
o ub o es e s , the o ur
re fe r t h e l a w o f i t s o wn
h h de
o un r
an d ha hene ver t o h a o f t he s ra n e r
”
h h s ho u re v a ,
.

[ 84 ]
CH . TH E LAW OF PAE L C .
*
91

S E CTION IV .

D OM C I IL .

E ve ry p e rs o n h a s , i n l a w , a h o m e , o r d o m icil ; (k ) a n d e e ry -
v
d o m icil w hic h o n e h a s , w h e th e r t h e o rigi n a l d o m icil o r a s u b s e
qu e n t o n e , c o n ti n u e s u n til a n e w o n e i s a cqu i re d , (l) a n d wh e n
cqu i re d t he fo rm e r d o m icil c e a s e s (771 ) b e c a u s e
is
'

a new o ne a , ,

n o p e rs o n c a n h a ve m o re th a n o n e d o m icil a t t h e s a m e t i m e ( 72
) .

O n e s d o m icil , o r h o m e i s i n t h e c o u n try i n w h ich h e p e rm a

’
, ,

ue n tly r e s id e s T o t h e id e a o f d o m icil o r h o m e , t w o e l e m e n t s
.
,

be l o n g ; o n e t h a t o f a c t , t h e o t h e r t h a t o f i n t e n t
,
Th e v e ry ,
.

b e a u tifu l d e fi n iti o n o f t h e R o m a n l a w c a n n o t b e lit e ra lly a n d

,

a d e q u a t e ly t ra n s l a t e d i n t o E n gli s h It i s n o t d o u b t e d th a t
“
.

i n di v i du a l s h a v e a h o m e i n th a t pl a c e w he re e a ch o n e h a s
e s t a b li s h e d h i s h ea r t h a n d t h e s um o f hi s p o s s e s s i o n s a n d h i s

fo rtu n e s ; (lar em r er a mq ue a c f o r ta n ara m s a a r a m s umma m co n

s ti tui t ) wh e n c e h e will n o t d e p a r t if n o t h i n g c a ll s hi m a w a y ;
,

wh e n c e if he ha s d e p art e d he s e e m s t o b e a w a n d e re r a n d if ,

he re t urn s he c e a s e s t o w a n d er (0 )
”
.

T he q u e s ti o n s o f d o m icil s o m e ti m e s p re s e n t m u ch d iffic u lty

i n d e t e rm i n i n g wh a t i s t he m e a s u re o r w ha t i s t h e e i d e n c e o f , v
thi s re s id e n c e i n fa ct o r i n i n te n t B o t h a re n e c e s s a ry t o c o n
v
.
,

s t i t ut e a d o m icil B o th a re i m pli e d i n fa o r o f t h e h o m e
.

wh ich o n e h a s b y b i rth a n d p are n t a ge a n d s u b s e q u e n t i n h a b i ,

ta n c y . T he dw e lli n g i n a pl a c e o r e ve n b e i n g th e re m a y c o n , ,

b u t it i s e v id e n c e w hic h
‘
s t i t u t e p ri ma fa ci e e v id e n c e o f d o m icil

m a y b e re b u tt e d (17) A n d it i s qu it e c e rt a i n t h a t n o d e fi n it e
.

p e ri o d o f ti m e , n o e x a ct m a n n e r o f re s id e n ce , n o p re ci s e d e c la “

ra ti o n s o r s p e cific a ct s a re n e c e s s a r y t o a s c e rt a i n d o m icil , o r
,

e rh a p s s u ffic e t o d e t e rm i n e d o m icil ; a lth o u g h t h e S up re m e

p
C o ur t o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s h a e i n ti m a t e d th a t a n e x e rci s e o f v
t h e r ight o f s u ffra g e w o u l d b e t he high e s t e id e n c e ; a n d p e r v
h a p s it w o u ld b e c o n c l us i e ag a i nst t he p arty (q ) v .

w d
Id B wd L il i l
k ) C ra fo r v W so n , 4 arb 504 B ) Co e d w d tiitl B L ib 10 , 3 9, 7

B B c B city BB t P M t
. . . 0 ,
. . .

l) i n n aeus, 3 6 M e 4 2 8 p ) C ra fo r v W so n , 4 ar b 5 04 ,

A i gt N d t B dg
re er v
. . . . . .

m ) C r awfo r v W s o n , 4 ar b 5 04 519 ; 2 2 2 9, n

witty B Pit ck M t T
. . . ru e v . ru e, . . ..

n ) Id ; b n on v or h ri Of
(a ); S ears v The C 1

lt
. e . . o s o n, e e .

a er , 2 3 1 70 ; . h o rn ike v The . 2 50 .

C of o s o n, 1 e e 24 2 . .
(q ) S he on v . Tiffrn , 6 H o w 1 85 . . In
V OL . 11 .
[ 85 J
92
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

W he n a d o m i cil i s i n a n y w a y a cq u i r e d it m a y b e c h a n g e d , ,

b y a ch a n g e b o t h i n fa ct a n d i n i n t e n t b u t n o t b y e it h e r c h a n g e
‘

a lo n e t he ch a n g e i n fa ct n et b e i n g e n o u g h w it h o u t i n t e n t (r ) ,

n o r t h e c h a n g e i n i n t e n t w it h o u t t h e c h a n g e i n fa ct
()
8 O ne .

w h o g o e s a b r o a d a n i m o r e ve r t en di d o e s n o t c h a n g e h i s d o m icil , ,

b e c a u s e o n ly t he fa ct o f re s i d e n c e i s c h a n g e d a n d n o t t h e i h ,

t e n t But if h e r e m a i n s v e ry l o n g a b r o a d a n d i n o n e pl a c e
.
, ,

t he i n t e n t m a y b e i n fe rr e d fr o m t h e fa ct A n d t hi s i n fe re n c e .

m a y b e m a d e a g a i n s t t h e e x p r e s s d e cl ara ti o n s a n d a s s e rti o n s o f
t h e p e rs o n (t ) F o r t h e fa ct an d t h e i n t e n t t o g e t h e r d e t e rm i n e
.

t h e d o m icil a n d n o t t h e l a n gu a g e ; n o r i s t h i s i m p o rt an t e xc e pt
,

a s e v i de n c e o f i n t e n t If t he re fo re o n e i n s i s t s u p o n h i s p u r
v
.

o s e o f re t u rn a n d t h e p r e s e r a ti o n o f hi s d o m icil b u t t h e fa ct s
p , ,

a re s u c h a s t o l e a d t o a n d j u s ti fy t he b e li e f th a t t h i s e xp r e s s e d

i n t e n ti o n o f re t ur n i s b u t a fa l se p re t e n c e m a d e fo r t he s a k e o f ,

p re s ervi n g a s l o n g a s h e c a n t h e rig ht s o f d o m icil w h il e i n fact ,

h e m e a n s t o a b i d e w he re h e n o w i s t he i n t e n t will g o ve rn a n d
*
, ,

t he ch a n ge o f d o m icil w ill b e c o m pl e t e It s e e m s t o b e a gre e d . ,

t ha t re s id e n c e a n d i n h a b it a n cy m e a n t h e s a m e t h i n g ; (a )
“ “

b u t w he t he r th e y b o th m e a n t he s a m e th i n g a s d o m icil i s ”

v
“
"

n o t s o cl e a r (v
) It i s h o w e e r ra t h e r a d i s p u t e
. a b o ut t he , ,

t c icil c t t t t c cigt
hi s a se t h e o ur say : O n a h an e M i d F t Btt i i T idp
2 93 In t h e m a er o f ho m

d p d p i t ti T dik iKity g B t
a ne, so n ,
o f do m f ro m o n e s a e t o an o h er, 1 W en 45 r sb n , 19 11

iw di d l ti ctt i lyi t ti ct t
. ro s v . .

i zen sh i p m ay e en u o n t h e n e n o n o f ho rn e v The C of o s o n , 1 M et

dww l dd il H w ll B H
. .

t h e n vi ua Bu t h s n e n o n m a y be 2 4 5 ; M cD a n i el n , 5 C u sh 4 73 ;

cl g ti c cl i x ci j ctg t
. .

sho n m o re s a s fa o ri by a s han Ca 3 14 4 ;

l w c d cit dil p c Bdi g t

a a er v o e , . a rr .

d e a ra o n s A n e e r s e o f t h e ri h o f C ra fo r W so n , 4 a rb 5 2 2 S e e
c cti i wg ic ig t w p g cct l cp ti i d
. . .

s uffra e i s o n us v e o n t h e Su b e ; b ut in In

c tit g wit ldi ig i i t p ct

a so , a se s e re e n no e .

a qu r n h o f suffra e , a o m an e C ra fo r v W s o n , 4 arb 5 2 2 , t he

xpl i y ici t l
a r . .

by a s h h s ho e rm ane n o ur p ut so e rs an d s e a m e n o n t h e sam e

l B dl y i L wG y y dlw iycil l g l ctid l c id i c it cy

a o a o n,
d, m fo o n h fo re n m n s ers i n res e
”
u en a n e a be s uff e n S ee a so , . to
Co e C h e s h re , 1 ra , 4 4 1 m “
T h e a u a re s en e i s n o t

G H pgy d id t MH d Li llc gl i g i i t ct ly
. o .

(r ) ra e r , 1 S e e rs s E
’
a s t he e a n h ab a n
q 1

ic dt w ic p l ccy pdit d t
o a r es en e o r
p .

ra n b A m he r s 7 ass 1 ; o f a m an A fo re n m n s e r a u a l

Pi c k dw l d
v . n o n , . .

oo , 11 3 50 ; Co e e es an d i s at the

Il wM l i Ii ilt F l t lcilg l id c ci t iyt cy idd ci

a ar var . re s e rso n a rese n

v . Go re , 5 3 70 Ca a a er v. . o ur to h h h e i s a re e , b ut h i s

e , 3 art 1 3 8 ; W a m o u h, e n e o r n hab an and om

Att D i g c t ly t p y
o on v . . e a re s ,

15 4 79 a re i n h i s o w n o u n r H i s r es en e

M c ip dp c ldi t p tic l
a ne, . .
,

( ) T he Gc n e ra l 6 a t t h e fo re is o n e m o rar

t t
s o rn o -
v . un n , n o ur a

W l a llo w e ll v S a o ,
5 11 5 H e i s he re fo r a

il i i i gMi M l ltg l g id t t y i it t pl c t
. . . re s en e . ar u ar
Gre e n l 1 4 3 ; T he S a e v Il a llc t t , 8 A l a
. . . u r o se S o so
. e rs an d s e am e n m a
y be
159 ; W a ms v Wh t n , 1 1 a ss 4 2 4 ; e n s a n d n h ab an s o f a

tt i id c y d Ticil y ll wil g
. . e a r es a e,

l l a i rs t o n v Il a i rs t o n , 2 7 s s 70 4 a ho u h he m a y h a ve been a bs en

R tt lt Kigll ygg J d
. . .

(l ) S e e s up ra , 11 (q ) h e re fro m fo r he do n o t o s e

t i p ity i B t T dik
. . e ars .

(u ) o o s e ve n e o , 2 0 o hn s 2 08 ; he r r e s e n e o r om by fo o

id J
. . n

I n t he m a e r o f Wr e , 4 W e n So in
”
60 2 , 8 he r ro fes s o n ho rn

i gt c wit t ily
. . e v .

. 13 4 . T he C of o s o n, 1 M e t 2 4 2 , t he .

(0 ) S ee e ffe rs o n v . W ash n o n, 19 o urt s ay If a s eam an ho u fam

[ 80 ]
 TH E LAW OF PLA E C .

m e a n i ng w o rd s t ha n a q u e s t i o n o f p ri n cipl e ; fo r a ll
a n d use o f ,

a d m i t t ha t o n e m a d w e l l fo r a co n s i d e r a b l e ti m e a n d e ve n
y ,

re g u l a rly d uri n g a l a rg e p a r t o f t he y e a r i n o n e pl a c e o r e v e n

i n o n e S ta t e a n d ye t h a e h i s d o m icil i n a n o t he r v
If o n e
, ,

v
.

re s i d e s i n B o s t o n fi ve m o n t hs i n t h e t w e l e i n cl u d i n g t h e d a y ,

o n w h ic h re s id e n cy d e t e rrn i n e s t a x a t i o n a n d t he o t he r s e ve n l
'

m o n th s a t h i s ho u s e i n t he c o u n tr y h e w ill b e t a x e d i n B o s t o n ,
a nd m a
y v
o t e t h e re a n d h i s d o m icil i s th e r e ( as)
,
,

p pw tyic il c ipd c d d i fro m th e l a e o f hi s n a t gt y

h o u h n o t i n all r es e s ply ct p ci dlyp d the

cil l g igi lt g t t lyy pt d d wict di c idlty ct l t

or ro er sa s re se

t i vi ty , h h m a y b e o n s e r e hi s o m s am e, he are ne a r so , an d
'
e en

of or n , a ho u h h e m a u o n m u h t h e sa m e e v a re a t
y re u rn o n

y id c t d c i dct il t w i c p t d
en e , -

at i n t er va ls , o r e ven b e a bs e n m an h m o re ffi u h an a m o s

c tid icil it xd ctp dd i itpi gi ct

on _
en e
e a rs , ye t i f h e o e s n o t by s o m e a an y o her h h a re res en e fo r a dj u di

lgi w l t i d icitiyl
ua
e n e o r o he r m e a n s a q u re a om No e a ef n o n c an be

cw li tti k t cig ct itt c t d t

r es a on . ven

c il e s e h e re , h e r e a n s h i s om of of om e e n s u o n n o o n e fa

B t F t Bi i
‘
;
S ee a so , S e ar s Th e C of o r o mb na o n o f r um s an es , b u t fro m
”
o ri

d i xid t t c p y tic l c t It
n .

o s o n , 1 M et 2 5 0 t he ho e a e n o e h er m us be e er

T i t li d l
. .

(w ) ro s v r sb n , 1 9 W en 1 1 m ne in e a h is a

c ig t p t ctix c g M cct lltty i d icil w c it t ll tw t t

. . . ar u ar as e .

(x ) h s i s t he e s ab she r u e a n d m a m , h a e v e r m a n m us h a v e a
o mmo n e in ass a hu se s , a s t o om s o m e h e r e ; a n d al s o h a h e c an

d t l t t p ll id d tdt t t tw xi ti g d cil c ti ti l
ra

t he r h o f a in o ne no t a ua h a ve b ut o n e O f o ur se fo o s h a

q i t d ici c li q i
a re s .

It i s ro v e by s a u e ha p er hi s e s n o mi he a c

tfi wt w ll t t
en . o n n ue s u n

s o n a e s a e sh a b e a s s e s se t o t h e o n e r u r e s an o h e r ; an d vi e vers a , by a c q ui r
i n t he o n

ct
o n t he
It
h e re h e s h a b e a n i n ha bi t a nt
r s d ay o f M ay
ld t t c
Rev S a c h 7,
d
i ng a n e w om

tt t d t cid y igq t cti c t It cd p d t

fo rm er o n e F ro m t h i s v e
'

i
l h e re n u sh e s hi s
w i t
i s m an i
tt i g t t t c T t d kti lly ity
. . . . .
"

9 i s he h a i nha bi ta n y un er fe s h a ve r s l h i r u m s a n es m us

p p p d c pl c id cit
se . .

h s s a u e m e an s s ub s an a t h e sa m e o f en e t he

B t M t t i c
e ues o n . e en s

hi n a s do m i i l h o rn i e v The C u o n t he re o n e ran e o f t he e v

citi cityB tEdi g w c l t cc t t i d c ct

. . en e

of o s o n, 1 e e 24 2 In h s a s e a i n fa vo r o f t w o o r m o re a e s ; an d

tpl dic gw ld t li ti y cd cl iciil w

. .

zen o f o s o n , w h o h a d b ee n a t s h o o m ay o f e n o ur h a t he e v en e o f fa s ,
i n t he
fo rm e a r ed p
of
di
iti d c id t xp d d t ld i
re s e n e , a n d h a d e
le cti
n b ur h

o n fo r t hat pl c
he n a bo y, an d
a e as a

e erm n a it
en
a e,
n t o e s a b sh t h e
ou
n o t fo r t h e e xitiltl c c ctcl i
b e e n re l
s e n e o f fa
on
om

us ve ,
in o ne

s an d c i r
e re

d i g d wi t
re s s e

dq ci tii c ctt w ic fix it c ty yd
a

o n t o re s e h ere , if h e e v e r s h o u h ave c um st an c e s o f a s m o re o n us v e a n d

itily t t dcipty t td cli t gd d

.

t h e m ea n s o f s o o n , re m o v e h hi s h a ra e r , h h be o n

y li g t ci c t c
e s ve ,

fa m ha i n 1 83 6, e a ri n , a t ue s o n , i n a n o he r S o , o n t h e o n rar ,
“

to

id d t t ld di icictl xi gc it t ll dt pl c c cl
.
,

m e o f hi s e art ur e , h a h e n e n e
’
t he h r um s a n e s m a y fi x o n e s

tli B t it d t itd d Edi ld g

ve r s

t o re s e a bro a , an d h a if h e s h o u om if n o t o n r o e by m o re o n u

wiplt c t ily ti itpy wp icty

re ,

urn t o t h e Un e S a e s h e s ho u no t s ve fa s fi i n a n o h er If a

i c i i t y k p t ki g
n a e .

ve i n H e res e i n n bur h s e a m an , ho u fa m s ail s

l d d t t g g t A y ic c i d d d i c i l gi
os on . or ro e r ,

a n d th e v as a ho us e e e e r , a fro m t he a e o f hi s n a v h h m ay

tlg l y l g i t
n ,
n ,

a e as e o f a n e s a e fo r a erm o f be hi s om o f o ri n , al

t ic lyil d By l t t y y
ea rs , o ns ere

a n d e n e a vo r e t o en a e a n m er an ho u h h e m a y r e t ur n o n at o n

dt ct l i d c
n er

t o e n er h i s fam fo r t w o e ars , a s i n v a s , o r e v e n be a bse n m an ea r s , ye t if

B t i d c t ct it l
s t ru c t o r o f hi s

o s o n he m a e a
h re n e fo re h e . ef
fo r t h e s a e o f c
h e o e s n o t b y so m e a ua re s e n e o r

t cti l c d g cil igiid c wit

o h e r m ea n s a q u i re a om d i c il l
e s e h e re , w
tly t llw d d p igc i gd id c t ct
o n ra
hi s m a n s o n ho u se a n d fur n u re t he re , but h e re a n s h i s o mi of or

i l y t ki g i
-

h
’
sh o r a f er a r s T he a ua h an e o f o n e s res en e ,

t p t wit mc ig t wi d t t
ro ur e

d t c i lg w W t t t g ii tdicti ti
sa o n ra

t o be a n n u e , (a ss n n as h i s re a so n h i s fa m ,
a n d t he a n up o f a res
h ere fo r , h a i n a s e o f h i s e a h i n Eu e n e e s e h e re , i ho u any n e n o n o f

B tt t t t c itg d
ro e , hi s fe h s h t o r e urn t o

o s o n , ) a n d l e t h i s h o us e a n d furn u re c g t dci cicil t c l dc ci ti l

r e urn n , i s o n e o f t h e s ro n

of h an e o f o m an d , u n e ss
n a o ns

d i icil it t B t li l t x ti j y d t i w t
,
o n ro
H eld, h a h e h a d h an e l e d by o h e r r um s a n e s , is

tc t wl c c ciclc i t c icipl i tt
t o a en a n .
-
e s ve .

hi s o m an d w a s n o t ab e t o It w a s fo r t h e ur t o e er m n e he her

J id q ti i
,
a a on

as a n n h a b a n o f o s o n i n 1 83 7 S ha w, h e re ere a n y r u m s an e s s u ff e n t o

d c i it cy d ic l l t B t ct lly t k
.

T he ue s o n s o f r e s l f t he a n iff
“
C . sa o n ro su h on us o n .

en e , n h ab a n , o r o m i ,
— fo r a l h a d ef o s o n, an d a ua a en up a

[ 87 ]
93
*
— 94
*
TH E LAW o r CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

*
Aw o m a n m a rryi n g t a k e s h e r h u sb a n d s d o m icil a n d
' ’
,

c h a n ge s it wit h h i m (y ) A m i n o r c h il d h a s t he d o m icil o f
v
.

hi s fa t h e r (z ) o r o f hi s m o t h e r if s he s u r vi e hi s fa t he r ; a n d
v ,

t h e s ur i vi n g p a r e n t w it h wh o m a c h il d li v e s by c h a n gi n g h i s
, ,

o r h e r o w n d o m icil i n g o o d fa ith c h a n g e s t h a t o f t he c h ild

()
v
a , .

i A n d e e n a gu a r di a n ha s t he s a m e p o w e r (6) .

res
Wt t
id c
en e , wi t
h hi s fam i,

i h o u a n y n en o n o f r e u rn n , h ere
l y
ig t t t tic t y t i gd tfi it c
in S o an , tl d q ti
ue s o n,
r um s a n
tod t
ci tc p t cy wp t t w t id it c
be i d e erm n e
he h er t h e n e w res en e
fro m all
'

t he

di t ti pl c id c d ti l cc cci pl i i g pt pp y j i ctit
e s,

by a s sum in ha o un r a s hi s e n e i s e m o r ar o r e rm an en ; h e h er is
a bo e a n d a e o f re s e n e u n l so m e a s o na , fe r t he ur o s e o f a v s , o r

tt t t kB t li cl d t x ti i i W t it c t
o -

n ew n e n o n h a d b ee n fo r m e o r re s o u of a o m l sh n e m o ra r ob e

id c t k d t l
a ; or
i o n a en , h e h a d e as e t o be a n mbab h e he r p
i s fo r the urp o s e o f o n i n ue d

p
an o f

B t l p
o s o n,
p M tyab e t o
”

t
a a o n fo r hi s

I n S ea rs
ti Th e C i t y e n e a n d ab o e , un i s o m e n e w r eso

p t p p fix d t ttlt dp dy
re s
lut i o n be a en t o rem o v e If t h e d e

t t c wiB t t i t lydi dgp t d id t t

e rso n a ro er .
,
.

2 5 0 , a n a v e i n h a bi a r ure fro m o n e s
’
of o s o n, 1 an d se ab o e
“

w t wiit t ii t t pl t i g c
e e . e e
of t o res e i n i s fo r a ur o s e i n i t s n a ure em o rar ,

c t iJly t t t l wt d
an o s o n, n en n

F r an e , h hi s fa mi , e ar e fo r h a h e her be bus n e s s o r e a su re , ae o m

o un r y i n

ww d l d dw l yg
by hi s fa m
un e , 1 8 3 6, a n d w a s fo l o
a bo u hr ee m o n h s a f er
iti d
e p an ied
r e s um ni g p p pl ccc pli dd
h an n e n o f re urn n
t h e fo rm e r a e o f a bo e as
an d

gi itl t c cp pl cc ti d
.

His e li n ho us e a n d fur n ure so o n a s s u ch ur o se i s a om sh e ; in

y P i At t
ar s .
-

ere e a se fo r a e a r, an d h e h re a e n e ra , s u h a o n n u e s t o be a n

d p t id i ct d dB t t j y g ci i l p li t i c l
e rs o n

h o us e fo r a e ar i n a r s t he i m e o f nh a b an a t su h a e o f abo e , fo r a ll

pd itiil g l di g i j Jct tic tci il

.

h i s e ar ure h e n en e t o r e u rn an d p ur p o s e s o f e n o i n an d

fix d ti t
v o a

r e s um e h i s r e s en e in o s o n , b ut h a d r v e e s , a n d o f be n s ub e to

t ly d t t iix t t t t w d kc itd t d ct c t p i d ct cti g

v
m e fo r hi s r e ur n He T h e e arne C h ef us e h en
" ”
no t e o n an y . u es .

i n ab o u s ee n m o n h s , a n d hi s r e m a r s h a t h e fa s in th e

t t c ti d lypl ci ti t ppl c y d pp t t
re ur n e r esen ase

fam i i n a bo u n n e m o n h s af e r a r s b y t h e o ur a s n i a n

tt xt d tB t d i g t t c ig tly
. a re o ns e re

H eld, h a h e o n n ue t o be an i n h abi a sual a n d em o ra r e a r ur e o f

it dp c y t t P i p tp l c d
on a

of o s o n , an d h a h e w as r h the a n ff fro m hi s a e of e rm anen

'

l p p ty
an
h er e, h i s abs en e , fo r h i s ha a r s w as h i s a e of

J id Act l i d c t t tc t did i li it t d ticil

a e ur n r es en e ;
p
e rso n an d p S ha w , em o rar a nd no t o f e r m an en abo e

l p dc t i d ic l
erso n a ro e r .

C ua res e n e , h a i s , an d h a h e n o t r e n q ui s h hi s om
“

c di ti g i d c
. sa ,

p re s e n e i n a p l a c e , i s o n e c i r e a s e t o be an n h a b an o f Bo s o n

ct i gi gc cl i i it At it T idi t t ity p Bti t p t

e rs o na or .

c um s t a n c e t o e e rm n e t h e om i , or T he a se i s s n u she fro m t h e a se o f
t he fa o f be n n h ab an ; but is h o rn k e v C of o s o n , by t he di f

l ic g y g p cti lyldii it ctt l p t

an .

fa r fro m b e n s e am a n o n fe ren t n e n o f t h e ar e s u o n he ir de

d d Bi
on us ve .

vo a e , an d a s o er i n a ua a r ure

pl c t g p ll y
a on .

se r v e , m a y be re s e n h a b an s o f (y ) W arren W arren 9 l gh,

t p yy t Itc d idp dti t id Bi

ve er v . e r,
ho u h n o t pre s e n t

Milt lk y
a a e, e rs o n a

he re fo re , ) Gu ier v O D an i el 1
fd d
’
he re fo r 3 4 9,

ct il p it ct i g d icil id t
e a rs . e en s, z .
,
nn . n . a .

e ra o n s , be s
u o n m an o he r ) C u n rn e r v 2 Sa 528 ;

i g t
o ns es a on .
,
.

W he re an o ld re s e n W o o e n v P a uls pury, 2 L d Ba m
ipl c p c tic tl y pl c gg t tti Ht lyy k H kiL w Pick
a ua re s e n e . . . .

and n ha b a n , h a v n a om fro m hi s 1 4 73 ; P o t i n g e r v W h m an , 3 M e r 67 ;
. .

b rt h i n a a r u a r o e s t o a n o he r 5 20 S ee

ww tt cc dg d di iciitl t i g t
a e, o o e v . as n s, . .

S o r s C o n fl o f a s , 4 6, n
’
t he q ue s o n

Ht lyy k H kiL w Pick

a e or o un r ,
re a . .

h e he r he ha s ha n e his om
(b) P o t i n g e r v W h m a n , 3 M e r 67
plt cwill d p cd i lyi p it t
,
or . .

h e he r h e h a s e a s e t o be a n n ha b a n o o e v . as ns, 5 20 S ee . .

nha b a n S o r s Co n fl o f a s , 4 6, n
’
o f o ne a e , a n d be o m e a n . .

o f a n o he r, e en ma n u o n t he

[ 88 ]
 TH E LAW OF PAE L C .

S E CTIO N V .

TH E PAE L C OF TH E C O NTRA T C .

T he ru e s o l f la w i n
d o m icil a re q u it e w e ll s e ttl e d , re s p e ct to
a n d wh e n di ffi c u lt q u e s ti o n s o cc u r t h e y a re u s u a lly q u e s ti o n s ,

o f fa ct But t h e la w a s t o w h a t s ha ll b e d e e m e d t he pl a c e o f
.

t h e c o n tr a ct s e e m s n o t t o b e q u it e w e ll s e ttl e d A c o n tra ct i s .

m a d e w he n bo t h p a rti e s a g re e t o it a n d n o t b e fo re if it b e a n ,

o r a l c o n t ra ct it i s m a d e w h e n t he o ffe r o f o u e p a r ty i s d i s ti n ctly
'

a cc e pt e d b t h e o t h e r ; a n d if i t b e m a d e b l e tt e r t h e n it i s
y y ,

m a d e w h e n t he p a rty re c e i v i n g t he p ro p o s iti o n p ut s i n t o t h e
m a il h i s a n s w e r a cc e pti n g it o r d o e s a n e q u i va l e n t a c t If t h e
v
.
,

c o n tra ct i s i n w riti n g it i s m a d e w he n a ll t h e p a rti e s h a e

'

e x e c u te d it ; a n d t h e re fo re i s n o t m a d e u n til t he l a t es t p a rty h a s .

p u t t o it h i s n a m e o r s e a l o r b o th as m a
y b e re q u i s it e
()0 , ,
.

S u pp o s e h o w e v e r t h a t t h e c o n t ra ct i s m a d e i n o n e pl a c e b u t
, , ,

i s t o b e pe r fo rm e d i n a n o t he r ; t h e n i n g e n e ra l a lt ho u g h p e r , ,

h a p s n o t a l w a y s a n d fo r a ll p u r p o s e s t he pl a c e o f p a y m e n t o r
, ,

p e r fo rm a n c e i s t h e p l a ce of t h
, e C o n t ra ct
()d T h e m o st .

fa m ili a r i n s t a n c e i s a p ro m i s s o ry n o t e m a d e t h a t we , ,

will s a y i n B o s to n a n d p a y a b l e i n Ne w Y o r k l s t h i s n o t e t o b e
, .

c o n s tr ue d b y t he l a w o f M a s s a ch u s e tt s o r t he la w o f Ne w Y o r k 9
It w o u l d s e e m fro m t h e a ut ho riti e s t h a t a c o n t ra ct m a y ha v e
, ,

t wo d i ffe re n t pl a c e s, t h e l a w o f w h ic h en t e rs i n t o i ts c o n s t ru c
ti o n If it b e e xp re s s ly p a y a b l e o r t o b e o t h e rw i s e p e rfo r m e d
.
“

t h e re w he re it i s s i g n e d t h e n t ha t i s i t s o n ly p l a Ce If it b e b ut a ,
.

n a k e d p ro m i s e w it h o u t a n s p e ci a l c o n diti o n a s t o t he pl a c e o f
y ,

p a y m e n t t h e n it m u s t b e d e m a n d e d o f t he m a k e r w h e re he i s
,
“

o r a t h i s d o m icil b u t it w o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a s m a d e w h e re it
,

w a s s ig n e d If e xp re s s ly p a y a b l e i n a pl a c e o t h er t ha n t ha t
.

c p
( ) S ee BAl A ld a n te, vo l 1, 2, ch 2, an d
P ti t g M
1 69, 1 8 2 ; L e B re o n v
M P i g iles , 8

Ric d I k G y PT cy p P cy K Ltc i J
. . . a e, .

vo l 1, 4 4 0, (n ) 2 61 ; S a va e , 1 3 23 ;

c tt M N l id t i t G t d
. . n . . so rn o v . r en s s v ass . .

hm o n
‘
Wo r s 1 4 34 9 o u s A n n R ep 1 8 5 ;

i t d t t
ro n ,
ra ,
er v er .
,
. . .

Or 53 6 Wh S ho m so n v h am , 8 o hn s 1 89 ;

K FA d iwg P d JD c
u v . e so n , . s on v . o e . .

der , 8 art 95 ; W e s e rn v Th e C o x v The U n e S a e s, 6 P et 1 72

R i J Blt dt B L c
. e n e s ee . . .

M ut In s C o 2 ern 2 5 8 C o n se q u a, 1 7 o hn s 511;

E L E
. . . . . ann n v . .

(d ) o b n so n v an , 2 urr 1 0 7 7 ; o n , 1 3 P e t 65 ; un an v

Bl B
. . n re s v . . .

p e r Ba ldwi n , i n S ro her v u as , 1 2
'
. C r an n an , 3 1 4 43 . . . .

P et 4 1 0 , 4 3 6 ;
. e l v ruen , 1 Ho w . .

*
8
96
"
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

wh e re it i s m a d e it w o u ld s e e m a cc o rdi n g t o s o m e a u th o riti e s ,
, ,

th a t t he la w o f e it h e r pl a c e m a y b e a p pli e d ; t hu s if t h e l e g a l ,

i n t e re s t i n Ne w Y o r k i s s e v e n p e r c e n t a n d t he l e ga l i n te re s t .
,

i n B o s t o n i s s i x p e r c e n t a n o t e o n i n t e re s t p a y a b l e a t B o s t o n
.
, ,

a n d m a d e i n Ne w Y o r k w o u l d b e h e ld n o t t o b e u s ur i o u s i n ,

Bo s t o n if it e xp re s s e d s e ve n p e r c e n t a s i t s ra t e o f i n t e re s t ; .

w h il e a cc o rdi n g t o o t he r a u t ho riti e s i f p a y a b l e a t B o s t o n it , ,

m u s t w he re ve r s i g n e d c o n fo r m t o t he l a w o f M a s s a ch u s e tt s i n
, ,

re s p ect t o i n t e r e s t a n d w o u ld t he re fo re b e u s u ri o u s t he re if i t
,

b o re o n i t s fa c e m o re t h a n s i x p e r c e n t a lth o ugh n o t u s uri o u s .

,

a t Ne w Y o r k w h e r e it w a s m a d e O ur o w n Opi n i o n i s d e cid
v
.
,

e dl
y i n fa v o r o f t h e fo rm er i ew T h a t i s i f a n o te b e m a d e .
, ,
‘
bo n a fi de i n o n e pl a c e e xp re s s ly b e a r i n g a n i n t e re s t l e g a l t h e re
, , ,

a n d p a y a b l e i n a n o t h e r pl a c e i n w h ic h s o hi g h a ra t e o f i n t e re s t

i s n o t a ll o w e d it m a y b e s u e d i n t he pl a c e w h e r e p a y a b l e a n d
, ,

t h e i n t e r e s t e x pre s s e d r e c o v e re d B e c a u s e t he p a rti e s ha d t h e i r .

e l e cti o n t o m a k e t h e i n t e r e s t p a y a b l e a cc o rd i n g t o t h e l a w o f

e it h e r pl a c e o r t o e x p re s s t h e s a m e t h i n g d iffe re n tly t he y m a
y ,

l a w fully a gre e u p o n t he l a rg e s t i n t e r e s t all o w e d b y t he la w o f

e ith e r pl a c e , o r a n l e s s i n te re s t
() i f i n t ere s t b e
*
y 6 A n d no .

(e ) T i
c t c Lid i i ti D p p
h i s t he lt i d
res u t at a f er it wp ld t dL i i Yd cikd d t t
be, i f m a i n New T he

it t id p y l t t lt Y gk
s a rr v e ou e or .

mu h by t he Su rem e Su re m e C o ur o f ha

y M t J tic
; o ns er a o n, o u s an a e e

C o ur of in H um was no t us ur o u s ; an d ha ho u h

li c t L w di c i t t i g t ti p l t d
o u s an a , e an v . a

b re s , 2 0 1 Mr S to ry, t he w as m a ab e a t Ne w

ti y g t l gtt iti wit tcit tiw ic it cc ccdi gdi gt t Y Lk i i

ar us e 1 11 no e e a or
h
. .
,

is C o n f of a s, s us se s t he q ue s ye t t h e
- n e re s h be s m u a e fo r
o n at h , an d h a a on of e her a t o t h e l aw o f

ci il c c p t g d t t d d t i j dg t
re a en or n o u s ana

w e r n u m e ro us a u h o r e s , m o s o f h h to h a o f Ne w T he

ppig tit ltc clg i t t d tt d ig t

or a or n or .

a re fro m t he la w , a n d o m e s t o a n o u r se e m t o h a v e fo un e h e r u m en

gt l l l pldy c t t dc t t ct t t
v

us o n , i f w e un e rs a n him u o n th e ro u n , h a i n t h e s e n se o f t h e

l c tt D p d tH p y c
(o os e on

h , a ho u h s o m e s a e m e n s m h h e re are o r

ict t w icc tit ct ct p lidy d

ar e n er a r u e a re a s a e ,
e a ve t h e m i er i n o ub In refe re n e here m ay be t w o a es o f ha

y A t c c ct i ci c
. o n ra
t o t he ase o f um hre s , h e i n w h h t h e o n ra i s a ua m a e,

d c c
e an v .

n o he r a se h a s a r s e n o f a a n d ha i n h h
“
i s t o be

tplic ct c lwy p i t wc t id t
sa s : -
a o r p er

d iffe rt n t h a ra e r The r um f or m e L o c us , ubi o ntra t us cclebm t us es t ;

t t t pl c
«
v e ry .

s a n e s o f t he e re so m e h a co m lo c us , ubi des t i n a ta s o lut io es t ; a n d here

ti td t w p i t w ic wit i l ct dt ct pi ctt t wil l t ilidt t

ase

a e d , b ut t he o n o n fo r o n s e ra fo re , ha i f t he la w o f bo h a es is no t

he re a ro s e u o n a n o e , o f h h t he v o a e , i n r es e t o t h e ra e o f n e re s ,

tt i t d t pp t t i d ci i c i l y
on

d e fe n a n s e r e t he n do rse r s , a n d h t he o n r a f or n e re s be va In

l wi t pl li d p c td i ctl i djpp i t d c ti i
.

t he a m o un he re o f t he y ha d d e b e he m o r o f he r e s o n t he o u rt m a n

y t id p
su re

s e ve s i n a h t he to be m a n
’
au un t t in t iff u o n thc o

d t E pp p w l j g ti gy w c i dt
n o e r n es s u o se

a n d W ll l( l1 t l u s o ug h n o w t o a vo u o ri t a i n e d by e r a n e a r n e u r s s o f o n n eu

t lu g r o un
‘k
.

l
o f n s 11 1

i n Ne w O r h a n s ,
y
p y l
T he n o e w a s

y
.

a a b e in Ne w

i
tal ho s e a n u a e , h o e ve r, o e s

p pt ti ctlwy c pp tip l lywict id ddi y

no t a
uro e ,
ea r to m e to us f a n y s u h n er
Y
i t
o r , f or a

t
ll gg ll ii t tt iLg i i
o f t
g
c t
a r e s um o f m o n e

pe r e n , be n i g
g
be a r n

Y k t he
he n

l cct tdi g i t t t gplt c

ro a o n

i s erfe
ro e r

o m a b e
o ns ere , an d

h t he o r nar

t l y
an n e re s en .

n e re s o f o u s a n a , t he Ne w ha t he n e re s m us be o r o u h t o

i t t w yc t ct p id pIt d
e a o r ru e ,

n t e re s be n be a o r n t o t h e l a w o f t he

t i t d wi y t id
e a s e ve n p e r c e n on . . a e

T he q ue s t o n w a s w he he r t he n o e w a s he re t he o n ra i s t o he e rf o rm e , a n d
a n e t h us ur , a n d he re f o re vo ,
as t he m o n e i s t o be a m ay n o t be
.

[ 90 ]
CH . TH E LAW OF PAE
L C . 96

xp re s s e d , t he n t he i n te re s t will b e m e a s ure d b y t h e la w f t he
'

e o

pl a c e w here t he n o t e i s p a y a b l e .

wi tp t t t t iti i wt cit d lt g xp it c c t ctt y d t ti wit t i

i ho u use t o so m e of t h e m o re t ere st o f her an d h us by h e r

it t w cic ily i l l dy pcittitdi i cidc t c t ctw ic llc dt ycidt dt

re v e e o un r ,

m o r an au ho r es h us e ,
a ho u h o wn e res s o n ra e e rm n e h re f
m us n e e ss a r n vo ve t h e r e e to t he law o f h h o un r ha

L w T t tw c t ct t d i t ti p l t
o n e ren e
”
o f so m e h h h av e be e n a re a f t he sha be

pg x i ti t i t i i t t g ll y it ll t
e . n en o o n ra e e .

C o n fl o f a s , 2 98 he n a f e r 2 If t he

i t t pl c py t l
u a e

c c c clL ii i t t
. . en . o n ra s o e n e re n o s

ty es o f t he e f a u ho r e s , fo r n e re s
am n a sha be t he ra e

i t p p ti i t d d c t t
a on o e n e ra ,

h e o m es t o t he o n us o n h a t he de c i s o f n e re s o f t h e a e of a m en , un e s s

p td
or e i g
i o n o f t h e o urt o f o u s an a i s n o t s up

igE jgli i t c Rdi ictly pp Bld d pli t c

by t h e rea s o n n o r r n
fo re n ur s s, an d i s
p i ci p l
es o f

by
a

wi te a r the
p c
ar e s n en e

h re fe re n e t o t he l aw o f t h e o h er
3 If t he
to

cp y tl ct pl c t d
b e s o e n ere
o n ra c
t
B A i c c c t i t t tip l t d
re o o se a e o n ra . .

t he sh a se o f o b n so n v n o fo r m o n e , a ab e a t a

A d w i w P td c cfi t d p y g t lld l y dll iwt d t cc di g

n an , a e on a
.
y
2 u rr 1 0 7 7, a nd t h e
. m er an a se o f d ay er a n , an d n o i n e re s be s u a e ,
o n , 1 3 P e t 65 S u h i s a n d a m e n be e a e , n er e s , by w a y

wxc l y gdi t d d w ct F A c il lp pl c p y t w
n re s v . . .

n o t o ur v e o f ho se T he rs i s o f a m a e s , sh a be a o e , a o r n

y pp d
as es .

ho ffe re n i n i t s fa s b of t o t h e la w o f t he a e of a m en , her e

d w E gl d t t i d c di t w
.

h a n e w as sue , ra n i n ra n e u o n t h e m o n e m ay b e s u t o h a v e b een

cc c fi d d t t L d p t tiy iyg t pplypp dd fici cy t w d

e o se

the ra er i n n an ; a n d a ll h a t he re q u re by t h e re o r fo r u se , a n d h e re
n s , so fa r a s t he re se n q ue s o n i s h e m h be s u t o ha ve b o rr o e

c w i gF t c c i g t t c tpyid pt
a se o se

o n erne , i s , h a o r M a nsfi eld s a s : m o n e t o su t he e en h us o c

T he la w o f t he p la e (m e a n n urr n , a n d t o h a v e t h e ra e o f i n

ctiw t d i t t wict t y xp Rq ityt clP ig tg g gi il l

ra n e a

c an n ev er b e t he m i c , h e re t he ra n s t e r es t o f ha o un r C h a m an v . .

i s e n e re h an e o b er s o n , 6 e , 62 7 , w as a b in

lc wA icd itw P g d ly d cid l d d d t t t t t id t c pl i t

a on n o re s s a

vi e t o t he la w o f an o h e r o un r , a s t h e e u t o fo re o s e a m o r a e , v en b
y
r u e by h h i s t o be o v ern o r T he t h e e fen a n , a re s e n o f Ne w Y o rk ,
'

t pt y ti t l tg l t w lt t pl c p y tid d E glt li dg c
ase o f n re s v

ha if t he n e res a o a b e a t th e
on on
. e es 0 11 an s i n h a S a e , t o t h e

w h o r es e in an , t o
om a n an ,

s e u re t h e

t tip ld t il ligd w i t pt ti l d p w d gR t t w i t t
a e n

of a m e n be a r e r h an h a wh e 1 e t he a m en o f £ 800 s e r n Th e m o n ey .

n o e i s m a e o r t he b n , th e w a s b o rro e by o be r s o n he n i n En g

dt t t t ii t t w c d t d p y lt l y Acc cdi tg g
ra a r es

m ay s u a e fo r t h e h he r n e r e s No an , u o n a n a re e m e n
. fo r n eres at
o u b o f h s ; b ut t h e o es n o t s a y t h e r a e o f s e ve n p e r p e r a n n um ,

i g t p ti ti p t R t p t t i
a se en .

h a if t he n eres he re t h e n o e i s m a e a a b e an n u a t o t he a ree

lti t t ct id t i p l c tt y x ictt td dt d c pl tig g t

or n .

be t h e h hes , t he ar e s m a n o t s a m en , o be r s o n u o n hi s re u rn t o h s
y
a e fo r ha ; a n d h s a o n e i s t he q ue s t he b o n an d m o r

ll y t i d M y t d p i t d wi t R
o un r e e u e a e

W e o n s e r D e a n v H um p lu e ys an d ran s m e he m t o t h e o m a n an ,
V p R ctit c t d dk t t L d igi l dg d tt
on . .

a s fu s us a n e by P e ek s v a o , 14 w h o h e n e o s e t h e £ 8 00
. h o be rt
o rm 3 3 , a n d C h a m a n v
’
o be r s o n , 6 s o n s b a n e rs i n T he e fe n a n

p it t gi l d E gl d
. . on on .

P ai g e , 62 7 T he fo rm e r w a s an a o n o f h a a s t he o r a ree m en

Hd tid Gt tp y l Al M y t N l t ct y p y c i t d t t
. o n en e na

as s um s o n t w o p 1 o m i s s o ry n o e s v en fo r t h e o a n w as m a e i n n an , and

by Co , o f to the m o n e w a s re e ve h e re , t h e c o n

d d t i d d c t d d
o ra o a es o n re a
.

t he e fe n an s , a a b e m ban Y, fo r t h e a m e n o f m o re ha n fi ve

p l i ti It pp d t t t tg i d
ra . .

a n d by t h e e fe n an s to t h e t he b o n d
p e r a n n u m r en e re

w id d d tM t t l iwd k p i t w ic di p i g c p i idi y
n o rse
pe r e n .

a n ffs a
. e a re ha t h e n o e s a n d m o r a g e u s uri o u s a n d vo Wa l .

e r e m a e at h e re t h e m a e rs wo rth, C , a fter of a re l m n ar

p l i ti i d d V t t p i t t i c p t
o n re a , s os n .

e , an d h a t h e n o rse rs an d t h e h h aro se i n t he

tc t i t t M Y t k l
re s

y icl wq ti t i i i tgt E gl d
o n a se , s a :
a n ffs r e s e in e rm o n T he l a w T h e o h e r o n i n h s a se
. re s e n s a

ful ra e o f n e re s i n w as s ix v e r n e u es o n a r s n o ut o f t h e co n

c t pi i d li l ti l g l t i t t It
o n re a

p e r e n , a n d i n Ne w p e r fli ct o f a s i n h s S a e a n d

c t t t li d p i cipl t t c t
. or s e ven n an

p e r a nn um Re dfi eld , J i n e ve r r e a ve t o t h e e a r a e o f n e re s

iF ti w ic c itd iti llywi g pti ly p lidl tyd p cd t p ct w ilc w

en . . IS .

i n g t h e o n o n o f t h e o ur , a f er a n e x a n e s a b sh e r n e h a t he o n s rue
a m n a o n o f a ll t h e a u ho r o n a n d va i of h h are

g d i t t c t ct pl c c t ct
es, sa s : o n ra s
ro m a l l u o n t he a s o f
“
h h I o n s e r t h e fo o

dt cw llt y ttl d x c t d l wl it td cc t
n ure e rs o n a e en
rul e s i n r e ar to n e re s on o n ra s t he a e w h e re t he o n ra i s rrra de ,
m a e i n o n e o un r , t o b e e e u e i n u n e s s w a s m a e i n r e fere n e t o t h e
a n o he r , t o b e ; 1 If a co n
e se e a s o f s o m e o he r
.
p l ace o r o u n ry ,
97
*
T 98
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

*
If a c o m e s t o B o s t o n t o b uy g o o d s
m e r ch a n t i n Ne w Y o rk ,

a n d t h e re r e c e i v e s t he m a n d gi ve s h i s n o t e fo r t he m w h ic h
*
, ,

s p e cifi e s e it he r B o s t o n o r n o pl a c e fo r p a y m e n t it i s a B o s t o n ,

t ra n s a cti o n W h e n t h e n o t e i s d u e i t m a y b e d e m a n d e d o f t h e
.
,

m a k e r w h e re v e r h e i s b u t w he r e v e r d e m a n d e d w o u ld b e c o n
,

tttl d d it l ppw y t qt l yc w l
he r h an , e ar s t o b e e u a l e l gll w td l g l lt w c L i tii l lti t g t
hi h e s ra e o f

tdit t l p tp ty l dc ti t tig ti t t t ttw ic gc dld t pk id

o a e a o n v en o na n eres
se e by t he a s o f e v e r S a e o r o u n a o by t h e a s o f o u s a n a , a h o u h
e
t ry, h a t he ran sfer o f a n s o r o h e r t h e r a e o f n e re s h us a ree t o be a
h e re

t i t ab e

t
y n e res i n , o r li o r the

t l c dl cc di g l c
ro e r ,

i c
re a o n o f

n u m bran e c pw l t d p y l t t
w a s h her ha n h a h h ou be a e n ,
o an , b y t he l a W S O f t h e S a e

Hc t ctd Nic l l P igl d i wt d

‘

an en o r u on a
he re o n , m us b e m a e a o r n t o t h e her e s u c h n o e w as m a e a a b e In

w d pcid pd tty t it t dc it
.

lee: s i t us , o r t h e o a l a w o f t h e p a e o s fo r ho s , 1 e, 2 2 0, h e re a

Y Yk k d wtw citid
v . a

h e re t h e i s s ua e A nd fo r t he s a e o f a n s t ua e in

t l t d p p
ro er . o n ra
h a s bee n e h a t he lex lo i rei s ites Ne w o r w as m a e b e e e n t w o

d t i i g wl t dit l p p ty P t wyl d i x cw t d gi c gt ctd d

e ze n s

m u s a so b e re so r e t o fo r t he u r o se o f o f Ne w o r , o ne o f ho m re m o ve to
e e rm n n h a i s , o r i s n o t , t o be c o n her e t he w as

l c li t y wi t i i t t tc ki g p y tg gt p p ic
en n s van a , o n ra
s id e r e d a s re a o r h e re ab e af e r ar s e e u e , by v in

i g t i l tt p i ci p l
ro er ,
so a ee ,

as t o h av e o a h n t h e n en a n d an d a a mor a e o f t he r em s e s t o

Up lld x p i ti j ct it c y w i c tg g Y k
n

m e an n o f h s a er r n t he a m en o f th e ur h a s e

tg t ti t t t t P yld wi ic it
e se ure
o n a fu e a m n a o n o f a ll t h e m o n e , i n h h m o r a e t h e Ne w

t iw c t ypp E gl dd cid d w ic
as e s or
t o be fo un u o n t he s ub e , e h e r i n r a e o f n e re s w a s re ser ve , h h w as
h s o un r o r in

ci tii d w ic ci cl i t i t c t t
h o e v e r, a
n

e a r t o ha ve
a n , n On e o f h h,
t he p r e ttg gt gi i lyg c d d tit ki g
re a e r h an h a o f e n n s va n a ,
held h a t h e v n t he ee an d a n t h e
w as

it gti l c ttg ctg d id Y k y

e e

s e q ue s o n h h a r ses i n h s a u s e , I m o r a e w as o n o n s um m a o n o f t he

tg g x c t d p p p
a
h a v e a rr ve a t t he ha hi s m a e i n Ne w o r , an d

ty w tici t lt i g lid d ic l It y t Agt ti tt i c cid tc l

on us o n or na o n ra
m o r a e e e u e h ere , an d u o n ro h a t he m o r a e w a s n o t vo fo r u s u r .

i n h s S a e , be n v a b y t h e lat i s r ue h a i n h s a s e t h e o ur a s o

t gg d ty tg ig cw wtt t lid d t
et
s i t us , h h i s a so t h e l aw o f t h e o m i — “
he re i s n o e v en e in

c t gi c ll ct l cw ity wit
sa z a n,

o f t he m o r a o r, i t i s t h e o f t hi s h s a se t o sho h a t h e bo n an d m o r

t t w t tit fi ywt t igi tily x c t t d

u ~

o ur t o v e fu e ff e t o t h e s e ur h e re n o t bo h va by t he l aw o f t he

l dd w ic i l t it p tyx ic tti d d
,
a e

o u t r e fe ren e t o t h e u s ur y a s o f En g S a e h e re h e n al e e u e

dc t t y p i
e re o r .

h h n e he r to es h a a t t he m e o f he ir

tt g gi t p t pl cifid d l g l t t t
an , ar n en e an e e s

e v a e o r v o a e by t h e e e u o n o f a a e , a n d fo r s o m e re v o u s , s i x p e r

Pt t yl i xi t d it dt t t t wppic
e a rs
m o r a e u o n t h e a n s h e re If n o w a s t he e a ra e o f i n e res i n

ti cti w ig t p p y l cg l y y
. en .

r a e o f n ere s w as s e i n th e c o n B ut o es n o t a

p igi it d t p ti gd cli gi gp
e en ns van a . e ar
it m h e rh a s b e n e e s s a r to ha a n y la w e s e i n ha S a e h h

l c t i i gc w t i t t p p t
ra ,

he re t he m o ne w a s e a ro h b e t he a r e s fro m a ree n u on

id w i c i g t
n q u re
p ay
a b e w h e n i t be a m e d u e , fo r t he a h he r r a e o f i n t e 1 e s t , o r

titl d c i c iQldi c i tt t tc t t k d tic c t l w t

u r o se e ar n se

o f as e r a n n ha n e re s t he m o r c ur i t i e s v o in h h a h h e r ra e o f
gg wa s to n ere s w a s re s e rve A n d o ur s o f hi s

J c t ct t t t l t t y ct p d t
a ee en e re e ve . u n e v . .
p

C a llc n d e rf l D cs a us 1 60 ; S o f e et a l S a e a n no e o f t he s of

l y d
. . a e no a

v D a , 20 o h ns 1 0 2 B ut i f a o n ra o he r S a e s , u n e ss h e 1 n t he

pw ic ldtg g lidl d t i y t t littl d t t i td p d dci itly w t ldi l t

a re ro v e
.
y . .

fo r t he o a n o f m o ne i s m a e he re , a n d s a m e m a n n e r a s o h e r fa s But he re .

'

u o n a mo r a e o f a n s in h s S a e, is o ub h a t he e s o n o u h a ve

p i ll ti c ditE gli it c y l t w g d t p t i ti
e
h h wo u be
if t h e m o ne w as b e en t h e s a m e , n e en en of h s

R l g AtkP c t pl
va as

a y a b e t o t he o r h e re , be S e e fur he r u o n h s q u es o n ,

lt c gdit t yt c tdy p y l
re a n no r o un .

a v o a o n o f t he sh C h a m p an t v an e a h, i n C h 12 8 ;

w y Atk
n
,
us ur a s, b
re
. . .

a ho u h t he m o n e is m a e a a b e to C o n n o r v Be lla m o rrt 2 3 82 ; S a e

tl w d i t t wl wic Eg gl t d t T i P ip p A gl pl
‘

. .

t he i n ha o un r , a n d a t a to n v C o n a , l Ve s 4 2 7 , 3 72 7 ;

Ti t I t t
re o r . . .

r a e o f n e re s h h is ha n i s h e se a , 5 V i n A b r 2 0 9,

idg M ti y ly x i d M y E EkiA y E t I Bidi g

re a e r s v n . . . .

a o e by t he a s o f n an hs . 8 ; 1 Eq C as A b r c l1 3 6,. . n e re s . . .

q ue s t o n w a s ve r fully a n d a b e a m n e ( ); Co 1

y t F gy
o ne ,
ns v . as n a .

by J u e i n t he e a se o f D e p a u v l ’
W rrrs 3 95 m o us , 3 1 93 ;

M Fd i g
ar n
, . . . no n n .

'

H um p h re s , i n t he S u p re m e C o ur o f F ytle , 8 Cl F in 121 ;

c l y c c t cl t i
er us s o n v . . .

l l :a r ve v . By 86 oo
. . 1 84 ;
ame t o t he in l] l ;

lt c dit l ig t tip l t
o n us o n , an n n

I fu c o n ur ha in VVi n t h ro p

J Dw p T R
,
a no v .

O r e a n s u po n a o an o f
he re , t he re o r m h s u a e fo r t he o h n s 1 83 ;
. e ar v . S a n, 3 . . 4 25 .

[ 92 ]
CH . TH E LAW OF PAE L C .
*
99

s tr u e d b y t he l a w M a s s a ch us e tts If t he n o t e w e re m a d e
o f .
,

p a y a bl e i n Ne w Y o r k i t c o u ld be d e m a n d e d n o w h e re e l s e a n d
, ,

w o ul d be c o n s tru e d by t he la w o f N e w Yo r k If h e d i d n o t .

c o m e t o B o s to n , b ut s e n t hi s o rd e rs fro m Ne w Yo r k a n d t he ,

g o o d s w e re s e n t t o hi m fro m B o s to n e ith e r b y a c a rri e r w ho m ,

h e p o i n t e d o u t , o r i n t h e u s u a l c o u rs e o f tra d e t hi s w o u ld b e a ,

c o m pl e ti o n a m a ki n g o f t he c o n t ra ct a n d i t w o u l d be a Bo s
, , ,

t o n c o n tra ct wh e t h e r he g a v e n o n o t e o r a n o t e p a ya b l e i n
, ,

Bo s t o n o r o n e wit h o u t e x pre s s pla c e o f p a y m e n t (f ) But

v
.
,

if a s b e fo re he ga e hi s n o te p a ya b l e i n N e w Yo rk it w o u ld
, , ,

b e a Ne w Y o rk n o t e A n d if b y t h e t e r m s o f t he o rd e rs o r t he
.
,

b a rg a i n t he p ro p e rty i n t h e g o o d s w e re n o t t o p a s s t o t h e p ur
*
,

v
ch a s e r u n t i l t h e i r a rri a l i n Ne w Y o rk t h e y b e i n g p re i o us ly a t , v
t h e r i s k o f t he s e ll e r a n d th e n a n o t e w a s gi ve n b y t h e bu y er
,

i n N e w Y o rk thi s w o u ld b e w e t hi n k , a Ne w Y o r k t r a n s a c
, ,

ti o n a n d a Ne w Yo rk n o te , u n l e s s t he n o t e w a s m a de e xp re s s ly
a yab le i n B o sto n S u c h w o u l d b e t h e i n fe re n c e s w h ic h w e
p .

s h o u l d d ra w fro m t he re a s o n s o f t h e c a s e s a n d fro m wh a t s e e m ,

t o b e t h e s tro n g e r a u t h o riti e s ; b u t m a n y o f t h e s e q u e s ti o n s a re
“

n o t ye t di s ti n ctly d e t e rm i n e d b y a dj u d ic a ti o n It i s q u it e c e r .

t a i n t h a t t he R o m a n ci vil la w c o n s i d e red t h e pl a c e o f p a y
m e n t o r p e rfo rm a n c e a s t h e pl a c e o f t he c o n tra ct A n d thi s .

l a w h a s m u c h titl e t o r e s p e ct o n a q u e s ti o n o f t h i s k i n d b o th ,

a s t h e b a s i s o f a wi d e ly e xt e n d e d s y s t e m o f l a w n o w i n fo r c e ,

a nd a s t h e e m b o di m e n t i n i t s c o m m e r ci a l l a w , o f s o u n d s e n s e
,

a n d a cc ura t e j u s tic e .

It i s t o b e n o ti c e d t ha t t he p a y m e n t i s t o b e m e a s ure d o r
re g u l a t e d b y t he l a w o f t h e pl a c e w he re t h e n o t e i s b y t h

t e rm s o f t he c o n tra ct t o b e p e rfo rm e d a n d n o t b y t ha t w h e re ,

it h a pp e n s t o b e p e rfo rm e d A n o t e m a d e i n B o s t o n m ay b e
. .

d e m a n d e d a n d s u e d i n E n gl a n d o r vi c e vers a b e c a u s e a n o t e ,
'

wit ho u t a s pe c i fi e d pl a c e o f p a y m e n t h a s n o c o n tro ll i n g pl a c e ,

b u t m a y b e d e m a n d e d o f t h e m a k e r w he re v e r h e i s Bu t s u c h .

a n o t e w o u ld s ti ll b e a B o s t o n n o t e o r a n E n gli s h n o t e a cc o r d
'

i n g t o t he pl a c e o f i t s s ig n a t ure In fa ct a ll d e b t s a re p a y .
,

a b l e e ve r yw h e re u n l e s s t h e re b e s o m e s e ci a l li m it a ti o n o r

v p ro
, p
i s i o n i n re s p e ct t o t h e p a y m e n t ; t h e ru l e b e i n g t h a t d e bt s ,

(f ) Wh it
s on v . S t dd M t
o er , 8 ar . 95 .
1 00 *
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[P AR T H .

ch h a v lo cus Si ms b u t a cc o m p a n y t he cre dit o r

v
as su , e no or ,

y w he re
e ve r , and au th o ri ze a d e m a n d u p o n t h e d e b t o r e e ry
w he re (g ) . .

*
S E CTION VI .

LA W F R M RE S PE CT -

P R OC E SS
RE E Y
OF TH E OF TH E O U IN TO AND

M D .

E ve ry s t a t e h o ld s j ur i dicti
thi n g s
s
I
v p o n o e r a ll e rs o n s a n d a ll

with i n i t s d o m i n i o n a n d n o furth e r In E n gl a n d a n d A m e r ic a ,
,
.

fo re ig n e rs m a y a va i l th e m s e l ve s o f t h e c o urt s fo r s u it s o r de
fe n c e s a g a i n s t e a c h o t he r i n lik e m a n n e r a s ci ti ze n s m a y A n d ,
.

a p ers o n w ho h a s p ro p e r ty w it h i n t he j ur i s d icti o n o f a n E n gli s h

.

o r A m e r ic a n c o u rt i s li a b l e t o t h e a cti o n o f s u c h c o u rt t h o u g h
, ,

he h i m s e lf m a y b e o u t o f t h e j uri s d icti o n p ro v id e d he re c ei ve s ,

s u c h n o ti c e a s t he g e n e ra l l a w o f t h e S t a t e o r t h e r u l e s o f t h e

c o u rt m a y re qu i re (I1) .

But o n t h e t ri a l a n d i n r e s p e ct t o a ll q u e s ti o n s a s t o t he
,
‘

fo r m s o r m e t ho d s o r c o n d u ct o f p ro c e s s o r re m e d y t he la wf ?
, , , ,

o f t h e pl a c e o f t h e fo r u m i s a ppli e d ( i ) A fa m ili a r i n s t a n c e o f .

t h i s i s a n a cti o n o n a n i n s tru m e n t w h i c h h a v i n g a s c ra w l w it h ,

a m e re lo c us s ig i lli u p o n it w a s m a d e i n a S t a t e w h e re thi s i s
'
.

a ll t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s tit u t e it a s e a l e d i n s tr u m e n t , b u t i s
'

s u e d i n a S t a t e w he re a s e a l o f s o m e ki n d m u s t b e p u t t o it .

T hi s i n s tru m e n t m us t n o t o n ly be d e cl a re d o n a s i m pl e c o n
Bl
Bl k ll id
(g ) c d R l ha r M
B y d us s e , 1 3 1 ; in glE d t i c t
iV g ViBl d l BB Ad T iy S ee R o b
an d h o un r

l p
an as s . n an s .

\Villia i n s , 6 P i c k 2 8 6 an , 2 urr 1 077 ; D e La

Vi g i N
a e v . . ra n ar ns o n v . .

M a rs h a 8 1 94 S ee a n te, 2 84 ; r m

t i c t y y g B iti Li Lipp d
,
. . a so . e a c a nn a ,. . .

(f ) bey v u e r, 1 R i ng C 15 1, 159 ;

llyt t t t y p i i tic git i g

. . . . .

(It )In h w e h a ve , sh ne n C o D rum m o n , l o B

Nll wig t M Pit

s o un r ve r e n er r v -
.

ma n , 5 C l F i n
. .

fo r ah C r 903 D o n v

l y p p i ll y l
a ,
s a u o r ro v s o n s v n . . . .

d e fe i i d a n ts d ue n o a n d h e re a re 1 a s h v T a p p er , 1 Ga i ne s , 4 0 2 ;

cp p tic t t t y piK ll GJll L dg P lp

se n e . ear
ge n e ra ,
e rha s un ve rs a ,
r u es o f sa v D h , 2
. as s 84 ; S m h v . .

o ur t a n d o f e , fo r t h e s a m e S n e a , 2 o h n s 1 98 ; Va n R e i m s dyk 0

titli d t i t Lti Vii l lly c g J P ck i J E

ra c
p ur . .

o se A n d t he p r i n c i j i le ha he a re e n
.
'

ane , 1 a 3 71 ;
. o e he s, 1
13 9, 2 C a Ga s i n
’
e d to h s p ro e c o n i s un ve rs a hn s Ga s

M y B d J t H k R Pidck i g il ci kx
re o o . . n es . rro r,

l i s he r a ne 3 \ s 3 0 2 , 3 03 ; 32 1 ; IIo zie r, 14 hn s 34 6 ;

t t T Ni tl c t tly t
n ze .
<
,
. e v . o .

T he ar , 9 C ra m h , 1 2 0 , 1 4 4 ; -

ra o n es v . oo ,
2 an . 3 03 ; W o v .

p un e I n s C o 3 S um n 60 0 H un 13 P e t 3 78 ; er n F 6

ly ci ili
s re e v e . . . . .
,
. s ,

(i ) h s r u e is o n s a n as s e r e d , n o t Ve rm 1 02 . .

on by a l l v a n s , but i n n um e ro us c as e s

[ 94 ]
 TH E LAW o r PAE
L C .
*
1 01

tra ct b u t if s u e d th ere it i s o n ly a s a s i m pl e c o n tra ct t ha t it will

,

b e t he r e c o n s t rue d i n re s p e ct t o a ll t h e righ t s a n d o b l i g a ti o n s o f
t h e p a rti e s (j ) .

S o m e q u e s ti o n h a s a ri s e n i n t h e c a s e o f a n a rre s t i n a s u it
*

o n a c o n t ra c t m a d e w h e re t he a rre s t w o u ld n o t h a e b e e n p e r v
m i tt e d b y l a w ; a n d it h a s b e e n he ld t h a t t h e r ig ht t o a rre s t
w o u ld b e t h a t o n ly whic h w a s gi v e n b y t he l a w o f t he pl a c e
w h e re t h e c o n tra ct w a s m a d e (It ) It s e e m s h o w e e r t o b e . v , ,
*

(j ) Ali gd w H Hii td l i c c jt dg itp c t wt ic i 4 C o w 5 0 8, o m m e n em en fa in h h , as

B k D glit d t tld D N llyH c pt yc diwgic g i t t pcti p d

n re s e rr o ,
. o su ,
a a se

o v e rru n M e 1 e d 1th v ns a e , 2 C a n es , far as we c an u e at r ese n , a u h o r zes

3 62 ; o f Un e S t he e rso n i n t h e

T t Gi l l t c ld F c
an a es v . o nn a ,
no ro ee n a a ns

O h t h e r a n sa o n in h
‘

8 P e t 3 61 h am , 6

Ad K B P c pi ci i t t t w t p Il c l g t
o un r a sse

J
. ou as . . .

1 50 ; hras h er v E verh a r , 3. If he re o u be n o n e i n r an e , i n m
y
’

o h n s 2 34 ; am s e rr , 1 he re ca n be n o n e h ere

cd ci i l t c t d M t l d ti ic d it t wp c itl i lig ti
. o n on . . an n o .

3 60 . o n e ve h a ha is no e rso na ob i a

k S h a t e as h a s been un ers o o n i n t he o un ry i n hi h
() t

B P w ld l w t it
u o o a r s e s , c an

b e the e s o n o f t he o ur i n e v e r be r a s e ob

l li g ti t i t t c d
n o a e rs o n a

w t t j dg t
e an v . a on

F i t zj am e s , 1 13 8 W e sub by t h e a s o f a n o h er If b e a p er

cg t d t Itt c p c ctid d d t t i c yd p i wt d t t
. ou . . . .

m i t , h o e ve r , h a t h e u m e n o f t h e s o n a o b a o n h ere , m u s be e n fo r e
“

o ur i n h a i ffer en h e r e i n t h e m o e o n e o ut b y t h e l a w

t gx c t d ldF c i l d d t lig ti tty w d t it i d

as e ro e e e on a
ro un w as an a
. o n o n a n i n s t ru of h s o un t r ; b ut h a t h e n a ur e o f
m en e e u e i n ra n e T h e efen an th e o b a o n i s m us b e e e rm n e by

c ll g pl i ti w i t t t i c t ywi l pply
.

h avi n bee n h e t o ba l , a r u e w a s o b t h e l a w o f t h e co un r h er e w as e n

cgi ic lc l dd ld d d T i c idc itti d J id

“

t ai n e d a in o n t he a n ff t o sh o t er e d n o , a n d h e n h s o u n r l a
H ea th,
”
a u s e w h y t he b a bo n sho u n o t be i t s o w n la w t o e n fo r e

t i g c d t ppF cc c At I p ll c t d ctt t t it
sa : .

b e a n e l e , o n t he efen h s , o n o n s era o n , o e s s e em to
‘

ve n up t o
o m mo n a m e t o b e a e r so n a an d i f be
’
an t s e n e r n o n t ra

p d c d t ti g t t d t ld ld i l T t
a e a ran e .
,

the b e ar i n g a n affi a vi o f a r en h h av e n o t t he eas o ub h a t he d e

i g c g t t
o un

F c l y
so ,

sell o r w as h a , by t h e fen a n sho u be h e t o ba ha

c t ct t g d
ro u e , s a n

cl tl ct it g t g d
.

l a w o f ran e ,
“
no t o n p
t h e e r so n o f t h e be n th e a se , w e a ll a ree , h a i n co n

p
r an o r w a s n o t e n a e

pdy ty cld t cti gt d tipi l ti t dt d l w c tw ct c c

o n ra
i ab e , b ut
th e a r
or or ,

w as n o t eve n
to s
e rm i e
u a e ha
g
tt d
or
to l w
str ui ng o n ra
t h e a s o f t h e o un r i n c
s , w e m us be

t y
h i s m a e ; fo r a ll o n ra s h a ve a r efe ren e
w i
o vern e
h h he a r ec t
by
y
dc d t d t t l A t l t pdi itd t t wi gic t y p ti t
o n ra n

bo s ho u be a rres e o r m r s o n e by t o s uc h a s But h e n we o m e t o r e m
p
.

re as o n o f a o f ha s o r f er ar i s a n o her h n ; h e m u s be

dipi i ti dg li d itt t cl cw t y w p ty idc t ct l w d

ee e es .

um e n t , t he o urt m a e t he r u e a bs o u e , u rs ue by t h e m ean s h h t h e law o n s

ea th, J , But s ee m s o ut h e re t h e a r T he a s o f

l y c t
re s

c ti t t d
s sen n
. . ea r es .

fro m t h e o n o n s e v ere h a Eyr e, C t h e o un r h e r e t h e o n ra was m a e

c t w t p g d c t ct d ci g
.

J , an d Bo o l e, J , w ho o n s u e a m a h a ve a r eferen e t o t he n a ure o f

t cc t di gi t t ti c t i it j ct c i i t c t yl w
. . c an o n

jo ri t y o f t he o ur , en u o n t he ro un t h e on ra , n o t t o t h e m o e o f e n fo r n
h a t he n s r um en i n q ues o n di d n o t , W ho e v e r o m es n o a o un r vo lun
di d t t t c t y t i
.

"

t o t he l a w o f F 1 an c e , t aril y s ub e s h m se lf t o a ll t h e a s o f

p c di g p t i p t t lyt dil d gctg d tt l w J pI ti

a e1 n on a n
an y p er so na l o blig a t i on , a n d n o t a uh o r ha o u n r , an d h ere n t o a ll t he re m e
ize an y ro e e n s i n p erso na m , but o n i re e by h o se a s , o n hi s a r e

J t J g wi t L d i J ti c
es
R o o ke,
”
i n r em A n d i t w a s u o n h s o in , h a u ar e n a em en s

id t p it ppl ligt ti t t c t t t ctit T g i cd t ctp c itk

. en . .

H ea th, d i fi ere d fro m h e m Eyre, C h m y o r C h e f us e

'

. t i rely a ree
. . .

If ha hi s o n ra ho u h t h e o n ra , o n t h e fa e o f , m ay

ld d c l w w d di g
sa : a e ars
e rs o n a o b a o n , and ha see m t o b n t he e rso n o f t h e D u e de

F t c x ti p i cip l p ti g c l id iti wg ldd dd t d t

cre a e s n o
co u n o t b e s ue as s u h by t h e a s o f F i t zj a m e s , by t h e or s bi n n hi m
e o f r ev e n n se f, & e , ye t b e n m a e abro a , w e m us
’
ran e , o n t h e

p c c t t c y w i t d Acc d
r n ar .

re s s s o v e a o us a s t o b e a n a b us e o f t h e er h o w b e un e rs o o in

g p d t wp ic c di cg t pp i it p fidid it w c c t dict d
o ns ou
ro e s s o f t he o ur , here s e e m s t o be fa ir t h e o unt r h ere was m a e or .

h h t h e o ur m ay n e r o s e i n g t o t h e a f av hi h h as be en p ro

l t ig c t y t t i c t ct c id d
ro un on
to r e ve n a ro e e n so o re ss ve a s a d uce d o n o n e s e , an d n o t o n ra e by
perso n a arr es in a fo re n o un r , at th e t h e o he r, h s o n ra is o ns e re in
— 102 THE LAW 0 11 C O NTRA T C S .
[ PART 11 .

se ttl e d o th erwi s e , a rr e s t being o f t he r em e dy , a n d no t o f t he

r ig ht .
()
I
S o to o ,li m it a ti o n a n d p re s cri pti o n a re a ppli e d o n ly a cc o rdi n g
t o t h e l a w o f t he fo ru m At l e a s t it s e e m s q u it e w e ll e s t a b
.
,

li s h e d th a t a fo re ig n e r b ri n gi n g a n a cti o n o n a d e b t w h ich i s
, ,

b a rre d b y l a p s e o f ti m e i n t h e S t a t e w h e re it i s s u e d b u t w o ul d ,

n o t b e a t h o me i s b o u n d b y t he l a w o f t h e fo r u m , a n d c a n n o t

v
re c o e r p a y m e n t
( )
m
,

T h e g e n e ra l re a s o n i s
. t h at a ll S t a t e s ,

m a k e t h e i r l a w s o f p e a c e t o p re ve n t o pp re s s i v e a n d w a s t e fu l
litig a ti o n wit h i n th e ir j u ri s dicti o n a n d h a e a ri gh t t o d e t e rm i n e
,
v
fo r a ll w h o r e s o r t t o th e i r t ri b u n a l s h o w s o o n a ft e r t h e d e b t i s,

d ue t he c re d it o r m u s t cl a i m it o r l o s e it Bu t t h e q u e s ti o n .

whic h m ig ht a ri s e if t h e a cti o n w o u ld b e b a rre d if b ro u ght i n

,

t h e pl a c e o f t h e c o n t ra ct , b u t i s n o t b a rr e d b y t he la w o f t h e
.

fo ru m w he th e r t h e s h o rt e r li m it a ti o n , b e i n g th a t b y t h e la w o f
,
'

t he pl a c e o f c o n tra ct s h a ll n o w pr e v a il i s n o t s o w e ll s e ttl e d
, , .

W e s h o u ld s a y, h o w e ve r i n t h i s a s i n t h e fo r m e r c a s e t h e la w
, ,

F ran
ha
c c i g t
a m o un t o
np T
wt t t d Dit k tt t Itll lic lt ct p c p ityty yct g dl dd t p itl
e a s n o t a ffe th e tg
er s o n
i s a o n ra
. g h en mo r t t a t i e o n ri s es a e
a ffe
l
in the
. If h
an d
s be a m er e

w d cd id t t
se ur

pp c it c t ll
o es ,
an e rso n a
’
h a t he u e s e s a e sh a be ab e t o o nl o f the e fe n an d if

tt d t t c c t c I
ro er an ,

a n s e r t he e m a n , b u t n o t h i s p e rs o n t h e fa e of t he o ur wi

ll l l c c t ct w t t it p l c i t y ct
. so a e ar s o n ,

If t h e l aw o f Fra n e h a s s a h a t he p e r to ha i r um s But if

it xp ly d cF t cct w w p t l wi g it F cy
a en an e . ca n
s o n sh a n o t be i a b e 0 11 su h a o n ra ,
sh o ha is a e r so n a s e ur a ffe

is t he s am e as if t h e l a w o f r an e h a d i n g t he e rs o n an d fo o

ipt ti pc ci idlly g Dd k tw p p ty d tp i c di g t wc t y
n e v er
be en e re s s a ss e rt e i n t he o n ra If . h ere , h a e ve r ma y be t h e l a w o f ran e
h a d bee n s e a be een t h e as t o t h e fo r m o f ro e e yet h en t he

li lc d t t ciwc ld t c p c d d g t cc d g
a ree n ,

i s fo un i n h s o r a n y o h er o un r ,
’
a r es n o t t o er th e u e s

l p ct c c t y
o ns e rs o n ar

a b e , a n d un e r ho s e r um s an e s he he m a y be ro ee e a a i n s a o r i n t o

di t c t t tw p
h a d o m e o ver h e re , he r e o u
ffe re n e be ee n us ; fo r if
ld it w w ic
h av e been

V idg t
t h e ru e s an d

Vi
h h he 1 3 r e s e n
l B Ad
ra i e o f t he
”
o un r in

li l it wI ld d lit dl c t ct E ll E t P c
no e re .

a reed h ere h a t he e rso n s ho u n o t be (1)D e L a e a v

J H kl y
an n a,
g . . .

ab e , n o t be ab e h e re No w , 2 8 4 , 1 n 11ay v e fs en , 2 as , 4 5 3 e k

t i t i g it w d d d M M pi Til t J H t
ou . .

a s fa r a s c an un ers an t he o n ra ,
v H o zic r, 1 4
. o hn s 34 6 in e v . .

h s i s t he rue m e an n o f T h e e fe n a rean , 3 aso n , 8 8 , o ba r ,

c dt ctit it w ldig t c xplid i d w t d idTg w dg t id

. us v .

a n t i s n o t bo u n d by t he m o re o r s o f t he 5 id 3 7 8 ; S m i t h v S n e a , 2 o hn s 1 98 ;

i t
. . .

b ut h as a r h t o e a n b W o o br e v W ri h , 3 C o n n 5 2 3 ; A t
F c it i gxpl ti itid wigi it II H ly id tt Ad
o n ra , y . .

a ffi a v ho w ou be o n s e re i n a er v o n s en , 4
. 4 7 ; Sm h v . .

W h t he e 4 9 ; W hi em o re v am s , 2

t it k c ld B iti Li D d
ra n e an a o n ve n ea , . .

a m s a t is fi c d , u1 d be n sa sf e th , C o w 62 6

B K
. . .

h n t he d c ti 11d m t s ho u n en C o
be p e i i n rtt e d t o (m ) r sh rum m o n ,

l t i g p i t G ll
. v . .

e n e r a o m m o n a ppe a i an c e S uc h w as 10 C r 90 3 ; V an R e im s dyk v

g t w d M N T pp
. . . an e , .

a s o un dc 1 s to o d t o be t h e u rn n o n o f 1 3 7 1 ; L e R o y v C ro w n i n s hie ld,

c g i gt t d l l c t idi B k R Ugglit d t Kt l D J lly

-
a . .

t he e a s e by A dd er , S e r e a n , w h o s h o e 2 as o n , 1 5 1 l
as h v u er, C ai n es , .

a us e a a n s t he r u e of
' ”
“
l his ru e , s a 4 02 ; S a es v

c i t y ti t t ti J
. an n e o nn a .
,

he , “
was i n o rd e r t o a s e r a n 8 P et 3 61 ee e r, 3 o hn s

ig di t c pity w ic i p dt d d t dy Li c l B tt ll d
ra n e . u es v . .

w h e t hc r t he s e ur i n q ue s o n w a s h a 2 63 ; D eco uc h e v S a ve er, 3 o hn s C h . . .

k n o f s e ur h h m o r e a re m e 1 90 ; a e e , 6 W en 4 75 ;

w t it ly t d
n o n v . .

e rso n o f t h e e fe n a n , o r M Elm o 10 v C o he n , 1 3 P e t 3 1 2 ; Thi bo

’
a a ns t he . .

he her w as o n i n t he n a ure o f a ea u v . e vass ue r , 3 6 M e 3 62 . .

CH . TH E LAW o r PLA E C .
”
1 03

o f t he fo rum m u st go v g e n e ra l g ro u n d th a t t he w h o l e
e rn , o n the
q u e s ti o n of li m it a ti o n o r p re s c r ipti o n i s o n e o f p ro c e s s a n d
*

re m e d y a n d , no t o f rig h t a n d o b l i g a ti o n ( n) .

M d y HKpk
(n ) W il lia m S J E t 13 4 39 ; wd ty ll y l gc l id d d c cti i g mo of

c tt ctw iclik p y ct t xti g i j dg

e r e o ve r n a
'

v . o n es, as ,
a a e ve r e a

b ur v i n s , 3 C o n n 4 7 2 ; V an eb sh a be a ffe
g t he

M
e o . .
, o ns e re as n

R ei m s dyk v an e , 1 Ga l] 3 7 1 ; L e R o y m e n , rel e a s e , er u

t i ti BiJ g N t ct ctiwg t t ydy ly c id d

. . o n ra e a

v C r o w n i n s h i e ld , 2
. as o n , 1 5 1 H uber v . m e n , h h i n e ffe e n u s h t h e co n

S e n e r, 2 C 2 02 ; D e c o uc he v h e he r h e a re t o be o ns e r e

KMl J J ticP ll wig t ti wi t i w ic p tic l

n . . . . ra , o
r

S a v e e r , 3 o h ns C h 1 90 ; R ug g lc s v a s a ffe t he re m e by d e t erm i n

d ci gi t ll d w
. . . n on

ee e r, 3 o h n s 2 63 v D h , i n g t he me h n h h a

L w t k t i di ti cti itdi c ltyp q It ti ilgy tdi c d p

e a r sa
. . ar u ar
2 ass 8 4 M r us e S to ry, i n h i s C o n m o e o f e n fo r n sh a p
b e ur su e , ere

pp t t t li i t ti
. . .

fl i c t o f a s, 5 82 , a es h s u es o n , m h be o n e o f s o m e

c lyiptixti g i p ticigl t c ctit y g l p i cipl M l t c

s n on . an o e n

S u o se t h e s a u e s o f m a o n o r p re ffi u . w as ab s us s e u on
on of a do n o t es i n a a e as e ( Le R o y

clit i l ittiytl tit l p c p dc cli d i llcy ict c d td ic l d

s r ar u ar o un r en e r a r n
’
on e n u sh t h e r h o f a o n , but t h e v . C ro w n i n s hi e l d , 2 as o n s R e p .

'

a m or s e l f, i p so
fa to , an d e a re be fo re t h e C r u C o ur , i n w h h , h o w

p id p ti i d t wi t i j i dgw p llt c tiid t t t it

e
af e r t he a s e o f t h e r e s r be e v er, i t w a s fu o n e e , by t h e e a rn e

j i di c ti d i g w l t t
a nu
e r o , a n d t he h n e , u o n a fu e ra i o n an d r e
“

p id t t i t ct lly l y c id d ttl d ti
ar e s ar e re s en o ns
t he ur s on t he ho e o f h a o f all t he a uh o ri es, ha is n o w

p t d p cti igd t p c p ly d t p tii ti t d i t dt c j ctw t

ur n v e
ha h a s a ua an d fu t o be A
’

e r o , so o ns ere a se e q u es o n .

u o n the a s e , u n e r su h c i r o ub w a s n m a e in h a he h e r ,

i p wc ipt ti c t t t t w lid it ti igxpic d t y t titl plt i ti li it tidy

o e ra e as e ,

c um s t an ce s t he q u e s o n m h r o er i f t h e a r e s h a d r e m a n e s ub e s o f t h e
h e h e r s u h s a u es o f m a on fo r e n o un r un t h e e rm o f m a o n

t c t y w i c w t ldt ct w xtild g i d t p t cd
a r se
on ma
y n o t a f e r a r s be s e t had e h a th e a n ff s rem e

ti t t xti g i
or re s r r e , so

up in a n y o he r o un r t o h h t he p a r h a v e b ee n e n u s he h er e , s u h

cl i ti t l T i t g c i
ou
e s m ay re m o v e , by w ay o f e n u sh a s a e o f fa n o t h av e

p i t w cic cd id ti di ci ltyt c c t i kc it ci pt
s ou re s e n e

m en o r ran sfe r o f t he a m o r e h s . a s ro n e r a s e , a n d o n e o f m o re se r o us

is a o n h h o e s n o t s e e m t o h a v e re ffi u S u h w as t h e as e i n t he re s

i qi c iLiptpw ld dt ctit w ll t ttlt td l li it ti

.

cei ve d a s m u h o n s e ra o n i n t h e d e c i s en t n s an e , b ut w e h n s uffi en to
o n s o f t he o m m o n la w a s s ee m to a ru e i n t he c o n

L d p k t i w t t t i ci c t c k
ou a ve r e se e -

m an , 5 C l
”
t o r e u re In D o n v o n o f t he s a u e o f m a o ns, to

xc l t di ti cti i t di t t c t g l t i itt wit lwl

. . . s ru

F i n 1 6, Br o ugha m s e a s o f h s s ho ha h s r um s an e c a n m a e n o

p d J H
. or

A nd is a p ffe re n e T he r u e i s h s , h a h ere

t R cBi g NPick w d t ti ti twi t t di g i t

as an e e en s n on . . .

o f by Tznda l, C
'

in ube r v t h e s a u e h a s b e un t o r un ,

i p di t w ic it
ro v e . . co n

S ei n er , 2 C 2 02 But i n Bu l n n e t o r un , n o hs an n th e

c t ct d i g c t y xi t d w c cti
n . . . . n er

o he , 1 1 3 6, h e re a e b y en e n o f a n
y m e m en , h h, if

t til dj ctt t c d i d t d t t ldt p i t t cd t ip ctiti

g er v . . .

w a s o n ra e in a fo re n o un r , be h ad e s e hen t he ause o f a o n ae
w een s ub e s h e reo f, w ho r e m a n e he r e e rn e , w o u h av e re v en e t h e o e ra o n

lt tit tic d t c cld c tc y it d

un t h e e b be a m e b arre b y t h e l aw o f
i m a o n s o f s u h o un r , w a s held ccpl i tid d d ct ti l t t t c t
o f t he s a u e F o r n s an e , i f h s a o n
.

i n No v a S o a i n 1 8 2 1 , a n d t he

cti i g g t wi t i y
a r ue
h a su h eb be r e o ve re i n M as a n ff o r e fen an h a d e f ha

wit tt i c y w ltt p ti c i Jt l p ct lly y d cti dyld

ou o un ry
s a c hu se t t s , t he a o n h av n bee n b ro u h i n 1 82 5 h n si x e ars , i n 1 8 2 8 , a ft e r t h e
h n si x e a rs a f e r t h e ar e s am e n o a se o f s i x e ar s , t he a o n Wo u be as
ha
idig c T yt c t it li l it tipl d d
o mm o n ea h A n d S ha w , C
h a t he l a w o f m a o n o f a
. . e ffe ua
t t
b arre , a n d t h e re m e

idt t wH li xdp wti

g ui s he d he r e , a s i f bo h h a d o n n u e t o c ti d
e x t in

p id
cti t i c
sa :

fo re n o un tr of s e f be e in a fa n t o t h e sa m e

ww l lt ttl d c c t d d ty i dd wd l w t t c t
an n o ea e res o er o .

a s a bar t o an a o n in h s o mmo n S o ha h e n t h e a r e s m e t h er e i n 1 8 2 9,
e a h s e e m s o n e e , an d i s n e e

q ti
e l se
By
by a u ho ri t o be
to o
n in wd ty xtig gl i dd c tld t ct lity
so fa r a s t he a s o f h a
i n g a a al l l e a r e m e y , o u
o un r y , b y t a k
a ff e

Mci il c t ti c t c wj i tdictit y t l w tii l l d tid

e ra ,

ue s o n .rn e v C ro w nin shi el d , 1 7 . t h e eb w a s e n u sh e , an d h a e q u a .

a ss 5 5 T he a u h o ri e s , b o h fro m t h e h e her h e h a d bo h rem a n e u n er t h e

l t t t li d i t li it tti p l ip dly l wt it t it
. .

an d t h e me o f
"

o m m o n la w , o n ur i n fi x o n o f t ho s e t he

c td cti t ct p l c w d t
v ur s a s

i n g t he r u e , h a t h e n a ure , v a y , an d m a o n h a d e a se , o r h e h er e he r
o n s ru o n o f Co n r a

c t cictg c d c t ctt t g l dit d

m in e by t he l aw o f t he
s i s t o be e er

h e re t h e
o r bo h h ad

ld pp ic
t ho r i t i e s r e fe rr e
l d
re v o u s

to ,
c t
ef

w
T he a u
he refo r e , m u s
t tbe
.

ti igw t t jwct j i dicti

a e

i s m a e , an d h a all r e m e e s fo r he l a b e t o a ase h e re b o h p ar

pl c w c di i g
o n ra a
e n fo r n su h by e re s ub e t o t h e uri s on of a

d t tc tclt i li it tilt tt c d p
o n ra s a re r e u a e es
t h e l aw o f t h e h ere su h re m e e s fo re n S a e h e n t he ba r a r s n fro m i t s

ti t t t l t ti w ic t k
a e

a re p u rs ue W he her a law o f p re s cri p

. s a u e of m a o ns a a h e T he s a m e .

o n o r s a u e o f i mi a o n , h h a es o n us o n r es u s fro m t h e r e as o n u o n

VOL . IL 9 [ 97 ]
1 04
*
TH E LAW o r CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

*
If h o ld s p e rs o n a l p ro p e rty b y a d ve rs e titl e l o n g e n o u g h
o ne ,

t o a cq ui re a titl e t o i t i n t h a t w a y b y t h e la w o f p re s c ri pti o n o f ,

t he pl a c e w h e r e h e h o l d s i t a n d a ft e rw a r d s re m o ve s wit h t h e ,

p ro p e rty t o a pl a c e w he re t he pre s cripti o n n e c e s s a ry t o gi v e

w

titl e i s l o n g e r t he o rigi n a l o w n e r c a n n o t a s it s e e m s m a i n t a i n
, , ,

hi s titl e i n t hi s n e w pl a c e b ut i s b o u n d b y t he p r e s c ri pti o n o f ,

t he fo r m e r pl a c e (0 ) .

S E CTIO N VII .

OF F REI N ARRIA E
O G M G S .

It see m s to be
lly a d m itt e d g e n e ra ,
and c e rta i n ly a d o ct r i n e
is
o f E n gli s h a n d A m e ric a n l a w th a t a m a rr i a g e w h ich i s v a lid

i n t h e pl a c e w h e re i t i s c o n tra c t e d 1s
,

v a lid e v e r w h ere
y ()
p T h e .

wt tic t t li c it ti p c ctd w licy ti t

h h h e se a s e s h h i s, th a B l ldy H ppg it d ct i pp t id
3 g 63 9, h as b een su

wit di w ic l g lct dyt t lidity cw ly d cid dt t i c tcw di d c i

ro e e , ea z e ,
a . o se

s a u es o f m a o n a ffe on t he me to ho an o os e o r ne ; bu t h s
h n h h a e a re m e m us be p ur ha S h

c tw ctit w ll c d td ct T i cil d E gld dE gl d ti id t

a se on e es a o vo r e ,

su e , an d do n o t a ffe t h e n a ur e , v a ,
he re t h e h usb an a n d w fe e re om

o f t he o n ra h s in at t he m e , an d h a d

plil it ti lly l c p d ww t ti k t i c Bi p
or o n s ru on . e n an

he h e r fo un e o r n o t , ap bee n marri e i n an , i s vo he re

l l w k M i g l g i cl y
r easo n , e n .

’
e s e q ua to h e re t h e e r m o f S ee r e m a r s o n h s a se i n sh o

l ly gig t t t t wy it
a se s s
im a o n h a s e a s e , h e n t he pa r e s v a ua b e a rr a e an d D v o r e ,

ld t i c t y T M dw y
or on
e av e t h e fo re n S a e , a s to h o s e he re 1 2 7, T h e s a m e r u e i s e n er a l

l t Ht tt H l p t iw d
h as o n
ef
be u n t o r un be fo re he h a ve
t h e S a e , an d e a se s a f e r a r s
”
Nc p d l M Mw cp titt
he i n h s o un r
ee h a m , 1 6 as s 1 5 7 ,
h us i n
. e
h ere ar es in
a v .

PH ltt LHw c d G I Bw d l y c t cti g i tg wit i gc w t it

. .

A n d se e o r o n v o r n e r, 1 6 O h o , 1 4 5 ; a ab e b t he l aw o f a ssa h us e s o f
.
y
ub ba r , 1 ( o a ), 1 9 ; m arr a e h e a h o h er, by

t yd G Al i t g w t
ra v . re e n e o n ra n

re n e , 1 Z a b 7 1 4 r ea s o n o f o n e o f he m b e n a h e p e r

i dil d I di i il xpR d Ipl pd w dic g i g i t

a e v a
. ea r s e .

v S o u h ma 3 ree n , 1 7 1 so , Oh o so n an d t h e o her a n e ro , en , fo r t he

Iw d
. .
,

C v Co 22 ; C ur o se o f e v a n t h e l aw , n o

ll diw td ly tw dt it i d t t
e n a na v e re s s

Co e § 2 16; Co ho e s an , h e re s u h m arr a es a re

B c l dy d t
o a e

1 665 e , an d e re h e re m a rr e , a n d i m

ig gd Mi g gc d tt R d I l d
. a o

(o ) kfo r W a e , 1 7 Ve s 8 7 me a e w a s held h a t h e

l d t i c i d d
e v . . . r e ur n e ,

A n d s e e S he b v Guy, 1 1 W he a 3 61 m arr a e , b e n in ho e s a n ,

t li d l t i c Acc di g c
. . . oo

(p ) In En g a n h s m a y be o n s e re w as o o in as s a h us e s A n d P a r ker ,

w cid cd T t pt t t d ttl d E gl d ccl i ti c l

-

a s e s ab s he la w , a t e a s s n e 1 7 68 , C J , s a id z t o t he
“
—

cc t c g i d i g c t ld
. . or n a se

he n t he a se o f C o m o n v Be a r c ro ft by t he e
'

in

B l p ll i it ppp t t
. se e n an e s as a

w as d e ha c a s e i s h us s at e o ur , a n d re o n ze by t he o ur s o f

lid pl tc wwi ccit dic g t ct d l w

e .

u er s N s o m m o n l a w , t h e m a rr a e i s t o b e he
’
in l r i us ,
’
1 13 , 1 1 4 :

j ct p ll t i
.

T he a pe a n and re s o n de n , bo h o r o he r t o t he a s

d gg di w y wit t c i d t tc gt y wit ti i tw ti t d ig
va se a or n

E n g lis h s ub e s , a n d t he a pe a n be n g o f t he a e h ere i s o n ra e ; a l
ho u t he o n s e n h o u h t he par e s t o t h e fo re n

tl d it g t l w t i g Tl pi i dciplct i
un e r a e , ra n a a , en

o f he r ua r a n , a n d w e re m a r r e in h a n n e n o n t o e va e t h e

S pi i t l c t l i g it
o un r
-

S co a n , a n d o n a s u b ro u h i n t he s o f he r o w n h s r n e i s re

lc t t c wiil lg gd d tii g c lt wct c t y dw l

a . o

t o a n n u t h e m a rr a e , e s o f la w
r ua o ur
p ug n a n t t o t he e n e ra r n

w a s ho d e n t ha t h e m a rr a e w a s o o o n r a s ; fo r a fra u u en t
”
r e bi to

i d l t p ti t i d icil c ld
. n

A n a c o un o i t his a s e he f o un a ls o e va s o n o f th e s o f the o un r here

'

it wy xc pt c t ct i g
a

i n M d e o n v J a n ve r in , 2 l l a g g C o n
. . t he ar e s h ave he r o m ou n o t,

s s R ep 4 4 3
. . T h e eas e o f C o n a v
. . e e i n t h e o n ra o f m arr a e, be p ro

[ 98 ]
CH . TH E LAW o r PLA E C .
*
1 05

*
ne c e s s ity a n d pro p ri e ty o f t hi s ru l e a re s o o b vi o u s a n d s o
s t r i n g e n t , t h a t it c a n h a r d ly b e c a ll e d i n q u e s ti o n N e ve rt he l e s s , .

d
t e c t e d un e r t h e g
e n e ra l p i cipl T
pg i ti c i t t gidi g lidityk c i t ct pl wt ct t l i g lig ti i l ti d
r n
to m a e a u s ur o us ba r
e . hus j ct
s ub e s o f o ne c t
o un ry
h e m s e ve s i n t h e v o a o n o f i t s
ll
sh all w be d a o e to

wt iic c t y t c dl w lp i ti g ti t t ct t l w it i d
ar es n en n ro e
a n an n o ve v a t o a o n ra , in a s, b
y a s s um n o b a o n s un er a n

h h m o re ha n t h e a fu of o he r j ur i s d i c t i o n , p ur p o s e ly t o a vo the

tt icti t iti ty w t wt it t jc t y i g d clc d t icitcd itt

n eres _

h e r o un r i s se u r e , by as s n n o e ffe o f ho se a s T he l a w o n h s s ub
.

a n o he r h e re h e re m a y be n o ha v n b ee n by h s o u r

i g t t i di g p c i t y
e rr o r e e a re

o n o f n eres , o r h e re i s e s ab t en e a rs ag o , i n t he a s e be fo re

c t ct g d p ti l l gi l t ll lt i t
re s r e ,

l i s h e d a t a h he r r a e , an d he re e x e cu t is b n n u o n us an d the o m m un

xct ctptid t d d i pg i cip l it ll d pdi i ciplc it i t

i n g a o n ra be fo re a ree u o n
o n i n fa v o r o f m arr a e s so co n
.T he un
If
t h e e s a ure sh a
s ha be fo un
s e e fi t t o a e r .

t t l gi l t wi l xplic tl y
n o n ve n e n , o r re

p l i cy wi t i w p t
e e

m us be fo un e o n r n es o f m a y be e x
p u g n an t t o s o un

t i g c qw ll c idi p lci c ctt t t t t w iicg c t t dct i dt w t i

ra e r n e,

o ,
h a v e to rev e n th e di s p e e t e d h a t he e s a ure l e i
o n se ue n es t o t h e s s ue o f s u h h a m arr a e s i h n

it tc i ww icic wp pld lt it t d wl ld wt i ldc idw lt ll it c witj ict

a s ro us ena ,
o n ra e

m a rr a e s , a s e as t o a vo t he ub an o h e r S a e , h h i f e n e re n o h e re
m s h e f h h o ul r e su fro m t h e o o se be v o , sh a h a v e n o fo r e hn

li w p ti t t P idt t Pick wwilicl w d t qk i i t cx ciid ti

ou
s a e in h h e o e so s ua e ou h s o mm o n e a h Bu t . is a s ub e
S o in P u na m v h h, h en e v er a en n o o n s e ra o n ,
”
u n am , 8

w t i g i g t wi d T i j dg t
ve . . .

4 33 , he re a r e s , bo h res en i n M a s be fo un t o re u re t h e e er s e o f t he

b een dip i citdd d d ltg y l tt t t pti c d p g R i d t t

s a c h us e t t s , h e re o n e o f hem h av n
fo r h i s a u er , w a s h ere
h h es s om
”
.

in 1 8 2 9
h s u m e n w as
But i n 1 83 5 , at t h e

c t cti g i g w i l l t t l gi l t i t d cti g
vo r e ro n o un e .

fo re assa e o i t h e
'

ro h b e m e o f t he S a

wit i t t tli ii gt w t dj i id g t t d d t t i t t l d p t k i
un er a e n era s a u e e v se

fro m o n ra n m arr a e h e hi s a e u e s , t he e s a ure n e rfere by e n a n

fe w as en , i n o r e r t o e v a e f
as o lo l w — “
W hen an y ers o n s , re s
cti c t w p i i t i t ct i g c t y p c d
v n , s z
h s s a u e , n o the a o n n S a e of en i n h s S a e , s h a un er a e t o co n

xidit dt ly tw d t i igd ld pd i i d t t i c ppt i i l

C o nn e
s e , an d
u , he re n o su ch ro h b

h e re m arr e , an d i m
on ra

i ng
a m a rr a e ,
ro v s o n s o f
o n ra r t o t he
h s h a e r , an d s h a ,
re e

g d M c tt wi t i t ti t i g id
e e re
me a e r e u rn e , t h e m a rr a e w a s h e i n o r e r t o e v a e ho s e ro v s o n s , an d

J t d li i ig g j cg t M dwc y t t i t t t i t t ti t i t g c l
t o be o o in a s s a h us e s
i n e v e r n t h e ud m e n o f t h e o ur ,
. P a r ker , C . h an n en o n o f re urn n t o r e s e i n
h s S a e , g o n o a n o he r S a e o r o u n

N wd l g id d T i p d ci ti c c
af er re fe rr n
ee h a m , s a
t o t he a se o f e
h s e s o n o ve rs
a v .

i n i ze d , an d s h a ll t
a f er

gw d
t ry, a n d he r e h a v e h e r m a rr a e s o e m

d c i ll t d an d

d
d cid t i l gt i t t d ci pi titi wc ldt ctid t i t tw t c tt it t t t
ar s r e urn

t he ho e ro un o f t h e re s en a s e , an d res e h e r e , su h m arr a e sha be eem e

in h s S a e
”
to e h s a a n s t he ou R ev S a ch 75 ,

wd ct i w i t i d t tcj cti k w c wtt lt H t M t

e e o n er vo . . . .

b e t o o v err u e h a e s on . The o ur se . 6 . A s to ha as e s h s s a u e
are o f a ll t h e o b e o n s t o t he e m bra e s , s ee S u o n v W a rr e n , 1 0

it t y pt d l g ci ili I d ll c c t i illdi ct i t t i l y
e re a .
. e e .

o r n e m a n a ne i n h a a s e, a n d n e 4 5 1 ; C o m m o n ea h v un , 4 C a s h
. .

T he a s e o f W
'
'

t o be vexa ta q uces t zo a m o n 49 am s v O a es , 5

E gl d t i j ct di t t t M c t
. v a ns ; . .

b ut h e a do t he r u e o f t he l a w o f re e , 5 3 5 , r n e m a er a

d it d pt d t ly c ci t d T p ti t i
e o n a ns a o
h s s ub e , o n t h e s a m e ffe re n fro m h a o f t he a ssa h u s e t s

xt i dg gw ic di c ltyl w c ti g i t plt ti ti will d w c d d t tt

n an on

gr o un w as a o e he r e , n a m e , t h e a s e s a bo v e e . ha t w a s a e on b
y
re m e a n er an d ffi u o f va a n t he a n ff, a s o f t he e fe n an s
’

c lidt y w c ditiit pt tid ti t it iIt t pp i ddt witt pl i Allti N tly

e o
a m a rr a e , h h by t h e a s o f t h e n e s a e , fo r an a o w an e o ut o f h i s e s a e
”

h e re w as e n ere w as h a the a n ff h a d fo r m e r

tp di g ct p t gt i pi licc t l li t gdi tit icit ld dt it g i t

o un r n o a e a re
va The o n
. on of ar e s h u s s u n e r m a rr e h o ne en in or h
a e , t h e e ffe h e r n n o e n o ff C a ro n a , bo h be in om h e re H e r

w c idgi i dg pl ct g l wd ci i p t di cw ic ct d lt d yc
u on e .

s r n , an d t he o u ra e t o ub m o ra s, h us b an d a ft erw ar ds n s u e a s u a a n s
'

and he r fo r a vo r e fo r ause o f a u e r

i g c t y ly cc t di ci g c A t
e re o ns e re a s s ro n e s ve on
re aso n s fo r a e t o t he a s o f t he he r in h h he re w a s a

cd cl ityi g t ll t wc ldt ct d d di l wt t dt tpl i i i g citi d N dt t

v n ar , e re e
fo re n o un r , n o t m e re on a o un o f vo r n h i m a vi n ulo ma tr i mo m t f er .

om fo r h a n o t b e o ffen e by
’
ar s t h e a nt ff a n d t h e efe n a n s i n

tip ti li dl w i t t w gic l lip d di icig l d tl w witt t t t

, ou
e ar n nu a o n ra m a e in v o a e s a e , bo h be n ze n s o f o r h C ar o
o n o f t he a s of t h e S a e i n h h t he na , an d om he re , h t h e p ur

p cli cy ily wipplil l d c t pcti cipl ww ict i pt i itt d li yit g ig ti

e
ar e s ve , b
y e v as o n , b ut fro m e n e r a o se o f eva n t he a s o f ha S a e ,
t he s a m e e be h h ro h b e h e r fro m m a rr n a a n ,

td l w l i t t gt i gc i d cc di g l w t t
o ; no r r n

to s o f a d if n o S o u h C a ro n a an d h e re n e r

t t t d N t
n e e s s ar a e o n ra en
fere n t n a ure — us ur o us , a m n , o r o t h m a rr e , a o r n t o t he s of ha

c ity will q i t t l c ti d li t
a
e rs m a e u n a fu by s a u e o r o m m o n S a e , a n d i m m e di a t elv re urn e t o or h
l aw ; fo r o m n o t r e u re h a t he C aro i n a, an d o n n ue t o ve he re fo r

[ 99 ]
 1 06
*
—
1 07
*
TH E LAW o r CO NTRA T C S .
[ PART 11 .

*
it m u s t b e s u bj e ct t o s o m e q u a lific a ti o n A m a r ri a g e m a d e l
v li
. e se
*
w h e re w o u l d n o t b e a ck n o wl e dg e d a s a d in a S t t a e t he l a w

ld ty i t t td wi til
e a rs “As h us b a n an d fe, un
g lly c i gc
m arr i g an d a lt
ho u h g it be t
jy dgc d t y tha t
t N l ld
s e ve ra a a e, rue

t he h of t he A n d t he S u m a rr a e s a r e t o b e u e by

t i J l tt id i Itg iti d l t t t p ct l w t
ea n es a e . e n e ra
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o f w h ich fo rb a d e i t a s i n c e s t u o u s (q ) a lth o u gh a q u e s ti o n ,

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d K pp M d Bl i g
. . .

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,

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m a n , free fro m a l l o n ne o n s a n d r e a D u m a res l y v F i s hly, 3 . a r s h 3 68 ; . . .

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ur s o n , an d be e e u e o r an d o n ha m v e , 2 G m a n , 62 2 ,

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l t t c
a ns o un r
1
a . .

h e re t he r u e i s s o u h t o be a 1 0 M e t 4 5 3 ; R a y 11 S h e r o o , 1 C ur

tikti gig tM il iti lik c p ii g i g d idicl cyd

e . . . .

S e c a n te , v o l 1 , 5 65 , n (j )
. . B ut w e . . 1 93 1 99
,
. Th e r u e i s , h a fo r i vi l di s .

h n h s is r a he r t o o fa r In ab e s , s u h as r o r m arr a e ,

t t iti t it t d t
o n . o ,

G 1 c c 1m o o d v C ui t i s , 6 an d t he e , t h e m a rr a e m ay be

l wt i c t id
. a ss . e a re
‘
ea h o f t he p ar
t he If a fo 1 c i g n S a e f
e he r b fo e o r a t er t h e
“
—

twc ld p t ll wcdild gi i g di
s a : e r
y
s o f m a i i i a g e s n e s uo us b e s , o r e h e r o f he m , t o h a v e be en v o
y t he l aw

l y d i t
a o

o f n a i n e , a s be an d h f1 o m t h e b e n n n ; bii t fo 1 ca n o m c a l s a

li t i g c g iic itlydi iliti c idt i c p l

een a re n ,

s u c h n1 w 11 1wi 1g c n o t be a o to bili t ie s o n g
t h e 11 1 e s o f bo h ; a n d

t l tl t l
o u e ur n
h a ve a n y va di y he re But m a rr a e s s ab t o be co n

t El l i tt G P ll
. a no n a e s a re s a

n o t n a u ra y u n a w fu , h ut p 1 o h i h i tc d by a fii n i t , an d

cw l ld t d w l t liyd pt t iwit d G t tt i t g I d ll
san u n er a n o r o ra
, y
t he la w o f o n e S a e a n d n o t o f a no he r, i f i n fi r m i t ie s . S ee o v ur r , 2 hi . .

e e b ra e he re h e a re n o t ro h b e , 16 ; a h n s v \Vi llia m s , 5 re e , 4 8 7

t y i g wll w d t i d ct t d tIt ig t i g di l tt ly idti

. .

o u he ho d e n va in a S a e he r e T he s a u e o f 6 W m 4 , c h 5 4 , m ak e s . .

he a re n o t a o e A s i n h s S a e, a so m e o f he s e m a rr a e s a b so u e

wi t t l l iitg c l t d ww t c ildwi w wil giti t

. . vo .

m a rr a e be t e e n 11 1 11111 1 a n d h is e e a s e (t ) m h be a ffe re n q ue s o n
fe s s i s te r is a w fu , b ut y a ll h is v es , w h o
’
h e h e r h is h re n b
'

i s n o t so i n

h e re w
so m e S a e s

tt
.

l
o u d h e he l d
p ti itl dt t
.

li d
S uc h a 11 1a rr a e e e b ra e
va

S a e , a n d t he a r e s e n t e t o t he b e n e
t
i n a n y o he r
.

V ll
e re c q uu l/
y h is

c t t A c i fid l Tc k
In \ a
o ul
v . i l li
ve s , e re al l e

W a m so n , 3 A 111 4 8 t he
p a i a lle l a s e t o a
ma e
.
,
.

Jg ti y I d i g t i i ity wig l lt i dit p gi l t t

sa ur
y:
fi t s o f t h e m a t ri l n o n ia l c o n ra c i s h o r o he 1 m a r i i a g e i n a n n
”
A nd . e o un

Mr a ft e r
q uo t n h s la n t ry, p 1 o ba b ly be fo un a mo n a ll o ur

pi i i ti c c ilc d d tt ill gcciti dit g w

us c e
.

n d e e , i n t he d ve rs s a va e r bes ; b u t c a n be o s s b e h a

t i l g c t ll w d
g ua e s a s ,

O n o ns i n C hr s a n o un t he h re n mus be e m a e i f bo rn o f
”
a r e s a e m us o r o he r s u ife ?
be a o e fo r t he s e o n
’

r e s , at
p ee n
CH . TH E LAW o r PLA E C .
*
1 10

T he fa ct t ha t t he p a r ti e s w e n t a b ro a d fo r t he p u rp o s e o f c o n
tra cti n g a m a rri a g e t he re w h ic h w o u l d b e ill e g a l a t h o m e , ,

o u g ht it m i g h t s e e m t o d e s t r o y t he v
'

,
a li d ity o f t he m a rri a g e a t
,

h o m e Bu t t he c o n tra ry d o ct ri n e a pp e a rs t o h a ve b e e n he l d
.
,

a nd to b e e s t a b li s h e d i n E n gl a n d a n d i n thi s c o un t ry (u) .

T he re m u s t ho w e v e r b e s o m e li m it t o t h i s T he c o m m o n
, ,
.

c a s e o f G re t n a G re e n m a rri a g e s o n ly s ho w s t h a t p ers o n s m a y
b e m a rri e d i n S c o tl a n d a n d t h e n r e g a rd e d i n E n gl a n d a s hu s
b a n d a n d w ife w ho c o u l d n o t h a e b e e n m a rri e d i n tha t w ay i n
,
,

v
E n gl a n d At l e a s t w e a re n o t a w a re o f a n y E n gli s h c a s e
v
.

r e c o g n i zi n g t he a li d ity o f a m a rri a g e c o n tra ct e d a b r o a d b e

t w e e n E n gli s h s ubj e ct s w h o c o u l d n o t i n a n y w a y b e c o m e ,

l e ga lly hu s b a n d a n d w i fe b y a n y m a rr i a g e c o n tra ct e d i n E n g
In M a s s a c h us e tt s t he c a s e s g o s o m e w h a t fu rt he r b ut
'

land .
,

e xp re s s ly e xc e pt t h o s e fo re i g n m a rr i a g e s w hic h w o u ld te n d t o “

o u t ra g e t he p r i n cipl e s a n d fe e li n g s o f a ll ci v ili ze d na ti o n s
()
v
C ,
.

*
It m a y h o w e e r b e re m a rk e d t ha t w hil e t he c o n ve rs e o f t h i s
, ,

r u l e i s a l s o t ru e a n d a m a rri a g e W h ich i s v o i d w he re c o n t ra ct e d
,

i s v a lid no w h e re (10 )t h e r e m u s t a l s o b e s o m e e xc e pti o n s t o t h i s

,

r ul e ; a s if t w o A m e r ic a n s i n t e r m a rri e d i n C hi n a w h e re t he ,

m a rri a g e w a s c e l e b ra t e d i n p re s e n c e o f a n A m e r ic a n c h a pl a i n ,

a cc o rd i n g t o t h e A m e ric a n fo rm s If s u c h a m a rri a g e w e re .

p e rfe ctly v o i d i n C hi n a it w o u ld n e v e rt he l es s b e h e ld c e rt a i n ly
v a li d h e re x
() .
,

t xtt I d l y cit d p c I
A nd i n r efe ren Ce t o t h e a se put i n t he in tig ti c idt y c l w c F c
h s o un r , be aus e su h a m a n i age

p p it l i d P t
R i fi i z, C J , sa s , i n l Villi a m s v m h be v o by t he a s o f

T wi t i t dgt p i t w t y cl d ti
e ,
. . . ra n e , a s

O a e s , 5 re e , 5 3 5 , 5 4 1 , e a n te , 1 0 7, e rh a s w as , i f so e mn ze by a

w t c j tic w ld d li tii t
. ro es

(p ) If a ur k h t w o w ves ho m he do n o t a c k no w l
“
—

wit ld t c idt ct tt t E gl dit

n . an r es ,

e re t o o m e he re , w e a m n s er e , o r if i n an y w ay

c t ct d t p
ou e an e s n e , or
to he m t he u s e d ue t o t he re a o n s ho u ; a n d ha h e re fo r e

p F ccc t i g id p
o n se n
by h e m a t h o me
”
sh o u b e s e t a s e by a o u r i n

Md N d M F g
o n ra e . n an ,

(a ) S ee a n te, (p ) u on a o un o f i t s be n by t he la w

yI I t t t
. . vo

No
”
(v ) e w a y v ee ha m’ 1 6 ass , 1 5 7 of ? An d o n 4 3 2 , he

Di c H gg Di t l pl K t t t y d i c il
.
, . ra n e . .

(w ) M C u llo ch v M C ullo c h , m u s o bs er ve , h a
’
A n d here
“
—

gi t t j il diwcti t t c t iyg c t y
er . . sa s
vo r e C as e s , 2 5 7 ; a rym D al d o n o t m e a n h a e ve r om is to

B g H gg i t
e v .

rym p l e , 2 C o ns s R e p o n t o a fo re

t i tt c p
a . en . . ve a ur s n o un r ,
ur e s s , 1 1 S i m 3 61 ; S eri m s hire v ha t h e a s o f h a

diKg t Bit g H gg i t l i d t w t w ld
. . so o un r a re n e c e s

S e ri m s hi re 2 C o n s s R e p 3 95 s a r il
y t o o b a n an d a a h u o n a m a r

c l w ctw i d
a
,
. . . .

(x ) B u n v S m h , 2 a Co ns s r i a g e s o e m n ze here ; fo r ha

Ki g B pt E t
. . . ou
R ep 3 7 1 ur e s s 1 1 S i m 3 61 b e o m e o f o u r fa o r e s a bro a , i n L e g

N w y B M wi ck H gg i t ly id Et glt c d t y igt t
. en p .
,
.

T he n v ra m .o n, 10 as , 2 82 ; h o rn o r e s e h e re , he re t h e m a n i ag e i s
e bu r r un s i 2 V er m 151 by t h e l a w o f an , an d m h

G g y i l l wi l l d i t t d t i c t
,
. . on n

In H a i f o rd v o rr s , 2 Co ns s be v o by t h e l a w o f h a ; no h

y dyl i t d t p g i g c p ti i g d iccill d t d
. a . . o un r

R ep 4 3 0 , S i r eo r e H a y s a s
. W i ng be a m e i n h s o ur t o a tf e c t
an bo s a y, h a befo re t he a c t , a m a r s u h m a rr a es so e e b ra e , e v en w he re

l i pp i g t
ria ge s o e m n ze
id
by e r s o n s o n o v e r t o
C a a s , o r h a en n t o b e here , w as vo
t h e ar e s a re o m e.
”
111 *
TH E LAW OF CO NTR T AC S .
[PART 11 .

It i s g e n e ra l r ul e b o th i n E n gl a n d a n d i n t h i s c o u n
a so l the ,

t ry t h a t t h e i n ci d e n t s o f m a rr i a g e a n d c o n tr a ct s i n re la ti o n t o
, ,

m a rri a g e a s s e ttl e m e n t s o f p ro p e r ty a n d t he li k e a re t o b e
,
.

c o n str ue d b y t h e la w o f t he pl a c e w h e re t he s e w e re m a d e ; fo r
an
y d i f
fe re n t c o n s t r u cti o n c a n no t be s u pp o s e d t o c a rry i n t o

e ffe ct t h e i n t e n ti o n s a n d a gr e e m e n t s o f t h e p a r ti e s o r t o d e a l ,
-

w it h t h e m j u s tly ( y ) T h i s b e i n g t h e re a s o n o f t he ru l e it c a n
.
,

n o t a pply t o t h e c o n s tr u cti o n o f s e ttl e m e n t s a n d t h e l ik e w h e re ,

t h e p a r ti e s a r e m a rr i e d w h il e a ccid e n t a lly o r t ra n s i e n tly a b s e n t

fro m t h e i r h o m e s w it h o ut a ct ua l o r i n t e n d e d c h a n ge o f d o m icil
, ,

a n d m a k e t he i r s e ttl e m e n t s o r a rr a n g e m e n t s t he re a t t he ti m e ,

o f m a rri a g e ; fo r i n s u c h c a s e s t he l a w o f t h e d o m icil s h o u ld
'

g o v e r n a n d t he m a rri a g e a lt h o ug h a ct u a lly fo re ig n s h o u l d b e
g
,

re a r d e d a s c o n s t r u cti ely a n d v i rt u a lly d o m e s tic

*
F o r as a v ,

.
,

g e n e ra l ru l e t he ri g ht s o f t he p a rti e s a s s p ri n gi n g fro m t h e r e
, ,
.

l a ti o n o f m a rri a g e m u s t b e d e t e rm i n e d b y t he pl a c e w he r e
,
,

t he y t h e n s u pp o s e d t h e m s e l ve s a n d i n t e n d e d t o b e , d o m i ,

cil e d (z ) .

In re s p e ct t o t h e c a p a city o f t h e wife t o c o n tr a ct with a t hi r d

p a rty w e a re i n cli n e d t o h o l d th a t t he la w o f t he p l a c e of t he
,

c o n tra ct d e t e r m i n e s thi s a s w e ll a s o t h e r q u e s ti o n s o f c a p a city , ,

a t l e a s t i n r e s p e ct t o p e r s o n a l c o n t ra ct s a lt ho u g h i n t h e a b s e n c e ,

o f s uffici e n tly d i r e ct a dj u d ic a ti o n a n d i n t h e c o n flict of o pi n i o n ,

t o b e fo u n d i n t e xt w rit e rs it i s diffic u lt t o a s c e r ta i n w h a t t he ,

la w i s o n t hi s p o i n t A n d it m u s t d e p e n d m u ch o n t he ci rc u m
.

s ta n ce s If a n A m e rl c a n w ife fo r i n s t a n c e b e i n g o n ly o n a
.
, ,

b ri e f v i s it i n s o m e c o u n t ry w h e re s h e m a y c o n tra ct d o e s s o o n
'

s o m e a cci d e n t a l o cc a s i o n it m igh t b e mo re d o ub tfu l w he th e r

t he c o n t ra ct th o ugh a lid w h e re m a d e w o u ld h a e a n
, y f v
o rc e
,

,v
S p ci fi d i g B ci L
1
A t t Ad i PMy K
3 ;
Bro . R t
(11 )F e a ub e rt
App C
he r
.
v

3 8,
5 13 ;
T urs t , P rc c i n C h 2 0 7 ,
.

’
o be r s o n s Ga s
2
.

.
.

. 3 M tide

ar
e
n,t
fo re
g
581
be m a e i n o n e o un r , a n d
c
ct itt wiy ll it lid t. ct
n l aw
B ut
h o u h t h e o n ra
.

re fe r t o
o ur er v . an uss e ,

ti J ctki g l t t t t p cti t y t gi pld c p

ns ru v . a r, . .

F rc c m o n lt v D e d i re , 1 Wms 4 29 ; t h e l a w o f a n o he r, be va an d

y B
. . .

D e c o uc he v S a ve e r, 3 o h ns C h 1 90 ; e ff e ua if bo h a r e s h a ve a re e

B t Bt B id c wit t c ct t lcty ttl ig t t

. . . u on
C ro s b v g e r e r , 3 Nd w C h 538 ; D e ma n ha o he r o un r he r a e of

M t
. . .

a ra n e v (J o t t , 6 a rb 4 92 en e, a n d do her e

Fd F All AllB d cwi

. . . re s a ua se e .

(z ) L e re o n v No ue he t , 3 ar 60 ; . . F o r e ve n h o u a o n ra , t h e r h s o f
o r d , 14 i d 5 74 ; t he h us b a n t o t h e
’
fe s p ro p e 1t y a re d e

It d t Lt p itii c p t id i t Bd td Mictl l t d K i ci l
o r v . en v en , . .

6 R o b L a 1 0 4 ; D o c v Va rd i ll, 5
. . & . .
1
. t e rm i ne d in s uc h ase b
y t he l a w o f t he
Cr 438 s e e m s ha by an d a ua s ub s e q ue n om

tll lldy tt ti d ig t p ti i p ti lK dtt E l y M ig Ly

. . ar es an no n en e .

a, o n tl n c t
(z m a e in o u s ana ro v e Le re o n v e s , 8 P a i e , 2 61
.
g ne e
e ffe c ua h a t he r h s o f he a r es ~
an v . ns e ,
e s, 62 0 ; on v .

s ha be e e rm n e by t he ro v s o n s o f a no ,
2 Am . L a w R eg . 60 4 .

[ 1 04 ]
 TH E LAW OF PAE L C .
*
1 12

o n her th i s c o u n t ry But if h u sb a n d a n d w ife g o

re u rn t to .

a b ro a d a n d v i s it a c o u n t ry fo r b u s i n e s s p u rp o s e s a n d t h e re e n t e r
, ,

i n t o b u s i n e s s c o n tr a ct s o b lig a t o ry o n bo th by t h e la w o f t h a t
l a ce a lt h o ug h it m ig h t b e d i ffic u lt t o e n fo r e t he c o n t ra ct
p , c
a g a i n s t t he wife i n A m e ri c a w h il e t h e hu sb a n d li v e d w e , ,

s ho u ld t hi n k t he c o n tra ct w o u ld b e v a li d a n d e n fo rc e a b l e ,

h e re a ft e r he r h u s ba n d s d e a t h a n d p e rh a p s a g a i n s t a s e c o n d
’
,

h us b a n d (at ) .

T he re 1 s o n e p e cu li a r re s u lt o f m a rri a ge wh ich s e e m s t o b e ,

a n e xc e pti o n In s o m e pl a c e s if t h e p a re n t s o f a c h ild i n t e r
.
,

m a rry a ft e r hi s b i rt h t h i s m a rri a g e l e giti m a t e s h i m , In E n g .

l a n d a n d i n t h i s c o un t ry it d o e s n o t It h a s b e e n h e ld i n E n g .

l a n d t ha t s u c h s u b s e q u e n t m a rri a ge i n S c o tl a n d w he re it le gi t i
-
,

m a t e s t he c hild d i d n o t s o fa r l e giti m a t e hi m i n E n gl a n d a s
*
, ,

t o e n a b l e h i m t o t a k e b y i n h e r it a n c e l a n d s it u a t e d i n E n g
la nd . T he ru l e w o u l d b e o t he rw i s e a s t o p e r s o na l p ro p e rty ,

t h e l a w o f t he d o m ici l o f t h e p a re n t s d e te rm i n i n g t h e le g i t i
m a cy a s t o t h a t A n d w e t hi n k t h a t s u c h a m arr i a ge i n S c o t
.

l a n d s u pp o s i n g p a re n t s a n d child a ft e rw a rd s t o c o m e t o
,

A m e ric a a n d b e n a tu ra li ze d h e re w o u l d b e he ld h e re t o m a k e
t he c h ild a n h e i r a s w e ll a s t o g i e h i m a ll o th e r rig ht s o f le g i t i
, v ,

m a cy (c ) .

T he pl a c e o f m a rri a ge d o e s n o t d e t e r m i n e a b s o l u t e ly a s t o
t he d o m icil a cq u i re d b y m a rri a g e It w o u ld b e o b v i o u s ly n u .

re a s o n a b l e t o p e r m it t h e d o m icil o f t h e p a rti e s t o d e p e n d u p o n

t h e m e re pl a c e w h e re t h e m a rri a g e i s c e l e b r a t e d w h il e t he
'
-

p a rti e s a re p e rh a p s o n ly i n tr an s i tu T h i s q u e s ti o n i s t he re fo re .

’
s e tt l e d b y t h e i r a ct u a l d o m icil a t t h e ti m e ; t h e h u s b a n d s
d o m ic il i s d e t e rm i n e d b y t he t w o e l e m e n t s o f a ctu a l r e s i d e n c e
a n d i n t e n t a s i n o t h e r c a s e s ; w h il e t h e w ife a cq u i re s b m ar
, y
ri a e
g t h e d o m icil of t h e h u sb a n d and c h a n ge s it as h i s ,

ch a n g e s (d) A n d i n s u c h c a s e t he wife s ri g ht s m a n d t o t he
.
’ "

(a ) In c d c di ct l djw
t h e ab s en e o f m u h
Bligc c
(b) D o e B V a r di l l, 5 C r 4 3 8, 9

y c i ly
u

t ip ti t i t l
re a v . . .

d i ca t io n , w e re fe r t he re a t o t h e fo l o h, 3 2

diP i ctlyc d tct i it ti g tci il i t

er .

i ng a u h o r he a r
m o re o r e s s ( ) Su h see m s v e r t o be t h e
i e rt a n

T t y
es , as n
g
h s q ue s i o n P o l y d o re v r n e o f t he re a e r n u m b e r a n d m o s

T G p K tc Lp
re u on . . o
W are , 4 0 2 D rue v h o rn e , a u ho r a ve o f t h e S ee S o r

JL i
r n e, . v an s .

A leyn , ho m s o n v h 1m 8 ‘
72 o n Co nfl o f aws, 93 a , et s eq

P tt B w E t wi c c d d ic til di ti ctdi c
e . . .

o hn s . 1 89 ; a r ni e r v P o yd 1 as , 1 3 .
(d ) S e e a n te, 94 , 11 ( y) . Bu t t he . .

ou s . 1 77 ; o er v ro n, 5 . as , fe m a y, so f ar a s t he q ue s o n o f v o r e
13 1 . i s o n ern e , h a ve a o m i s n fro m

[ 1 05 ]
—
113 TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

p ro p e rty h u sb a n d o r h e r o w n w o u ld b e d e t e rm i n e d b y
o f t he , ,

t he l a w o f t h a t d o m i cil s o fa r a t l e a s t a s re l a t e s t o t he p e rs o n a l
,

p ro p e rty o f b o t h a n d t he r e a l p r o p e rty o f t he hu s b a n d If t he
,
.

wife ha d re a l p ro p e rty i n t he c o u n t ry o f h e r o w n d o m ici l h e rs ,

an d h e r hu s b a n d s ri g h ts i n r e s p e ct t o it m ig h t n o w b e g o ve rn e d
’

b y t h e [ex lo c i r e i s itw .

tH tt Pick d H t t
ha of the h usb an In sh o w t t ha l
di p l t d i t t di dp ci lly t lpti i t l
t h e re g t f ou h t o be

c icd i gw cc t i q ti di ct i i g i g
. a r eau v . a on se

14 181, S ha w, C J a f er fi e a s t o e s ab i s h
mo

t d icipl t W l xp d i
a r e au , . . .
,
sso v e ,
or so
in n e re s s , an d es e

p t t ic p i t i yq i y t Tt i gg t
ons er n er a n ue s o ns ar s n se a r a e a a s e ar

t he hi h h a v e be ar om an d h o m e , be d an d bo a r be

id
as e no re n ra e

u h h i n g p ut , a a r fo r t h e h o e , a s e

xi ppli c l t i c t t ti q tl ig pd ct itw ildg t d pp w y

on s o n ,
sa s s su es s re ss v e

h er o urs e o f n u r , h a i s , h o w fa r o f t he ea o f ho me O t hervvi s e , t he p ar
'

d dicil t iwi xill w tt t

ano .

t he m a m i s a ab e t o h s ase, ha e s i n h s re s e

dt t c g wi d icil Bi wilpl
ou s an u o n ve r
t he om o f the fe fo o s h a o f t h e be n 111 t h e o e r o f

ppl i c ti t i j ct w wi
un e u a ro un s ,

h us ba n C an h s m a m b e rue , in i t s t he h u s ban t o h a n e hi s o m at

clt it c t i cll w td i wt k iMg i g pDic dic g

.
,

a a o n to h s s ub e , h e re t h e fe b ut n o t i n h a o f t h e fe Mr s ho , . .

a m s t o a ct , a n d b i n hi s arr a e an d
y la w , t o a e r a n ex

d c lyt j didcti It w ldc t cp p y d c dwi ct i t t

or on vo r e ,

en an d i n e r a n c a se s , i s a o e t o a ct § 73 0 , a f e r q uo t n fro m t h e re e n
t o h e r h u sb an ? A n d t h e o r n e h a , fo r

wd icil t d t t ld c g it d t icili l dp t A ic t i d l w l
a ve rs e ou o us as e , s a s

t he o ur o f i ts uri s o n , i n a ll as e s ur o s es o f i vo r e , t h e fe m a y h a v e a
h e re t he husb an sh o u h a n e hi s om s e a ra e fro m h e r h u sban , i s e l

om
tidt t dc Itg fix p wd icil
in s u e
t o a n o he r S a e be fo r e t h e s u
i s i n t h e o er o f a b u s
is
t g t k d ti ct t itti w ldt
e s a b sh e i n t he m e r an r b un a s , a l
h o u h s o m e o f t he au ho ri e s

w illg t t xii c c tyld pplP y id c

ou

wi t t p p d ti t t
.

ba n t o h an e a n d h is o m at his s ee m to a e th e i s n i o n , ( rs submi
i . If t h e m a m o u

td k i g wili lt gp t d lt y
m h g o fro m h s o u n to
a ,
a m an
wi d c c tg l id d c icilt
te d
fe an n o
ho u r o er fo u n a o n , ) h a

o s e h er om b y t h e h us
c
a

cd c itti d c t I d d it t
ro v en e ,
a e a h o use , b an s ha n e o f re s en e af e r t h e o ffe n e
’
ve i n o en a u er , a b an
“

cw ld til l l cl c dig c d t icil tt t y

on n hi s fe a o e her, a n d ye t sh e
n o t i be fo r a vo r e i n hi s S a e ,
is o mm

d ti
e , ye t

ctl y
han a q u re a n e w o n e
l i d d
an n o

t
o n t h e o h er

t wi
ha s

l w y l d cl l y li
o u

ct t c i i l itc t
n ee .

h e re , su h h an e o f o m he b e en is n o wn h a t he fe

R d Il d d i c i l cc di g
,
a
h a d a a s i ve He v e s in by a r em o v a o f h er h a b a i o n

xi ll w t j i di c ti w i c p
e ar
. an n o ,

ho e s a n ; h e r o m to a f e r t he o m m s s o n o f t h e o ffe n e , ac

c t plt ti t it d icil d t c t t clt i p pdi d c tc gA it ic

,
a or n

t he m a m , fo o s h is ; sh e he r e fo re , i n q ui r e a n e w u r s o n in h h t o ro s e
o n em a o n o f l aw , i s om h e re u e he r a m fo r vo r e , h o u h i s be

id t i w lt It tg itltyy wt ll w ig t gt t
e

t o o ; so ha n e h e r o f the p a r t ies ca n b e li e ve d h a t he re o n e ran e o f m e r an

sa
p
ro ba b lxiy j t d i dw p c idt t tict
t o l i ve i n h s C o m m o n e a h
us e r v e , t o ha
is . au ho r

t i q ti I y F yil
i s re a
,
as e as
t h e o he r w a y
e
”
h o f a r um e n ,
S ee fur h e r o n

id tityd p w t i lit dt tw N
a o ns er .

t he m a m i s fo un e u o n t h e h eo re h s ue s o n , r b v W s o n , 1 D e v

H wt ll H di wtg l Ald
. .

of e rso n a n d o f n e res b e B a t E q 5 68 , 5 8 2 ; ra r v F ra 1 y, 1 0

p pti t t t B tt
en e en
'
. . . .

h us ba n an d ife , as e s a b s he by la w , 61 ; e n , 9 Gre en l 1 4 0 ;

t t l ti B tt J ck TJ lck T Jl
. ar n v . .

a n d t he re s um ha fro m t he n a ure Sa e S a e , 1 7 C o nn 2 8 4 ; re

t tt t gt t ci t t d id i t t
o n, v . .

o f ha re a o n t he h o m e o f t h e o ne is 5 M et 2 3 3 ; o en , 2

M i M g i D
v . re , o en 1
. .

h a o f t he o he r , a n d n e n e t o p ro Blac k f 4 0 7 so n , 1 o hn s

t i l ti it di i l y xi t P wli g dill wi J
. a so n v a . .

m o e , s re n he n , a n d s e ure he r n e re s s 4 25 ; a u re , 7 an a, 1 8 1 ;

w wii l l c g i wiy p il i g p
a u re v
g .. .

i n h s re a o n , a s v W so n , 1 3 o h ns 1 92 , 2 08

tp d t j did ci ilcild c wi lii id g

or na r e s s, a n . . .

he re u n o n a n d ha r m o n But If t he h us b a n a n d fe h a ve bee n se a

t xit t igc t t p tc i t w t
re v a .

t he la w fe a s ha v n a by a u e ree , a n d a re

pli d t D t t d
re o n ze a ra e a v n
s e n e a n d s e a ra e s e ar a e , t h e om o f t he fe i s n e

x p j t p c di g
s e pa ra e e n e re s s ,

a n d s e p a ra e r h s , i n ho s e a s e s he re en en of h a o f t h e h us b a n W il .

t he e re s s o b e c o f a ll ro e e n s i s to am s v o n n e r, 9 En g L a w
. Eq 5 98 . . .

[ 10 0 ]
CH . TH E LAW OF PAE
L C .
*
1 14

S E C TI ON V I II

OF F REI N IV R E
O G D O C S .

T he l ti o n o f t he la w o f pl a c e t o t h e s u bj e ct o f di o rc e
re a v
p re s e n t s q u e s ti o n s o f m u c h d iffic u lty A n d a lt ho ug h w e h a ve .

m a n y c a s e s i n vo l vi n g s o m e o f t h e s e q u e s ti o n s d e ci d e d a ft e r
v e r y fu ll c o n s id e ra ti o n b o t h i n E n gl a n d a n
‘ , d i n t hi s c o u n try
,

s o m e t o pic s r e m a i n i n r e l a ti o n t o w h ich t h e re e xi s t s a t p re s e n t
,

m u c h u n c e rt a i n ty .

T he la w o f d i v o rc e diffe rs g re a tly i n di ffe re n t c o u n t ri e s b e ,

c a u s e m a rria g e it s e lf i s v i e w e d u n de r s o g re a t a d i ve rs ity o f .

a s p e ct T he C a t ho lic C hu rc h re g a rd s it a s a s a c r a m e n t o v e r
.
,

w hic h t he ci vil la w a n d ci vil tri bu n a l s h a v e n o p o w e r w h a t e v e r “

a n d w h ic h c a n o n ly b e di s s o l v e d b e s u p r e m e s pi rit u a l p o w e r
*
y t h
o f t he C hu rc h P ro t e s t a n t s d e n y it t o b e a s a c r a m e n t
. T he y .

re g a rd i t a s a c i vil c o n t ra ct o f a r e li gi o u s c h a ra c t e r i t m a b e
, y ,

a n d t he re fo re p ro p e rly a s s o ci a t e d w ith re ligi o u s c e re m o n i e s ;

b u t w h o lly wit h i n t h e p o w e r o f t he ci v il a u t h o rity Bu t E n g .

l a n d w hic h w a s C a t ho lic w h il e i t s c o m m o n l a w w a s i n c o u rs e
,

o f fo r m a ti o n ha d n o m e a n s p ro v id e d fo r e ffe cti n g d i v o r c e a ft e r
,

i t b e c a m e P ro t e s t a n t ; a n d i n t h a t c o u n t ry c o m pl e t e di vo rc e a ,

vi n c ulo
'

i s e ffe ct e d o nly b y p a r li a m e n t
'

,
In n e a rly a ll o t he r .

P ro t e s t an t c o u n t ri e s j u d i ci a l t ri b u n a ls m a y gra n t di v o rc e s In .

t h e S t a t e s o f t h i s U n i o n d i vo r c e i s g ra n t e d i n s o m e by t h e t ri
,

b u n a ls for re a s o n s w hic h a re d e fi n e d b y s t a t u t e
'

,
In s o m e .

S t a t e s t h e s e c a u s e s a re li m it e d t o a d u lt e ry a n d fa ct s o f e q u i v a ,

l e n t c h a r a ct e r a n d i n ot he r s a re e xtre m e ly li b e ra l n o t t o s a y
, ,

la x A n d i n s o m e o f t h e S t a t e s it i s t he c u s t o m fo r t he l e gi s l a
.

t ure s t o gra n t di vo r c e s b y p r i v a t e a ct s a n d i n p ra ctic e t h i s i s ,

s o m e ti m e s d o n e fo r v e ry fe e b l e r e a s o n s a n d a l m o s t w it h o u t
-

o t h e r re a s o n t ha n t h e r e q u e s t .

T h e q u e s ti o n m u s t t h e re fo re b e o n e o f m u ch diffi c u lty ho w
far a S t a t e will r e c o g n i ze t he v
a lidity o f a fo r e i g n d i v o rc e
.
,

gra n t e d p e r h a p s fo r c a us e s w h ic h t he la w o f t h e tr i b u n a l t ry
, ,

i n g t h e q u e s ti o n w o u ld h o ld t o b e w h o lly i n s u ffi ci e n t .

T h e g e n era l ru l e i s c e rt a i n ly t hi s A di vo r c e gra n te d i n a
.

1 07
 TH E LAW o r CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

S t a t e i n w h ic h b o t h p a rti e s h a d t he i r a ct u a l d o m icil a n d a lso ,

w e re m a rri e d i s v a li d e v e ry w h e re (6 ) T he n it m a y b e s a i d
,
.

t ha t g e n e ra lly e v e ry S t a t e re c o g n i ze s t he v a li d ity o f a d i vo rc e
, ,

gra n t e d w h ere b o t h p a rti e s h a v e th e i r a ct u a l d o m i cil if g ra n t e d ,

a cc o rdi n g t o t h e l a w o f t h a t pl a c e It ha s b e e n v e r y a u t h o ri t a .

t i v e ly d e cl a re d t o b e t he l a w o f E n gl a n d t h a t t h e t ri b u n a l s of ,

t ha t c o u n try a ck n o w l e d g e n o fo re ig n d iv o rc e o f a n E n gli s h m a r
*
ri a e ( f) A m o re c a re ful c o n s id e r a ti o n o f t h e c a s e s w o u ld ,
g .

Ken
(6 ) ’
t
s Co m
y s
1 08
L w
t t l t Itli w d ld d ti ct y i clc d d c ld di igl c t y i gc tl d
S or
’
Co n fi . of
ou
a s, c p
t be e a s
c di g vo r e , o r t in
ro di ee

y fo re
n in t he n a ur e o f

jw dillc tit l d q ti d t t it tL ctl yd E gly d t pt ty ti t c d

. . no vo r e , an n o un r ; o an

to fi n d hi s r u e e s ab sh e by is n ad n u e ,
ou m a rr a e c o n
sso v e a
fo r t he r e a so n ha is to o in ; a nd he

LE llgliy c j ctR w Ry i d
u

cc ydi gly t t g k
a o n s, ra e n an s en en e
’
e se e t o be u es o n e . o e t o se v e n e a rs ran s o r a o n A nd .

Cr he w a s a o r n
’
(f ) I n us s t o t h e h ul s fo r

E gl d t d w t c t i d t c l t i t l y
o e 5 as e , . . . se n

Ga s 2 3 7, sh sub e m arr e o ne o r t w o h o u h i n m e r cy t h e

l d t d E gl ddi c d i dt Ig t k l lk g ct
. n
o
s ere e a rs ;
in n
O
an ;
’
h e hu s ban en to S o r es ue o f h i s se n e n e w as u ma e re
t h e re he w as vm c ulo ; m it ted a e e a ve t o s a , h e o u h n o t

fi t wi li i g i di c t d ct d t g t i did
an ; vo r e a .
y
h e r e urn e t o an d m a rr he re , t o h a ve o n e t o t h e h u s at a ll , b e a u se

ig c L ctdd t c d d cidit g p t c t icti wit t di ig g l g l

n an e
hi s r s fe v n ; he w a s n e fo r h e h a d a e bo nai fi de, h o u h h s no t

b a m , o n vi a n d s e n en to hi s o n v o n fro m b e n

My w cl l y t t j dg w
e e ra n s r e ve n e a
y , .

o rt a t i o n Bro ugha m, i n B ut h e w a s se n n o t h s an n , a s i f t o

c t p c d t t y id d
or e n
’
I C a rt hy v D eca i x , 2 R 61 4 , sh o h a t h e u es e r e co nfi

p L d k p it t t t g t i t k
. uss . . ea r
61 9, o m m en s u o n L o lley s e n o f t he law
’
a s e , an d he h ad l a o wn ; so
u on

W t l
a n d sa s
or

y L I
E ldo n s r e m a r s u o n
’

d
fi n d, fro m t h e n o e o f
,

p t t t l t d pp t t t p t i
h an t o s u i
h a n e v e r w a s h ere a

j g
dg d re a e r m s a e

o se h a t he r e m s s o n a r ue

a pp l
h a fe l fro m
t t l d ip
c ct id Ll l y i cpp i p t d itt dg d t i ti t w ld
ea ,

era b e m s a
or
h a h i s o r sh a bo re

re h e n s o n
l
E ldo n o n t h e r e s en

as to
u n er
t he
d d E p i t
the ea s

rem
v en i f t he
o ub o n t he

e , t h e re m s s o n
ti l y ar o f t he
un s h m en h a d b een e n re
u es

h a v e be e n
.

yi g wi l l d it t t c i i l i t t t g t t d
o ns ou
fa s i n a se ; h e i s r e o n t he h e re h a d b e e n n o
’
ha

ttl d t t t wil l w ic d cl l y I
o e s e sen e ro un
r
he no t a m h a i t is t he r m na n en , h o u h h a h a d b ee n

dp cid t w lyt d t i d i g D i ld it c p t dctly cl t ttl d t t

as s a n o ne
se e l a w , an d h a he refo re h e no t h h t h e la w e a re s t o be fe o n .

he h e r t h e m arr a e w a s o r n o t ho t o b e e rfe e ar , h e refo r e , h a

di tc i wt cd t k Ipwill y wil t t ii t lyH llc g it id i c It

e e,
’
re m a ure e erm n e by t h e a n sh L o lle y s a se s a n s as t h e s e e l aw o f
H is no t h W e s m n s e r a a t h s d ay h as

it li d l y p tic l p t dl y d
vo r e . o r s a re , .

o ut o her a ss s a n e a e u o n m se f t o b e e n un fo rm s n e ; and in

i g t t ti t i t jc t di c i L d
r e o n ze

No w , i f h a s n o t va
’
do so an d b u a r i t w as r e e a e m a e t h e s ub

Hc ll t di l ld Et gtli igi gdi t c l pp l T yH Li d

ar
.
y
t he h h e s a u ho ri i n W e s m n s er e of s uss o n , b e fo r e E ldo n h i m
’

es or
bee n h o e n , h a a fo re n s e f, i n t h e t w o a ea s o f

t i g tw t t li d L d w I i d l d ip wit
a vo r e o ve v n .

s h m a rr a e , he n s ay, 1 D o w , 1 1 7 , 1 3 1 , i n t h e o use o f

c It t c w ic l w d
an n o s s o ve a n n

no h n h a e ve r h as be en es a b s h e h e n furn sh e hi s o r s h h

cd ct i ct tg dt dp i l It diit p cti gd t t t T t ppc lt

. o r s,
’
a n o e o f L o lle y s a s e , h h h e fo o e
’
F o r w h a w a s L o lle y s a s e l
’
w as a .

a s e t h e s ro n e s o s s b e i n fa vo r o f t h e in o f bo h h o se a e a s , s o far
'

ti ig t c ld yt li t t t di c ig p cccldi i g tic l c t
s os n

o r ne o n en e fo r w as n o t a . as a ffe e he m ha . as e hen s e t
q u e s o n o f e i v i l r h but o f fe o n Lo l t le d h a n o fo re n i n t he n a

d d t i t y c tc c ld ct lly di l E gli
, . ro e e n

le y ha d (mm? an d in a o n fi e n be e f, ure o f a vo r e i n an e

l wy t i t l d p i di cgli ig wy B ly
es as a o ur
fo un e o n t he a u ho r o f t he S o h ou e ffe ua s s o ve an n s h m ar

B ut i n C o n a
”
h a t he S e o t e h vo r e h a d e f e az e , 3

i t i d E gl d li i g y cit d w i c
a e rs r a e . v .
,

fe c t ua ll y d s s o ve h is r o r En sh m ar I l a g g Ec e R e p 63 9, 64 3 , D r L us hi ngto n

iigt wiy td g i ildty L c t p i t p ll gc dd t t fiy ligd ci it ity p

. . . .

r i a g e , n e r m a rr e in n an , v n h is sa s C a s e s h a ve b ee n e in h h
f rs fe H e w a s r e a t a n a s e r fo r i t is a e e ha a n a s o n h as b e e n

d g d p ti c tc di c
. e

b a m , a n d fo un ; b ut t he by ve r h h a u h o r

t il g d j g l y E gli t ti g t i gt it c l t d
u o n ro n o u n e u on
w a s re s e r ve d , a n d w a s a ft e rw a r s a r ue t he O e r a o n o f a S o h vo r e o n a n

b e fo re a ll t he m o s ud e s o f t h e s h m a rr a e , ha h as bee n d e

t g lyt di c d fig t t t gi t E gl d c c tct t i di l l dt t
e a rn e n

d a y, w h o a fte r h e a r n t he e as e fu a nd t e rm i n e d h a a m a rr a e e e br a e in
h o ro u h a t We s m n s e r be by t h e s en

i pi i t t di t ct i di l l
s u ss e , rs n an an n o s s o ve

Il a ll, a n d he n a t S e r e a n s In n , a ve a h r b un a , h a t he c o n
'
tc ne e o f a S o
c le a r a n d u n a n m o us o n o n, ha 110 ra r e m a n s fo r e ve r i n s s o ub e Th e .
CH . TH E LAW OF PL AE
C .
*
1 16

v
h o w e e r le a d t o t he c o n cl u s i o n t h a t t he e s ta bl i she d ru le i n
,
'

E n gl a n d g o e s n o furt he r t h a n t ha t a n E n gli s h m a rri a g e c a nn o t *

,

v
b e t e rm i n a t e d b y a fo re ig n d i o rc e u n l e s s b o t h p a rti e s a re a c t ,

u a lly d o m icil e d i n t h e c o u n tr y w he re t h e d i v o r c e t a k e s pl a c e

v
.

T hi s ho w e e r i s m u c h furt he r t h a n a ll c o urt s o r l e gi s l a t ure s

, ,

o ; fo r s o m e h o l d a n d p ra cti s e u p o n t h e ru l e t h a t if t h e p a rt i e s
g , , ,

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n e he r o f h e m h a ve an 1 The ri bun a s
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VOL . 11 . 10
 TH E LAW OF
"

CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

*
In
t hi s c o u n try t h e la w o n t hi s s u bj e ct i s re g ul a t e d ve ry g e n
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w a s o b t a i n e d i n g o o d fa i t h v a li d e v e r y w h e re P e r ha p s it m a y , “

b e s a id t h a t t he t e n d e n cy o f A m e ric a n l a w i s t o w a rd s a re c o g
n i ti o n o f a di v o rc e o b t a i n e d i n a n o t h e r S t a t e fo r c a us e s w h ic h
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w o u ld b e s uffi ci e n t gro un d fo r d i vo rc e i n t he S ta t e w h o s e t ri
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b u n a l t ri e s t h e q ue s ti o n bu t n o t o th e rwi s e F o r t h e Co ur t s o f , .

e a c h S ta t e o b e h i n d a c a u s e o f d iv o rc e i n a n o t h e r S t a t e s o
g ,

fa r a s t o i n q u i re i n t o t he s ufil ci en cy o f t h e c a u s e ; b ut n o t s o fa r
a s t o d e n y t h e ev i i s l en c e o f t he c a u s e if a s c e rt a i n e d b y a c o m ,

e t e n t t r i b u n a l o n a re g ul a rly c o nd u ct e d t r i a l
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of ac
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a u se o f h er e v er t h e o ffe n e m a y fen wa s o mm he h er i n t h e o un

cty l t i pd p ciiti Wit i t dii ig ci t yl d ctq iit i it t i l T

vo r e , e e ,

h a ve o urre , i f n e he r o f t h e a r e s h as t ry i n h h t he s u i s b ro u h , o r a
ua bo na fi de o mi l h n i t s err fo re n o un r , i s u e m m a e r a hi s

ct t t t t E gli c tc A i c c t
an a .

to r No r i s h s ro o s o n a t a ll m o i s t h e u n ve rs a i s t h e sa m e i n

tp c p ily c idit g wt t it c t c fl ictp p ti p i tt

. o r ne ;

fi e d by t h e fa ha o n e o r b o h o f h e m t he n sh , S o h , a n d m er an o u r s ,
m ay b e e m o r a r i h n r ea h an d h e re i s n o u o n the

d t pp i t i t c c itt d
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o f t he ro e s s o f t h e o ur , o r h a t h e d e 4 T h e d o m i c i l o f t h e a r e s , a t t he i m e

T Ei gl dfi lyA t lic dd ct i t q c j i dicti d p d

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fe n an a e a r s an d sub m s t o th e su t h e O ffen e w a s o mm e , i s o f n o co n

ti tii t dt d icil j dgti t p dc ddi g A

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h s rs t h e rm e s ab i sh e r n e bo h s e u en e ; th e e en s u o n p
ti Ht ggi El c cit w y B
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in an d m er a A s a u t h o ri he r o m a t t he m e t h e ro ee n i s

c t Hy d pct ii P yli t i i d
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e s fo r h s r u e , h e es C o n u e , an d m en r e n ere

R Ry gd
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l e y, 3 o l R ep 63 1 R ex v Lo l r n e h a s been m a n a ne in

LF llll yw N H H F l w w ic ct t t it wldc t t p tti i w l

a . . . . o n rar o
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o e , 2 Cl F i n 5 67 , n el o h h S a es is he h a t h e r b un a s

T M M P wli g BBi d JR t dl icil djw icti ccpp td

v . . s . .

v . e o s, 8 . . 1 60 ; an o v e r v . o f t he o u n ry i n hi h t h e a r es ere
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14 227; a rb e r om

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sha h, 1 3 W e n 407 ; M a he es C a r v C ar , 8 21 F ra

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ra v . ea . . . .

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. .

o e n , 2 Bla c k f 4 0 7 ; ree m a n v 8 O ; G1 e e n la 1v v 2 00 ;

i t N H ti t l D y tt H ll t
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m a n , 3 W e s L a w o ur n 4 7 5 ; W h e v he e r v h e er, 1 4 3 80 D o r

c icit t tt kt j i dicti p tiw d it i Hi lli tt i l Pt i q ti j It

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to o n , ho is s er, 6 St 44 9 is

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Ald M i ld pBii i pg M ligi gi c Dit ctc

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v . en, v . . .

M c In ty re , 1 O h o , 2 7 ; o en v o e n, . s ho on arr a e a nd vo r e , 72 1 ,
2 Bla c kf 4 0 7 ; . a i v u , 2 S t ro bh . . e t s eq .

[ 1 10 ]
 CH . TH E LAW OF PLA E C .
*
118

S E CTIO N IX .

F REI N J
O G UD GM ENTS .

Th e p ri n cipl e th a t q u e s ti o n s w h ich h a v e be e n di s ti n ctly s e t

t le d b y liti g a ti o n s h a ll n o t b e a g a i n liti g a t e d ha s b e e n i n m a n y
*
,

c a s e s e x te n d e d t o fo re ig n j ud g m e n t s ; a n d a lt ho u gh t h e w h o l e
l a w o n t hi s s ubj e ct i s n o t p e r ha p s d e fi n it e ly s e ttl e d (71) i t m a y ,

b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e ru l e b o th i n E n gl a n d a n d i n t h i s c o u n try , ,

th a t a q u e s ti o n se ttl e d a b ro a d b y c o u rts o f c o m p e t e n t j uri s di c ,

ti o n b e t w e e n a ctu a l p a rti e s a ft e r tri a l w ill n o t b e o p e n e d a t

'

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.

p a rty h a s we re m a d e a n d we re i n s u ffici e n t Bu t i t m a y b e s a id ,
.

t hat t he fo re i g n j u dg m e n t will n o t b e e n titl e d t o thi s re s p e ct ,

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t o h a ve m i s t a k e n t he l a w o f t h a t c o u n t ry (It ) A n d it i s o b .

vi o u s l e s s e n ti a l t o t h e a ppl i c a ti o n o f t he g e n e ra l r u l e t h a t t h e
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a tt a ch m e n t o r t ru s t e e p ro c e s s , i n a fo re ig n c o u n t ry i s a b a r
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(i ) e n 6 QB 2 8 8 ; 7 4 70

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(k ) o ve v . o ss ,
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[ 111 1
119
*
TH E LAW OF CO NT A T R C S .
[ PART II .

S o the p e n d e n cy o f a fo re ig n a tt a c h m e n t o r tru s t e e p ro c e s s i n a
'

fo re ig n c o u n tr y m a y b e pl e a d e d i n a b a t e m e n t (72 ) Bu t t h e .
*

p e n d e n cy o f a su it i n a fo re ig n c o un try w hic h b e ga n b y p ro c e s s ,

a g a i n s t t h e p e r s o n h a s n o t t h e s a m e fo r c e w i th a fo re ig n a t
,

t a c h m e n t ; a n d w i ll n o t a b a t e a s u it a t h o m e b e fo re t h e fo re i g n ,

s u i t i s c a rr i e d t o j u d g m e n t
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.

c o u n try d i re ctly o n a fo re i gn j ud g m e n t fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f e u ,

cc j dgc d t dct dl i d i g t wil l pp pt dipl g c t c d p i

h u m en w as r e n e re , h av n been in ab a t e m e n o f an at

t p t pl i ti
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o f th e n o e t o t he r e se n a n ff ; an d t o t he r e s en T h e a a hm e n o f
su .

the e a w a s ho en t o be a ba r A n d th e eb i n t he h a n s o f t h e e fe n an

wc ic d g cti p it p ci l wc didt l w lly d d t c ld pl i tit

oo .

s ee Go u v W e bb , 3 0
. . . 3 3 1, . e h er e , i n fav o r o f t h e a a h n
h h w a s an a o n o f as s um s t o re o rs ; t h e e fe n a n n o t af e r
“

cti t ctc t i d l dy dE t p plc i p tt cd i tg ci didit g p c i d d li d

re ou
o ve r am a e s fo r t h e b r e a ch o f a s e a ar s a fu p a y i t o v e r t o t he a n ff .

m a e by efen an t o p a y T he a a h n

w p p c ll d w i c c t t
o n ra ,
a n re o rs a q u re a en

ff a e r a n s a a r a s u o n t he eb , b n u o n t he e fe n

Y k il c Et i id c g t ct y t c ilg i g cd
u ro e an o r re n

s p o n de n t o f a n e s a er a e t he Ne w an t ; a n d h h t h e o ur s o f a ll o he r
T he d e c o v e rn m e n s , i f h e r e o n ze s u h p ro
”
C o u r e r a n d n q u rer

ct i gt pl d dd d t p tg t B k
or .

l a r a t io n t he o mmo n c ee di n s a t a ll , fa t o r e ar Qui

it l k t t
a so o n a ne a n no
g .

T he e fe n an , amo n o her p r i o r es t te mp e ra p o t ro r es t j ure In

p l i ti d d y c t ig tt c t w it p c d
o un s . ro o .

h n s, as to 5 OI , o f t he v S m h, 1 S a 2 8 0 , L o i d H o lt field h a

t tpl i ticti p g tt g i t w di plll wd pll tt tt

ea e . ar . .

e m an i n t he m o n e a fo r e n a a hm e n b e fo r e ur h a se
’
a n ff s o un s , tD
r

h a a n a o n h a d been b ro u h a a n s i n t he s ui t , w as e a ab e i n a b a e m en

Yc kd l i d xc di g id t t w ld p dil tg wittt c t p t t cti d d t

.

the a n ff i n t h e S u r e m e C o u r o f Ne w If w e e re t o sa o a e a i n a b a e m en

o r , fo r a s u m e h a p ro o f the a a h m en , t h e efe n an

x c t d dwi gd t d idd t lig d ly p yt twict

ee n en n

ess u y ss ue o ut o f s a co urt h an d ou be ef ho u ro e o n , an d be
e fe n an , t h e s a s um ob t o p ay th e m o n e e ; fo r w e
'

o n the

p l i ti tt c d d tt c t M yl d
e e u e e

of d ue an d o fro m efe n a n t o m a y re a so n a b r e su m e , h a i f t he p ri

ccti di g d dl w idcti t t t t c i dt t pc c d gt t t dt w t dd
n

o ri t y o f t h e a a h m e n
’
a n ff, w a s a a h e i n d e fe n d an t s h a n s in ar an be
‘

t o t he s o f sa S a e, to a s e rt a n e , t h e o urt s i n h a S a e o ul

j didg c tt xt cw ti d c i dd g i g d t j cti g i d l d t
a or n a

s a s fy t h e em an in the a on ; ha n o t s u ffer h a ro e e i n t o be e fe a e ,
m e n w a s af er a r s r e o ve re i n t h e b y t he s ub s e q ue n a c t o f t he e fen an

id t Ylig d w pl w itR y cd y l
u
sa o u r , an d e e u o n w a s s s ue t o t he o n a br o a , an d s ub e n h m se f t o a
s h e r ff o f Ne w o rk , h e reu o n t he d e a n d re o ve r h e re A n d s e e W h ee er

B w J
su

t ti l did id
.

fe n a n w as o b e b y t h e a s o f t h e a m o n , 8 Co w 3 1 1

c d d t pl d d p d cy
v . . .

S a e t o p a y, a n d p a y o ver t o t h e (o ) o n e v J o y, 9 o hn s 2 2 1 In t hi s
dttd ccti g t cpl y t xp l g d t t ti t cti tw c
. . .

s he r ff, t h e v a ue o f t h e s a s um o f a se t he e fe n an ea e t he e n en

t he n e e ss a r e n s e s o f t he o f a n o h er a o n , be ee n t h e s a m e p ar

d d id t t pl i ti dw dcitit d j dgM tc ttgi p

e u n e

a a hm e n . T he ea fur h e r a e e ha e s a n d fo rg t lre s a m e a us e , i n t h e co m

t h e e fe n a n t a n d t he a n ff m o n w e a lth o f a s s a h us e s An d u o n

i d t t j ct pl i ti c t id
e re .

ze n s o t t he s a S a e , a n d t he e f n an e m u r re r , m e n w as fo r t he
'

dicti lp w c t t id c t ti t c d p ly fi l dit i
e
u ve n

re s en he re , a n d s ub e t o t h c j ur is a n ff . T he o u r s a T h e cr e ep
t io r er j udica tre a p p l i c s o n
'

o n and ro e s s o f t h e s a o ur ; a n d to e fi n

di c g p itt d t dt c t i l g J c
'

na
'

zli at b y t he a s o f t he S a e t he d c fe i ul a ut ve s e n e n e s a b ro a , u o n t h e m e r s o f

w as s ha r ed a n d a c q u o f t he s ai t he as e Go i x v L a w , l o h n s C a s 3 4 5

pl g d d c p d cy p i i g tt c t
e . . . . .

s u m o f 5 11/ Il a/(l, u o n d e n ni rrc r , ha No r i s h s a n a o o u s t o t he a s e o f t he

l p t l d t t i d p
N

t he e a wa s e fe n e of a r o r fo r e n a a hm en , at

t A d ttwicw ld i c p ligt d l t
a oo en en

t he s u i o f a h r e rso n , fo r h e r e t h e d e
’
r o (N H / 0 S e e a s o , t he re o r e r s e a r ne
p .

n d re ws l l e rr io t , 4 C o w 5 2 1 fe n a n n o t be o b t o p a y t he

c y i t i g t
o u

c pl d i
n o e to . . e

m o ney ay m e n at ea s , i f n o t
(n ) Em b re e v 1111 111111 , 5 J o h n s 1 0 1 In
tt c d t p d g M yl d id plt d d it c ict ld
. . . e, s n e

t h is a s e t he d c lc n d aut
'

e a de ga fo re n a re o v e r , i n t he o n e s u , m h be
a a hm e n en i n in fo r t h e p a rs (Ia r r inn o n t i n ua n e t o t he

d tc w yld i t x c pti c d ti cti j igt jt dg

ar an ea e

s am e e m a nd .A n d [Cm/ l , (J J , s a . . o he r s u ; a n d i f t he t w o s u s s h o u
If t he d e f en a n h a ve be e n p ro p ur r? p a s s e t o ud m e n a n d

t c t c l pl d d t i g t p
o u e ve n ro e e

t e c t e d un d e r a re o ve r h a d by v r ue o f e e u o n , a sa sf a o n o f e he r u

c c y
t he a t a h m e n , a n d
s u h re o ve r
o u d

i n ba r, t he s a m e p i cipl
h a ve
r n t wi di c g
ea e

e o r o h er se , i n t
m e n m h be s ho wn u o n a ud ita q uer cla ,
s har e o f t he o he r
”
.

[ 1 12 ]
 CH . TH E LAW OF PAE L C .
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1 20

fo rci n g it m a y b e d e fe a t e d b y e v id e n c e go i n g t o s e t t ha t j u d g
,

m e n t a s id e In d e e d a cc o rd i n g t o t he w e ig ht o f a u t ho rity it i s
.
, ,

f a c i e e v i d e n c e Whe n a n a cti o n i s b ro u g ht
‘
n o m o re t h a n p r i m a ,

t o e n fo rc e it ; b ut w h e re a n a cti o n i s b ro u g h t fo r a c a u s e o f
a cti on w hic h w a s litig a t e d a b r o a d be t w e e n t h e s a m e p a rti e s ,

th e n t he fo re i g n j udg m e n t ag a in s t s u c h c a u s e o f a cti o n i s a b a r
t o t he n e w a cti o n b ro u g ht a t h o m e ( p) .

The v e ry fi rs t e s s e n ti a l t o t h i s o r t o a n y e ffic a cy o f a fo re ig n
*
,

j udg m e n t i s t h a t t he c o urt b y w h ich it i s p ro n o u n c e d h a s u h

,

In Mj dgl Mt ydi gT dRd c it N iigll jcitdgd t d tc wcl ti 7 4 70 , a fo r a bo v e , o ub s h e h er

E gli c t L d
au e ur ra

t k j ct c w i c
v .
,
. . ev e, e a
e ig n m en w as b e a us e fo re m en be t us v e in

t t d cid d p ct l Tt i l plt iM il d t T l tL
u sr e ar e ,
n u no on

was a e n s ub e to a as e h h h a d no t n sh o ur s ,
an d or E llen bo r o uqh at

h en b e en i n re s e t o t he m ie s m ar o ub in

T i di ti Pcti il ip clH lyt t tHd j ct d t i Mdi titi cti Nic ltll g t

e e ,
e as a s ar e o n

a m o un . v . ar e o n , 4 . S . 20 ; an d S ir .

(p ) h s is S had well, i n 3 S im 4 5 8,
‘

Blly t t It c id j dg t t di c yll w d c d i i x il i
s n on e ar s a e ar n v . o s, .

by Ey re, C J . .
,
in h s v . un er , 2 . re e e h s s n on a o e h e r, an d

fo r
”
inis, he re fo re a o e a e m urre r t o
he , a b
“
4 10 o n e w ay

c tc t ig t t t t w x i pl ty witd c ctid g t plE i glti d

. . sa
on h a t h e s en te n e o r u m en o f t he a s o ve r an d a o m m ss o n to e am n e .

a n ff s
’
o ur o f a fo re n s a e i s e a m nab e i n n e ss es a bro a i n a id o f t he

cl i
o ur s , a n d
fit i
ha i s ,
t ppli
h e n t he
i g j
e fe n e to a n a

dg to n bro u h in
t i
”

c t itct dit j iit dictti E glj ct dc t c id it d ttl d

o ur ar n an

w ho a m s t h e be n e of a e s t o o ur o n a fo re n u m en T he la w o n h s .

o ur s t o e n fo r e W he n i s h us vo l s ub e be o n s e re in

tw ict itit w ld lig tligy t y p xt p t t Nt ctiit p p ig ji dg

. a nno as se e

u n t a ri l ro m S m h v Ni eo l ls , 5
y s ubm e t o o ur ur s o n, we n
b
a n ; b ut f .

no t as o b t o t he e to Bi n g C 2 08 , m ay e rh a s be n fe r

c tliyg t wy ic it xt pt w cicd id c It li d t lyt t i c c

re a ,
a or en . .

h h ou be o b a or , er ha s , i n re d ha i n a n a o n o n a fo re n u
t he o un r i n h h was in e n t , t h e j u dg nren t i s o n p r i mci f a i e
'

t c j dg t t i di ti cti g d d
ro n o un e ,

n o r as o b t o t he e to h h, e v e n e i s be e v e h a i n h s o un

lig t c id c ticl i tt p ctict i p p dk djit dic tit li

a or en .

by o u r la w , sen en e s an d u m e n s a r e t ry h s s n o n h as be e n re a r e in
ob a o r , no t as o n
y us ve , b ut a s m a e r e , but t he re o rt e a o n s do

ci t it pc idi ti x i it i g B k B
ra a u .

p r i ma fa c re s uffi n o t a u ho r ze 11 s t o s e a of a s es ab sh

w q ti di c d
i n p a rs , a s o ns e ra o n

to ra se a ro m s e ; w e e a m n e e d he re S ee C u m m n s v an s , 2 arb

t t p p c i id c J B t I di R F H i t
en ,
as . . .

w e do a ll o he r o n s er a o n s o f p re m is e s , 60 2 , h e r e t he u es o n i s s u ss e by Ed

of w
a n d fo r

t
he he r t he
ha

wt tt j dg t t w git d m en
i g
is
t t
u r o s e w e r e e ve e v en e
h a t he l a w o f t he fo re n s a e i s , a n d V e r m 92 ,
m o nds ,
it
by a ss um s s h o u
In o s o n n a

pt it t ld t t g t N yj dg t
w as held h a t d t eb
be bro u h o n t he u
v o ,

an d n o t
14 :
.
. . . .

ti ig itc t c dict id t t c Bt tl t tB c jcldgi t

u a r ran e

h a la w In a ll o h e r c a se s , w e
. ve e n m en o f an o h er S a e ; an d i n o es v .

re fa h an d t o t he se n e n e s Cf u er , 6 arb 61 3 , a u m en i n a h

li p Ld ct t w c w t w
re .

fo re n o ur s an d o n s e r h e m a s co n o he r S a e w a s held us v e a s t o a ll

j i di c ti c t d i g
on .

No ttmgha m, i n fa s but h o s e hi h t o s ho t he

L d T p C B c L w ld j dg t tt It q tit d td d
e us v e u o n u s or . en
C o t t i n to n s c as e , 2 S w an s t 3 2 6,
’
o r
and ur s on of . t he o ur re n e r n the
fi d rdwr /ce, i n o u he r v a so n , u m e n m us be re m e m be re , ho w

t t p p ig c cl i t i c t y tw c t
or . .

C as em H a rdw 8 9, s ee m t o ho h a t he u e s o n o es n o t s an in

R c l t t p iti
. . e ver,
.

h a t he fo re n j udg m erit i s o n us v e , h s o un r , a s be ee n t h e o u r s o f t h e
fo r all ur o s es

ti lk i titit d Lg d
v an , 1 V e s S r 1 5 7
o n i s m a n a ne
.
A n d se e

by o r
o a h v Ga r
.
.

w
B ut E r we s dis t i n c
’
.

[ a n sfield , i n
i c it
h h t d
s an s in

o u r s o f ha
E gl nd
S a e s , i n t he s a m e

cc tt i t t c t y t i t ti ig
s e v e ra

tw .

an , a s b e
os

o un r a n d ho s e o f fo re D n
o n in
e e n t he

J , i n Gal br ait lr v
.

N ill g l glBli g
W a e r v W er, D o u 1 ; an d by B rr/ler ,
e, D o u 6, n cd dtit ti l t t i i J g t
o un r es , b
.
y re a s o n o f t h e n e r ve n o n e f
ud m e n s
.

L d ldi g giig j dg t ly t t c w ic t cty td dt t

. ev . o ur o n s u o n a p ro v s o n s . . .

an d i n H o u l di t ch v D o n e a , 8 h , 3 3 7 , r e n e re
. i n a n y S a e h a ve genera lly t h e
Br o ugha m ves h i s re as o n s at le n g t lr s a m e fo r e an d e ffe i n all o h e r S a e s as

id c H t cc t t i
or
fo r h o a fo re m en t o be o n i n ha i n h h h e a re re n e re S ee ,

k i l l l l jc t R i P c tt N H
n n u .

p r m ra fa me e v en e A n d s ee e rb e r v fo r a n a o un o f t h e d ecifi o n s o n h s s ub

E t LB yld y Edw dG l it D wK t w F t
. .

C o o , W e s , 3 6, n H a ll v O dbe r, . e , o b n so n v . res o ,
4 4 50 ; . . .

ar s , 3 S w a n st S e e a ls o ,
’
as , 1 1 8 , a e v .l en s C o m 2 60 , 2 61 . .
.

703 .B ut or Kenyo n, i n a br a h v o n er v S h a , 2 es 2 77 . . . .

1 13 J
 121
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TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART II .

v
q u e s ti o n a b l e j ur i s d icti o n o e r t h e c a s e (q ) . And if "
th e igi n
or

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B
(q ) c
T ll B igg M l N AldH ic R ck E
h a n an v t er, 9 1 92 pw tyld wit i dit g t t t til j dg d t
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th e

p c di g c g i d t i l w
u u . as ,
ar a e, u
h u r be r B la c lrb o urne , 24 2 ; be b n h e re u n by

Ki y d w y ti l l it t i id td t p tyitt gg i d
o u n re v e rse
°
v . . .

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9 4 62 ; h so m e by h e r a s

ti Gi
. r s, a ss . r v. ro e e n s re o n ze .

C o n n 3 80 ; S h u m a v S
4 If be s a ha a ar hus a

P g R g l i p H di t i dl d it t t w ci t j wdg t tt
nne ,
. . r e ve

m an 6 W e n , 4 4 7 ; C ur s v bb s , .l . m ay o b a n re re s s by w r o f e r ro r o r a
e n n in 3 99 ; D o n v L p m a n , 5 C l n ew r a , i n t he S a e h ere t h e u m en

B d itc RJ i l g t witi l iw t i j illdicti

. . .

F i n 2 0 ; o e t s v C o e m an , ar n , 4 13 ; w a s r en e re , i s’ a s uffi e n a n s e r , h a
h , 1 5 o h n s 1 2 1 ; Ben t o ri
. .

o r en v F n e ve r h a v n be e n h n he r ur s

p t tF A Mid l w H i t c p ll dp t ct i l j dgdi t t
. . o n,

v B 11 1 g o t , 1 0 S 24 0 A n d s ee t h e o r a m e n ab e t o h e r a s , h e s ha n o t be
°

. . . .

o om e e t o g o fro m h o m e t o a
’
to 4 s a nt

ci J tic pp tly cH i pt d w ic j ticcc di g l g i l p l ptii

re o r er 8 no e n re s v . e rr ,

C ow 5 24 . ro m s v D 11 1 ye e 7
. . S t a te , t o ro e h m s e f fro m a u m en
C ra n h 4 81, a o n f rm e by h h n e ve r , a o r n t o un ve rsa

t it i g gp i t t xc pt p l w citit t
a re n
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C h ef us e ri de r sha ll i n am c i p le s o f u s e , ha d a ny e a

t t li d t i c t y
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M C o n n e l , 3 W he a 2 3 4 , m h t se em a a n s hi m Th e a s o f a S a e d o n o t
’

t cit t i j dgt t cg i td iti t t d d c j dg

. .

t o b e he e s a b s he l a w o f h s o un r , u o n its o w n
'

ze n s, ex

t ll wj ddici lc t i ity l qxci ptd

O e ra e , e e
ha a u m en r e o ve re i n o n e S a e b y tra terr ito r i um n o r o e s a

t xcl i l t i fiq i ly i t
e r ee o r u
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cit titt ti ildt d t tcti

a ze n a e so
-

h e r , w a s ab s o u e a rrd a n d p er far a s i s a o e by o m by

j ij didcgti t tc i qt tiic d yd
o r r e u re
“

o na , ,

fe c t ly e us ve o f a ll t he t he o n s u o n o f t he Un e S a e s an d

j lyt pigi cipl c t t t w

n u r n o

o n o f th e wh h r en e re n e h er o f he s e c an be h e t o s an

llM y c id d it Bi t ll B igt g t
ur s o ur o n so
t he u m en B ut h s u es o n w as v e r If t he S a e s

t t j dg t t wc dld ly
. u n us a r n e . e re

fu in s, 9 m e re fo re n t o e a h o he r , w e h a v e s een

cdictit t p t tit t w ll i
o ns e re ss e v r .

4 62 and w a s he r e held h a a ha a u m en i n o n e o u n o t be r e

i d c d t c t ti l
a ss .

o ur o f a n o h er S a e m u s h a v e h a d j ur s c e i ve d i n a n o h e r a s a re o r , b ut m e re

c ll it j dgc ditt ti dtitl d

o n o f t he

a us e , fo r i ts
ar es , a s

m e n t o be e n
e a s o f th e

to p c ty j dgd p t it By c tit ti ct
a s ev en e o f eb , o n ro v e r b e by t h e
t he o n s

d gl ci tillty tic id d H llq ti it wd ldd t t it t tc wcl d it

u e ar s ue u on . u o n,
t h e fu fa h a n d re m e n o n e i n t he su h a u m en i s t o h a ve t h e s am e e ffe
fe e r a T h e s a m e ue s o n ha ve i n t he S a e he re w as

lij dg tPick wp ici dt t yd t di itg j wi diiccti c wp icp

o ns u on . ou
w a s a a n fu o ns ere in a v W il . r e n e re , ha i s , i s to on u e as t o
am s , 6 232, h h w as eb on a h n h h t h e o u rt h h

i t t t d d t citi t t wi t i
. e ve r o ver
m en o f t he S u e r o r C o u r i n Geo r h a d ur s If t he ro

dc t pl j i dicti ig t S wt t l l j dicti c d d
u r en e r e on .

g i a ; an d w as held h a t he efen a n , e rt y o f a zen o f a n o h e r S t a e , h n

l w cl pcl c i t citid c i fil l
*

u n er t he e a o f n i l debe t , m h ho ha i t s aw fu ur i s o n, is o n em ne by

d li i g
.

t he o ur h a d rro o n o v er h i s p e r fu h e re , t he e ree i s

j dg t d d c t it k itd t ciIttic t t pp d wik t p d c c di

ur s . a ro e s s na

so n A n d P a r ke r , C J , i n e ve r n t h e
. . . and on u s ve If t h e
. ze n h m s e f i s
Y
m e n t o f t he o ur , s a h e re , a n d s e r v e h ro e ss , he i s bo un

M c tt g i d t wd I jli dgi t
u

c c t
anno

b e p re e n e , w e h n , h a a ze n o f to a e a r an d m a e his e fe n e , o r s ub m t

a s s a h use s , a a n s

Mit di il t i gt t witldi
m a y h a ve be e n re n e re
ho m a u
in
m en
l no s o r t j dg j tci dicti t ll w p y d
t o the o n s e q ue n e s ; bu t i f n e ve r
h e re i s n o ur s o n o ve r h i s
h e re ,

t itt it it llit tty itc d t

e rs o n ,
h e n e ve r h a v n be e n h n a an d a u m e n a n n o fo o h i m be o n

cj dg ll td ppc t i g x c t ct dt
s s o ur ,

h o u san m e s o f ho s e S a e s , s h o u be t h e e rr o r es o f t he S a e , a n d i f

wi l l t t i t w it d
o es

o m pe e b y o ur o ur s t o e e u e h a h e m ay re a a n d t he

t it i pd di g t g i tict t t pp l g l t t
as a n u ,
o ur s

u me n , i t n o t a b y t he re o r h ere he n is m a e t o

pp i p i l w ct ttl d dj dic ti t l cidT

ear n so re a ,

h at Ire re c e ve a n y m an n e r o f n o e ha ear i n a e a wa
y h a he w as n e v e r a

i g wiy pt tyt
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w as he re a a n s h i m , ro e r s ubje o f t he a he s e

tiJ ct y c ipi gi i
an y su en n u a o n .

a n d be n re a d t o s ho w h a h e n e ve r h a d in a m o s u an d

t i t
e
r nc
p es e re se

a n y d c ali u c s t h t he w ho h a s o h s a s fa o u rs e o f re a s o n n by C h e f

d t i c ll t d Bli igg d M
ar o r

t a i n e d t he j udfu n c n t ; a n d ye t h s m us us t i ee P e rs o ns , i n t h e o o f t he

tl gd d ly t t c c dd j dgll
n on
b e t he i t t he by h i m i n th e e a s e o f Bis

D P cc titKt l p iTi i
o t r ne c o n o ur e ve re
fo r by s o m e is a i r n t o i ts fu s, 9 4 62 A n d s ee

x c l y ct
en e se v . r as s . .

e n t h , na m e ha t he re o r o f a u o bs o n e ar e , 2 156 hs

it w l d Il l i i cti g t ticc tdd j dici l

, v . e rn . .

1e n t is t o ha ve e a t t he s a m e e ffe GN PO S lt II o f t he u i o na

i d cc t i g t i p l cw
o ns ro v s o n

fi h a ve i n n o s o r M is t h e re o r s a n d

i t k i d dl g d
e re a s o u r e s pe n u a p ro
f

s o ur ; fo r i n t hfi e S a te s if t he a s t he a c t o f C o n
'

c e e d i n g s , a u he n

wwitic tt ig ci i t t twt i t t d ct i c Bld tl tt cK igt t

ro e s s ,
a e

h a s b e e n s e r ve a o rd n to he r a s , g re s s re q u re s , a es a m e ro u n be
h h m a y be i n 11 n ra n ue r q u i t e o ns s e n e e n t he o r n e a s he by t he o ur o f
h an u er n o ra n c e o f t he s u t b
y t he h s S a e , i n t he ase o f a r e v : n h ,

[ 1 14 ]
CH . TH E LAW o r PAE L C .
"
1 22

ki n d a d m itt e d a m o n g ci vili ze d n a ti o n s a n d e s ab
t li s he d i h a n *
,

a ut he n tic m a n n e r it w ill b e p re s u ,
be l e giti m a te ; i f h o w ,

1 M
Y k l ci Hit c c ck t 4 0 1, an d c t
by t h e o ur o f Ne w cti d ct H pt i in t he f am

pi i Td i li c dt cti i wJ tici t
as s . san o ne as e o on v .

i n t he as e o f h o et al v M C o n n el , 3
’
W hea 234 , in t he b r ef

w ic it g t t p cd c titd ti t
or . . .

A i c ke n , C a n e s R e p 4 60 , i n b o h o f
’
by C h ef M ar

d w tlt i c Gt c pp d
,
. O n on e ve re us e
h h w a s held h a t he o ns u o n an d sha ll h s he n f r s re

ctd t t tict ti li l d ii giti ly t

. o n s ru o n,

a c t o f C o n re ss ha d n o o he r fe rre t o in h s o ur i n the ase o f t he

ti
ro u e

e ffe h a n t o e s a b sh ef n t he C o mm o n e a h v ree n , w a s s u

pti ctg c jigdgj dg t tti ccly pdi g t i j ct l d t t j t dgli d

ve . o se
m o e o f a u he n a o n , eav n i n o he r t o h a v e p ut a n e n d t o a l l q ue s o n s o n
s su h u m e n s e n re u o n t h e h s s u b e , a n d t o h a ve e s a b s he , a s

p ic cipl Bi ll c B igg p i cg i dt citi t t t citi t l t

res e

fo o n o f fo re n u m en s , a o r n t o t h e l a w o f t he a n , h a a u m en t re
t he es o f t he o m m o n la w Bu t i n o n e S a e by a h e reo f,

ttl d t t i t ii ci yt ti l j w ld d it
r n . o ve r e ze n

i n t he a s e o f s, t he ze n o f a n o h e r , w a s a bs o u e

il gii l ti cd ittit tij dg t t

sse v r
. r n a a ns a
c i p le se i s h a by v r u e o f t h e p r o a n d n o n ro ve r b e , a n d a m of

d d it T i c tyi ld
e ou
v s o n o f t he u o n , a n d t he a c t o f n o n q u r , e ve n a s t o t he ur i s d i c t i o n o f t h e

t t j dgd dt w p cct lit kw p i d c d ci i

o ns
m e n o f a n o he r c o u rt w lri ch re n e re h s o ur

wit tc ti td cl p x t di ti t it wt ld
e s a o n un e r ,
a u . e

S a e i s r e n e re i n a l l r e s e s e do ed a a n ful e feren e t o t h e

it j ct cct d pd j i dictip g i t
e s on,

m e s t i c u m e n s , h e n t he o u r he r e ho u ha o se e am n a o n

t i cii d p t tl y c c t i g
ou
w a s re o ver e h a d ur s o n o v er t h e h a v e re e v e i f r es e n e t o he m o h er

wi i yit c d t wd l iti g p g t
s ub e
ho m
a e u o n a n d t he
w a s r e n e re , e a v n
e rs o n a a n s
o e n fo r
w i se h a n n

c t
en a ,
a n d i f i t s be a r n

tic
h a d b ee n o f m o r a n e i n t h e as e he n
t k
n qu r

c d
i n t h e o ur
ti
t kictg j i dg di tit ctip tw
t o be e n fo r e
h e re
j i
t h e q u e s o n o f ur s dicti
w as so u h
c
pii iti
t h e a s e w a s m er e ly
b e fo re t h e o ur ; but t h e n o
xp j
t he e i
dici l
e a en o f

d t
re ss o n o f a n

q ti
on,
an d a t he o bv o us o n be n o n a r uen clo , a n d n o t a u a

wit iwit tt it it Ity t g t t t t i ti plicitly t ityciti i g d ct ki d

n s n ee n o e er
g
-

t h e e ffe o f t he u m en u o n p r op er ty m n a o n o f t h e u es o n A n d a s a fur
.

h n t he e rr o r , a n d t h e p e rs o n w ho he r re a s o n fo r n o t r e e v n t he

ct y t gt ctity jc g i t t t t t cl cly wit iw ic itj i dictippli d

o r ne
w as ho u . w a s ho u h ha h s m a s a u ho r ,
m a y b e r em ar e
w a s a rr i n t he s an of ud m e n s h a t he a s e t o h h w as a w as

wit l tyt i l wciti c t wi icd d cid d it g t ti tt q pti i t

e

o f o h e r S a e s a s fa r a s w a s o n s s en o ne e ar h n t he u r s o n o f t he

h t h e s a fe o f the ze n w h o w a s n o t o ur h h h a t he o n

i d Upi itit d lt ttt c Mi l l y

e e ,
so
a m en a b e t o he r a s , an d a s fa r a s i s n o w ra se w a s n o t bro u h n o

i p t c it d d g
u es o n .

re q u r e by t he s r o r e e r o f t h e c o n T he a se O f s v D ur ee

tp i dt td ptli d d c t h
i ii wl td ci iy t t c t
.

s t i t ut i o n o f t he n e S a es . T he d o c a s , a s i t s m o r an e m e r e , u n e r o n e

hu s es ab s he he re h a s b e e n a p a re v s o n i n a m o s S a e o ur i n

gY kt t t t wP ic yl i it p i t i d cc witt t dipi i ti g ic
r ne e ve r
ro ve an d a o e b y t h e o ur s o f t h e t h e U n o n o f h o s e e s o n s w e h a ve a n y
S a es o f v a n a a n d Ne w o un , an d t h e o n o n h a s b e en

t t j dg t l l i gl j dg
re a en n s r n e a

o r , i n bo h o f h h b e fo re , h a d bee n u n a n m o us , ho u t h e

t tt w t t d ip i jcipldg t ppt t t c pw t d liwfi d it t

s se n n vo e,
held, ha t he u m e n s o f t he se ve r a s o far as w e c a n e arn , o f a s n e u e,

S a es e r e t o be r e a e a s fo re g n u h a ha as e , h o m ay

pc cl wi ic t i xc ptiy p tic l d c cl i t p tctj dg t w t t cc i td

e v er u n q ua e

m en s . T he r n e a e a r i n t h e re o r , o es n o t a rr a n t he

u on h h h s e o n i s m a e t o t he us o n , h a m e n s o f S a e o ur s

j dg t J t t t w ll xpp i t t t t twt i t y c d d t dy
e on u
on u s ve n e s s i n e v er ar u a r o f t he a re i n a ll re s e s t he s a m e , h en a rr e
m e n s o f o he r S a es, i s e e n o a n o h e r S a e t o be e n fo r e , a s he

t d ciit i d t t wc tdi t
u

tc t d i i tg c j dgj i dit cti

re s s
e d by M r us t i ee J o hns o n , o f t h e S u re m e
. a re i n t h e S a e h e re n h e a re re n ere ,
C o u r o f t he U n e S a e s , h e n b ut h a i n a ll n s a n es t h e u r s on of

ct l Mip ill cipl yj tic t yt it i i d i t p i ciptl t t t

s se n
i n g fro m t h e e s o n o f t h e o ur i n t h e t h e o u rt re n e r n the u
. m e n m ay be
as e o f s v D ur ee H e sa s is an In ru h a ll o f h e m s a n e

ti cp t ty j tlwiy t xi ci d c t t xpt i c t wc ic w Bi ll t d
n u re n o
. .
q .

‘
e e rn a r n e o f us e, h a j uri s di c t io n i n g t h e r n es, a n d s o m e o f h em
be us by a S a e by e re ss re fo rm h h e re a s ser e

p c p wi g t Bp ig i c tit ti xp iti it d
on an n o e er se

pe r n o t h n t he re a h o f i ts by h s o ur i n t h e ase o f
lldictigi c i g jdct dit i t t i j i
o v er ro s se v .

ro e s s , o r o ve r e rso n s n o t o he m s , a s t he o n l
j us t e o n o f th e

tci lt p c dil tig t t c d j d

os
n r
g y
a e a n e , Or n o t s ub e t o he ir ur s ro v i s o n i n t h e u o n o f t he U n e

I d d p lp l t i p i cipl
e o ns
o n b y be n fo u n w h n h e r li m S a es i n re a o n t o t h e r e o r s an d u i

t t l wyd tpc ld xi jt ct i d
i ts .
’

h a n o o ub
n e e , so a ab e i s h s

i n t he m n
r n e,
of
“
u
it c t clct d gi wit cl
ro e e

W h s uc h a o u o f
n s o f S a es .

n e ss e s i n fa v o r

cc ttit ctiti pp Ud t d tgit c ti t ti w ic

ou e s

an e r u o n t h e su b e , b ut fo r t h e o f t he io n v e n t o t he a us e o f

t i c tw ll ct p Bit t l B i t g
y a o n s ru
o n s ru t o be ve n t o t h e t he h h i s i n q rres t i o n b y

g ll wi g it c
o n su o se o ns u on
u o n o f t he ni e S a e s , a n d t he h s o u r i n t h e as e o f

M ll y
o ns

c t cti it t cl ly
s se v r.
g s,
a c t o f C o n r e ss fo o n i n t he as e o f w e m ay e re s u on h a a s t h e r ue
,

i s v D ur e e, 7 C r a n e h, 4 8 1 , a n d re
,
.
o n s ru o n , if is n o t m o s ear an d
 1 23
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

*
e v e r, it b e o f u n u s u a l o rigi n o r c h a ra ct e r o r n o t ye t c e rt a i n ly ,

e s t a b li s h e d t h e n i t s l e gi,
m u s t b e p ro ve d b y t he p a r ty r e
lyi n g u p o n it (T) It i w e v e r n e c e s s a ry t ha t t h e a u t h o r
.
,

ity o n w hic h t h e j uri s d icti o n o f t h e tr i b u n a l re s t s s h o uld b e ,

p ro ve d t o b e l e giti m a t e cl e fa r e a s w e l l a s de f a c to It i s e n o u g h .

i f it b e de f a cto e s t a b li s h e d a n d t h e t ri b u na l b e c o m m i s s i o n e d ,

b y t he g o v e r n m e n t i n w h ic h t h e s o v e r e ig n p o w e r o f t he c o u n try
i s a ct u a lly ve s t e d (3 ) .

A n o t he r e s s e n ti a l i s t ha t t h e d e fe n d a n t i n t h e fo re ig n a cti o n
,

h a d s u c h p e r s o n a l n o tic e a s e n a b l e d h i m t o d e fe n d h i m s e lf ; o r
t ha t h i s i n t e re s t s w e r e o t he rwi s e a ct u a lly a n d i n g o o d fa it h
p r o te cte d (t) A n d t he n o tic e m u s t b e s u ch a s t h e c o ur t fro m
.

w h ic h it i s s u e d h a s a u t ho r ity t o gi ve
v
.

It s e e m s t o b e h e l d t ha t a pla i n ti ff w h o h a s r e c o e re d a
'

j udgm e n t a b ro a d m a y e l e ct t o s u e a t h o m e o n t h a t j udg
m e n t o r o n t h e o rigi n a l c a u se o f a cti o n b e c a u s e t h e re i s n o
, ,

m e rge r (v) .

T he re l a ti o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e v e ra l S t a t e s o f t h e U n i o n a re
.

e c u li a r In s o m e re s p e ct s t he y a r e h e ld t o b e fo r e ig n t o e a c h
p .

o th e r a s th e y a re fo r m o s t p u r p o s e s i n t h e l a w o f a d m i r a lty ;
,

e xplicitly
ho s e a u h o r
l d
o v erru e
o u h t o be s ub m
ly t
r b un ai
w p t ity tg t U it d itt tdt B igg t i Tc tt d ct i Bi ll
by t h e o n
to ,
l p ct di t is in n o
i o n o f, h
re s fro m t h e d eci s
o u r i n t he e a s e o f
e fferen

twi t t di g t d ci i p c di g c t li d
e s s se v .

t h e S u re m e C o u r o f t h e S a es r n e o f t h e tw o
”
h a the

y w ic q t p i t ti t g t c ty
n e . r s . o

Bu t n o hs a n n a ll hese re e n a se s i s n o w t h e e s ab s h e do e
’

ti t t c c Mitil lg it y ld t cit dl M p glc di g

e s o ns,

m a n o f h h are s ub se ue n i n o n o f r ne h r o u h o u t he o u n r , se e t he a u
m e t o t he as e o f s v D ur ee , a n d t ho ri t i e s a t t h e e n d o f t he

d gi p i t t t c t i y l g
. e re e n

m o s o f he m o m m e n n o n , w e s h o u S ee a so , D o u a s, 4

ttl q pp ti d it didc cl i ly it i t ti g igc j dg w t l d xct i i dwit

no e . o n ro e v .

b e bo u n t o ve u
p t he o n , i f h a a se S an d f C h 1 2 6. .In h s v er on .an d

t he as e t h e ho e o r n e o f t h e

tc t j dg pi i t t cit id i td td dt g t ility
ue s us v e

Gl D dd
se es on as on as n e re s n

h as be e n su o se . But all t he l a w o f fo re n u m e n s i s e a m n e h
S a e u w ho h ave ha re a a b A n d see

lyd t c j dgp ty t w it ll id Bi
es o ns ere . e as o n v o ,
.

as e a re f o n
o on ha w as n en e 4 M et 3 3 3 . .

to e m b ra e men h e re t h e d e (r ) S n e v F o us s a t , 3 2 3 9,

ct l i g cd ly d d cwit p lc t Bi B k N t A ic M l
on u s nn
. .

fe n an ha d be e n a ar to t h e s u , by a n C lrc rio t v F o u s s a t ,
'

. 220 . .

Or
’
e and e fe n e , ca l,
at
(8 ) a n o f o r h m e r a v
w wig t i it c t
a ua a pp e a ra n ea s .

by h a v n be e n h ro e s s 4 3 71

t i pi
u s e rve nn . .

he n h n t he j u ri s d i1 t io n o f t he o ur p (t ) S ee a nte 1 0 0, (h) a n d s u ra ,

ll wi pi T w c t R d
,
. n .
, p
w h i r h a ve a n d t he
y fo r m c d he r O n m (7 )

J tic l y I l d d d p l ti c gi
,

i o n 11 po n t he fo o g c la rrs c i n t he o
(11 ) he re fo re here in ho e

p t c it d d t t d ll d d itd t M c c tttic w icw ld

n n ,
a o ur

io n o f M r us .e S to ry n am e In , s an or e re e rs o n a no e t o be ve n

t he a s e t he e fe n ha d fu e fe n in h us e h h wa s

il it y d t t t fic d ti j dg t
re s e n an a an as s a s,

n o t i c e o f t he s u , f o r h e w a s a rre s e an d was t s u h a no

j Y k t c cl i p t w ic cti Ewc ld i t i d
o ne, no e as ou
g a ve b a ,
and is be o n a ll do ub ha s uf fo r t he fo un
e a on of a u m en
t he ud g m e n o f t he S up re rrre C o ur o f h h an a o n be m a n a n e

tii ct t t t t d cid dt i c t t
0 11 ou
‘
Ne w o r w a s o n us ve u o n t he p a r i n l\Ias s a c h us c t t s C o fli n , 1 C ush

it Bi g
. er v . .

’
s in ha S a e If h s rs a ll ha w as

witt t c g t l c cit d ci i it H ll E t
.

n e n d e d to be e e , t he as e ba r m o
(v ) S m h v Nie o l ls , 5 . n . N C 2 08 ;
. .

n izc s h t he e n e ra o u rs e o f d e s o ns a v . O d b e r, 1 1 a s , 1 1 8 .

i n t he S a e o ur s a s be fo re e , a nd
CH . TH E L AW OF PLA E C .
*
1 24

and in th e r re s p e ct s n o t fo re ig n e xc e pti n g s o fa r a s thi s i s

o ,

n e c e s s a r ily i m pl i e d i n t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e o f e a c h o t h e r On .

t h i s s u bj e ct t he C o n s tit u ti o n o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s d e cl a re s t h a t ,

“
fu ll fa it h a n d c re d it s h a ll b e gi ve n i n e a c h S ta t e t o t he p u b lic *

a ct s ,
r e c o rd s a n d j u dici a l p ro c e e di n g s o f e ve ry o th e r S t a t e
,
.

A n d t h e c o n g re s s m a y b y g e n e ra l l a w s p re s c r i b e t h e m a n n e r
, ,

i n w hic h s u c h a ct s re c o rd s a n d p ro c e e d i n g s s h a ll b e p ro ve d
, , ,

a n d t he e ffe ct In e x e c u ti o n o f thi s p o w e r t he ,

fi rs t c o n gre s s p a s s e d a s t a tu t e p ro v i d i n g “ t ha t t he re c o rd s a n d
j ud ici a l p ro c e e d i n g s o f t he c o u rt s o f a n y S ta t e s ha ll b e p ro e d
,

v
o r a d m itt e d i n a n o t h er c o u r t wit h i n t h e Un it e d S t a t e s b t h e
y y
a tt es t a ti o n o f t he cl e r k a n d t he s e a l o f t h e c o u rt a n n e x e d if
, ,

t here b e a s e a l t o g e t he r w it h a c e rt ific a t e o f t he j u d g e c h i e f
, ,

j u s tic e o r pre s i di n g m a gi s t ra t e a s t he c a s e m a y b e t h a t t h e
’

, , ,

s a i d a tt e s t a ti o n i s i n d u e fo r m A n d t he s a id re c o rd s a n d j u di .

c i a l p ro c e e d i n g s a u t h e n tic a t e d a s a fo re s a id s h a ll h a ve s u ch
‘

, ,

fa it h a n d cre dit gi ve n t o t h e m i n e v e ry c o urt wit h i n t he U n it e d

v
S t a t e s a s t he y h a e b y l a w o r u s a g e i n t he c o u rt s o f t he -

S t a t e fro m w h e n c e t h e s a id re c o rd s a re o r s h a ll b e t a k e n (as) .
”

In t h e c o n s tru cti o n o f t he se cl a u s e s m a n y q u e s ti o n s h a ve ,

b e e n ra i s e d a n d a gr e a t d i v e rs ity o f O pi n i o n m a n ife s t e d T he
,

v
.

m o r e i m p o rt a n t o f th e s e q u e s ti o n s w e h a e a l re a d y c o n s i de re d
i n o ur n o t e s .

It ha s b e e n h e ld th a t t he p ro v i s i o n s o f t he s t a t u t e m u s t b e .

s tri ctly c o m pli e d w i t h T h u s it will b e n o tic e d t h a t t he

.
,

re c o rd s a re t o b e a tt e s t ed b h e s e a l o f t h e c o u rt if t h e re b e

v
y t ,
“

a se a l ; t he re fo re t he re c o rd s o f a c o u rt n o t h a i n g a s e a l
”

m a y b e s u ffi ci e n t ly a tt e s t e d o t h e rwi s e Bu t t h e r e i s n o s i m il ar .

h ra s e o l o gy a s t o t h e a tt e s t a ti o n o f t h e cl e r k ; t ha t i s t h e re f
p o re

a b s o l u t e ly re q u i s it e ; a n d c o n s e q u e n tly t h e p ro c e e d i n g s o f a

c o urt w h ic h h a s n o cl e rk a s a c o u rt h e ld b y a j u s tic e o f t he ,

p e a c e c a n n o t b e a ut h e n tic a t e d i n t h e t e rm s o f t h e s t a t u t e a n d
, ,

t he r e fo re c a n n o t b e e n titl e d t o t h e w h o l e p rrvi le ge w h ic h p ur
p o rt s t o b e gi ve n b y t h e cl a u s e i n t h e c o n s ti t u ti o n (y ) .

(w ) A r t
t t t L g p wit
4, d
t ci
xt i twi t cc 1 d
Fl c
gg an d the h e re i s i n a o r a n

x T iii ti y lly c id H Pick M Ri i Bick Pd c ittd N

. sec . . e s on e

(x ) l U . S . S a u es at ar e, . 122, h t he e , an d h W a rre n v a .
,

ch v 2 448 ; o b n so n v 4

yd i P il L k B k H di g i
. . . re s o ,
. .

y) h s q ue s on is v er fu o ns er . 4 50 ; a hu r n v . fo r ,
6 . 5 67
ed in Sn er v . W se , 10 e nn . St 157. an d S ver a e an v . ar n ,
5 Oh o ,
12 5
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
“

[PART II .

T h e re re m a n si c o n s id e r e d t he o p e ra ti o n o f t h e la w o f
to be

p l a c e u p o n t h e i n s o l v e n t l a w s o f t h i s c o u n t ry B u t t he se l a w s .

i n t h i s re s p e ct p r i n cip a lly i n fl u e n c e d a n d a ffe ct e d b y t he

v
a re , ,

cl a u s e i n t he c o n s tit u ti o n w h ic h fo rb i d s t h e s e e ra l S ta t e s fro m
a ssi ng l aw s i m p a i ri n g t h e o b lig a ti o n o f c o n t r a ct s a nd w e
p ,

s h a ll a d v e r t t o t hi s s u bj e ct w h e n w e s p e a k s e cific a lly o f th a t
p
cl a u s e a n d o f t he la w o f b a n k ru ptcy
,
.

54 5
o
.

os
c
e O
w ic i cli
pp it pi i t kw Bit ll LEdwi g d
But , fo r ases
n o n , se e
h h
s se
n
v .
ne to
ar
an

s,
V e rm 5 73
5 80 .
. an d Bl dg t J d id
o e v . or an , 6 .

5 D ay, 3 63 ; S ar ea her v . or n ,
2

[ 1 18 ]
CH . It L ] D EFEN E C S .
*
126

*
C HAP TER III .

D EFEN E C S .

S e ct I . . P aymen t o f M o n ey .

1 . Of the p a rty t o w ho m a
p ym en t sho u ld he m a de .

P AY ENT M c o u rs e o f b u s i n e s s b i n d s
to an a ge n t i n t h e Or d i n a ry
t he p ri n cip a l u n l e s s t h e l a tt e r h a s n o tifi e d t he d e b t o r b e fo re
,

h a n d th a t h e re q u l re s t he p a y m e n t t o b e m a d e t o hi m s e lf (2 ) -

A n d s o m e ti m e s a p a y m e n t t o t h e d ebto r s o w n a g e n t s uffic e s (a )
’
.

S o p a y m e n t t o a n a tt o rn e y i s a s e ffe ct u a l a s if m ad e t o t he
p ri n ci p a l h i m s e lf ; (b) b u t n o t s o t o a n a g e n t o f t he a tt o rn e y *

a pp o i n t e d b y t he a tt o rn e y t o s u e t h e d e b t o r ( c
) A n d w h e re .

Hw t y G Ldwicy Mwp
(z )F a ven c
o rn b
B tt E t vpl .i ti 6
g i
D i k pp iyc t i yill d c w t t t k t
enne d d,
t 11
S 1 66
as , 3 6 ; the
r e o f the
a n
vo r , t h e
ff
o ur held
a fo r t he
ha t he
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ll w c g gt t di c tit t d g d d c i c
v . a ,
. . r n

Co S o if o n e a m e n o f t he b n b
251 y t h e br o e r

i l pl i ti c d ti l
a er v . oo n, . . s ra

to i n his o wn na me, e fe n e , n as m u h as

pti y t p i c ip gl tG di D c d d t c t l gli t t t i i yd
a o s an a en ra e o ns u e a oo

an d as ar r
yi n on b us n e ss fo r h m se f, th e a n ff, b
y t h e o n i o n o f s a e co n
m e n t o s u h a en i s a b a r t o an a t a i n e d i n his a a o ue s , h a d a u h o r ze

P M tl Lt wi i y p idil l p c l k
'

o n by t h e r nc a ar . n er v a vi s,
. t he e fe n an t o be e v e h a t he v o r
2 C 85 49 A n d se e C o a e s v h a d b ee n fo r by t h e bro er o n de

id it lpdl TL d t P w l Li t tl Y t
. . . e s, . a

1 C am p b 4 4 4 ; C e m en s o n , 2 l ve r o f t h e b s o f a r e s

F ckl t D g H d
o o re v
. . .

24 A n d in Ca e v ho rn o n , 3 C (b) o e v e , 1 W m Bl 8 ;

t t g tc t d cd ll g c dt y J ll B ttc y
. . . . . a es . .

P 3 52, . w as ru e by o r Ten ter den v . re e o n, 2 ou . 62 3 ; u so n v .

h a an a en a u h o ri ze t o s e o o s h as , o hn so n , 1 W a sh h Bum l ey,

i pli Jd ck t ity J c c i pc ytt t j dg t c i p y c t d w ll t

. r an v .

i n t h e a b se n e o f a vi e t o t h e o n ra r , 1 Ca ,
14 7 . A nd an a o rn e h as au

m au h o r t o re e v e a m en t h o r i ty t o m en a f er

Bl ck H l c Fl tl y B B Blck ktt N t G y E i l
an e . r e e ve a as e

But se e a so n v a o b, 5 S o ,
79 ; . u m en h a s b een r e o v ere as befo r e .

bu rn v S h o e s , 2 C a m p b 3 4 3 4 Co nn 5 17 3 rw n

t c pl i ti L wi G Pi c k
a . . . ra e v . o r o n, .

(a ) o rsfa l v a un e ro , 1 0 Cr 8 P et 18 ; W a ss
i p t c i c lyt d t cti g dt c t t c i t tt g y y t ity
. . . v . a e, . ra v .
,

75 5 In hi s as e t h e
. a n ff, w h o w as g Gre en l 2 5 7 . e s v .
“

am a e, 1 .

m o r e r o f vo r , h a d 34 7 But an has ho r

q ti ty i y ld t cli t d t p t
an a us e a a . a o rn e no au
lo g ue s t o be ir u a e , s a n ha a to y hi ’n
bu t m o ne i n p ay

ccjc t t c c ditti i g tcti t t t xctic ti W yl p ig

re e v e an

u an Cf vo r w as t o be s o o n hi s m e n o f h is en s eb , n o r a ar in
er a n d a y by a u o n , s ub s a is fa o n o f the ho e , n o r t o as s n

p y il l t p c l d d dd l t y D wlK ll ggJ c Gil t B idtl tt J

a o un on a
e t o t he on o n , am o n o h ers , ha t he e e u o n S a vo ur v C h a m an , 8 . .

a m en w a s t o be m a e o n e i v er of 65 6 kso n v a r e , 8 o h n s
c i d c t l g ll tt
o . a . .

th e b s of T h e e fen an , h a v 3 61 ber , 1 0 2 20 C ar

tl t ct d cc k t p c k c t i Lt wiw P t w t iK k l dl ig
ar e s . e o v . .

i n g re e v e o n e xo f t h e a a o ues , i n t e r v T a l c o t , 1 0 V e r m 4 7 1 ; Gu e
. v . .

his bro e r t o ur h a se s, 3 S e ar , 2 3 ; i r v G o v er, 5

tly t d t ww iicl w ccd pt dd Y t ckl t D g

s ru e er a n e . .

o s o n hi s a o un T he bro er di d s o , . S e . o rt 3 4 0 W l so n v W a e h , . .

an d s h o r af e r b s o n t h e e fe n 3 6 M e 4 96

p id t ity cti t y
re . .

a n t fo r t h e a m o un , h h e re a e e (e ) a es v . F re e o n, 2 ou . 62 3 .

an d a a t m a ur In an a o n by . For an a t o rne at l aw , by v i r t ue o f hi s

[ 1 19]
 128
"
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[ ART P II .

o ne c o n tra cts t o d o w o r k a n d s u e s fo r t h e p r ic e , t he d e fe n d a n t
m a y p ro v e t h a t t he pl a i n tiff h a d a p a r t n e r i n t h e u n d e rt a ki n g ,

a n d t ha t h e h a s p a i d t h a t p a r t n e r
()d P a y m e n t t o t h e c re d i
-

t o r s w if e w i ll n o t b e a g o o d p a y m e n t ; (8 ) u n l e s s s h e w a s hi s
’

e it h e r e xp r e s s ly o r b
g
a ent , y c o u rs e o f b u s i n e s s
()
f S h e has .

n o a u t h o r ity a s w if e t o re c e ipt fo r h e r h u s b a n d s cl a i m s a l
’
, , ,

th o u g h s h e b e t h e m e rit o ri o us c a u s e (g ) An a u cti o n e e r o r .

o t h e r a g e n t e m pl o y e d t o s e ll r e a l es t a t e h a s 11 0 i m pli e d a u t h o r ity

t o re c e i ve p a ym e n t In c a s e o f s a l e s b y a u cti o n t he a u c .
,

t i o n e e r h a s u s u a lly b y t he c o n d iti o n s o f s a l e a u t h o rity t o r e

c e i ve t h e d e p o s it b u t n o t t h e re m a i n d e r o f t h e pu rc h a s e ,

m o n e y (i ) .

O n e m a y b e j u s tifi ed i n m a k i n g p a y m e n t s t o a p a rty w ho i s
s itti n g i n t h e c r e d it o r s c o u n ti n g r o o m a n d a pp a r e n tly i n t ru s t e d
’

v
-

with t he t ra n s a cti o n o f t h e b u s i n e s s a n d a u t h o ri ze d t o re c e i e
t he m o n e y a lth o u g h h e b e n o t s o i n fa ct ( , j ) In ge n e ra l it i s .

o n ly a m o n e y p a y m e n t t h a t b i n d s t h e p ri n cip a l ; I s o t ha t he
()
v
t

i s n o t a ffe ct e d b y a n y cl a i m w h ic h t h e d e b t o r m a y h a e a g a i n s t
t he a g e n t (l) A n d a n a g e n t a u th o ri ze d t o re c e i v e p a y m e n t i n
*
.

t
di na ry p o wer s , c t d l gi t p i i t y J l M d his (71 ) M ynn i ff e, 1 Ro b

tw cc t i d p p i ci
au

J i yk
or ann o e e a e v . o oo . .

t h o ri ty t o h e r, to 326

p i ci i l M
an o so as ra s e a r v .

be h
his r n h r e r s o n an d
(i )M yn n ol ffe , S

i g t d ti li g
e en s u s u ra

tt D M d M
v .
p ; es v .

p a l , o r t o o n fer o n hi m a s t o t he r n G 5 W 64 5

ti KJl gg N i i g i l tt it id
e s, .
~
. .

p a l, hi s o w n r h s , u es , an d o b (j ) Barre alk

M t P T t
a v . e ere , oo . .

o h n so n v C u n n n h a m , 1 A la 2 00 And W mo S m h, 238

p y t i pl y d t pp ti c l
o ns . . . . s ee v . .

24 9; o rr s , 5 E n
g [A rk ] 1 8 ffa 5 307 B ut

tt d yt G w itLwiwl l ll di c g cc ll t l t c ctidit i ld
e o v . . . o v . a rso n s , a un . .

So a men t o a s h e r ff e m o e by a n p .
a
y me n t o an a r en e no t i n t h e u su a
o u rs e o f t h e
’
t o s er ve a no t s h ar e bus n e s s , bu t o n a

itp d d M i d cdi cdit g c dti gt lt g dd

a o rn e r re or s
t he eb re e n v . o e , 3 Gree n l . . o a e ra ran s a o n , h a s b e e n he n o t to

3 73 ; W a e v D e le s d e rn i e r, 1 5 a ne, 14 4 h ar t he e b , a ho u h m a e a t t h e

itp t g g dl l t i t dp y t B l T ldM it
. . s e

(l l ) S he a r v W a r , 8 W e n ro o m S an erso n v
’
54 2 . . . re or s o un n -
. .

And is a ru e h a a m en t o el 2 Cr 3 04

D E t I di T w d id d
e n era ,
. . .

a r n e r is an d b n s t he fi r m (k )
ho ro v S m h, 1 1 M o d 71

G gg Pl y t pl y d i c
o ne oo , . . . .

uff v T he a Co 1 5 V e s 1 98 ; (1)
h us , h ere a n a s s ure w ho r e s e

JM B c tt P Tt t T yl k Ld dw it c l ltt
.as n . .

Ya n d e s 1 c a v o rrr , 2 Bla ck f 3 7 1 m o u h em o e
'

at an n s ura n e
1
. re .

107 ; b ro e r i n to

E t i l ti
a u re s ,

Ki dj t d l tti g cc t
v . re e s e , o r er v . a o r, on on r e o ve r a o ss
6 S 156 ; S 1 W as h fro m t he u n e r r er s , a n d t h e

itB ll I M it d t
. . o 11 . r en ,
. a er

77 af er g d t he o s s by se o ff i n a

p y t
u

d w i t p i k
. ve n s so on . n v . a us e n o un
h, 4 C A n d s ee eb d ue fro m h i m t o t he
’
Sm 108 a ai x
g ss t

j i t c i t g d c k pt p id
. o rs e . . a ,

e o w s , 7 N II 5 68 So a m en to u n e r r e rs fo r re m u m s , a n d t he b ro e r

tM g w y Jp Jt M i d it t t
v . . . .

o ne o f t w o re d o rs i s al b e a m e b a n ru , a n d n e ve r t he

cc t tw d
o n oo a
,

ho u h t he a re n o t a r n e rs i n b us n e s s m o n e y t o t h e a s s ure , w a s held h a t he

l y c tt N w it k p y t
.

S t a rk c , 4 a rs h 3 67 s e t o ff i n a o un be t he u n er

c Bl kTit i d i c k
o rr o 11 . . . . .
-
ee n

(c ) (l lllc y v C a , 2 S o , 3 72 R r e rs a n d t h e b ro er w a s n o t a m en

l y t i t y c i p y t
. . . .

(f ) S p e n e r 11 s ue , A dd s o n , 3 1 6 t o t h e a ss u re , nas m u h a s t h e bro e r

T M i y B tl tt P tl d B
; .

S e a bo m e v 2 F re e m 1 78 ; had o n a u ho r t o re e ve a m en in

ly
ac s o n , . .

' ‘
hra s he r v I ut t le , 2 2 a ne 3 3 5
,
. . m o ne ar e v
. en a n , 1 0 Cr . . .

(y ) O lllc y v C a , s up ra . . 7 60 .

[ 1 20 ]
CH . D EFEN E C S .
*
1 29

m o ney c a n n o t b i n d hi s p ri n ci p a l b y re c e i v i n g g o o d s (m ) o r a ,

b i ll o r n o t e (a ) .

P a y m e n t b y b a n k e rs t o o n e o f s e v e ra l p e r s o n s w h o h a v e
j o i n tly d e p o s it e d m o n e y w it h th e m a n d w ho a r e n o t p a rt n e rs , ,

o r to o n e o f s e ve r a l j o i n t t r u s t e e s d o e s n o t di s c ha rg e t he ,
,

b a n k e r s a s t o t he o t he rs u n l e s s t h e y h a d a u t ho ri ze d t he p a y ,

m e n t (0 ) A n d p a y m e n t t o o n e o f t w o o r m o re j o i n t c re d it o rs
.

o f a p a rt o f t he d e b t d o e s n o t s o a lt e r t h e n a t u re o f t he d e b t a s

t o p e rm it t h e o t h e r c re d it o rs t o s u e a l o n e fo r t h e re m a i n d e r (p ) .

Bu t p a y m e n t t o o n e o f s e v e ra l e x e c u t o rs i s h e l d t o b e s u ffi
c ie n t: q
() W h e t h e r p a y m e n t t o o n e o f s e v e ra l a s s ig n e e s o f a

b a n k ru pt i s s u ffici e n t m a y b e d o u b tful ; it s e e m s cl e a r t h a t it
i s n o t if s h o w n t o h a e b e e n a g a i n s t t h e will o f t h e c o a s
,
,

v *
-

ru s t e e i s e ffe ct u a l
si n e e s
g ( r) I n g e n e ra l a p aym e nt t o a
. t ,

(171 ) Hw d p P t i c G i t it p t w
C h a m an , 4 C (p ) H a t sall ff h , 4 Tyrw h 4 88

yk Gi l M l cti g t l
o ar v . . . v . r . .

5 08 In h t wo o f h ree of

dT w E d I gli Hy lt N P t l p w t lw l pl ydidd g pt id
. s ase ar o -
n e rs

(n ) S es v . e s, 5 . W . 64 5 ; a v esse ,
a n fo r he m se ves an d t he
W ar 2 L d Ba m 92 8 And h er a r o n e r, e m to

w t t t t w t i p p ti p c d
v . v an s , . . . o o e
-
an a e n

2 78 t he h o e ve ss e He s o , an d

gi i g g ti l p i y t p t w g t cti
se e o n sen v . n s, o ,
. . . se a .

But guoere h e h e r, i n h o se S a e s h e re t h e tw o he r ro o r o n o f t h e ro e e s

t g t gw dldd p y t g i t g t c p p ti
.

t he of a ab e ro m s so r T h e o h e r a r o n e r br o u h an a o n

t i d It t t c ld
v n ne o -

n o e i s r e ar e as p r i mé f a ci e a m en , a a n s t h e a e n t o re o v e r hi s

pI y t t p il Mt d gc t G pl yt d T yl w
ro o r o n .

an a e n ou n o t be a u ho r ze t o re w a s held h a h e o u n o t s ue a lo n e , a s

c e i ve a m e n by s u ch b l o r n o e t he a e n w as e m by a l l t h e o n ers

d p i t w Ni i P i
. o e .

(0 ) nn e s v S e hen so n , 1 The as e o f o r, 1 Es p
’

ig d k pt c ck y p c d td i p l dt t
oo. . arre v a . .

Ro b 14 5 . The e o s o rs h e re e re c o
. s r us , 1 1 7 , co ntra , i s n o t l a w S ee .

n ee s o f a b an ru an d t h e m o n e a nte, v o l 1 , 2 9, 11 But h s r u e o es

t d p it g d L d T
a ss ,
. . .

h a d b e e n r aw n o ut o n t h e he o f t wo n o t a p p ly i n a s es fo un e u on

B c y L d
'

or .

o ut o f hr ee e o s o rs , but t h e n a m e o f R S e dgw o rt h v O ve r en d , 7 2 79

idt t t t y c p id y cl tt t y t c t t p w c iwd ld
. . . .

Ten ter ( H a r d wzcke ,

'
”
o n e o f t h e t w o w a s fo r e q)
“
or . e a u se , sa s or
f‘
den s a “
h a t h e a s e w a s a ver h e ha ve e a h a o e r o v er t h e h o e

tit p t t d t t di ti ct p R d Atk
'

e ar

o n e ; ha m o n e w as a t o ba nk ers by es a e o f t h e es a o r , a n d a re

t t d t t t c ld
o ns e re

hr ee p e r s o n s , n o t a r n ers i n ra e ; ha
”
C an v
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'

ea , 3

w c ck i d t R d p t
as s n e r so n s . . .

h a d be e n s a e ha o n e o f h em o u 695

tw t ld d t y j ct pl wy itg cl t ct Lt td p y t t t d ig
.

dr a h e s so as t o b n t h e o he rs , bu t ( ) In C an
T v . ea ,
s up r a , if th e re o r
.

h a w a s n o t t he la w , a n d t o a l o is H a rdwzc/ce
'

i n g en

y j i tly it t w ll w ld di c g wit t c i p t
o rre ,
or s a e
e fe a t h e ver ob e of a in e rm s ha a m en to o ne

kp ctiw c l j yp t t itd wi g t d t lL d it lJd

ou e ra a ss n ee

t he m o n e i n o n ; an d m u s be e ou no t be a s h ar e ho u a re e
n to t he ha w as n o t t he fro m t h e o h er s In S m h am e

l ti ct pt t M Ry Nipti P t t t igt t c i ig y k
no ur a so . v .

ra e , u n e s s t he e rso n s ra n s oo s o n , 1 Es
p . 1 14 , or Kenyon r ue ,
at
A n d s ee t o
”
i n t he re a o n o f a r n ers ri u s , h a o n e a ss n ee o f a ba n

Mp dyc li It t g l l k y l lidgi g c g t t it giA t wl g dl

. s
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t he s a m e e ffe S o ne v arsh , an . ru es a e m h re e v e t h e m o n e be
, 3
64 But hi s rul e as t o b an ers t o t h e e s a e , an d ve a e a a n d

Jd t tic t t l p wit B i tti w E pt t d L d

oo . on n ,

”
i s e u ar
“
i s a e n era r u e , s a s
. va di s h ar e fo r f er ar s in .

M r us e M a ule, h a a m an m ay p a y a s m an , 1 E s
p 1 72 , t he s am e

t ct d j i tl g i T t cti p it
. r s o v . .

eb t o o n e of s e v e r a h q ue s w as to Kenyo n

ct t i k cp tict l c t ct ig y ck i ptd At g tt i l
a e rs o n s on re s e n e or
W ho m h e h as Co n ra e o n y In t h e . a a n h a w a s an a o n o f a ssu m s
.

ase o f a ban e r h e do s o ; but fo r m o n e h a d an d r e e v e , b ro u h b y

wt ic xiHt twd D i d d igt p d c d pc ipt g

an n o
h a a r s e s fro m t h e ar u ar o n ra t h e as s n e es o f a b a n r u t he r a .

h h e s s b e een hi m an d hi s c u s t he e fe n a n fr o m o n e

t t it i gi t
ro u e a re e

o me r av s , 4 En g L a w But u o n i t s b e in
”
usb an
. v . . o f t he a s s n ee s .

Eq 3 4 2 . . sho wn h a ha d been g v en a a n s t h e
V OL . II .
[ 1 21 ]
1 30
*
TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[PART 11 .

a ga i n s t hi s ces tui que tr us t a t la w e ve n i n c a se s w h e re it w o u ld ,

b e re li e v e d a g a i n s t i n e q u ity (3 ) .

If o n e o f s e v e ra l pl a i n tiffs o r a n o m i na l pl a i n tiff s u i n g fo r ,

t h e b e n e fit o f a n o t he r d i s c h arg e t h e d e b t b y a c o ll u s i v e r e c e i p t , ,

with o u t p ay m e n t o f m o ne y a c o u rt o f la w w ill p re v e n t the

v
d e fe n d a n t fro m a a ili n g h i m s e lf t he re o f o n a pplic a ti o n b y t he
,

pl a i n ti ff m a d e a s s o o n a s m a y b e a fte r a k n o w l e dge o f t he
,

fra ud (1) .

2 . Of p a r t p aymen t .

It h a s b e e n sa id t ha t
p a y m e n t o f a p a rt o f a d e b t o r o f a ,

li q ui da ted d a m a g e s i s n o s a ti s fa cti o n o f t he w ho l e d e b t e v e n , ,
*
w he re t h e c r e dit o r a g re e s t o re c e i v e a p a r t fo r t he w h o l e a n d
v
gi e s a re c e i pt fo r t he w h o l e d e m a n d a n d a pl e a o f p a y m e n t
,

o f a s m a ll s u m i n s a ti s fa cti o n o f a l a r g e r i s b a d e ve n a ft e r v e r .

dict (u) But t h i s ru l e m us t b e s o fa r q ua lifi e d a s n o t t o i n

'

wiildl t t ig ig t l p dp jtydg
f t he co a ss n ee , t he e arn e u Gl B tty x l p l i ti will Co 14 2 But

k pt c t d i g id l cl c
o -

e r een v . ea ,
e, . a re
“
h a a ll t h e r h s o f r o e r of fro m f ffs

t g c i i g d dF d p
sa ,
e as e o ne o s ev e r a a n

t he b an r u i n t he a s s n ees, t b e se t a se of

pd t i d k t ptt t t idig tc g i ly l
e n e re no as e, u n ess a e ar

an d h o u h t he a ct o f o n e i n r e e v n fr au rs m a e o ut bet ween the l d

lp icij i dicti
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. ra u u on r e e a so r

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il c t tM pli d ildc
en ro u n a n

m h v e fo r ha n e v e r be , t h e equi ta ble ur o f t he

xp c ip tdi i dit gt t tt t ig t gic

,
ou u on s on o ur ,

t h a t w h er e o n e as s ne e h a d s ho n hi s ha m ay b e W W il
l l g tt y MB P il ip d
s n e re e . v .

h a t he o h e r m h i am s 6 W 4 90
“
If h a re

cdi ipt tcti wd tld y l t t igd pit

e r e ss s sen ve . . . su
b n n o n t he e s a e ; as s u h a ke , P h l s v

p i t p p ti it
a re e ,
e a se , sa s a ro n ar .

en ab e o n e a ss n ee t o C a e , 11 W 93 , i s “
a fra u in

t t t l c t w ld i t
o n s ru on ou . .

a e an d t h e es a e , i n o n o f law u o n o n e o f t h e a r es to

li M d M lk tw d p lyp i t j ctw it plic ti d t yt i d

ss es ro es e ,

o f hi s b ro h e r S e e a s o , W il n e rfe re ; tha t i s t h e
”
rus ee . t h e o ur ou no t
a m s v \Va lsby , 4 E s p 2 2 0 ; S e r e e r s ub e fo r a re h e can

T i c c pw ld cl ly w id c l q ity
. ar v . . a on

L ee, 1 58 n e rfe re hen i s a fra u o n h r

lig d p c td t c t c
oo a . . . on .

(s ) h s is be a u s e t he es t a i que tr ust i s an d he n a o urt of e u

l y tw p ti w
e rso n s ,

ob to i n a o u r o f la w i n ou se t a s e t he r e e as e , n o t

ly c i d p ti lid g i wt td y wd tld it
e ro e e e ar

t he n a m e o f t he r us e e , an d a s a o urt o f m e re a s be ee n th e a r e s o n e o f ho m

ct t d t w
la w c a n o n o ns

r e o r , w h a e v e r i s a n an s wcti Gi
e r t he ar e s o n t h e

e r a s t o t he
r e ea s e s , b ut

ti l l l
he re he

t c
t he efe n an
ou s et

S o in

Vi t B Ad d ll M l l id
as e as a a n s .

rus e e i s a n a n s e r t o the a bs o n t he s a s e o f R a w s t o rn e v Ga n

ti w it c x ci i g q it l dpl w t t l c t will ild

on . a er .

v \ . n e r, 5 8; 96 . In m o e rn . . de , 1 5 8; W 3 0 4 , t he r u e w a s a
. .

m e s , ho e v e r , o urt s o f la w h a ve be en h a t he o ur n o t se t a s

j i dictid t tiili g i p ti cg pl i ti l d it cl d ly w t
o n e a

i n t he h a b o f e er s n a n e u ab e ea o f a r e e a s e by o n e o f s e v e r a co
o n o n mo o n, and a n ffs , u n e s s is sh o to

d cB kj tly Ric d xt Yt J p l i ti l l
ur s re v e n n a ear n

d e fe n a n fro m a va n h m s e lf o f s u h a h a ve bee n m a e i n fra u o f t h e o h e r

'

e fe n e u n us

L i g L ig B I
(1 ) a r e r 11
S e e t he n e
ha r s o n , 1
. no e

85
.

no m na i l p ty
t o t he a cti
a n ffs, o r un es s t he r e e as o r be a m e re

i t twc t j ct tt p
o n , h av n i g
llt p N w B k B Alditty M t
. . . a1 no

3 62 ; h 1 h, 1 8: ’
447 I rr h a e ve r 1 n t he s ub e m a e r o f rt

L d l d t t t i
e e 1
. . . n e re s -
.

man , 4 & 4 19 ; M o un 1 11 t he a s e o f A ln e r v G e o rg e , 1 Ga m h

ig it l j i igldicjti dg c Nild i
ne v . e . . . .

s e he n 1s 1 Ch 3 90 ; 3 92 , E llcnbo ro uyh r u e ha hs

wl J P y
ro o .
, , a rr o r

C o x , 7 M o o re 61 7 ; J o hn s o n v eq u ab e n o t be ex c r

RT g t lg G g p c
n n v .
, . ur s on ou

IIo ld s w o rt h , 4 D o C 63 ; c i s e d by a s n s P r i rrs
’
e at

t T
a ne . . . e u .

(a ) I in nc l s a s e , 5 R e p 1 1 7 ; C um be r
’
4 0 7 ; Il ic ke y v B rrrt ,
’
e rs , D o u

t g t g Aik B Fitc tt
o . . .

7 a un 4 8 ; A no r
. e o r e , 1 Ga m h . v W a n e , S ra n e , 4 2 6 ;
. g ho m a s v H e a .

3 02 ; S ro n v S ro n , 2 . e ns , 3 73 ; t he m , 2 S C r 4 77 ;
.
t
h v S u o n, 5
. .

[ 1 22 ]
CH . LIL ] D EFEN E C S .

l d e the c o m m o n c a s e o f a p a y m e n t o f a d e b t b y a fa i r a n d
e u

w e ll u n d e rs t o o d c o m p ro m i s e c a rri e d fa it hfu l ly i n t o e ffe ct e v e n , ,

"
t ho u g h t h e re w e re n o re l e a s e u n d e r s e a l (v) S o m e e xc e pti o n s .

E t Bl c d l y N H t k i l p y itd t t yip g
23 0 ha r v No es , 3 and a no m n a s um th e e b o r h e re u o n

BH iltc y Ad ME li G i w T t i l d t ict l
as , an . . .

V
t e le r v . W hee e r, 1 1 Ve rm . 60 ; a es o ut £ 5 0 a n d a s t o hi m , s a n
D ay, 26 a n e, 8 8 ; D o h ere i s t he £ 5 0 e b an d t he n o m n a s u m

K I gl Gilly JJ tki i t l i i g ic t
a e v . n v . .

h er, 1 0 12 1 ; h a n o m n a sum m e a n s i n fa n o s um

D d i c k w ic d xi t
a .e se r . v .

e rsh ne r , 4 o hn s 3 0 5 ; W a a t a ll ; i s n o t m e re y an n s ni f a n

L J y p i t q ti ty It
. n

es b , 5 o hn s 3 86 s um , b ut a s u m h h o es n o t e s , in

Mid t J R i Alt t x fictiti xiwt ll c c i t I

so n v . n e er .

v . e m an , 9 o hn s 3 3 3 ; S e m o ur . v . o n of ua n ,
at a ll h a s a m e re .

hns 1 69 ; o bb n s v
17 s en e ; a n d h e refo re ,

it ti di c g d t
n urn , o e . . o us e s ay,
a n er, 1 1 H o w P r R e p 1 00 ; S a e v a m an m a re e ve £ 5 0 i n s a t is fa c

t ct l pl p y l t t ccj pty P ki l d E Lg E p
y e
.
. . . .

P ayso r , 3 7 M e 3 61 . Brrt h a s bee n held . . o n an d s h ar e o f a eb o f £ 5 0, a n d

”
h a , up o n a ea o f a m e n , t he a no m na a m a es A n d s ee C o o e r v

id c t t t p id Mi l l i k B R wl
e . .

a n e o f a e ss s um m a
y be e f t o t h e ur a r e r, 2 9 & 24 1

HBl dc d N My N H c T c dit tt j i tt d dt
. . 1 . .

as e v en e ha t h e re s h as b ee n a .
(v ) en v . ro wn , 1 a e, 3 91 .

5 C ra n h , 1 1 h e re a r e o r o f h ree o n e b o rs a c

td t d tit l gwit t t cg t d d t wildt i t p t t x l t T i

e n erso n v o o re , .

a n h ar v o es, 3 5 1 8 — P ay
. . . . ce p t e d fro m o n e o f h e m o n e hir o f t he
‘
m en o f a eb ho u t h e o s s , eb h n e n t o e o n e ra e h i m h s

py t cti t wi t t t l
a o n e, .

m a e a f e r su bro u h , i s n o t a o o w a s he t o o e ra e a s a r e eas e a s t o hi m ,

il tl d gt t ti till pc y dt i t y id T w lik ti y
a m en

no m n a
t o b ar t h e a
am a e s m a
on Co s s
be re o v er e ,
h .
1

and h e refo re a s t o t h e o h e r t w o a so
H us to n , J , s a h ere w as a m e i n
.

t Mil l BPikigg G i g t i t gp ly ic t t l gicit w t

y s . :

at e as up o he me o f a men _
. t he h s o r o f t he l aw , h en , e e ver

S e v e ns v s , 1 4 Ve rm 44 ; h n e se o f ha d a y, w as a s y s e m o f

t c d ci d d wi t t li g t t
r . o n s .

s, 1
[A rk ] 1 1 A n d s e e m e a h s s and ; an d h en t he

ddwid B j i g ccd cy j tic pl l dl

v . e, . o

H o rs bu rg lr v O rm e , 1 C a m p b 5 5 8 , n o e ; . . a us e w a s e e ho u t h e s h es
Go a r e n am n , 3 C am p b 3 3 1 ; to its e , s o e y o n t he t e c h n i

K ctip B ll E L E il l d l ctid igd t ct plit T i

v . . re a r us
n v C re m er , 1 6 E n
Go o g L a w &1 Eq
. . . cal a ura o f t he e a e rs o n t h e s e v

90 ; em a s, 2 8 4 98 S o e fe o f fo rn i i n t h e e a w as

td t g ic tt p t pit ti p id t i p d j pidctic ldi iti t g i dw g t

v . . . . . e ra s es ;

i f t w o a o n s be c o m nre n ce d o n a b or e fe of r h i n h i m w ho rrs e d h s .

ar e s , a n d t he e ri o of h s o ry , h o e v er , w a s

c p y t wi l l d t g t l i g d wit
no e a a ns s e ara e ur a

e b an d o s s i n o n e su be a , h s i s i n s o m e re s e s s n u sh e by re a

t icti l d g pl ic ti t R titdl lld iI p kti p y t t d d t t At i t ti t

n o t su h a
o h er a
a m en

o n , b u t t he
as

a n ff i s e n
e fe a t he m e n , o f re a e a rn n , a n d a bo un s
n fo rm a o n t o t h e s u en t he me
h

M G d d xt t it ll
e .

to n o m n a a ma es and o f, a m en o f eb an d

di t t d c c l w it
o s s an a . s ea n er e s

o o n , 1 4 En g L aw Eq 2 4 3 ; o o 0 11 a bo n , t h e n e d a y af er fe du e ,

B t G t d D wl d c p p y t wit t
v . . .

w in v C re m er , s up ra , a n d e
g
’
w a s n o e fe n e i n a o urt

L w d P it t t c q i tt c
- . o r s no e . a ; n a y,
But i n ea um o n re a h ea , 3 w as n o e fe n e t o a m en ho u

p y p t i y cc tpt tc it c t pl d cd pt d p lld p yd t t w ic
v o . . ro v e

o n es, C 63 1 , w as held h a . . an a u a n e b e fo re t h e d a y ; n a , i f
y yo u
a m en an d a a n e o f t h e a m o un and a m en , h h

w wil ppld t pltitl d p y t il d l wplll tt t td itt t

e ea e ro v e a

of a ro m s s o r n o e a f er be o m e s d ue , w a s a ce e i n fu o f t he e b , ye t yo u
'

an d he n t he ho er i s e n t o n o mi n a l fa e h a yo u

cc pt c di c g d t ll p p c
e u n e ss y o ur ea s a e
ea o f
da ma ges , l su a m en
p a id i t i n f all, as e ha w as ac

dld gt c tp yt c t tlccy pt pl d d pitl d dpity t wcc d gti t

or a as

and a an e i n s h a r e o f t he eb c e p t e d i n fu e rh a s be a u se
e ; or yo u
an d a m a e s ; an d ha the a m en , h en yo u o u h

c c t i t i cti Jc cti c t t i t p lic t t

o n s e q u en ea e as a

ho e r , a f e r s u h a m en and a e t o h a ve ea e a s an a or an d sa s

ma n a n a n a o n fo r s u h fa o n A n a ct o f ar a m en o r two ,

p i t w t t d lt c y g ti g i c g d
an e , ann o .

no m i na l da ma g es A n d p e r rk l a ule , a n d t he n e rfe ren e o f t h e C o u r

i pl c t ct p ct t i g t i t
. o n s an

Th e o n i s , h e h e r, a f e r e fa u o f C h an e r , re l e f, h a v e h a n e

wd ic g d dp tty ccli ptl t t i l c t c ydiit c fiit di g l lytd cid d itl i gt

on ra n n

a s m e o n ra fo r £ 5 0 , i n re s e of h s in a re a m e a s ure ; bu t is n o t a
h h t h e e fe n a n i s ab e t o n o m n a w a s so e m n e , ha

t I wt i dk c t t T i l i ci c tt p c p d gii g id di cl i g
e n ur s n e e

a m a e s , if t h e ar a e h a s um , he if a re o r, n n h i s de b o r i n fa n
c an a f e r ar s s ue fo r h o s e n o m n a d a m r u m s an e s , an d be n a fra of os n

ag es
n al d t gc ic l ctp p i t d cc d l ly d t ll wp idd l y y p id
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. he a n n o
a m a e s , i n fa
ho s e n o m . h is d e b
i n fu if he a
, ro o s e to v e h im a s h a rg e

h a f t h e m o n e , a n d t he

t yt t Gl c t E d ct ly d ll
,
a re n ro u e so e

fo r a e hn b e a us e t h e e b o r bo rro the m o n e an d t he

c i t t c t xpli c it
a ur o s e , e a

s a u e of o u e s er ( 6 1 , ch 1 , s 2 ) o n e h a lf o n t h e d a y t h e b o n fe d ue , a n d

g c t c di t E gli l g g c ld d
. . .

d an ra g e s a n d ar e , i n e ffe
g o t an a q u a n e i n e rm s a s e

x pl y dt d t t dt
sa s ,
on as

a p e g t o h an os s on T h e re o r , fo r .
,
t he n sh an u a e ou a ffo r , y e t , i f

e am e, sa s , yo u o w e m e a e b o f £ 5 0, s ue , h e m u s p a y t he r e s o f t h e e b ;
[ 1 23 ]
 TH E LAW OF CO NTRA T C S .
[rAR r
'
'

IL

to t he ru e l h a ve a l w a ys
if a p a rt b e been a ck n o wl e dge d ; as

p a i d b e fo re a ll i s d u e (w ) o r i n a w a y m o re b e n e fi ci al t o t h e ,

c re d it o r t ha n t ha t p re s c r i b e d b y t h e c o n tra ct ; (36) h e re it i s
s a id t h e r e i s a n e w c o n s id e ra ti o n fo r th e r e l e a s e o f t h e w h o l e

d e b t A n d i f a s tra n ge r p a y fro m hi s o w n m o n e y o r gi e hi s
.
,
v
o w n n o t e fo r a p a rt o f a d e b t d u e fr o m a n o t h e r i n c o n s id e r a
, ,

ti o n o f a d i s ch a rg e o f t he w h o l e s u c h d i s c h a rge i s go o d (g ) , .

If a c re dit o r b y hi s o w n a c t a n d ch o ic e c o m p e l a p a y m e n t o f
a p a r t o f h i s cl a i m b p ro c e s s o f l a w t h i s will g e n e ra lly o p e r
y ,

a t e a s a n e xti n g u i s h m e n t o f hi s wh o l e cl ai m u n d e r t he r u l e ,

th a t h e s ha ll n o t s o d i vi d e a n e n ti re c a u s e o f a cti o n a s t o gi ve
hi m s e lf t w o s u it s u p o n it (2 ) H e m a y o fte n b ri n g hi s a cti o n .

fo r itt p i t cp ldi l ti ctic t

w as m b e, the
'

c t ti p l
tw i l will c gi dd ti it cti B w
p la e h an s t d c t
fo r i n th e o n ra , ct
wl pg t d tip idcti
o ss sayp ay o ur , u a e
m en of ou a s a s fa be o n o f t he h s be a s a sfa o n fo r t he

H wkc dit c i c d t giti cti

ar oo
ho e ; b ut , if a r w a s befo r e t h e h o e , i f s o re Sm h v n, 3

wdi l p ctI ti t i l wy g l
a e ve ro . .

da y, i t w a s a s a sfa o f t he s 580 S o if t h e eb o r v e an d

w l d t t i g d d c
oo on a ,
.

ho e m en o n h s n o t fro m a e n e r a t h e re o r re e v e a ha tt el, i n s a s fa

dIt y I Spl k c c t p p lt gl c tt l d t A d w l
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s re s e t o t he l aw o r a e rs o f t h e of a h o e eb , h s i s a oo efe n e ,
o f, bu t fo r an o h e r a h o u h t he h a e m a y n o t be o f h a f

g d c ct p ci pl
u r o se

Dy i Pi T lipp c M
a s ea .

h as , a a s b e o m e t o o o m m o n fo r m en t h e v a ue of t he eb

tt di c dit w d glc pid t l c i il fi ty

n re v . .

Bo ugh ey , mme s a se , 5
’
of h a ra er a n d r i n e s , bu t w h o e r, 7 5 , a ;

B B kJ t
oo
ra e o n b o rro a , t o fa , a n d R e p 1 1 7 ; an d se e S bree v 15

c t ll dI ll k giw di lc wyg
e a . r , . .

he r t o r e e ve f W 3 5 , P a r ke , ro o s v W hi e , 2

liBtt LittRll D gl d t it
re o rs a r e a . . .

en s i n t h e a r, a n d s har e M et 2 8 5 , 2 8 6, D ewey, J ; o n e s v Bul

w ld dy g d y
o ve a . . .

i n fu ; a n d do n o t n o t he 2 e , 4 9; W h e, 3

lit dity c y di c g lt lt g ggi c t i i c c t

a er , ou as s v .

w ho be h a r en o u h t o the arb C h 62 1 S o i f t h e e b o r r en

c gditd di c llgp yw t t d t tt i
ou en . . . .
-

o f su h s ha r e , a h o u h d er e r a n s e r v e s , by o f t he

diit c ig gt d t l wd t lit c ltld g

va ven o n s en
af e r t h e m o n e w as d ue , a n d a h o u h t h e o r , i n fu a m en o f a eb , h s i s

ic igBlc t i p pt ty
re

s h a r e w a s n o t un e r s e a , o r a h o u h s h ar e , h a e v e r t h e n a u re o f

p p ly c i p t l
a oo

m h be o u b fu h e he r ou m o re t h e se r v e s i nn v C h es e r, 5 D ay,

ki Li c l I gl M y J E t
. .

O r a ss n er a n ro e r W at
g
be ( o d a re e 3 59

c t i ly c t i d
ro e r o r a re e as e , . .

ne v e r t o s ue , if t he m ea n es b , 5 o hn s 3 86 ;

dit c it c l ctt l iItt k il littl B k i t B yd

o r a c o v e n an n so n v n . a on .

i ng c an b e e r a n as e r a n e , an d n o 13 4 24

J K l gg
v . n o n, a ss . .

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g
fra u , o n e a m e n , o r m s a e a t t he g i v

ck l t c t y R ic d d P g
ro o s v . e, . o
i ng i s e ffe ua i t ( hc o c k , 2 0 o hn s 76 ;

t lidity cit ct wccic di g tt it W d B c

,
a va s . e, v . e o . v .

t he n , t o g o b a t o t he a s e n ur , o r h ar 14 W en 1 1 6 ; Le

B k t i L w MJ g
s, . a e v .

fur he r , t o e c a se s i n h h a m a er M c C rc a , 1 1 64 ; S a n d ers v ran h

t gt t t t
en . .

w a s o f va o r e ffe an , 1 3 A l a 3 53 ; e is v o n es, 4 B

E t
a or n as . . .

w as c o uc he d i n t his o r h a fo r m Un i 85 C 5 06 ; S e n m a n v 11

i g i t ti p ti I g
. . a n us , .

v e rs a lly t he l a w i s , o r o u h t o be , h a 3 90

itct l i ti ictlty ti wc t iPt y J id J il d Fp i y

as ,
.

t he m e a n n o r n e n o n o f t he ar es is, (z ) n R
rah a m I Iall, 1 1 S
v . . 78 ;
.

if c a n be d s n k n o n , to h a ve Sm h v 1 5 o hn s 2 2 9 ; n t on

w ll t li d p i cipl B k J ig i g pP tilli p clB i icwik lidl l

o ne s , a rr
. .
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e ffe ,
u n es s t h e n en o n o n ra v e n e s v . a n e, . 4 32 ; W ar v . S e rr ,
16
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so m e e s a b s he e o f la w hn s 1 2 1 h So
13 6

it it B w cit diIt g j ctH ll d t R

e -
r n . o . s v . er ,
. .

n nc l s c a s e , 5 R e p 1 1 7 f hi s a m n o t e n ab e
’

( ) l i
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w

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ro o s . a ss n n a ar o

v Wh e, 2 Met 2 83 ; S m h v o r to s ub e his eb o r to tw o

k G Fi ld M y
. . ro n, . a re

580 n ra h a m v a , 11 S 78 ;

t p t t i
3 a s, . su s . . . .

eb o r h is Co o T he en e s e e M ut In s C o 8
( ) A s i f t he wn

Ti M c l wt g Y k P l
x ve o na v . . . .

o h u h/a n o e fo r f t he d e b S bree H o w P r R ep 5 14 ; v T he
’

M il l i g c ll d p y t c dipt t
ar o e a o r,
g . . . . .

pp , I5 We s h 2 3 , h e re t he & c o f Ne w o r , 2 S o ld 1 7 9 ; a m er v

T wt k
v . r e s . . . . .

c a s e s o f (l um b e r v VVn y n c , 1 S ra n e , 6 C ash 2 82 No r c an a r e o r ,

cl i p c i l
. e rr ,
. .

ho m a s v l l c a t hm n , 2 B
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4 2 6, a n d C a fte r h a v n o m pe e a men o f a

d pt c it l id
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. . . ar

4 7 7 , a re s o m e h a s ha e n O r i f t he . o f h is a m by r o e s s o f l a w , a va h im
e bto r a
p y a ar at a m o re o n ve n e n se f o f t he re s ue b w a y o f s e t o ff in an
y
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[ 12 4 ]
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-
1 32

fo r a p a rt ; t ha t a cti o n b a rs a s u it fo r t he
bu t a re co v er y in
re m a i n d e r A s if o n e h a s a d e m a n d fo r th r e e a rticl es u n d e r
.

o n e c o n t ra ct a n d s u e s fo r o n e h e c a n n o t a ft e rw a rd s bri n g h i s
, ,

a cti o n fo r t h e o t he r t w o W he re a n o t e gi ve n a s s e c u rity fo r .
,

a s u m t o b e p a id b i n s ta l m e n ts a s s ue d a n d j ud g m e n t

v y w , ,

re c o e re d fo r t he i n s t a l m e n t s t he n d u e it w a s h e l d t ha t t h e n o t e ,

c o u ld n o t a fte rw a rd s b e p u t i n s u it t o re c o ve r t he re m a i n i n g
[

i n s t a l m e n t s w h e n t he y fe ll d u e ; (a ) w e c a n n o t a cc e pt t hi s
h o w e v e r a s a ge n e r a l ru l e o f la w Bu t a s e c o n d i n d o rs e r m a y .

b ri n g o n e a cti o n a g a i n s t a p r i o r i n d o rs e r fo r m o n e y s p a id a n d ,

a s e c o n d a cti o n fo r m on e y s s u b s e q u e n tly p a id
()
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3 .
Of p aym en t by letter .

P aym ent is o fte n m a d e b y l e tt e r ; a n d t he q u e s ti o na ri s e s ,

at w ho s e r s i k it i s w h e n s o m a de T h i s m u st d e p e n d u p o n c i r
.

c um sta n c e s ; b u t i n g e n e ra l t h e d e b t o r i s d i s c ha r g e d , a l t h o u g h
t he m o n e y d o n o t re a ch t h e c re d it o r, if he w a s d i re ct e d o r e x

p re s s t hly
o r i ze d b
y t h e c r e d it o r s o t o s e n d it
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or if he can di s
"
t i n c t ly d e r i v e s u c h a u t h o r ity fro m i t s b e i n g t h e u sua l c o u rs e o f
b u s i n e s s ; b u t n o t o th e rw i s e (0 ) .

ctiMill g i t t d t p ty p l i ti l pld p t t lig ld dp

h er hi m by t h e a n ff so h i m h o s , a n d a s o so ho s

ppli t c t p l c i t d dy d t d
a on a a ns ar o .

e r v C o ve r , 1 W e n
. 4 87
'
A n d t h e t o se v e r a
. e rs o n s i n
. h a n e hbo r ho o ;

s am e r ule a e s to If a e rs o n a n d re q ue s e t h e e fen an , a s hi s fri e n ,

pl i ti ticl c t t c t it
or s .

by o n e an d t he sa m e a c t o n v e rt s e ve ra o f t o re e ve t h e m o n e d u e t o hi m fro m hi s
t he
p t P cti J c ticl F i g p t y il l t
’
a n ff s a r e s , he

o n fo r e a h a r
an n o h a v e a o h e r us o m e rs , an d re m
a b ld d t hi m b y t he
fo r h o s e s u m s , a n d a s o t he

gc fi ld l t t wd clt xti it gl i l l ttA il i t cc di gldy itt d

se a ra e a e a rr n os .

to n v ay ne,
. 15 o hn s 4 32 But t he m o n e d ue t o h im fro m t he
. . e fe n a n

ru e s a e i n th e e m u s be h m s e f b l w as a o r n re m

i di i i l P i l ip B i c k i l l c i d t d p
e n e ra e , .

t o eas e s he r e t h e a m is s n b ut t he e er g o t n o ba d h a n s , a n d t he

J idd ll k w it d w
o n ne e
an d v s b e h 16 b w as re e ve b y so m e h i r e r so n a t

M U p t i id c L d
n s v .
er .
,

o hn s ho m
’
13 6 t h e ba n e r s o n w as

ld d y pc ctid c t ti ig di it ctid pl i tigi id t d

. . ra n .

(a ) S a v R a w cl iff, 1 . Ro b on h s e v en e , . or Kenyo n n o n
.

2 63 W e sho u h a v e m u h o u b o f h s s u e t he a n ff, an d s a H ad n o

cti l y t cw i t t p yy l itlt c tilt l t icti gi g id t

.

c a s e ; fo r i t is e ve ry ve n a b o u t h e m o e o f
’
a s ra e t o br n re o n s be en
h e n n e re s i s a a b e r e m an e , s h s be n o n e i n the

y ylty g t tcl ly diI c ldg d ld dy d t

a o n s o n n o es

an n ua ,
an d re o ve r t h e s a m e fr o m e ar us u a w a y o f ran s a n b us n e s s o f hi s
to e a r, a h o u h t he n o e m a y n o t be d ue sh o u h a v e he t he e fe n an

c d cid d g t c i d g t It d t i d
n a ure ,
fo r m a n A n d i n dec d t he abo ve fro m t he m o n e h e h a d
‘
s h ar e

g d t t c t t c t y
e a rs .
. e ar
a s e se e m s t o ha v e b ee n i n a re a w a s so e e rm n e

dig t t p ct d idi cct d d d plt i ti it t i wc l

e e re e v e as a en . .

m e as ure o n t h e ro un h a s u h a n o e i n t h e C o ur o f C ha n ery fo r y e ars -

w as a fra u o n t h e s a m a s s n e ; a n d as t h e a n ff i n h s
“

as e

c w ck N k P k y t i i t i t t d
.

(6) W r h v But le r , 6 W e n 2 84 t h e e fe n a n t o re m t he ho e
‘

T ldi d li cti d p iyt g d p Kiil g pl iMti Ki‘gtk

. re e . .

( ) W ar i e v o a es, e a e , 67. m o n e i n h s w ay , w as re m e a t t he
.

h s w as an a o n o f as s u m s fo r o o s o f t he a n ff A n d s ee

cc it d pld i tid t c t fi ld l w d x cMti id

er n on .

so an d e ve re , an d m o n e h ad an d v n to n, 1 1 W 2 3 3 I n Va e . . . .

Th e a n ff w as a h o a s h e r ff
p m er v L i t lr o w , 3 2 4 9

l ig ti t t p d
re e v e e as s
.
,

g , . .

h a n , an d t h e efe n an h i s u s o m e r, h a d a l o e a n e e u o n i n his h an s t o
i v n a t S he rb o rn e, i n D o r se s h r e Th e li e by un i l t h e re urn d a y ha d . a sse ,

11 *
[ 1 25 ]
 '

*
4 Of p a ym en t i n ha n k bi lls -
.

v
.

In
th i s c o un t ry wh e re p a p e r m o n e y i s i n u n i e rs a l u s e q u e s
,
-

ti o n s o ft e n a ri s e a s t o p a y m e n ts m a de i n th a t w a y It s e e m s .

t o b e s e ttl e d t ha t a p a y m e n t i n g o o d b a n k b ill s n o t o bj e ct e d t o -

a t t h e ti m e i s a g o o d pa y m e n t ; a n d s o i s a t e n d e r o f s u c h
,

b i lls ; (d ) b u t t he c re dit o r m a y o bje ct a n d d e m a n d

If t h e b ill s a re fo rg e d b o t h i n E n gl a n d a n d i n t hi s c o u n t ry , t h e,

aye e m a t r e a t t he m a s a n u llity fo r s u c h b il l s a re n o t w h a t
p y ,

t he y p u rp o rt t o b e (f ) Bu t if t he bill s a re true a n d g e n u i n e ,
.

an d c
the dit tt
i y p i g t d c ll ct dd it t y ’
t w ro t o t he m ittil ttg y g pl p t t ld d li
m o n e b y t h e o s sh o u

c i ti gt d li ppy i t d ll t t fic
re or s a o rn e e n e ver

s her ff, re s um n
he had t he t he e er a t t h e o s o ffi ce , o r a t a

i l At t t ti i
o e e e n era -

m o n e , a n d r e q ue s e h i m t o s en h o us e a by ha o f e,
'

cl i dt t w yd ct itll cti g itl t t w P iciy Pick

o re e v n o n e
hi m b y m a ha . m e t h e s h e r ff h ad an d h a a e v e r t o a be m an i n t he -

n o t r e e ve t h e m o n e , b ut o e s ree w as n o t s uff ent

p l i ti ttd li y d It M i J H yt By l
n .

s e v e r a m o n h s a f e r a r s , s en by m a i (d ) S n o e rr , 9 5 4 2 ; W ar .

t o wh o m , h o w o hn s 4 7 6 ; W hee e r v
’
t o t he a n ff s a o rn e a n s, 7

t t t t i y li l t c dit Tilig t y R d ti T R J
,
ren . .

e ver , i t w a s n e v e r e v e re w as held . K ra gg s , 8 Ohi o , 1 69 ; o v rn e s , 2 .

h a t h e sh e r ff w as ab e t o t he F a i rf 4 7 5 ; C o ur e r, 2 C r

i kt i t di wit ly p c ip ty B ll li t l y JY g B w P lgl l
re o r, . e v . . .

a n d h a the m o n e w a s s en a t hi s o w n 1 6, n ; W r h . ee , 3 55 4 ; . .

O h er s e i f t h e m o n e h a d be en S an e , 5 e r e r , 1 99 ;

t d ll tttt c pldy t tk t t H dg H
r s . a o as s

mme a e o f th e a t O ve r, 2 C r 15 ; S au ,

wx ll tHt By k H l t
s en u o n re e ro n v . . .

’
W h e n a m e n i s t o be 4 ES p 2 67 ; No e v es , 3 um hp
ldi ttc g p pd l t di Tct d it willt l
o rn e y s e e r . . o . .

m a e by e e r , a r e s h o u be a e n h a 1 62 ; S e a e e nr , 6 A l a 2 2 6

M dyB Mt i N H ld
. .

t he e er i s (e ) C o e v S a e a n , 3 1 72 ;

H Ry M l tt
ro e r y re e , or a s . .

no t s h a r e t he eb o r h us i n W a er a hu r n , 4 2 96 ; D o n a

iB t t l fic dit ct d ld H y lc tg l td d c c tit t ti d c ppit d

. oo v . . .

81 1 4 9, a e e r w a s p ut en o n , 4 D ev Bat 4 3 5 And
’

v . a y n es , . . . so n v . . . .

n o t he o f to Mr be m a e i n o

J t td N it N
e re e a n es , . a e a en er an n o er
”
ri s o , an d hi s w as h e t o b e i n s uf e n s u n e r t he u o n o f t h e Un e

lp tt ll p l ticpl cl l di idct cd
o ns
fi i t A d A bb tt , C
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W he r e S a es M C la ri n v
’
esb , 2 M
’

it d t t B k B k
c e n n.
, p
e r o . . . . .

a e er fu y a n d to Co r , 5 1 9

p d i t p t Gfi ld gi J t T M kl T dd
ar u ar y re e .

e r s o n a t h i s us u a a e o f re s
(f ) Un e S a es an v of

ili c it ti i d l t t pt p
a e n e rs an .

t o h a v e b e e n p ut n o t h e a, 1 0 W hea 333 e v H at

HiH lwkl H Ag d D H wki y

ro ve os eo r ar . .

o ff e, h s i s e q u va e n t o ro o f o f a de 2 o hn s 4 55 ; h o m as 6

l
e , o ,
.

y n o t he h a n s o f h a e rs o n ; b e 34 0 ; us e n be rr , 2

tiw t tl ttit c dd dd g ti tilly A HB wkk L igPi d ll M ddN tR w t

ve r ,
a r ra ve v .

c a us e i t i s a s a fe a n d re a so n a b e p re s um p
.
a s, 3 26; n e rs o n a ns, 3
ha re a he s i t s e s n a o n ; bu t 5 68 ; T he h

Bit l g t w l t ly p p t c H c J E gl Bil k Al x it d
on a s, n a v . or e s ern
'

he re a e e r i s a re s s e e n e ra to . an ,
7 e h , 61 7 ; u v . e e ve s , 2
at a a r e n a s i n the o hn s 3 68 W
t i i t Y g Ad M
. o re s e n
,
a se , arr . . so n v . e an er ,
is n o t t o be a bs o u e re s u m e d , fro m 3 S am 3 92 ; S m h, 5

p t t t it c i d i l k Il l R
.

. a e an

t he fa c o f i t s ha v n g bee n p ut n o t he Co nn 71 ; ams , 6

p ty w k it w i t dp dt ic dT l p H t Gil l B J K
o un . v . as s .

o s ha w a s e v e r r e e ve by t he 1 8 2 ; S m s v C ar . e, 11 13 7 ; am s .

fo r ho m wa s n e n e T he 3 ar r, 3 3 0 ;

k w t lgd t p
ar . a e v . o r o n, ee n e
n a m e m a y he u n n o n a t t he o s o ff e , ho m 4 o hns 4 63 S ee

l p w l ppl
-
so n , . .

o r i f t he n a m e be h e re m a y b e a n te , vo l 1, 220 B ut such

dl y w c ld y ly Itl tt t c gdci t l t
no n , a so . . .
,

e rs o n s t o ho m s o g fo r e (a n d t he s a m e a i e s t o
t
se v e ra e n e ra an n o es

a d re s s i s he re fo re fo r e o n ) m us be re urn e d by t he re

i d c w t t
o u

l Pi d ll N t w t
a
pp .

a wa s n e es s a r , i n the a se , t o c e i ve r i n a re as o n ab e t i m e , o r he m us

l ptt w t c it i t d d BIll k L ig p y it d l k k
a er

g i ve s o m e fu rt he r e v e n e t o s ho ha b ea r t he o s s n a v T he o r h e s e rn
. .

t he e e r d i d i n fa c o me t o t he h a n d s o f an , 7 h , 61 7 ; S m s v C a r e , 1 1

l c d t g lE c t w ic
e .

ho m B ut a m e n m a e t o a ban ,
”
t he e rs o n fo r was n e n e 13 7

c i d g gi d g dt w d
. . .

S ee a s o (Jo r o n v S ra n e , x h 4 77 bo n d fi fth , i n i ts o w n no es , h h a re

Ld ldt t p
. . .

S o i n t he a s e o f l l n w ki ns v . re e ve as e n u n e , b ut a f e r a r s a s c er

1 8 6, or Kenyo n r u e h a a e r s o n re
.
t a i n e d to be fo r e , i s o o , an d t he ba nk

[ 120 ]
 I lI 1 35
]
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CH . . D EF ENGES .

t he p o n s i b ility o f t h e s o l e n cy o f t he b a n k w o u ld s e e m fro m
re s v
s o m e c a s e s t o re s t u p o n t he p a y e e
(g ) B u t if t'

h e d e b to r k n e w .

o f t h e i n s o l ve n cy a n d did n o t d i s cl o s e it o r if h e m i g h t h a v e , ,

k n o w n i t a n d hi s i g n o ra n c e w a s t he re s u lt o f hi s n e glig e n c e h e
, ,

c e rt a i n ly i s n o t di s c ha rg e d b y s u c h p a y m e n t (It ) A n d t he m a .

o ri t o f o u r c a se s a pp e a r t o t a k e t h e g ro u n d t h a t w h e re b ill s o f
j y
a b a n k t ha t h a s fa il e d a re p a rd a n d re c e i ve d i n i g n o r a n c e o f
.

s u ch fa il u re , t he l o s s fa ll s o n t h e p a r ty p a yi n g ; p u tti n g s u ch

b i ll s o n t he s a m e fo o ti n g a s fo rg e d b ill s a n d a s e q u a lly a n u l ,

l i ty (i ) But if s u ch a r u l e w e re a d o pt e d it w o u l d u n d o u b t e d ly
.
,

b e s o fa r q u a lifi e d t h a t w h e re b o t h p a rti e s w e re e n ti re ly a n d
*
,

e q u a lly i g n o ra n t a n d t he c re dit o rs b y re c e i vi n g a n d r e t a i n i n g
,

t h e b ill s w ith o u t n o ti c e d e p r i v e d t h e d e b t o r o f a n y r e m e dy o r
i n de m n i whe m ig ht h a e t h e d e b t o r 1 s t he n di sch a rg e d (y) v ,

,
.

5 . Of p a ym en t by clzeck .

P ayment is a so l o fte n m a de b y t h e d e b t o r s ch e e k ’
u po n a

m us tTi l
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S e e a n t e, v o l 1 ,
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t
“

d pl it Ld c d t i cp t yti g k t l b an

k d t i i icg g i gi p i wilt wi g ki g c pd y ig dc i d
. . . e os e er a n o un r -
n o es,
p ay
2 20 h s s ee m s t o b e o n t he ro un
. ha -
ab e ia £ 80 i n va ue ,
on o n , re re se n n

t he b an , o r i t s o ff er s , h a v n h a ba n n o m a n , a n d re e v e t he

t c i i i g il witg iltty x glii gti c

su er o r

m ean s o f e e r m n n t h e en u n e ne s s o f
h e r o w n b s , are u o f ne en e i n
fo o
R c i
wc ict i t t ccwit l d y
n

m a n a g e r z— “ d
m e m o ran um , s n e
of M by t h e
W £ 80 ,
p y t k t
e e ve . .

the m ho u e a m n a o n fo r h h We a re a o un ta b e £ 80 , a t 3

w icp t t tt l B k c ll k tici g p tt L t d g t
re e v n . .

But a m e n t o a ban by i t s o w n n o e s , h fo urt

’
p er en . n e res ,
ee n a s
”
h h h av e bee n s o e n fro m s u h b a n , i s Th e w e re o n the s am e

Pick L w y M ll P t ki g c p y w
no e . n o es s en
aym S a e W e es, 3 by to t he

t td T y wxt t itt d d t t
no en an 11 . . e ve n n os on on a en s
3 94 f t he ba n m an an d

yc ggd k tt Pg p
o n o ere
. .
p re ,

(g ) urre 2 2 80 ; o n the n e a n d r e fus e d a y,

ig p llt wi g kig g c tip c y

o re v o r er, sen e
.
, p ay
Ba S h un , 1 W a s Ser 92 ; m en he ra n s m by h a

tid tic l ill git p gc i dd wt t

ar v . . . e re e
’
S r u Gas s , 8 Ye rg 1 7 5 e rh a s ht s o s t o t h e ba n n o m a n , w ho

M t d d
s v .
_
. . n

he se res u o n t h e h a t he o n t h e fo o day ave n o e o f di s

p y t w t t y tt t w ic k w ic d i dt d t
c as e s ro un n

b v e n an d ho n o r t o W , an d e n e re t o h i m t he
w g ddi c tw illl c ti d
en a s re e v e e re r e . .

c e i ve d m en , p er se , h e he r he h h he re fu s e I t ur n e o ut

t pp d py t p w
as a n o es, .
-

o r ba d P o ss i bly a so , h e re h a t he ba n h h ha d s s ue t he n o e s

p y t t c d t d t i l l Mc p y d t dt p itit wiMt ki g
ere oo .

m ay b e a ffere n e b e e e n b s re e ve had s o a m en u o n t he d a
y h en

p d p t ti
e

i n a m e n o f an an e e en e b an d b W m a e t he e o s h t he ban n

cd ct i c l tt pplip p c pt yt w d t w ci tc i tIt c
s . .

ass e in a m en
y a t t he me o f a pa r o m an , bu t h a n e h e r W n o r t he . . .

h a se In t he a e r c ase , e rh a s , th e o m an e re h e n a a re o f h s w as

i l l w ll Mit c ld y l t i t i ycti
. .

r n e o f avea t em to r a e s t o t he r e held h a , u n e r t h e a b o ve r um s a n e s ,

c gd w t t
o p
c e i ve r o f t h e b as t o t he
p ur W o u n o t m a n a n an a o n ,
c i d g i t ki g
s , as e . .
,

h a s er o f t he o o s S ed quee re e h e r fo r m o n e e n , o r fo r m o ne ha d

p y
"

. .

(11 ) S e e C o m m o n e al h S o n e, 4 an d re e ve , a a n s t h e ba n co m

i i g t t T w i g c p y
n

M et 4 3

Gil P ck id F gg p id t w i c
. . an ;

(i ) W a n wr h W ebs 1 1 Verm (j ) h us ,
h ere a b a nk n o m an

wy N H