Group presentation

Submitted to : Sir Muhammad Owais

Munir
Subject : Foreign Policy Analysis
Department : International Relations
Semester : 5th

Group Members :
Anam khalid 007
Aimen Raza 057
Arooj 009
Kashan Shabir 024
Topic: Analyze the Foreign policy of
Germany By using the tools of Foreign
policy
Foreign policy :-
• A government’s strategy in dealing with other
nations.
• Foreign policy is the set of decisions and actions
that make up the public policy of a government to
protect the well-being of its citizens and represent
their national interests before other countries and
subjects of international law.
• It implies a series of principles that define the line
that a State follows in front of other nations to satisfy
their needs.

The Goals of Foreign Policy :- The State

Department has four main foreign policy goals:
 Protect the United States and Americans;
 Advance democracy, human rights, and other
global interests;
 Promote international understanding of
American values and policies; and
 Support U.S. diplomats, government officials,
and all other personnel at home and abroad who
make these goals a reality.

Good Neighbourliness
To sustain the climate of peace and stability in the
West African sub-region and to maintain cordial
relations between Ghana and her neighbours as a
means to addressing common challenges to
development across national frontiers.

Promoting Regional Integration

To give substance to Government’s declaration to
make regional integration the flagship of Ghana’s
foreign policy and to derive maximum benefit from
Ghana’s membership of ECOWAS and other
regional economic communities for Ghana’s socio-
economic advancement.

Support for the African Union

To play a leading role in collective efforts to promote
peace, stability and economic development on the
African continent and ensure Ghana’s active
participation in deliberations of the African Union.

Developing and Sustaining International

Goodwill, Solidarity and Support for National
Development
To maintain a reasonably high profile diplomatic
presence abroad and thereby, seek to attract
appreciable levels of foreign direct investments,
political goodwill and international solidarity as well
as a sustained positive image.

Economic Diplomacy
To support the national objective of diversifying and
increasing Ghana’s export base by actively seeking
markets for Ghanaian products abroad and taking
advantage of preferential arrangements and
multilateral trade agreements. The Ministry also
supports the diversification and expansion of the
tourism industry for job creation and revenue
generation by marketing Ghana abroad as a
competitive tourist destination and attracting
investment into the hospitality industry.

Participation in the Deliberations of Multilateral

Organisations
To help seek solutions to the challenges confronting
international peace, stability and development and to
articulate Ghana’s views in major international
conferences and deliberations of multilateral
institutions.
Promoting Cooperation in Scientific and
Technical Research
To facilitate the negotiation and signing of bilateral
cooperation agreements with other developing
countries in the field of scientific and technical
research.

Promoting Cooperation in Human Resource

Development
To facilitate the award of scholarships to Ghanaian
students to study abroad under existing frameworks
for bilateral cooperation.

Promoting Cooperation in the Health Sector

As part of Government’s efforts to boost healthcare
delivery in Ghana, the Ministry through the
instrumentality of various Joint Commissions for
Cooperation and other bilateral and multilateral
arrangements negotiates for additional resources
including medical personnel, equipment and other
technical assistance for the health sector.
Foreign Policy Of Germany

First policy of Germany :- Europe first, also

known as Germany first, was the key element of the
grand strategy agreed upon by the United States
and the United Kingdom during World War II.
According to this policy, the United States and the
United Kingdom would use the preponderance of
their resources to subdue Nazi Germany in Europe
first.

Foreign policy of Germany:- The three

cabinet-level ministries responsible for guiding
Germany's foreign policy are the Ministry of
Defense, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and
Development and the Federal Foreign Office. The
central objective of German foreign policy is to
ensure peace and security in the world. The basic
coordinates of its actions include the country’s
comprehensive integration into multilateral structures
for cooperation. After the war began, German
foreign policy aimed to strengthen existing alliances,
build new ones, and obtain the cooperation of its
allies and of the nations it conquered not only in
Germany’s war effort but also in its social policies,
especially the annihilation of the Jews. Also
International cooperation is the foundation of
german foreign policy. It works with partners in
Europe and around the world to stand up for
freedom ,democracy ,and human rights. So
Germany participates widely in multilateral
cooperation and promote democracy and human
rights all over the world.

German foreign policy in WWI :-

Germany's foreign policy during the war involved the
creation of allied governments under direct or
indirect control from Berlin. A main goal was
obtaining soldiers from the senior allies, such as
Italy and Hungary, and millions of workers and
ample food supplies from subservient allies such as
Vichy France. After the war began, German foreign
policy aimed to strengthen existing alliances, build
new ones, and obtain the cooperation of its allies
and of the nations it conquered not only in
Germany's war effort but also in its racial policies,
especially the annihilation of the Jews.

German foreign policy in WWII :- To

prepare for the war, German foreign policy sought to
undo the Treaty of Versailles, build alliances, and
incorporate territories with German populations into
the Reich. During the war, German foreign policy
sought the cooperation of European states in
achieving the Nazi goal of murdering the Jews in
Europe.
The tasks of German foreign policy in preparing for
the coming war were to: undo the military restrictions
and reverse the territorial losses imposed by the
Treaty of Versailles; take over neighboring lands
with ethnic German populations; arrange pacts that
would enable Germany to advance its war plans;
and build alliances that would help Germany achieve
its territorial goals.
Germany foreign policy by using tool of
economic sanctions:- In introduction of
Economic Sanctions I wanna say that ( Economic
sanctions are commercial and financial penalties
applied by one or more countries against a targeted
self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic
sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of
economic circumstances—they may also be
imposed for a variety of political, military, and social
issues.) Economic sanctions may include various
forms of trade barriers, tariffs, and restrictions on
financial transactions.
(Germany implement an autonomous sanctions regime
According to Section 4 of the Foreign Trade and
Payments Act allows for the implementation of
autonomous regimes. This is done to:
(i) guarantee the essential security interests of the
Federal Republic of Germany,
(ii) to prevent a disturbance of the peaceful
coexistence of nations or
(iii) to prevent a substantial disturbance to the foreign
relations of the Federal Republic of Germany,
(iv) to guarantee the public order or security of the
Federal Republic of Germany within the meaning
of Articles 36, 52(1) and Article 65(1) of the
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
(v) to counteract a danger to the coverage of vital
needs in Germany or in parts of Germany and
thereby to protect the health and life of human
beings in accordance with Article 36 of the Treaty
on the Functioning of the European Union.
Further legal transactions and actions can be restricted in
order to implement (i) decisions of the Council of the
European Union on economic sanctions in the field of
Common Foreign and Security Policy, (ii) obligations of
the Members States of the European Union which are
provided for in directly applicable legal acts of the
European Union to implement economic sanctions in the
field of Common Foreign and Security Policy (iii) UN
Security Council resolutions or to implement (iv)
international agreements which the legislative bodies have
approved in the form of a Federal act.
Usually Germany only implements sanctions which are
based on EU-regulations or UN-resolutions, save for
sanctions related to the export of arms.)

Germany applies all sanctions imposed by United

Nation Security Council (UNSC) and as a European
Nation member State EU-Sanctions.
Germany does not unilaterally impose sanctions .
However , Germany maintain a discrete national
export control regime that in very limited
circumstances and it used to impose unilateral
export control measures that are sometimes referred
to as “German Sanctions’’ Externally .

German Foreign Policy by using tool of

Collective Security :- In introduction of
Collective security I am going to say that (The
concept of collective security replaces the one of
military alliances between States, which prevailed
until World War II, to ensure the collective defense of
a State by its allies in case of aggression by another
State.)
The central objective of German foreign policy is to
ensure peace and security in the world. The basic
coordinates of its actions include the country’s
comprehensive integration into multilateral structures
for cooperation. After the war began, German
foreign policy aimed to strengthen existing alliances,
build new ones, and obtain the cooperation of its
allies and of the nations it conquered not only in
Germany’s war effort but also in its social policies,
especially the annihilation of the Jews. Also
International cooperation is the foundation of
german foreign policy. It works with partners in
Europe and around the world to stand up for
freedom ,democracy ,and human rights. So
Germany participates widely in multilateral
cooperation and promote democracy and human
rights all over the world.

German Foreign policy by using tool of

Intervention :- When Germany joined the United
Nations Security Council in January 2011, Foreign
Minister Guido Westerwelle presented a motto that
would guide his country through its two-year tenure:
“Responsibility, Reliability and Commitment.”1 Less
than three months after Germany took its seat, the
Security Council confronted a crisis in Libya, where
the government of Muammar Gaddafi was violently
suppressing protesters, Westerwelle’s motto was put
to the test.
On March 17th, 2011, the German Permanent
Representative to the United Nations, Peter Wittig
lifted his hand to signal Germany’s abstention on
Security Council Resolution 1973. By voting to
abstain, Wittig formalized the most controversial
German foreign policy decision of recent years. The
passing of the resolution, and the following NATO
intervention in Libya, marked a milestone for the
principle of the “Responsibility to
Protect.”2 Germany’s close EU allies, France and the
United Kingdom, had played a leading role in
drafting the resolution and rallying support for it. Yet
Germany joined China, Russia, India and Brazil (the
'BRIC’ countries) in abstaining on the resolution.
While the abstentions of Russia and China, who
could have simply vetoed the resolution, were
understood by the international community as a
“yes” vote, the German abstention was perceived as
a “no”.
The abstention resulted in irritation among
Germany’s allies and an unusually heated reaction
within Germany itself, causing a rift in almost all
major political parties. Depending on the
explanations given for the abstention, politicians and
commentators have differed in their conclusions
concerning what the decision means for the direction
of German foreign policy. Interpretations vary from
seeing the decision as a result of the particular haste
and the specific circumstances of the Libya crisis to
concluding that it represents a strategic shift in
German foreign policy towards the BRIC countries.
In order to draw conclusions about the meaning of
the Libya decision for German foreign policy, it is
necessary to thoroughly understand the reasons for
the German abstention and the domestic reactions
to the Government’s policy. This paper will therefore
examine the factors that led Germany to refrain from
participating in the NATO mission in Libya and to
abstain on Resolution 1973. The paper will also
analyze the reactions in the German political arena
and the press to the decision.
It will be argued that the German policy towards the
Libya intervention was not a strategic repositioning
of German foreign policy. The abstention was a
result of the very specific circumstances around the
Libya intervention and was influenced by various
factors, including uncertainty over the military risks
involved, the speed in which the resolution was put
forward in New York, the late switch in positions of
the United States and the personal convictions of
the Foreign Minister. While the abstention itself
represents a break with German foreign policy
traditions, the reluctance to participate in the military
intervention itself is in line with these traditions. This
was reflected in the public and political debate after
the abstention. While most politicians and experts
disagreed with the abstention, there was broad
agreement that Germany should not participate in
the intervention in Libya.

German Foreign Policy Under

Bismarck’s :- After the Unification of
Germany, Bismarck wanted peace in the European
continent. Therefore, he declared that 'Germany was
a contented nation', rejected the policy of border
expansion. Bismarck was a proponent of the
continental approach. He wanted to keep Germany
away from imperialist policy. The main goal of his
policy was to further strengthen the position of
Prussia in Europe. Bismarck had a number of
primary aims: to unify the north German states under
Prussian control. Butt Essentially, Bismarck's
celebrated foreign policy consisted of a complex set
of agreements meant to keep all the other powers
perpetually off balance. Austria, Italy, and Russia
were embraced in German alliances, thus denying
their support to French plans for revenge and
containing their own rivalries with each other.

Change in German foreign policy :-

When Kaiser Wilhelm II removed Bismarck in 1890
and become chancellor , German foreign policy
became erratic and increasingly isolated, with only
Austria-Hungary as a serious ally and partner.
During the July Crisis, Germany played a major role
in starting World War I in 1914. The Allies defeated
Germany in 1918.

German Foreign Policy under Wilhem II

:- The foreign policy adopted by the Kaiser Wilhelm
II of Germany in 1891, which marked a decisive
break with former “Realpolitik.” The aim was to
transform Germany into a global power through
aggressive diplomacy, the acquisition of overseas
colonies, and the development of a large navy.