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Wave Packets
Wave Packets
When we superpose i.e. sum two monochromatic waves with nearly equal frequencies we obtain a pattern of
beats as shown in Figure 8.1. Of course, we can
have a group of many waves having different frequencies and in most physical
situations this is usually the case. The different frequencies may be discrete or they
may cover a continuous range. (We are familiar with the concept of a continuous
frequency distribution in the case of white light that contains a continuous range of
frequencies from blue to red light.) Figure 8.5(a) illustrates an important example
of a continuous frequency distribution that occurs in many physical situations.
This distribution lies symmetrically about a central frequency ωo and has a width
Figure 8.5 (a) An important example of a continuous frequency distribution that occurs in
many physical situations. This distribution lies smoothly and symmetrically about a central
frequency ωo. The width ω of the distribution is small compared with ωo. (b) The wave
packet, of temporal width t, resulting from the superposition of the frequency components
of the distribution in (a).
ω that is small compared with ωo. It also has a smooth profile. The result of
superposing the frequency components of this distribution is shown on a time axis
in Figure 8.5(b). We obtain a pulse of waves or wave packet that is highly localised
in time with a width t. The wave packet travels at the group velocity which is
given by the same equation (8.23), vg = dω/dk, that we had for the case of just
two monochromatic waves. The energy is concentrated around the amplitude maximum and travels at the group
velocity as does any information carried by the wave
packet. In Section 8.4.1 we will show that the width ω of the frequency distribution and the temporal width t of
the wave packet are related by tω ≈ 2π. This
is called the bandwidth theorem. This is a very important and general result that
applies to a wide range of physical phenomena where there is a disturbance ψ(t)
that is localised in time, i.e. some sort of wave pulse. This relationship between
t and ω does not depend on the specific shape of ψ(t) so long as it has the
characteristic that defines a pulse, i.e. that ψ(t) is different from zero only over
the limited time interval t. It follows that to obtain pulses of shorter duration t,
we have to increase the range of frequencies ω.
There are many examples of wave pulses and packets in physical situations. For
example, narrow pulses of light are passed down optical fibres for communication
purposes. Higher data transmission rates require pulses of very short duration t.
Consequently, the sending and receiving equipment needs to operate over correspondingly high frequency
bandwidths. On the research side, scientists are making
wave packets of light that contain just a few cycles of optical oscillation, corresponding to pulse lengths of
femtoseconds (∼10−15 s). Wave packets also have
Gambar 8.5 (a) Sebuah contoh penting dari distribusi frekuensi yang terus menerus terjadi di
banyak situasi fisik. Distribusi ini terletak lancar dan simetris pada pusat
frekuensi ω 0 . Lebar ∆ ω distribusi kecil dibandingkan dengan ωo. (b) sementara lebar ∆ t pada
gelombang
paket, yang dihasilkan dari superposisi komponen frekuensi
dari distribusi di (a).
∆ ω yang kecil dibandingkan dengan ωo. Ini juga memiliki profil yang halus. Hasil dari
superposing komponen frekuensi distribusi ini ditampilkan pada sumbu waktu
pada Gambar 8.5 (b). Kami mendapatkan pulsa gelombang atau paket gelombang yang sangat
lokal
dalam waktu dengan ∆ t lebar. Paket gelombang perjalanan pada kecepatan kelompok yang
diberikan oleh persamaan yang sama (8.23), , yang kami miliki untuk kasus
hanya
dua gelombang monokromatik. Energi yang terkonsentrasi di sekitar amplitudo maksimum dan
perjalanan di kecepatan kelompok seperti halnya informasi apapun yang dibawa oleh gelombang
paket. Dalam Bagian 8.4.1 akan ditunjukkan bahwa ∆ ω lebar distribusi frekuensi dan lebar ∆ t
Ada banyak contoh dari gelombang pulsa dan paket dalam situasi fisik. Untuk
Misalnya, pulsa sempit cahaya diturunkan serat optik untuk tujuan komunikasi. kecepatan
transmisi data yang lebih tinggi membutuhkan pulsa sangat pendek durasi t.
Akibatnya, mengirim dan menerima peralatan yang dibutuhkan untuk beroperasi lebih dari
bandwidth frekuensi yang mahal. Di sisi penelitian, para ilmuwan membuat
gelombang paket cahaya yang mengandung hanya beberapa siklus osilasi optik, sesuai dengan
pulsa panjang femtosekon (~10 -15
s). paket gelombang juga memiliki
makna khusus dalam mekanika kuantum. Di sana mereka ditafsirkan sebagai probabilitas
gelombang yang menggambarkan posisi sebuah partikel.
Wave Packets
A wave packet refers to the case where two (or more) waves exist simultaneously. A wave
packet is often referred to as a wave group.
This situation is permitted by the principle of superposition. This principle states that if any
two waves are a solution to the wave equation then the sum of the waves is also a solution.
This principle holds only for linear systems.
Here we consider linear, one-dimensional sinusoidal disturbances. The first figure shows an
example.
gelombang Paket
Sebuah paket gelombang mengacu pada kasus di mana dua (atau lebih) gelombang eksis secara
bersamaan. Sebuah paket gelombang sering disebut sebagai kelompok gelombang.
Situasi ini diizinkan oleh prinsip superposisi. Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa jika ada dua gelombang
adalah solusi untuk persamaan gelombang maka jumlah dari gelombang juga solusi. Prinsip ini hanya
berlaku untuk sistem linear.
Di sini kita pertimbangkan linear, gangguan sinusoidal satu dimensi. Angka pertama menunjukkan
contoh.
The red curve displays a simple wave form. The blue curve is another wave with a different
wavelength. The wavelength is defined as the horizontal distance between two crests or
between two troughs. (A crest corresponds to a wave maximum; a trough to a wave
minimum.) The wavelength of the red wave is longer than that of the blue wave.
The amplitude of the two waves is the same. Here the amplitude corresponds to the half the
vertical distance between the crest and the trough. The amplitude of each wave equals the
distance between the vertical tic marks in the diagram.
The green curve shows the sum of the two waves. It is the wave packet.
The amplitude of the packet is twice the amplitude of either the red or the blue wave. The
crests and the troughs of either the red or blue wave have the same value anywhere along the
wave. For the wave packet the value of the crest and the trough varies along the wave. This
variation is a result of interference between the two waves. Recall that the packet is the sum
of the two waves. At certain locations the two waves have a crest at the same point so the
crest of the wave packet is twice the individual wave crest. This situation is called
constructive interference since the two wave amplitudes add together. Constructive
interference is also visible when the two wave troughs coincide. When a wave trough and a
wave crest coincide, then the wave packet is zero. This situation is called destructive
interference. A node or point of zero amplitude exists where there is complete destructive
interference.
The wave packet can also be thought of as the product of two waves.
Kurva merah menampilkan bentuk gelombang yang sederhana. Kurva biru adalah gelombang lain
dengan panjang gelombang yang berbeda. panjang gelombang didefinisikan sebagai jarak horizontal
antara dua puncak atau antara dua lembah. (A puncak sesuai dengan maksimum gelombang; palung
untuk minimal gelombang.) Panjang gelombang dari gelombang merah lebih panjang dibandingkan
dengan gelombang biru.
Amplitudo dari dua gelombang adalah sama. Berikut amplitudo sesuai dengan setengah jarak
vertikal antara puncak dan palung. Amplitudo setiap gelombang sama dengan jarak antara tanda tic
vertikal dalam diagram.
Kurva hijau menunjukkan jumlah dari dua gelombang. Ini adalah paket gelombang.
Amplitudo paket dua kali amplitudo baik merah atau gelombang biru. Puncak-puncak dan palung
baik gelombang merah atau biru memiliki nilai yang sama di mana saja di sepanjang gelombang.
Untuk gelombang packet nilai puncak dan palung bervariasi sepanjang gelombang. variasi ini adalah
hasil dari interferensi antara dua gelombang. Ingat bahwa paket adalah jumlah dari dua gelombang.
Pada lokasi tertentu dua gelombang memiliki puncak pada titik yang sama sehingga puncak paket
gelombang adalah dua kali puncak gelombang individu. Situasi ini disebut interferensi konstruktif
sejak dua amplitudo gelombang menambahkan bersama-sama. interferensi konstruktif juga terlihat
ketika dua gelombang palung bertepatan. Ketika palung gelombang dan puncak gelombang
bertepatan, maka paket gelombang adalah nol. Situasi ini disebut interferensi destruktif. Sebuah
node atau titik nol amplitudo ada di mana ada gangguan yang merusak lengkap.
Paket gelombang juga dapat dianggap sebagai produk dari dua gelombang.
The top purple curve is called the average wave. It has the same amplitude as either the red or
blue curve but its wavelength is the average of that of the red and blue wave. Count the
number of crests in each of the waves and confirm this statement.
The middle yellow curve is the wave envelope. It has an amplitude twice that of either the
individual wave but its wavelength is half the difference of the red and the blue wave. The
wavelength associated with the wave envelope is much larger than that of the carrier wave.
The wave envelope is also called the wave modulation or wave amplitude.
The product of the carrier wave and the wave envelope appears as the bottom green curve. It
is the same as the wave packet.
Kurva ungu atas disebut gelombang rata-rata. Ini memiliki amplitudo yang sama baik sebagai kurva
merah atau biru tapi panjang gelombang adalah rata-rata yang dari gelombang merah dan biru.
Menghitung jumlah puncak di masing-masing gelombang dan mengkonfirmasi pernyataan ini.
Kurva kuning tengah adalah amplop gelombang. Ini memiliki amplitudo dua kali lipat dari baik
gelombang individu tetapi panjang gelombangnya adalah setengah perbedaan dari merah dan
gelombang biru. Panjang gelombang yang terkait dengan amplop gelombang jauh lebih besar
daripada gelombang pembawa. Amplop gelombang disebut juga modulasi gelombang atau
amplitudo gelombang.
Produk dari gelombang pembawa dan amplop gelombang muncul sebagai kurva hijau bawah. Hal ini
sama dengan paket gelombang.
Each movie shows the red and the blue waves, the packet as a solid green curve while the
wave envelope (and its negative) is shown as a dashed yellow curve.
Case A displays right moving waves with the same phase velocity. Note that the wave packet
moves at the same speed as the red and blue waves. The wave packet does not change shape
with time. These waves are nondispersive.
Case B is identical to Case A but the waves propagate to the left. To view Case B run Case A
backwards in time.
Light, sound waves, and shallow water waters are nondispersive and behave like cases A and
B.
Case C displays right moving waves for which the long wavelength red wave travels slower
than the blue wave. These waves are dispersive. The wave envelope travels more slowly than
the carrier wave.
Case D is identical to Case C but the waves propagate to the left. To view Case D run Case C
backwards in time.
Deep water gravity waves and internal gravity waves are dispersive and behave like cases C
and D.
Case E shows the red and blue waves propagating to the left while the wave envelope moves
to the right.
Rossby waves are dispersive waves that behave like Cases D, E, or F. Since all Rossby waves
propagate to the west, we must assume that west is to the left in the diagrams.
So far we have only considered waves of equal amplitude. Case G repeats case A but for the
long wave having half the amplitude of the blue wave.