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DAYS DAILY Mains Answer Writing

Program for UPSC 2023

2023
LBSNAA

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 60 Days Daily Free Mains Answer Writing Program for UPSC 2023

Day 29

Topic: Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the

Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes;
Date: 12/29/2022

Q.1) Tribals are suffering from dual burden of health and backwardness. Why are they lagging
behind in crucial parameters of Human development? What are reasons for underperformance of
welfare schemes for tribals? (15 Marks 250 Words)

Introduction
• Write a brief fact about tribals

Body
• Write about how they are suffering from backwardness and poor health
• Write about why they're lagging behind in human development indicators
• Write about reasons for underperformance of welfare schemes

Conclusion
• Write a suitable conclusion giving suggestions to improve

Introduction:
104 million tribal people, accounting for 8.6 percent of India’s population, are heavily marginalised
and discriminated against. Not only are tribal communities socio-economically othered by the
mainstream Indian populace, they also face a host of structural inequalities, with access to healthcare
being one of the biggest

Body:
Tribes are generally backward, economically as well as educationally ( AS per census 2011 59% of
tribal population is literate while national average is 73% ) Problems related to poverty,
unemployment, indebtedness, backwardness, and ignorance are acute. The survey done by B. K. Roy
Burman (1972) shows that the tribals are the most backward because of their low literacy and
primitive economy ( relying on subsistence farming ). They lack modern skills and thus lower
employment opportunities.
Tribal communities face the “triple burden” of disease.
• High rates of malnutrition (42% of tribal children are underweight , 1.5 times higher than non-
tribal children - NFHS 4 )
• communicable diseases (TB, leprosy, HIV etc) ( 703 out of 10000 tribals have TB while for non
tribals , ratio is 256 out of 10000 - NFHS 4)
• The advent of rapid urbanisation, and changing lifestyles and environment, has led to a rise in
non-communicable diseases as well (cancer, diabetes, and hypertension) (25 % tribals are
suffering from hypertension - NFHS 4)

Reasons behind lagging in crucial parameters of Human development

• Loss of Control over Natural Resources
• With the advent of industrialization in India and the discovery of minerals and other resources
in tribal inhabited areas, these pockets were thrown open to outsiders, and state control
replaced tribal control. This resulted in the loss of ownership rights over land,

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• With the concepts of protected forests and national forests gaining currency, the tribals felt
themselves uprooted from their cultural moorings and with no secure means of livelihood.

Displacement and Rehabilitation

• After independence, huge steel plants, power projects, and large dams came up—most of
them in the tribal inhabited areas. The mining activities were also accelerated in these areas.
Acquisition of tribal land by the government for these projects led to large-scale displacement
of the tribal population with no effective rehabilitation The tribal pockets of the Chotanagpur
region, Orissa, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh suffered the most.

Lack of Awareness about Government Schemes

• Various tribal welfare schemes are initiated by the government like : Pre-matric and post-
matric scholarship for scheduled tribes students, Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme for
tribal students in higher studies, Vocational training in tribal areas,
• Due to illiteracy and lack of awareness many families remain in dark about the assistance laid
down for them by the Government. As a consequence, they remain deprived from such
benefits.

Subsistence Economy
• Tribal economy is characterised as subsistence-oriented. A subsistence economy is wholly
reliant on nature to provide for their needs, if a crop fails, or their resources are damaged in
some way, then they do not have access to alternatives. A subsistence way of earning cannot
afford a good livelihood as profit or earning is limited.

Erosion of Identity
• Extinction of tribal dialects and languages is another cause of concern as it indicates an erosion
of tribal identity in certain areas. Neglect of mother tongue also causes problems in their
education

Drug Addiction
• At the national level, it is noted that about half of Scheduled tribe men (51%) consume some
form of alcohol. Such a pattern of drinking alcohol among Scheduled Tribe men has a negative
effect on their health.

Working of legislation.
• The Provisions of Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996 and The
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act
(FRA), 2006, enacted to redress the historical injustice to tribal and forest communities, have
not been implemented satisfactorily

Social and geographical isolation:

• from the mainstream community has prevented their access to resources and opportunity for
development. Eg tribals of northeastern region aren't able to take advantage of business
opportunities in the mainland due to lack of connectivity.

Inadequate resource allocation:

• for tribal development prevents their rightful share in the national development. They
continue remain marginalised and backward

Poor implementation of programmes:

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• lack of effective implementation of scheme and programmes initiated for tribal

development causes wasteful expenditure without any meaningful advancement of tribals

Reasons for underperformance of welfare schemes for tribals

• Top down approach: Government has used a top-down approach in its development programmes
. lack of the spirit of people’s participation prevents effective implementation of programmes.
Legislations like the PESA act for democratic decentralisation have not been effectively
implemented.
• Corruption : misuse of funds and power by the vested authorities led to diversion of funds for
purposes other than tribal development
• Manpower : lack of trained and motivated manpower who were responsible for implementing
these programmes.
• Lack of Awareness about Government Schemes: . Due to illiteracy and lack of awareness many
families remain in dark about the assistance laid down for them by the Government. As a
consequence, they remain deprived from such benefits.
• Lack of convergence : between schemes related to health , education , rural development ,
economic development and a siloed approach prevents effectiveness of schemes
• Lack of centre- state coordination : overlapping of centre and state schemes and lack of
cooperation between them leads to duplication and wasteful expenditure.
• Weakening of institutions: specifically meant for delivery of goods and services to tribal
population i.e. Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) / Integrated Tribal Development
Projects / Tribal Research Institutes (TRI) and other Micro Projects.
• Lack of outcome orientation: Utilisation of funds is more ritualistic than outcome based . focus is
only on outlay of funds than on real outcome achieved through it .
• Tribal welfare departments : Inadequate and insufficient administrative and financial powers with
the Tribal Welfare Departments in the States and Ministry of Tribal Affairs at Centre.

Conclusion:
Government should aim at effective implementation of the Xaxa committee recommendation on
tribal development so as to ensure that all sections of society share in the economic and social
prosperity of the country.

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