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Eeem221 - Lec1 - Lec2 - Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Eeem221 - Lec1 - Lec2 - Magnetism and Electromagnetism
MAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETISM
__________________________
EEM221 – LECTURE 1&2
1
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
2
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
TYPES OF MAGNETS
• Natural Magnets - these are iron ores (magnetite 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 ) which are obtained from mines, and which have the
property of attracting iron pieces naturally.
• Artificial Magnets - these magnets are those which are created by artificial means.
Two Types:
• Temporary Magnets. Magnets which retain their power of magnetism by the flow of current through it.
• Permanent Magnets. Man-made magnets which are created from steel and its alloys like cobalt steel,
tungsten steel, etc.
3
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
1. A magnet always attracts iron and its alloys.
2. A magnet has two poles, the North and the South pole
3. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract
4. If a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece becomes an
independent magnet.
5. A magnet can impart its properties to any magnetic material.
6. A magnet losses its properties when hammered, heated up to Curie
temperature or dropped from a height.
4
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC FIELD
The region around a magnet where
its poles exhibit a force of attraction
or repulsion. It results from motion
of electric charges in a material.
5
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC FIELD
If a permanent magnet is suspended in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the figure, it
takes up a position such that one end
points to the earth’s north pole. That end is
said to be the north-seeking end of the
magnet while the other end is called the
south-seeking end.
6
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
8
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
ELECTROMAGNETISM
When a conductor carries an electric current, a magnetic field is produced around
that conductor – a phenomenon discovered by Oersted at Copenhagen in 1820. He
found that when a wire carrying an electric current was placed above a magnetic
needle and in line with the normal direction of the latter, the needle was deflected
clockwise or anticlockwise, depending upon the direction of the current.
9
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
10
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
PRODUCTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD
The basic law governing the production of
magnetic field is Ampere’s Circuital H = Magnetic field produced in Ampere-turn/meter
Law. It is defined as the line integral of the dL = differential length along the path of
magnetic field surrounding closed-loop integration
equals the number of times the algebraic
Ienc = Current in Amperes
sum of currents passing through the loop.
11
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
13
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
15
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC FIELD
OF A SOLENOID
If a coil is wound on a steel rod and connected to a
battery, the steel becomes magnetized and behaves
like a permanent magnet. The magnetic field of the
electromagnet is represented by the dotted lines and
its direction by the arrowheads.
16
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
PRODUCTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD IN A SOLENOID
𝑯𝒍 = 𝑵𝒊
H = Magnetic field produced in Ampere-turn/meter
l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
N = number of turns
i = Current in Amperes
17
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
The rule can be summarized as follows:
• Hold the thumb, first finger and second finger of the
left hand in the manner indicated by Fig. 6, whereby
they are mutually at right angles.
• Point the First finger in the Field direction.
• Point the seCond finger in the Current direction.
• The thuMb then indicates the direction of the
Mechanical force exerted by the conductor.
18
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
FORCE DETERMINATION
𝐹 = 𝛽𝑖𝑙
F= Force on the conductor in Newtons
𝛽 = Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla
i = current in amperes
l = length of the conductor at right angle with the
magnetic field in meters
19
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A conductor, 150 mm long, is carrying a current of 60 A at right angles to a magnetic field. The force
on the conductor is 3 N. Calculate the density of the field.
[0.33T]
20
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
21
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
• The ability of a material to conduct 𝜇
magnetic lines of force through it is
called permeability. The permeability of 𝜇𝑟 =
any other material compared to the
permeability of free space is called its
𝜇𝑜
relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 = Relative Permeability
𝜇= Permeability of the material
𝜇𝑜 = Permeability of Free Space
22
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC FLUX
The amount of magnetic lines of force set-
up in a magnetic circuit is called magnetic
flux. Its unit is weber (Wb). It is analogous
to electric current I in electric circuit. If 𝝓 = න 𝛽𝑑𝐴
the flux density vector is perpendicular to
a plane of area A, and if the flux density is 𝐴
constant throughout the area, then this
𝛽 = Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla
equation reduces to: 𝜙= Magnetic Flux in Webers
𝜙 = 𝛽𝐴 dA = differential unit Area
23
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC FLUX
𝜇𝑁𝑖𝐴
𝜙 = 𝛽𝐴 =
𝑙
𝜙= Magnetic Flux in Webers
𝛽 = Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla
A = Core cross-sectional area in square meters
N = number of turns
i = current in the conductor in Amperes
l = mean path length of the core in meters
24
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The phenomenon by which an emf is induced in a circuit
(and hence current flows when the circuit is closed) when
magnetic flux linking with it changes.
25
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
In this experiment done by Faraday, an electric
current could be produced by the movement of
magnetic flux relative to a coil. It also showed that
the magnitude of the induced electromotive force is
proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux
passed through the coil is varied. Alternatively,
when a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux,
an electromotive force is generated in the conductor
and the magnitude of the generated electromotive
force is proportional to the rate at which the
conductor cuts or is cut by the magnetic flux.
26
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
27
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
28
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
DYNAMICALLY INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
By either moving the conductor keeping the magnetic field system stationary or moving the field system
keeping the conductor stationary so that flux is cut by the conductor, the emf thus induced in the
conductor is called dynamically induced emf.
29
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
The work done in moving conductor AA
through a distance d in meters to position BB
is β𝑖𝑙 × 𝑑 joules.
30
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
𝑬 = 𝜷𝒍𝒗 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽
31
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the e.m.f. generated in the axle of a car travelling at 80 km/h, assuming the
length of the axle to be 2 m and the vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field to
be 40 μT (microteslas).
[1780 μV]
32
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
𝐸 = 𝛽𝑙𝑣
𝐸 = 𝜙/𝑡
𝑬 = 𝒅𝝓/𝒅𝒕
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
33
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IN A COIL
𝑬 = 𝑵 𝒅𝝓/𝒅𝒕
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
34
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A magnetic flux of 400 μWb passing through a coil of 1200 turns is reversed in 0.1 s.
Calculate the average value of the e.m.f. induced in the coil.
[9.6V]
35
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
DIRECTION OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Lenz’ Law:
The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always
such that it tends to set up a current opposing
the motion or the change of flux responsible
for inducing that e.m.f.
36
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
37
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
38
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
40
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
𝑵𝟐 𝝓𝟏𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑨𝝁𝑶 𝝁𝒓
𝑳= =
𝒊𝟏 𝒍
L = Self inductance in Henry A = Cross-sectional Area of the core
N1 = Number of turns in first coil 𝜇𝑂 = Permeability of free space
𝜇𝑟 = Permeability of the material
N2 = Number of turns in second coil
l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
41
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
COEFFIECIENT OF COUPLING
When current flows through one coil, it produces flux.
The whole of this flux may not be linking with the other
coil coupled to it as shown. It may be reduced, because of
leakage flux, by a fraction k known as co-efficient of
coupling. Thus, the fraction of magnetic flux produced by
the current in one coil that links with the other is known
as co-efficient of coupling (k) between the two coils.
42
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
INDUCTANCES IN SERIES
When their fields are additive, their fluxes are set-up in the same direction in this case, the inductance
of each coil is increased by M,
𝐿 𝑇 = (𝐿1 + 𝑀) + (𝐿2 + 𝑀) = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2 𝑀
When their fields are subtractive, their fluxes are set-up in opposite direction, in this case, the
inductance of each coil is decreased by M,
𝐿 𝑇 = (𝐿1 – 𝑀) + (𝐿2 – 𝑀) = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 – 2 𝑀
43
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
INDUCTANCES IN PARALLEL
𝐿1 𝐿2 −𝑀2
When the fields produced by the coils are in the same direction, 𝐿𝑡 =
𝐿1 +𝐿2 −2𝑀
𝐿1 𝐿2 −𝑀2
When the fields produced by the coils are in the opposite direction, 𝐿𝑡 =
𝐿1 +𝐿2 +2𝑀
44
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
45
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
𝝁𝑶 𝒍
𝒊𝒂 × 𝒊𝒃
𝑭= 𝟐𝝅
𝒅
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The force between two long parallel conductors is 15 kg/meter. The conductor
spacing is 10 cm. If one conductor carries twice the current of the other, calculate the
current in each conductor.
[6065.270A, 12130.540A]
47
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
It may be defined as a closed path in which
magnetic flux is intended to be established or
build up. The magnetic circuit is analogous to the
electric circuit.
48
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
It is the magnetic force which sets-up or tends to
set-up magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. As per
work law it may be defined the work done in
moving a unit magnetic pole (1 Wb) once round
the magnetic circuit is called magnetomotive
force. It is analogous to emf in an electric circuit.
49
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
50
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
𝝁𝒐 , 𝛜𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒗 RELATIONSHIP
𝟏
𝑪𝒗 =
(𝝁𝒐 × 𝛜𝒐 )
𝜇𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜖𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
51
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring having a
mean circumference of 600 mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 500
squared mm. If the current through the coil is 4.0 A, calculate the
magnetic field strength; the flux density; the total flux.
[1333.333 At/m, 1.676mT, 0.838μWb
52
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Calculate the magnetomotive force required to produce a flux of 0.015
Wb across an airgap 2.5 mm long, having an effective area of 200 𝑐𝑚2 .
[1492.078At]
53
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
RELUCTANCE
The opposition offered to the magnetic flux by a 𝑭 𝑁𝑖 𝐻𝑙
= =
magnetic circuit is called its reluctance. It 𝝓 𝛽 × 𝐴 𝜇𝑂 𝜇𝑟 𝐻𝐴
depends upon length (l), area of cross-section (a) 𝑭 𝒍
and permeability (𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟 ) of the material = =𝑺
that makes up the magnetic circuit. It is 𝝓 𝝁𝑶 ×𝝁𝒓 ×𝑨
measured in AT/Wb. It is analogous to resistance S = Reluctance in At/wb
in an electric circuit. l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
N = number of turns
𝜇𝑟 = Relative Permeability
𝜇𝑜 = Permeability of Free Space
54
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
𝑭=𝝓×𝑹
𝑵×𝒊=𝝓×𝑹
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
R = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑡/𝑊𝑏
56
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
57
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
58
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
59
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A mild-steel ring having a cross-sectional area of 500 square mm and a
mean circumference of 400 mm has a coil of 200 turns wound uniformly
around it. Calculate the reluctance of the ring and the current required to
produce a flux of 800 μWb in the ring. Use 477.5 μH/m as the
permeability of the steel.
[1.675MA-t/Wb, 6.702A]
60
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A coil of insulated wire of 500 turns and of resistance 4 ohms is closely
wound on iron ring. The ring has a mean diameter of 0.25 m and a
uniform cross-sectional area of 700 𝑚𝑚2 . Calculate the total flux in the
ring when a dc supply of 6 V is applied to the ends of the winding.
Assume a relative permeability of 550.
[0.462mWb]
61
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝒏 = 𝑹𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
62
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
A steel ring of 25 cm diameter and of circular section 3 cm in diameter has an air gap
of 1.5 mm length. It is wound uniformly with 750 turns of wire carrying a current of
2.1 A. Calculate (a) total magnetomotive force (b) flux density in air gap (c) magnetic
flux in air gap (d) relative permeability of steel ring. Assume that iron path takes 65%
of the total magnetomotive force.
[1575At, 0.462T, 0.326mWb, 353.617microHenry/meter]
63
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
A rectangular magnetic core shown has square
cross-section of area 16 𝑐𝑚2 . An air-gap of 2
mm is cut across one of its limbs. Find the
exciting current needed in the coil having 1000
turns wound on the core to create an air-gap flux
of 4 mWb. The relative permeability of the core is
2000.
[4.713 A]
64
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
𝑹𝒕 = 𝟏/(𝟏/𝑹𝒊 )
𝒊=𝟏
65
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
A cast steel magnetic structure made of a
bar of section 2cm x 2cm is shown in the
figure. Determine the current that the
500- turn magnetizing coil on the left limb
should carry so that the flux of 2 mWb is
produced in the right limb. Take relative
permeability of cast steel = 600 and
neglect leakage flux.
66
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
67
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
68
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS
When a magnetic material is magnetized first
in one direction and then in the other (i.e., one
cycle of magnetization), it is found that flux
density B in the material lags behind the
applied magnetizing force H. This
phenomenon is known as magnetic hysteresis.
69
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
RETENTIVITY AND
COERCIVE FORCE
Coercive force is that amount of reversed
magnetizing force H which must be applied to
a magnetic material in a symmetrical,
cyclically magnetized way, to bring the
magnetic flux density of the material B to
zero. The magnetic material inhibits a
capacity to remain magnetized after the
external magnetizing field has ceased to exist
and this is called Retentivity.
70
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
RETENTIVITY AND
COERCIVE FORCE
Coercive force is that amount of reversed
magnetizing force H which must be applied to
a magnetic material in a symmetrical,
cyclically magnetized way, to bring the
magnetic flux density of the material B to
zero. The magnetic material inhibits a
capacity to remain magnetized after the
external magnetizing field has ceased to exist
and this is called Retentivity.
71