10/07/1444

1- Conservation of mass (Continuity eqn)

Using Lagrange approach (closed system)
The time rate of change of total mass M of a system is zero.

In order to write the governing equations of motion (conservation

of mass, momentum, and energy) in the control volume approach
(open system) the Reynolds transport theorem must be applied.
𝑑𝑋 𝜕 𝑋
= 𝑥𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝑥𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝐴 Where 𝑥 =
𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

For continuity equation 𝑋 = 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1

The Reynolds transport theorem is
𝑑𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝐶𝑉
𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝐶𝑆
𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝐴 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
=0

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𝜕
𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝜕
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 0+ 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 0
− 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = 0

In the control volume approach the

general form of the continuity equation
𝜕
𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉

When the flow is steady, 𝜕

𝜌𝑑𝑉 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉
then 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛
For steady incompressible one dimensional flow with one inlet
and one outlet (liquid or gas with low speed) 𝑉 𝐴 =𝑉 𝐴
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛

Note
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑑𝐴
= 𝜌𝑉𝐴 cos 𝜃
= 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝐴

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