CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL

OCTOBER 2021 V. 43 No. 10

V. 43 NO. 10

Precast/Prestressed
& Post-Tensioned
PRECAST/PRESTRESSED & POST-TENSIONED

33 A Monumental Flood Mitigation Channel in Saudi Arabia

OCTOBER 2021

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 CONCRETE PROS WORK BY THE BOOK.
THIS IS THAT BOOK.

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17
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CEMENT.ORG/DESIGNANDCONTROL
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Concrete Waterproofing
by Crystallization

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Ci Concrete
international
The Magazine of the Concrete Community

OCTOBER 2021 V. 43 No. 10

PRECAST/PRESTRESSED & POST-TENSIONED

42 ACI 318 Shear Design Method for Prestressed Concrete

Members
Attempt to improve applicability
by Thomas Kang, Deuckhang Lee, Meirzhan Yerzhanov, and
Hyunjin Ju

56 ACPA’s 2021 Project Achievement Award

Veterans Parkway—Rice Street to Interstate 90

ALSO FEATURING

19 Awards at the ACI Concrete Convention – Fall 2021

27 Modifying the 2024 I-Codes

30 24 Hours of Concrete Knowledge—A Worldwide

Experience
by Robert Howell

33 A Monumental Flood Mitigation Channel in Saudi Arabia

38 The 21 km long lining is the world’s largest concrete structure
reinforced with GFRP bars
by Eduardo A. Villen Salan, Muhammad K. Rahman, Sami Al-
Ghamdi, Jihad Sakr, Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani, and Antonio Nanni

51 Compressive Strength Recommendations for Protecting

Concrete from Multiple Freezing-and-Thawing Cycles
How well do they match the data?
by Ronald L. Kozikowski, James Klinger, and Bruce A. Suprenant

58 Using Near-Infrared Light to Measure Moisture

72 Concrete Q&A: Adjusting Air Content On-Site

57
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 3

Ci
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE
john.glumb@concrete.org
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE
rex.donahey@concrete.org
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
agata.pyc@concrete.org
MANAGING EDITOR
Keith A. Tosolt
keith.tosolt@concrete.org
EDITOR
Rebecca Emanuelsen
rebecca.emanuelsen@concrete.org
ADVERTISING
Dan Kaste
MCI USA
dan.kaste@mci-group.com
PUBLISHING SERVICES
SUPERVISOR
Ryan M. Jay
EDITORS
Erin N. Azzopardi, Kaitlyn J. Dobberteen,
Tiesha Elam, Hannah Genig,
Angela R. Matthews,
Kelli R. Slayden
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay,
Gail L. Tatum
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
http://www.concrete.org
Tel. +1.248.848.3700
Fax. +1.248.848.3150
4 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
October
30
departments
7 President’s Memo
10 News
15 On the Move
17 Calls for Papers
59 Products & Practice
62 Product Showcase
64 Industry Focus
A 21.3 km long flood mitigation 67 Meetings
channel was recently constructed to
protect the oil refinery facilities and
68 What’s New from ACI
other industrial infrastructure of the 69 Sinopsis en español
new Jazan Economic City in Saudi
Arabia on the coast of the Red Sea. 70 Public Discussion
Approximately 10 million lineal m
of glass fiber-reinforced polymer 71 Advertiser Index
(GFRP) bars were used for the
channel, along with about 188,000 m3
of structural concrete and 45,000 m3
of blinding concrete. For more details
on the design and construction of this
project, see the article starting on p. 33.
Copyright © 2021 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: +1.248.848.3700. Facsimile (FAX): +1.248.848.3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete International
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American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
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 American Concrete Institute
IN Ci Board of Direction

Sensitivity Analysis President Directors

I
Cary S. Kopczynski Scott M. Anderson Maria G. Juenger
n the most basic sense, we use models Michael C. Brown Kamal H. Khayat
Past President Anthony R. DeCarlo Jr. Michael E. Kreger
as tools to understand reality. Almost Board Members Walter H. Flood IV Kimberly E. Kurtis
every ACI document contains David A. Lange John W. Gajda Ishita Manjrekar
Randall W. Poston W. Jason Weiss
recommendations or requirements based Jeffrey W. Coleman
G. Terry Harris
on models. Many are mathematical
expressions that are based on
simplifications of physics-based models, Vice Presidents Executive Vice President
often verified using data from tests of Charles K. Nmai Antonio Nanni Ronald Burg
physical models. It’s prudent to
periodically inspect and tune these tools
based on our current understanding of Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
Committee Committee Committee
reality. chair chair chair
The expressions for calculating the Michael C. Brown Thomas M. Greene Frances T. Griffith
contribution of the concrete section to
secretary staff liaison staff liaison
the shear strength of a prestressed concrete Matthew R. Senecal Kathryn A. Amelio John W. Nehasil
member were introduced in the ACI 318
Timothy S. Folks Diana Arboleda Eric Bedard
Code over 50 years ago. While they have Robert J. Frosch Tara Cavalline Bryan R. Castles
attracted a great deal of attention through Wassim Ghannoum Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias Oscar Duckworth
the years, they remain essentially Mary Beth D. Hueste Walter H. Flood IV Werner K. Hellmer
unchanged. In this month’s CI, Maria G. Juenger Seamus F. Freyne J. Scott Keim
Keith E. Kesner Lance S. Heiliger Steve R. Lloyd Sr.
contributors Thomas Kang, Deuckhang Kamal H. Khayat Kimberly Waggle Kramer Jorge M. Rivera Torres
Lee, Meirzhan Yerzhanov, and Hyunjin Carl J. Larosche Robert C. Lewis Christopher J. Robinson
Ju provide a review and suggest Barzin Mobasher John B. Robertson Robert L. Varner
modifications that provide a more Anton K. Schindler Jackie A. Sempel Wayne M. Wilson
Thomas J. Van Dam
straightforward computational process W. Jason Weiss
than the models currently specified in the
ACI 318 Code. They also provide results
that compare equally well to existing data. ACI Staff & Departments
Cold weather poses many risks for Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg, ron.burg@concrete.org
concrete construction, including delayed Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb, john.glumb@concrete.org
setting, plastic shrinkage cracking, ACI Foundation: Information Systems:
damage due to early freezing, or damage ann.masek@acifoundation.org support@concrete.org
due to cyclic freezing and thawing. To Certification: International Activities:
protect against the latter risk, some ACI aci.certification@concrete.org bernie.pekor@concrete.org
documents recommend or require Chapter Activities: Marketing and Communications:
minimum compressive strength limits of john.conn@concrete.org kevin.mlutkowski@concrete.org
3500 psi, and one guide recommends a Engineering: Member/Customer Services:
minimum strength of 4000 psi. While techinq@concrete.org acicustomerservice@concrete.org
these statements make me feel ancient (I Event and Publishing Services: Professional Development:
can recall when 3000 psi concrete was lauren.mentz@concrete.org claire.hiltz@concrete.org
commonly specified), that’s not valid Finance and Administration: Publishing Services:
evidence of an inadequate model. donna.halstead@concrete.org ryan.jay@concrete.org
However, in this month’s CI, contributors Human Resources:
Ronald L. Kozikowski, James Klinger, lori.purdom@concrete.org
and Bruce A. Suprenant summarize
historical data that indicates that such high
minimum strengths are probably not the Sustaining Members
proper tools for protecting concrete from See pages 8-9 for a list of ACI’s Sustaining Members.
damage due to freezing and thawing. To learn more about our sustaining members, visit the ACI website at
Both articles show the potential in www.concrete.org/membership/sustainingmembers.aspx.
reviewing parameters for their impacts.
Rex C. Donahey
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 5
 ACI 318 PLUS

Subscribe Today!

SUBSCRIBE TODAY: An annual subscription that provides users with digital

interactive access to ACI CODE-318-19, “Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete and Commentary,” along with in-document access to
related resources and enhanced digital search features through all code
provisions and commentary.
Includes full digital interactive access to the ACI Detailing Manual and the
ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook. Subscribers can make digital
notes alongside ACI CODE-318-19 provisions and commentary, and navigate
content by section, by chapter, and/or by provision.
For access and to subscribe, visit www.concrete.org/ACI318.

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President’s
Memo
Resiliency
R
esiliency is important in
many areas of human
activity. In the world of
structures, for example,
disasters such as blasts,
tornadoes, and earthquakes can
endanger lives and quickly
destroy years of work.
Structures must therefore be
designed with the resiliency
necessary to resist extreme
loading conditions. Even
though these extreme events
Cary S. Kopczynski
seldom occur, failure to plan
ACI President
for them can result in structural
failure and the loss of life.
Similarly, people and organizations need resiliency to
cope with unexpected events. This includes ACI. Covid
continues to challenge our ability to remain nimble, efficient,
and effective. In short, it continues to challenge our
resiliency. In March 2020, the entire world was thrown into
chaos by the Covid pandemic. ACI staff and leadership
quickly modified plans for our Chicago convention and, in a
matter of weeks, successfully transitioned it to a fully virtual
event. Since then, we have continued to hope for a return to
live conventions and other events, only to have our hopes
derailed by Covid. Most recently, the decision was made in
early summer to proceed with our Atlanta convention in a
hybrid format—optional live or virtual attendance—which
would have been our first live convention in 2 years. I was
excited about that, as I’m sure many of you were. In fact, I
wrote my September President’s Memo, titled “Convention
Time!” about the convention activities we would be engaging
in and the benefits that would accrue. It would have been an
opportunity to connect once again and enjoy face-to-face
contact. And then the Delta variant struck. Covid rates
spiked, and the decision was reluctantly made by ACI
leadership to transition our Atlanta convention to a fully
virtual format. It was a difficult but necessary decision.
Looking ahead, there is little certainty regarding what the
world will look like post-Covid. No one even knows when
“post-Covid” will be. It’s possible that we will experience
serious repercussions from the pandemic for many years.
Although travel is returning and business is moving toward
more normalcy, large events such as the conventions ACI has
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traditionally held might be in limbo indefinitely. We hope not,
but no one knows.
Despite the questions swirling around Covid and the
long-term impact it will have on people and organizations,
one thing is certain: resiliency will be important. Very
important. Going forward, ACI leadership and staff will need
to remain nimble in our planning, efficient in our execution,
and effective in our delivery of value to members and
stakeholders. Nimble, because final go/no go decisions for our
events might be delayed by unforeseen Covid-related issues;
efficient, because our resources will need to be used wisely;
and effective, because we need to adhere to our mission and
maintain leadership in the concrete industry.
Now, here’s the bright side. First, ACI has coped with
Covid uncertainty very well. Leadership and staff have
worked cohesively, and the value ACI provides to its members
and stakeholders has been maintained. As we gain more
experience in managing ACI in a digital world, you can expect
that value to grow, regardless of the direction Covid takes.
Second, we live in a world where technology is rapidly
improving the efficiency and effectiveness of everything we
do. Remember the fax machine? Or the typewriter? Or a
phone booth? As humorous as these questions are, they refer
to equipment that was once indispensable not so long ago. All
of it was displaced by newer and better technology. So, going
forward, what technology in use today will soon be as
out-of-date as a phone booth? And how will these new
inventions improve our ability to plan and execute
conventions and other events? It’s anybody’s guess. It’s
certain, however, that regardless of what the post-Covid world
looks like, ACI’s ability to engage with our members and
provide value to them will steadily improve, thanks in large
part to new technology.
And finally, the transition to digital conventions has
allowed wider participation by our membership, especially
internationally. In fact, attendance at recent virtual
conventions has broken all prior records for live conventions,
a trend we expect will continue. As ACI gains more
experience in planning and managing the digital components
of our conventions, even after they return to optional live or
online attendance, the value we deliver to attendees will grow.
Covid has challenged ACI in many ways. But thanks to the
resiliency of our leadership, staff, and members, we have risen
to the challenge. Our future is indeed bright.
Cary S. Kopczynski
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 7
ACI SUSTAINING
The Foundation
Sustaining Members show true dedication
to advancing concrete knowledge.
The continued support from these organizations has
enhanced the progress of the concrete industry.

www.flyash.com www.full-tiltconstructors.com www.gcpat.com

+1.901.984.9400 +1.407.910.1400

Boral Resources—America’s leading
marketer of coal combustion products—
operates an extensive distribution network
and offers proprietary technologies
ensuring consistent, high-quality fly ash.
Full-Tilt Constructors is a full-service
contractor specializing in turnkey tilt-up
concrete projects and specialty floors in
the southeast United States.
GCP Applied Technologies is a leading
global provider of construction products
technologies that include additives for
cement and concrete, high-performance
waterproofing products, and specialty
systems including DUCTILCRETE®
Engineered Systems.

C O N S T R U C T I O N
O R L A N D O CHARLOTTE AUSTIN

www.mtllab.net www.oztec.com www.seretta.com

+1.631.761.5555 +1.800.533.9055 +1.407.290.9440

Municipal Testing is accredited to ISO/
IEC 17020 and 17025 as a special
inspection agency, nondestructive
testing, engineering firm, geotechnical
firm, and materials testing laboratory
headquartered in Hauppauge, NY.
Oztec Industries’ line of concrete vibrators
with fully interchangeable steel heads
and RubberHeads®, electric and gasoline
motors, backpacks, and flexible shafts are
the most powerful, versatile, and reliable in
the industry.
Seretta Construction, established in
1987, has offices in Orlando, Charlotte,
and Austin. They are a full-service tiltwall
contractor capable of any size project
anywhere in the United States.

American Engineering Testing, Inc. Boral Resources Dayton Superior Corporation

American Society of Concrete Contractors Cantera Concrete Company Doka USA Ltd.
Arcosa Lightweight Ceco Concrete Construction, LLC The Euclid Chemical Company
Ash Grove Cement Company CHRYSO, Inc. Full-Tilt Constructors, Inc.
Axiom Constructors, Inc. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute GCP Applied Technologies Inc.
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc. Concrete Sealants, Inc. Goss Foundations, Inc.
Barrier One, Inc. Concrete Strategies LLC Hawkins Construction and Flat Work, LLC
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BB Concrete of Kansas LLC CTLGroup Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC
Bentley Systems, Inc. Curecrete Distribution, Inc. LafargeHolcim (US) Inc.
MEMBERS
of Our Success
To learn more about Sustaining Members,
visit www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers.
Read more about this month’s featured
Sustaining Members in the profiles below!

www.holcim.com www.lehighhanson.com www.metromont.com

+1.734.529.4183 +1.972.653.5500 +1.844.882.4015

LafargeHolcim is the number-one building
solutions provider in the world and the
leading cement producer in the United
States, providing innovative cement,
aggregates, ready mixed concrete,
concrete, and asphalt products.
Lehigh Hanson and their affiliated companies
have been producing the construction
materials that have built and shaped the
modern world. Their core activities include
the production and distribution of cement
and aggregates, the two essential raw
materials for concrete.
Metromont is a leader and pioneer in
the engineering and manufacturing
of structural and architectural precast
concrete solutions, creating cost-efficient,
high-quality, and eye-catching projects.

www.spggogreen.com www.twc-cs.com www.xypex.com

+1.877.957.4626 +1.517.771.8192 +1.800.961.4477

SPG, Specialty Products Group®, is an
organization formed specifically for
the purpose of supplying engineered
sustainable solutions to the construction
environment and the world.
TWC Concrete Services, LLC, offers
unmatched expertise as a subcontractor
providing their clients the total concrete
package, specializing in tilt-up concrete,
flatwork, and footings to walls, reinforced
steel, and concrete pumping.
XYPEX Chemical Corporation is the
leading manufacturer of crystalline
concrete waterproofing technology with a
network of distributors in more than
80 countries around the world.

Lehigh Hanson, Inc. Phoenix Industrial TEKNA CHEM SpA

Master Builders Solutions US, LLC
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Metromont Corporation
Municipal Testing Group
North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Penetron International Ltd.
PERI Formwork Systems, Inc.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute TWC Concrete Services, LLC
Premform Vector Corrosion Technologies
Seretta Construction, Inc. Xypex Chemical Corporation
Sika Corporation
Specialty Products Group, Inc.
STRUCTURAL
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Structural Services, Inc.
Superior Construction Services
News
ACI Concrete Convention Transitions to
Fully Virtual
Engineers, contractors, educators, manufacturers, and
material representatives will now convene virtually from
October 17-21, 2021, for the ACI Concrete Convention.
Originally scheduled as a hybrid event in Atlanta, GA, USA,
and online, the event will now be fully virtual.
“Just a few short months ago, we were excited at the
opportunity to see each other again in Atlanta—I know that I
was, and I’m sure that you were, too,” said Cary Kopczynski,
FACI, ACI President. “But rest assured that we are channeling
that collective excitement into making the ACI Concrete
Convention the most productive and best virtual event it
can be.”
Technical and educational sessions will provide attendees
with the latest research, case studies, best practices, and the
opportunity to earn professional development hours (PDHs).
More than 55 technical sessions will be presented live with
on-demand viewing available afterward, providing substantial
opportunity to advance knowledge.
The convention is generously supported by Thomas
Concrete; Baker Concrete Construction; Concrete Sealants,
Inc.; Argos; Brasfield & Gorrie; Euclid Chemical; GCP
Applied Technologies; Holcim; Martin Concrete Construction;
Master Builders Solutions; Metromont Corporation; Precision
Concrete Construction, Inc.; PS=0; Uzun + Case, LLC; and
additional sponsors. The ACI Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards is supported by Advancing
Organizational Excellence (AOE), NEx: An ACI Center of
Excellence for Nonmetallic Building Materials, and
additional sponsors.
Registration for the full virtual convention is as low as $99,
with free access available to all students. On-demand
recordings of sessions and presentations will remain available
afterward to all registered attendees. To learn more about the
ACI Concrete Convention, visit www.aciconvention.org.
ACI Seeks Resource Center Manager
ACI is establishing regional resource centers (RCs) in
strategic locations across the United States. These hubs are
designed to support activities of ACI chapters and certification
sponsoring groups as well as promote ACI’s services,
products, and its brand.
Each RC will provide a brick-and-mortar presence in its
region, with offices, training, education, certification space,
and ACI staff members. All RCs will be designed and
equipped to be used for a variety of other important and
strategic efforts, including hosting chapter roundtables,
certification summits, ACI public seminars, and regional
student chapter competitions. RCs will also provide
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10 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
convenient locations for ACI Certification to host pilot
programs, training of new sponsoring group personnel
including examiners, and training of international partner
personnel.
Initially planned as a one-person operation, early activity
levels quickly indicated the need to support the RC with two
ACI employees. ACI is seeking a qualified individual to take
a leadership role in establishing and maintaining the ACI
Southern California Resource Center. While minimum
qualifications will include experience in the concrete industry,
licensure as a professional engineer is not required. The
Resource Center Manager will work closely with the Manager
of Certification Program Development to coordinate efforts to
expand the availability of ACI certification programs in the
region. This will require coordination and cooperation with
regional ACI chapters and sponsoring groups as well as other
industry-related associations.
Key responsibilities of the position include:
• Assess training needs and certification requirements;
• Schedule, prepare, and conduct training and certification
sessions;
• Teach and lead certification review sessions and develop
and train candidates in specialized “training only” sessions;
• Serve as examiner and supplemental examiner for most
programs;
• Coordinate with others to deliver ACI seminars and
educational sessions at the Resource Center;
• Create instructor materials (course outlines, background
material, instructional materials, and training aids);
• Continually enhance technical instructional delivery and
presentation skills;
• Mentor other instructors in the subject matter content and
program delivery techniques for ACI certification programs;
• Regularly interact with the regional ACI chapters;
• Manage the Southern California Facility; and
• Be part of the team of staff liaisons for ACI certification
committees.
For more information, visit the “Working at ACI” page at
www.concrete.org/aboutaci/jobopeningsataci.aspx.
Qualified candidates are encouraged to submit a resumé and
salary requirements to careers@concrete.org.
ACI Committee 355 to Investigate Post-
Installed Reinforcing Bar Qualification
ACI Committee 355, Anchorage to Concrete, is developing
a new standard to address the qualification of systems used to
anchor reinforcing bars in drilled holes in hardened concrete,
otherwise known as post-installed reinforcing bars. The
standard will address the full spectrum of products used for
this purpose, from two-component epoxies to nonshrink
 News

grouts. ACI members with specific knowledge relative to this
topic are invited to contact Committee Chair Andra
Hoermann-Gast at andra.hoermann@t-online.de for further
information.
Teaching Techniques Discussed at ACI
Professors’ Workshop
For the second year, ACI hosted the ACI Professors’
Workshop virtually. The ACI Foundation sponsored the
workshop, which was held virtually on July 19-21, 2021. The
workshop provided instructors with the latest tools and
teaching techniques to effectively engage students in courses
that cover structural concrete design, construction, materials,
and pavements.
Although the workshop was fully online, it was designed to
provide teaching resources suitable for both online and
face-to-face formats.
“The Professors’ Workshop fills a critical role in the
industry by providing the only event geared specifically
toward teaching college engineering professors the best ways
to teach concrete topics,” stated Ron Burg, ACI Executive
Vice President.
The workshop provided attendees with the latest resources
to assist in teaching undergraduate courses in structural
concrete design, concrete materials, and pavements. One
resource that was a focus of the workshop was ACI 318
PLUS, a subscription service from ACI that includes fully
digital interactive access to ACI CODE-318-19, the ACI
Detailing Manual, and the numerous design examples in the
ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook.
Several interactive workshop sessions took place, which
allowed participants to explore ideas for improving the
delivery of their concrete courses.
To learn more about the Professors’ Workshop or to receive
the latest information for the 2022 Professors’ Workshop, visit
www.concrete.org/events.

The electric flex shaft Control Speed Vibrator enables contractors to choose between set
speeds of 6,000, 8,000, 10,000, and 12,500 VPM via a bluetooth app on IOS or Android.
Once the speed is chosen, the CSV will maintain speed as concrete load changes. www.minnich-mfg.com

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News
BSI joins NIBS BIM Council
British Standards Institution (BSI), the business
improvement and standards company, has become a member
of the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) BIM
(Building Information Modeling) Council. The Council will
help develop a national BIM program for the United States
that aligns with international standards.
The BIM Council is one of eight NIBS councils with the
mission to lead the development and deployment of broadly
adopted national information management standards and
processes.
BIM is well established outside the United States, in
countries such as the United Kingdom, and supported by the
international standard, ISO 19650-1:2018, Organization and
digitization of information about buildings and civil
engineering works, including building information modeling
(BIM) — Information management using building information
modeling — Part 1: Concepts and principles.
Recently, NIBS and the Centre for Digital Built Britain
(CDBB) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to
adapt the UK program model and materials as a guide for a
U.S. roadmap to encourage greater adoption of ISO 19650 as
a best practice and industry benchmark.
“We’re delighted the NIBS and CDBB have signed an
MoU to work together on this important undertaking. This
partnership represents a step forward in the development of
the U.S. National Building Information Management
program,” said Joe Muratore, Americas Director Product
Certification, BSI.
“The U.S. built environment sector has adopted BIM best
practice to a degree, however the standardization rate remains
low,” said Andy Butterfield, Managing Director, Built
Environment, BSI. “This new U.S. program will align with
ISO 19650, the international standard for BIM, and will help
move the U.S. industry forward.”
ACI Becomes a Signatory on Letter for
Building Code Funding
In August 2021, ACI joined leading organizations in
sending a letter urging the U.S. Congress to provide dedicated
funding through the U.S. Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) for the adoption and effective
implementation of hazard-resistant building codes.
The letter—addressed to the Chairs of the U.S. House
Transportation and Infrastructure and U.S. Senate Homeland
Security and Government Affairs Committees—supports an
effort to provide $300 million in dedicated funding through
FEMA for the adoption and implementation of hazard
resistant building codes within the $3.5T reconciliation
package that Congress is considering.
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12 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Industry Leaders Share Growth Projections at
TACA Annual Meeting
The Texas Aggregates and Concrete Association (TACA)
welcomed more than 450 attendees to its 67th Annual Meeting
June 16-18, 2021, in San Antonio, TX, USA. A highlight was
the Texas and National Economic Report presented by Jon
Hockenyos, President of TXP, Inc., an economic analysis and
public policy consulting firm founded in 1987 in Austin, TX.
“While both Texas and the U.S. are close to resuming
‘normal’ activity, a full recovery has yet to occur,” said
Hockenyos. “However, in the months to come, I believe we
are looking at a new version of the ‘roaring twenties,’ due to
low interest rates, pent-up demand for travel and social
experiences and a lot of stimulus money being pumped into
the economy.” He cited U.S. GDP in the First Quarter of 2020
as coming in at 0.3% and, after the most dramatic dip to
−9.0% in the Second Quarter of 2020, it is now back up to
0.4% in the First Quarter of 2021.
He noted that Texas’ dramatic growth—the state is
currently home to 8.9% of the U.S. population and accounts
for 32.4% of net national population growth in 2020—has
created a huge demand for housing, industrial, and warehouse
construction, although demand for office, lodging,
entertainment, and medical facilities has decreased during the
Covid pandemic.
He predicts there will be a rise in public spending in the
next few years, benefiting TACA member companies, which
supply the materials that build the state’s public and private
infrastructure, including roads and highways, bridges, schools,
hospitals, and residential and commercial structures.
However, he warned of several factors that may hamper
the industry, including overstressed supply chains, servicing
the national debt, and rising inflation. “When inflation starts
to warp your business decisions, we know it is a problem,”
he said.
Abbott Lawrence, Chairman of the Board of the National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA), told TACA
Annual Meeting participants that in 2019, Texas was No. 1 in
spending on roads and highways of all the states (New York
and California were next in line), which is not surprising
given the level of population growth the state has experienced
in the past few years. Of the top 20 aggregate demand regions
in the United States, he said four are in Texas: Dallas,
Houston, Austin, and San Antonio; three are in Florida; and
two are in California.
Michael Johnson, President and CEO of the National
Stone, Sand, and Gravel Association (NSSGA), warned that
America’s economic competitors are investing strategically in
infrastructure just as the quality of our infrastructure continues
to decline. “The U.S. got just a C− and Texas only got a C in
 News

the American Society of Civil Schlaich studied architecture and civil Berlin in 1959, where he received his
Engineer’s latest Report Card for engineering from 1953 to 1955 at Dr. Ing. degree. He received his MS
America’s Infrastructure (issued every University of Stuttgart before completing from Case Western Reserve University,
4 years). We can and must do better.” his studies at the Technical University of Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Johnson is optimistic about Congress
passing legislation that will make
significant investment in infrastructure
this year, and he cautioned that when
that investment does come, regulations
Concrete Repair
“that are not built on sound science”
could make it more difficult to access
Code Requirements
the aggregates and produce the
construction material that will be
needed. He cited policies that put
and Project Examples
aggregates, sand, and cement facilities ACI 562-16 is the first code specifically for repairing
further and further away from population
areas as counterproductive to growth reinforced concrete. The companion publication,
and infrastructure investment as of “Guide to the Code for Assessment, Repair, and
particular concern. Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures,”
includes chapter guides and project examples.
In Remembrance
Civil engineer, architect, and ACI
Honorary Member Jörg Schlaich died
September 4, 2021, at the age of 86 in
Stuttgart, Germany. Internationally
known for his design of bridges, shells,
towers, and concrete buildings, he
founded the firm schlaich bergermann
partner in 1980 together with Rudolf
Bergermann and managed it until 2002.
Before that, he was a partner of the firm
Leonhart and Andra. In addition to his
work as an engineer, Schlaich taught for
more than 25 years as a Professor at the
Institute for Concrete Structures of the
University of Stuttgart.
Schlaich was named an ACI
Honorary Member in 1988 “for creative
engineering achievements in connection
with concrete structures and Looking for more on ACI 562-16? ACI has produced a series
of on-demand courses that review the process behind the
contributions to the understanding of the
ACI 562 repair code and showcase several project examples.
behavior of concrete.” Among his
publications was a landmark 76-page
paper on the strut-and-tie method for
reinforced concrete, “Toward a www.concrete.org
Consistent Design of Structural
Concrete,” in the PCI Journal, May-
June 1987. He was also an active   
member of the International Association
for Bridges and Structural Engineering.
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 13
 ACI University All-Access
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Report on Chemical
Admixtures for Concrete

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On the
Move
Larry Rowland, FACI, joined ceEntek North America,
Los Gatos, CA, USA, as its Precast Manager. Rowland is a
25+ year veteran of the cement and concrete materials
industry. In his new position, he will work with precast
producers, contractors, and engineers employing ceEntek’s
nanoengineered ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC).
In addition, he will work with architects and engineers to
advance effective design and construction practices for
UHPC. Prior to joining Singapore-based ceEntek Pte Ltd,
he was Manager of Marketing and Technical Services for a
leading North American white cement company. Rowland
serves on several ACI committees, including 130,
Sustainability of Concrete; 239, Ultra-High-Performance
Concrete; 524, Plastering; 549, Thin Reinforced
Cementitious Products and Ferrocement; 564, 3-D Printing
with Cementitious Materials; and others.
Heather J. Brown, FACI, is transitioning from the Middle
Tennessee State University Concrete Industry Management
(CIM) program after 20 years of service as Professor,
Director, and Department Chair. She is taking an industry
position with Irving Materials Inc. (imi) as Vice President of
Quality Control/Quality Assurance. imi operates out of
Greenfield, IN, USA, and has divisions in Indiana, Kentucky,
Ohio, and Tennessee. In addition to imi Concrete, she will be
working with imi Aggregates, E&B Paving, and Specialties
Paving Inc. She will remain active within ACI and is currently
serving on the ACI Financial Advisory Committee, ACI
Foundation Scholarship Council, and ACI Committees 522,
Pervious Concrete, and C655, Foundation Constructor
Certification. Brown recently completed a 3-year term on the
ACI Board of Direction and received the 2021 ACI Joe W.
Kelly Award.
Lori Katzman was named Deputy Office Leader—
Discover for HNTB’s New York City, NY, USA, office. This
is a new position to support the office’s service lines,
colleagues, and transportation clients. As Deputy Office
Leader—Discover and Vice President, Katzman oversees
strategic planning and sales processes. Katzman joined
HNTB about 5 years ago after a successful career with the
Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and Metropolitan Transit
Authority (MTA) Capital Construction, serving in various
project- and executive-level positions, including LIRR Vice
President related to East Side Access, Penn Station, East
River Tunnels, and West Side Yard. At HNTB, she has
served as Senior Project Manager for the MTA—Bridges and
Tunnels NY Crossing Program Cashless Tolling
Implementation (“Open Road Tolling”) and Project Manager
of the PATH Extension to Newark program.
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NITROcrete
named Stephen
De Bever its new
Chief Executive
Officer. De Bever
also joined the
NITROcrete
Board of
Directors as a Rowland Brown
member. He
joined NITROcrete after two decades of executive
management experience in the construction and concrete
industry. Most recently, De Bever served as Chief
Executive Officer of Standard Precast and Chief Operating
Officer of Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping. In his time
with Brundage-Bone, De Bever oversaw management and
integration of domestic and international acquisitions that
delivered significant revenue growth. He also enhanced
the sales strategies, geographic expansion, and
operational efficiency during his most recent position
at Standard Precast, which was acquired by CRH,
a global materials company.
Environmental engineering and construction firm Brown
and Caldwell announced that Tracy Ekola joined the
company as Vice President and Senior Director of Client
Services for the Midwest region. This hire highlights the
firm’s continued expansion to better serve clients in the
Midwest’s municipal and private water, wastewater, and
stormwater sector. Ekola brings a 28-year environmental
engineering and construction background with a record of
effective business growth and project team leadership in the
upper Midwest. Using her design, project management,
environmental permitting, planning, and construction
inspection and administration expertise, Ekola has led
numerous high-profile municipal and industrial water and
wastewater treatment projects. Outside of project
responsibilities, her significant professional association
involvement has seen her undertake several roles at both
state and national levels, including serving as an executive
committee member of the Minnesota Environmental Science
and Economic Review Board for the past decade. Based in
Saint Paul, MN, USA, Ekola will have operational
responsibilities for Brown and Caldwell’s Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois operations. Ekola
received her bachelor’s in civil engineering from the
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, and
is an alumna of the Stanford Graduate School of Business
Executive Education Program. She is a licensed professional
engineer in 11 states.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 15
Shotcrete
Resources
Shotcrete is used for new structural concrete construction and a variety
of repair and repurposing applications. ACI offers numerous industry-
leading shotcrete products and programs. Some highlights include:
ACI 506R-16, “Guide to Shotcrete”; On-Demand Course: Shotcrete –
Guide and Specification; ACI 506.4R-19, “Guide for the Evaluation of
Shotcrete”; and more. For a complete list of all shotcrete products and
programs, visit www.concrete.org or www.shotcrete.org.

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www.shotcrete.org
Calls for
Papers
Materials Research Society Spring Meeting
Meeting: 2022 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring
Meeting and Exhibit, May 8-13, 2022, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Solicited: This meeting is a forum to present research to an
interdisciplinary and international audience and network with
colleagues. Presentations are invited from researchers to
exchange technical information. Technical symposium topics
will include characterization; materials theory, computation,
and data; energy and sustainability; manufacturing;
nanomaterials; and structural and functional materials.
Requirements: For more information, visit www.mrs.org/
meetings-events/spring-meetings-exhibits/2022-mrs-spring-
meeting.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by October 28, 2021.
Contact: Materials Research Society, +1.724.779.3003.
International Design Conference
Meeting: 17th International Design Conference, May 23-26,
2022, Cavtat, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Solicited: This conference will focus on discussion and
further development of all aspects of design knowledge, from
methods and tools to research theory and practice. Applied,
theoretical, and results-oriented papers from academia and
industry, based on thorough analysis, will be considered for
the conference program. The submitted papers should fit into
one of the proposed conference topics. Program Chairs
welcome high-quality submissions covering substantial,
original, and previously unpublished research. Topics will
include engineering design practice, design for sustainability,
and design education.
Requirements: A detailed description of topics and
instructions for online submission is available at
www.designconference.org.
Deadline: Full papers are due by November 15, 2021.
Contact: design2022@fsb.hr.
Undergraduate Research Session
Meeting: Technical session on “Undergraduate Research
Session” at the ACI Concrete Convention, March 27-31,
2022, Orlando, FL, USA; sponsored by ACI Committee S805,
Student Leadership Council.
Solicited: Undergraduate students are invited to submit
abstracts describing their concrete-related research projects.
Research described in an abstract should be work conducted
predominately by undergraduate students. Presentations are to
be made by undergraduate students. Graduate students who
conducted research while they were an undergraduate are also
welcome to submit an abstract. Presentations on concrete
materials, structural design, construction, or other concrete-
related issues are welcome.
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Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) abstract of no more
than one‐half page; 3) presenter’s name, title if any, affiliation,
mailing address, telephone number, and email; 4) each
coauthor’s name, title if any, affiliation, mailing address,
telephone number, and email; 5) research faculty advisor’s
name, title if any, affiliation, mailing address, telephone
number, and email; 6) a statement by the research faculty
advisor confirming that the research was conducted
predominately by the undergraduate student(s); and 7) a
statement by the research faculty advisor confirming that
the presenter will be able to attend the convention in
Orlando, FL. Submit the information in a single PDF file.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by November 20, 2021.
Send to: S805Committee@gmail.com.
Don’t Mess with Texas Concrete—A Historical
Perspective of the Concrete Industry
Meeting: Technical session on “Don’t Mess with Texas
Concrete—A Historical Perspective of the Concrete Industry”
at the ACI Concrete Convention–Fall 2022, October 23-27,
2022, Dallas, TX, USA; sponsored by ACI Committee 120,
History of Concrete.
Solicited: Presentations and papers are welcome in the
following areas: historical concrete structures, significant
people who impacted the concrete industry, and notable
achievements of concrete organizations. The main objective
of this session is to present a broad perspective on the
important issues related to historical structures. By attending
this session, attendees will be able to recognize and identify
some of the historical concrete structures, significant people
in the concrete industry, and notable achievements of
concrete organizations.
Requirements: 1) presentation/paper title; 2) author
name(s), affiliation, and mailing address (if more than one
author, indicate who will be the corresponding author); and
3) abstract with a maximum length of 300 words.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by February 1, 2022.
Send to: Kimberly Waggle Kramer, Kansas State
University, email: kramer@ksu.edu.
Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the
deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations
being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact
information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International,
38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; email: keith.tosolt@
concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 17
 American Concrete Institute

Membership
Means
Knowledge!
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in more than 100 countries—
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Awards at the ACI Concrete
Convention – Fall 2021
F
or their outstanding achievements and service to the
Institute, ACI will recognize several individuals during
the ACI Virtual Concrete Convention – Fall 2021. The
award recipients will be honored at the Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards Gala, the “Paper Awards—Published
2020” technical session, and the President’s Reception. The
awardees include:
Arthur R. Anderson Medal
“for his outstanding leadership in taking research to
practice through innovative design, industry collaboration,
and chartering new ground in structural engineering”
Ron Klemencic, FACI, is Chairman and CEO of
Magnusson Klemencic Associates (MKA), a structural and
civil engineering firm headquartered in Seattle, WA, USA.
Actively engaged with ACI in numerous capacities over
the past 30 years, Klemencic served on the ACI Board of
Direction between 2009 and 2012, the ACI Fellows
Nomination Committee between 2010 and 2013, and the ACI
Chester Paul Siess (now the Mete A. Sozen) Award for
Excellence in Structural Research Subcommittee as a member
and Chair between 2006 and 2007. From 2002 to 2019, he
served as a member of ACI Committee 318, Structural
Concrete Building Code.
Klemencic was named a Fellow of ACI in 1990 and an
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Distinguished
Member in 2020. He received the 2019 ASCE Outstanding
Projects and Leaders (OPAL) Award and the 2010 ACI Alfred E.
Lindau Award.
One of the preeminent high-rise structural engineers
practicing today, Klemencic is consistently sought out by
developers, architects, and contractors for his creativity,
“big-picture” approach, and unique ability to produce
innovative and cost-effective designs. His research efforts
have paved the way for engineering innovations such as
performance-based seismic design standards, the development
of numerous ACI 318 Code changes, and a variety of
concrete-centric design initiatives through the Charles
Pankow Foundation and MKA Foundation.
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Klemencic Forster
Klemencic received his BS in civil engineering from
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, in 1985, and his
MS in engineering from the University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, in 1986. He is a licensed
professional engineer in 11 states and has practiced
internationally in 24 countries.
Roger H. Corbetta Concrete Constructor
Award
“for his outstanding contributions in the fields of safety,
productivity, and constructability in concrete construction”
Chris A. Forster, FACI, is Vice President of Operations
for Largo Concrete, Inc., headquartered in Tustin, CA, USA.
He has over 37 years of experience in the construction
industry.
Forster is a Fellow of ACI and has authored numerous
articles. He is Chair of ACI Committee 303, Architectural
Cast-in-Place Concrete, and is a member of ACI
Subcommittee 301-F, Architectural Concrete. He has served
on the ACI Chapter Activities Committee, Fellows
Nomination Committee, Construction Liaison Committee, and
Concrete Research Council, and has cochaired two ACI
conventions in Los Angeles, CA, in 2008 and 2017. He is Past
President of the ACI Southern California Chapter, which he
led in 2010. He is also Past President of the American Society
of Concrete Contractors (ASCC), which he led from 2019 to
2020, and he remains active on the ASCC Board of Directors.
Forster received the Sam Hobbs Service Award in 2015
from the ACI Southern California Chapter for his service to
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 19
the chapter. He was named one of the five most influential
people in the concrete industry in 2010 by Concrete
Construction magazine.
His research interests include architectural concrete,
construction safety, productivity, and constructability in
concrete construction.
Forster received his BS in construction management from
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,
CA, in 1984, and completed his postgraduate work at the
UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, in 1995. He
earned an ACI certification as an ACI Advanced Concrete
Flatwork Finisher and Technician and is also Face F-Meter
certified.
Joe W. Kelly Award
“for her outstanding contributions to educating the next
generation of engineers and her leadership in advancing the
concrete industry through research and committee activities”
Mary Beth Deisz Hueste, FACI, is a Professor in the
Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. She
joined Texas A&M University in 1998, where she is a member
of the structural engineering faculty and Associate Department
Head for Undergraduate Programs. She is also the Major
Highway Structures Program Manager and Acting Division
Head for the Construction, Geotechnical, and Structures
Division within the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.
Hueste is a Fellow of ACI and a member of the ACI
Technical Activities Committee (TAC). She is past Chair and
a current member of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints
and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures; and a
member of ACI Committees 318, Structural Concrete
Building Code, and 374, Performance-Based Seismic Design
of Concrete Buildings; and ACI Subcommittees 318-E,
Section and Member Strength, and 318-J, Joints and
Connections. She is also a member of the American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete
Institute (PCI). She received the 2016 ACI Delmar L. Bloem
Distinguished Service Award.
Hueste’s research interests include earthquake-resistant
design of reinforced concrete structures, performance-based
seismic design, design and evaluation of prestressed concrete
bridge structures, and assessment of aging infrastructure. She
has authored or coauthored over 100 technical papers and
reports. She teaches courses in structural engineering,
including structural concrete design, prestressed concrete
design, and advanced reinforced concrete design, along with an
undergraduate structural engineering capstone design course.
Hueste received her BS from North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND, USA, in 1988; her MS from the
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, in 1993; and her
PhD from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
in 1997, all in civil engineering. She is a licensed professional
engineer in Kansas and Texas.
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20 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Alfred E. Lindau Award
“for substantial and original contributions to the
development of the Concrete Capacity Design Method for
Anchorage to Concrete and continual support for
harmonization of international design standards for
application of adhesive and mechanical fasteners to concrete”
Werner Fuchs, FACI, retired from his position as Director
of Fastening Technology Research at the University of
Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, in 2021. He now works as an
independent Consulting Engineer and as an Honorary
Professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe,
Germany. He has nearly 40 years of experience in research,
development, testing, and design in the field of mechanical
and bonded anchoring to concrete and masonry. He has
published numerous papers in these disciplines.
Fuchs has been active in ACI since 1992 and was honored
as a Fellow of ACI in 2016. He is a member of ACI
Committees C680, Adhesive Anchor Installer Certification;
C681, Concrete Anchor Installation Inspector Certification;
and Task Group E905-TG2, Adhesive Anchor Manual
Review. He is also a member of ACI Committees 349,
Concrete Nuclear Structures, and 355, Anchorage to
Concrete; Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 408, Bond and
Development of Steel Reinforcement; and ACI
Subcommittees 318-B, Anchorage and Reinforcement, and
318-L, International Liaison. He is also a member of various
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Committees
responsible for the development of code provisions in the
fields of design of concrete structures, precast concrete, and
fastening technology.
Fuchs received his graduate degree in structural
engineering from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and
his PhD from the University of Stuttgart, under the direction
of Rolf Eligehausen. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, with
John E. Breen, he assumed a senior position at Hilti’s
Research and Development Center in Kaufering, Germany.
In 1997, Fuchs returned to the University of Stuttgart, where
he managed research and coordination of projects in
different fields pertaining to fastenings in concrete and
masonry until 2021.
Henry C. Turner Medal
“for dedicated leadership and service to ACI and the
concrete industry through committee work, seminars/
webinars, and extraordinary efforts to promote concrete
throughout Latin America”
Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias, FACI, is Innovation and
Sustainability Manager at CEMEX México, based in Mexico
City, Mexico, where he has worked in different positions for
18 years. He is also Treasurer of the Mexican Ready-Mix
Concrete Association, Founder and President of the Mexican
Institute for Sustainable Concrete, and Liaison Director of the
ACI Northwest and ACI Southeast Mexico Chapters.
He has been a Fellow of ACI since 2018 and is a member
Hueste Fuchs Covarrubias Sprinkel Kramer
of several ACI committees, including the Educational
Activities Committee, International Certification, Personal
Awards Committee, International Advisory Committee, and
the ACI Committee S801 Regional Student Competitions Task
Group. He is also a member of ACI Committees 121, Quality
Assurance Systems for Concrete, and 130, Sustainability of
Concrete; and ACI Subcommittees 130-D, Rating Systems/
Sustainability Tools, and 130-H, Climate Change Impacts on
the Sustainability of Concrete. He is Past President of the ACI
Central and Southern Mexico Chapter, which he led from
2013 to 2014. He is also a member of ASTM International
Committees C09, Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, and
E60, Sustainability.
Covarrubias received the ACI Young Member Award for
Professional Achievement and was named an International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Young Professional in
2012. He received the 2018 ACI Chapter Activities Award.
Covarrubias received his BS in civil engineering from the
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM),
Mexico City, in 2002, and his ME in quality and productivity
from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher
Education, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico, in 2009.
Charles S. Whitney Medal
“in recognition of 50 years of outstanding applied research
and leadership toward the protection, repair, and
rehabilitation of concrete structures”
Michael M. Sprinkel, FACI, is past Associate Director at
the Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville,
VA, USA, where he served in various research positions from
1972 to 2019. He directed the Materials Research Program
from 1992 to 2017 and the Structures Research Program
from 2017 to 2019. He is currently working part-time as a
Senior Research Scientist. He has published 116 papers and
68 reports with an emphasis on polymer and hydraulic cement
concretes used for concrete structures. He has been a major
contributor to the ACI guides and specifications on polymer
concrete overlays, adhesives, and repair materials.
Sprinkel has been a Fellow of ACI since 1995. He is Chair
of ACI Committee 548, Polymers and Adhesives for Concrete,
and ACI Subcommittee 563-M, Polymer Concrete/Overlays;
past Chair and a current member of the TAC Construction
Standards Committee, and ACI Committee 345, Bridge
Construction and Preservation; past Chair of ACI Committee
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503, Adhesives for Concrete (merged with ACI Committee
548 in 2009), and ACI Subcommittee 546-D, Packaged Repair
Materials; and a member of ACI Committees 345, Bridge
Construction and Preservation; 546, Repair of Concrete; 563,
Specifications for Repair of Structural Concrete in Buildings;
and the Fellows Nomination Committee. He is a past member
of the ACI Board of Direction and Technical Activities
Committee.
He has been a Fellow of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) since 2005 and the Post-Tensioning
Institute (PTI) since 2015. He is Member Emeritus of
Transportation Research Board (TRB) Standing Committees
AKM60 and AKM90. He was Chair of the committee that
prepared “Guide Specifications for Polymer Concrete Bridge
Deck Overlays,” published by the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1995.
He received the 2018 Jean-Claude Roumain Innovation in
Concrete Award from the ACI Foundation’s Strategic
Development Council and the 2012 Robert E. Philleo Award
from the ACI Foundation’s Concrete Research Council.
Sprinkel received his BS and ME in civil engineering in
1972 and 1975, respectively, from the University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA. He is a licensed professional engineer in
Virginia.
ACI Concrete Sustainability Award
“for outstanding leadership and contributions, including
bringing greater awareness to the environmental, social, and
economic benefits of concrete sustainability”
Kimberly Waggle Kramer, FACI, is a Professor and the
GE Johnson Construction Science Chair in the GE Johnson
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction
Science at Kansas State University (KSU), Manhattan, KS,
USA. In her role at KSU since 2003, Kramer has served as
primary advisor for 53 graduate students in architectural
engineering and has been a committee member for 48
additional students in architectural engineering and civil
engineering. Periodically, she has been the faculty advisor for
the ACI KSU Student Chapter.
Her ACI membership started in 1993, and a year later she
was President-Elect of the ACI Oklahoma Chapter.
Additionally, she served as Director of the ACI Kansas
Chapter from 2006 to 2008. She was honored as a Fellow of
ACI in 2014. She is past Chair of ACI Committee 124,
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 21
Concrete Aesthetics, and is Chair of ACI Committee E702,
Designing Concrete Structures, and ACI Subcommittee
130-G, Sustainability Education. She is a member of the ACI
Educational Activities Committee and ACI Committees 120,
History of Concrete; 130, Sustainability of Concrete; 364,
Rehabilitation; and 551, Tilt-Up Concrete Construction. She
has also served on ACI Committee SA03, Mete A. Sozen
Award for Excellence in Structural Research, and the ACI
Construction Liaison Committee. Additionally, she is a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI).
Kramer’s research interests include the design of
sustainable structures and rehabilitation/restoration of existing
structures in the built environment.
Kramer received her BS in architectural engineering from
KSU in 1989; her ME in civil engineering from the University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA, in 1999; and her
PhD in civil engineering from KSU in 2020. She has 32 years
of experience working in the field of structural engineering
and is a licensed professional engineer in 13 states. She is also
an ACI-approved examiner for Tilt-Up Supervisor and
Technician Certification and has administered over 350 exams
to students since 2005.
ACI Education Award
“for his tireless efforts in directing positive changes in ACI
Education that both reorganized the Education Committee
structure and increased ACI online offerings”
Cecil Jones, FACI, is the President of Diversified
Engineering Services (DES), Inc., located in Raleigh, NC, USA.
ACI Award Recipients, Fall 2021
Arthur R. Anderson Medal—Ron Klemencic
Roger H. Corbetta Concrete Constructor Award—Chris
A. Forster
Joe W. Kelly Award—Mary Beth Deisz Hueste
Alfred E. Lindau Award—Werner Fuchs
Henry C. Turner Medal—Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias
Charles S. Whitney Medal—Michael M. Sprinkel
ACI Concrete Sustainability Award—Kimberly Waggle
Kramer
ACI Education Award—Cecil Jones
Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper—Emmanuel
K. Attiogbe
ACI Symposium Volumes Award—Kjell Tore Fosså,
Anton Gjørven, Kåre O. Hæreid, Jameel Khalifa,
and Widianto
Wason Medal for Materials Research—Deborah Glosser,
O. Burkan Isgor, and W. Jason Weiss
Mete A. Sozen Award for Excellence in Structural and a member of ASTM International. His research interests
Research—Shih-Ho Chao and Youngjae Choi
ACI Concrete International Award—Scott Tarr
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Prior to establishing DES, Inc., he was the State Materials
Engineer at the North Carolina Department of Transportation,
Raleigh, NC. He has over 45 years of experience in
construction, materials, quality management, specification
development, and research.
Jones is a Fellow of ACI and is past Chair of the ACI
Educational Activities Committee and ACI Committees 308,
Curing Concrete; C601, New Certification Programs; and
E905, Training Programs. He is a member of ACI Committees
132, Responsibility in Concrete Construction; 308, Curing
Concrete; 555, Concrete with Recycled Materials; C610,
Field Technician Certification; C630, Construction Inspector
Certification; C631, Concrete Transportation Construction
Inspector Certification; and E905, Training Programs. He is a
member of the ACI Foundation Scholarship Council, served
on the ACI Board of Direction, and is active in the ACI
Carolinas Chapter. He is also a member of ASTM
International Committees C09, Concrete and Concrete
Aggregates; D04, Road and Paving Materials; and D18, Soil
and Rock. He received the 2015 ACI Henry L. Kennedy Award.
Jones received his BS in civil engineering from North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, in 1973. He is a
licensed professional engineer in North Carolina.
Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper
“Advanced analysis of alternative technology to air
entrainment for protection of concrete from freezing-and-
thawing damage”
(“Compliance Concept in Protection of Concrete from
Freezing-and-Thawing Damage” published in the November
2020 issue of the ACI Materials Journal, pp. 187-200.)
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, FACI, is a Research Engineer in
private practice in Discovery Bay, CA, USA. He retired in
2016 as Head of Innovation for development of alternative
reinforcements for concrete at BASF Construction Chemicals,
now Master Builders Solutions. He has authored or
coauthored over 60 technical papers and reports. He holds
four patents on the development and evaluation of innovative
materials to enhance the durability and structural performance
of concrete.
He served on the ACI Board of Direction from 2009 to
2012. He is a member of ACI Committees 231, Properties of
Concrete at Early Ages; 236, Material Science of Concrete;
and 544, Fiber Reinforced Concrete. He is also a member of
the Concrete Research Council of the ACI Foundation, and,
from 2005 to 2013, was Chair of the TAC Technology
Transfer Committee and the Technology Transfer Advisory
Group of the ACI Foundation Strategic Development Council.
He received the 2015 ACI Henry L. Kennedy Award and the
1995 ACI Wason Medal for Materials Research. He is a Life
Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
include durability and micromechanics of concrete.
He received his BSc in civil engineering from the Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi,
Jones Attiogbe Fosså Gjørven Hæreid Khalifa
Ghana, in 1977, and his MS and PhD in civil engineering
from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, in 1980
and 1985, respectively.
ACI Symposium Volumes Award
“Analysis of extreme loads such as 10,000-year iceberg
impact and wave loads, and an overview of the design and
construction techniques used to achieve a cost-efficient
platform”
(“Hebron Offshore Concrete Gravity-Based-Structure:
Novel Design and Construction Techniques” in SP-337,
February 2020, pp. 21-39.)
Kjell Tore Fosså is a Manager for Concrete Technology in
Aker Solutions AS (former Kvaerner) and is a part-time
Professor at the University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
He has authored and coauthored several technical papers and
reports. Fosså is presently responsible for research and
development programs within concrete technology and
construction methods at Aker Solutions.
He is a member of ACI Committee 357, Offshore and
Marine Concrete Structures.
His research interests include offshore concrete structures,
as well as concrete material technology and slipforming of
concrete structures.
He received his MEng in structural engineering from the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, and his
PhD in slipforming of vertical concrete structures from the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway, in 2001.
Anton Gjørven is a Concrete Design and FEM-Analysis
Specialist and former Structural Engineer at Norconsult A.S.,
Sandvika, Norway. He has served in this profession for
approximately 50 years and retired in 2015, but he still works
part-time.
His research interests include earthquake design of
concrete structures; storage facilities for oil and gas products;
concrete and steel design of structures subjected to static and
dynamic loading; finite element modeling (FEM)—including
calculations, construction, control, and maintenance work of
various types of structures; concrete storage tanks for oil and
gas products, bridges, buildings, structures in hydropower,
and underground storage facilities; concrete base structures
for offshore oil and gas production platforms; precast concrete
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elements; expert tasks related to design of structures in
seismic areas and response of concrete structures from
dynamic loads in general—wind, waves, and vibrations from
machineries; design of structures serving as fortification
exposed to explosion and design of high-pressure protecting
barriers; interaction between concrete and rocks during shock
wave pulse transfer; behavior of concrete exposed to extreme
temperatures due to fire; FEM analyses of complicated
interactions between concrete and rock or soil (nonlinear
static analyses); and structural vibrations from explosions.
Gjørven received his MSc in civil and structural
engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Kåre O. Hæreid has been the General Manager for
Concrete Structures AS, Oslo, Norway, since 2010. From
1982 until 2010, he was an employee at Dr.techn. Olav Olsen
AS in Oslo, serving for many years as Director of the
Offshore Department.
His research interests include concept studies and structural
design with a main emphasis on offshore projects, including
both fixed and floating structures; general knowledge of
hydrodynamic behavior; and detailed knowledge about
hydrostatic stability, design principles, rules and regulations,
structural detailing, and preparation of project documentation.
He has broad international experience as Engineering
Manager and Civil Engineering Manager from a number of
offshore projects, mainly in Canada, France, Russia, and
Australia.
He is also coinventor of 10 different patents related to
marine structures, such as floating and fixed platforms for the
oil and gas industry in addition to floating lifting vessels and
fish farm concepts.
He received his BS in civil engineering from The
Highschool of Engineering, Bergen, Norway, in 1978, and his
MSc in civil engineering from The Norwegian University of
Technology, Trondheim, Norway, in 1981.
Jameel Khalifa is an Engineering Manager for Global
Projects for ExxonMobil, Spring, TX, USA. He has 40 years
of experience in project and engineering management,
structural design, forensic engineering, and construction of
major capital projects ($10B+) both offshore and onshore in
the oil and gas industry and other industries. He has worked in
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 23
many different countries (10+) and various cultures. He has
authored and coauthored numerous technical papers.
Khalifa is a member of ACI Committee 376, Concrete
Structures for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Containment.
He received his BS in civil engineering from the University
of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1980,
and his MS and PhD in structural engineering from the
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1982 and
1986, respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer in
the province of Ontario.
Widianto is a Lead Structural Engineer at ExxonMobil,
currently working on an international project assignment in
France. One of the highlights of Widianto’s career with
ExxonMobil is working on the Hebron project (one of the
latest major concrete offshore structures) from the end of
front-end engineering design (FEED), detailed design, and
construction until the final installation and commissioning,
both in concrete gravity-based structures (GBS) and topside
structures. Widianto has also worked for Bechtel Oil, Gas, and
Chemicals and as a Lecturer of reinforced concrete design at
the University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Widianto is Chair of ACI Task Group 357-TG1, ACI
357R-84 Revision, and a member of ACI Committees 351,
Foundations for Equipment and Machinery; 357, Offshore and
Marine Concrete Structures; 370, Blast and Impact Load
Effects; and 376, Concrete Structures for Refrigerated
Liquefied Gas Containment; and a member of Joint ACI-
ASCE Subcommittee 445-C, Shear & Torsion-Punching
Shear. He is also a member of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) Task Committee of Anchor Bolt Design for
Petrochemical Facilities. His research interests include
concrete marine/offshore structures, concrete liquefied gas
containment structures, and anchorage in concrete.
He received his BS in 2001, his MSE in 2003, and his PhD
in 2006, all in civil engineering, from The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX. He is a licensed professional engineer
in Texas.
Wason Medal for Materials Research
“Development and experimental verification of a model
that uses binder composition to predict reaction products, pH,
and pore solution chemistry in hydrating cementitious systems”
(“Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Modeling Framework
for Ordinary Portland Cement/Supplementary Cementitious
Material Systems” published in the November 2020 issue of
the ACI Materials Journal, pp. 111-123.)
Deborah Glosser is an Assistant Professor in Engineering
and Design and the Institute for Energy Studies at Western
Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
Her research interests include thermodynamic modeling of
materials and numerical methods in materials science.
She received her MS in geophysics from the University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, in 2013, and her PhD in civil
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Photo
Not
Available
Widianto Glosser Isgor
engineering from Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,
USA, in 2020.
O. Burkan Isgor, FACI, is a Professor in the School of
Civil and Construction Engineering at Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR, USA. He has authored or
coauthored over 200 technical papers and reports.
Isgor is a Fellow of ACI and Chair of ACI Committee 222,
Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, and a member of ACI
Committees 236, Material Science of Concrete, and 365,
Service Life Prediction. His research interests include
durability of concrete, reinforcement corrosion,
thermodynamic modeling of cementitious systems, and
reactive-transport modeling in concrete.
He received his BS in civil engineering from Bogazici
University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1995, and his MS and his PhD
from Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, in 1997 and
2001, respectively.
W. Jason Weiss, FACI, is the Edwards Distinguished
Chair in Engineering at Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR, USA, where he has served on the faculty for 6 years.
Before joining Oregon State as the Head of the School of
Civil and Construction Engineering, he was a faculty
member at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, for
over 16 years, where he held the position of the Jack and Kay
Hockema Professor of Civil Engineering as well as the
Director of the Pankow Materials Laboratory.
Weiss is a member of the ACI Board of Direction; the
Editor-in-Chief of the ACI Materials Journal; and a member
of the Technical Activities Committee (TAC); and he has
chaired ACI Committees 123, Research and Current
Developments, and 213, Lightweight Aggregate and Concrete.
He is a Fellow of ACI and received the 2020 ACI Arthur R.
Anderson Medal; the 2018 ACI Foundation Robert E. Philleo
Award; the 2007 ACI Young Member Award for Professional
Achievement; the 2004 ACI Walter P. Moore, Jr. Faculty
Achievement Award; and the 2014 and 2009 ACI Wason
Medal for Materials Research.
His research interests include early-age shrinkage and
cracking, fluid transport, salt damage, and freezing-and-
thawing performance of concrete. He has conducted extensive
research on shrinkage-reducing admixtures, internally cured
concrete, portland limestone cement, and concrete pavement
performance specifications.
 Youngjae Choi is a Postdoctoral
Research Fellow in the Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering at
the University of California Irvine (UCI),
Irvine, CA, USA. At UCI, he is
conducting multiple projects that include
three-dimensional (3-D) concrete
printing of wind turbine towers and
Weiss Chao Choi Tarr evaluating their seismic performance by
conducting large-scale structural tests, as
He received his BAE from Pennsylvania State University, well as full-scale experimental tests to improve the connection
State College, PA, USA, and his MS and PhD from durability of precast, prestressed voided slab bridge systems
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, in 1997 and using nonproprietary engineered cementitious materials.
1999, respectively. Weiss has authored over 425 publications His research interests include the design and behavior of
with over 225 peer-reviewed journal articles. reinforced concrete structures, 3-D concrete printing, and
next-generation materials. Recently, his research interests
Mete A. Sozen Award for Excellence in have focused on 3-D concrete printing and next-generation
Structural Research materials and their interfaces with structural engineering.
“Development of a recommended design procedure for He received his MS in architectural engineering from
DBCBs that are a viable alternative to diagonally reinforced Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea, in 2010, and
concrete coupling beams (DCBs) while offering favorable his PhD in civil engineering from the University of Texas at
construction time and effort” Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA, in 2018.
(“Analysis and Design of Double-Beam Coupling Beams”
published in the September 2020 issue of the ACI Structural ACI Concrete International Award
Journal, pp. 79-95.) “Discussion of design and reinforcement requirements for
slabs-on-ground, and alternative details that reduce risk of
Shih-Ho Chao is a Distinguished Teaching Professor at the out-of-joint cracking”
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA. He (“Concrete Q & A: Design and Construction of Slabs-on-
worked as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow and Lecturer in the Ground,” published in the November 2020 issue of Concrete
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the International, pp. 87-88.)
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, until July 2007. Scott Tarr is a Consulting Engineer and President of
He became a member of the University of Texas at Arlington North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting, P.C., headquartered in
faculty as an Assistant Professor in 2007, earned the title of Dover, NH, USA. He has presented over 200 seminars and
Associate Professor in 2012, and became a full Professor in authored or coauthored over 250 technical reports and more
2017. He has authored or coauthored over 100 technical than 70 technical publications, including the books Concrete
papers and reports. Floors on Ground for the Portland Cement Association and
He is a member of ACI Committees 239, Ultra-High- Guide to the Design and Construction of Concrete Toppings
Performance Concrete, and 544, Fiber Reinforced Concrete; for Buildings for the American Society of Concrete
and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete. Contractors (ASCC).
He received the 2011 ACI Chester Paul Siess Award for Tarr is Chair of ACI Committee 360, Design of Slabs on
Excellence in Structural Research. He is also a member of Ground; former Chair of ACI Subcommittees 301-J,
the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASTM Shrinkage Compensating Concrete, and 301-K, Industrial
International, and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Floor Slabs; a member of ACI Committees 301, Specifications
(PCI). for Concrete Construction; 302, Construction of Concrete
His research interests include the seismic behavior of Floors; 330, Concrete Parking Lots and Site Paving; and a
reinforced concrete structures, prestressed concrete, and former member of the Educational Activities Committee and
ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious the Committee on Nominations. He is also a member of the
materials. American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA), American
He received his BS in bioenvironmental systems Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCC, ASTM
engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, International, and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI).
in 1993; his MS in structural engineering from National He received his BS and MS in civil engineering from the
Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, in 1995; and his University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, in 1990
PhD in structural and materials engineering from the and 1993, respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer
University of Michigan in 2005. He is a licensed professional in Georgia, Illinois, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio,
engineer in the state of Texas. Pennsylvania, and Washington.
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 25
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Modifying the 2024 I-Codes

T
he International Code Council (ICC) publishes new prestressed concrete or are already addressed in IBC
editions of its I-codes family of model building codes Chapter 17: Special Inspection and Tests;
every 3 years, and it is now in the process of • Opposing proposals on additive manufacturing (3-D
developing the 2024 editions. Proposals are being processed printing) of concrete buildings. The requirements being
in two groups: Group A and Group B, with completions in proposed were deemed premature for concrete buildings by
2021 and 2022, respectively. The provisions are categorized representatives of ACI Committee 564, 3-D Printing with
as shown in Table 1. Generally, proposals addressing code Cementitious Materials. While this is an important area to
provisions relevant to ACI committee work are assigned to standardize and codify, the intent is to keep additive
ICC committees as shown in bold blue text. manufacturing of concrete building as alternative means
and methods until such time that appropriate test methods
ICC Group A and quality assurance procedures are developed for
ACI members and staff, along with other interested parties, concrete applications; and
have already influenced the decision-making during the • Referencing the new 2020 edition of ICC 500 ICC/NSSA
Group A code development process. The most significant Standard for the Design and Construction of Storm
actions in 2021 were: Shelters, which references ACI 318 and ACI 332,
• Retaining alignment of fire safety “Residential Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.”
provisions related to concrete and
masonry in International Building
Code (IBC) Chapter 7: Fire and Table 1:
Smoke Protection Features with Joint ICC code development groups
ACI-TMS Committee 216, Fire Group A (2021) Group B (2022)
Resistance and Fire Protection of
International Building Code (IBC) Administrative—All Codes
Structures; Egress (IBC-E)
• Referencing ACI 318, “Building Fire Safety (IBC-FS)
International Building Code (IBC)
Structural (IBC-S)
Code Requirements for Structural General (IBC-G)
Concrete,” for the design and International Existing Building Code (IEBC)
construction of swimming pool International Fire Code (IFC) International Green Construction Code
reservoirs in the International International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC)
(IgCC)
Swimming Pool and Spa Code Chapter 1 only
(ISPSC). It is anticipated that the International Mechanical Code (IMC) International Residential Code (IRC)
newly formed ACI Committee 322, International Plumbing Code (IPC)
Building
Concrete Pool and Watershape Code,
International Property Maintenance Code Note: Prior to the 2024 code development
will have a more appropriate standard (IPMC) cycle, proposals intended to modify the
to be proposed as a reference for the International Energy Conservation Code
International Private Sewage Disposal Code
2027 edition of the ISPSC; (IPSDC)
(IECC) and IRC Chapter 11—Energy
• Excluding precast concrete from
International Residential Code (IRC)
Efficiency were heard in Group B. ICC no
longer uses the code development process
compliance with ICC 1200—Standard Mechanical for these code provisions. Instead, ICC is
for Off-Site Construction, Planning, Plumbing now using its international consensus
Design, Fabrication and Assembly International Swimming Pool and Spa Code standard process to develop future editions
and ICC 1210—Standard for (ISPSC) of the IECC and IRC Chapter 11.
Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing International Wildland Urban Interface Code
Systems, Energy Efficiency and (IWUIC)
Water Conservation in Off-Site
International Zoning Code (IZC)
Construction, where the provisions
ICC Performance Code (ICC-PC)
are not applicable to precast and
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 27
ICC Group B
Group B is expected to have more items specifically
pertaining to concrete design and construction. ACI staff is
working with several ACI committees to develop proposals to
be submitted in December 2021. Once proposals submitted by
others are published in the ICC code development monograph,
ACI staff and committees will review them and prepare
testimony as needed to ensure the I-codes provisions are
aligned with the information developed by ACI committees.
Opportunities are anticipated for alignment of I-code
provisions with information developed by:
• ACI Committee 302, Construction of Concrete Floors;
• ACI Committee 311, Inspection of Concrete;
• ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code;
• ACI Committee 332, Residential Concrete Work;
• ACI Committee 336, Footings, Mats, and Drilled Piers;
• ACI Committee 360, Design of Slabs on Ground; and
• ACI Committee 562, Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation
of Concrete Structures.
Of particular interest will be proposals addressing the
provisions in the IBC, International Residential Code (IRC),
and International Existing Building Code (IEBC):
• IBC Chapter 16, Structural Design;
• IBC Chapter 17, Special Inspections and Tests;
• IBC Chapter 18, Soils and Foundations;
• IBC Chapter 19, Concrete;
• IRC Chapter 3, Building Planning;
• IRC Chapter 4, Foundations;
• IRC Chapter 5, Floors;
• IRC Chapter 6, Wall Construction;
• IRC Appendix AW, 3D Printed Building Construction; and
• IEBC Chapter 4, Repairs.
Multiple Group B proposals are being considered for
submittal by ACI to modify the IBC and the IEBC. One of the
most significant of these proposals is the addition of the latest
version of “Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and
Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI CODE-
562-21)” to Chapter 4 of the IEBC. This proposal is needed to
establish the necessary minimum requirements for assessment
and repair of existing concrete structures. In addition to
helping ensure that the IEBC adequately provides for the
safety, health, and welfare of the public, referencing ACI 562
provides other benefits, such as citing standards for materials
commonly used in repairs that are not cited in the IEBC or
other I-codes.
Another highly significant proposal is directed toward
ensuring that construction documents clearly define
information needed by the contractor. Currently, Chapter 19 of
the IBC contains a partial list of items to be included in a
concrete project’s construction documents. However, this list
is inconsistent with the requirements stated in ACI 318.
Because, by strict enforcement of the building code, the
provisions of the IBC supersede those of ACI 318, only the
items in the truncated list in the IBC are required to be
included in the construction documents. This conflict between
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28 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
the IBC list and ACI 318 list needs to be eliminated. Rather
than try to maintain identical lists in the two documents, it
would be better to eliminate the truncated list in the IBC and
defer to ACI 318, which is already referenced in Chapter 19 of
the IBC. If there are key items that the building official needs
to ensure are included in the construction documents, then it
may be appropriate to include such an abridged list in the
commentary to the IBC.
Consideration is also being given to better aligning the
provisions in Chapter 17 of the IBC with the requirements for
special inspection as developed by ACI Committees 311 and
318. A third proposal would clarify and modify the provisions
for slab-on-ground construction. The section is titled
“Minimum Slab Provisions,” implying the requirements are
applicable to all concrete slabs, but the provisions address
only slabs-on-ground. Past efforts by others attempted to add
requirements for vapor barriers. A proactive proposal could
align such requirements with ACI committee recommendations.
There is also an opportunity to clarify the IBC and remove
confusion that results from select transcription and
modification of ACI 318 requirements.
Member Advocacy Needed
Advocacy by ACI members is needed to assist in
successfully improving the I-codes and aligning the
requirements with ACI committee documents (Table 2). There
are multiple ways members can advocate for these
improvements. Draft proposals to be submitted by ACI are
expected to be reviewed by relevant ACI committees by the
end of October 2021. Members can add content to the reason
statements and, more importantly, sign on as co-proponents.
This information should be provided to ACI Code Advocacy
Engineers no later than November 15, 2021.
After ACI proposals have been submitted, the next step in
the process will begin on February 23, 2022, when ICC posts
all the proposals for the Group B cycle. Members can assist in
reviewing and providing comments to be considered in
testimony at the ICC Committee Action Hearings (CAH).
During the CAH, members are needed to testify in support of
proposals submitted by ACI and support or oppose proposals
submitted by others. Only the ICC committees addressing
Administrative, IBC Structural, IEBC, Chapter 1 of the
International Green Construction Code, and IRC Building will
conduct hearings. The hearings will be held March 26-April 7,
in Rochester, NY, USA, overlapping with the ACI Concrete
Convention – Spring 2022. For most proposals, the
recommendations made during the CAH are consistent with
the final action. Thus, it is best to have a great delivery with
proper, well-coordinated testimony at the CAH.
Public comments to modify or overturn the results of the
CAH may be submitted May 9-June 20, 2022. These
comments are then discussed at Public Comment Hearings
(PCH), scheduled to be held September 14-21, 2022, in
Louisville, KY, USA. Testimony at the PCH is restricted to
items receiving public comments. Typically, only a few
Table 2:
Opportunities for advocacy
Timeline Opportunity
October 15-31, 2021 ACI proposals posted on the ACI website.

November 1-15, 2021 Notify ACI Code Advocacy Engineers of intent to be coproponent and/or add content to reason statements.

November 1, 2021-March 27, 2022 Foster support from related parties for ACI proposals and positions.

February 23-March 15, 2022 Review proposals submitted by others and provide comments to ACI Code Advocacy Engineers.

March 27-April 6, 2022 Testify at CAH—Rochester, NY, USA.

May 9-May 31, 2022 Provide public comment content to ACI Code Advocacy Engineers.

September 14-21, 2022 Testify at PCH—Louisville, KY, USA.

proposals modified or reintroduced during public comment

are approved, so the recommendations from the CAH
generally stand. The few proposals modified by public
comments that do get approved are typically only slight
modifications or modifications requested by the committee
during the CAH.

How to Participate
It is easy to assist with fulfilling ACI’s mission. As
previously discussed, there are a variety of ways you can
participate in the process, but the first step is to join the
collaboration group. To do so, contact one of the ACI Code
Advocacy Engineers: Kerry Sutton at kerry.sutton@concrete.
org or Steve Szoke at steve.szoke@concrete.org.
Group members will receive:
• Notices when ACI draft proposals are being posted;
• Invitations to sign on to proposals as co-proponents;
• Notices on opportunities to review proposals submitted by
others; and
• Updates relevant to ICC model code development.
To help keep the group informed and interactive, ACI
provides a collaboration group page for model codes (Fig. 1).
This page is set up like a committee home page, so group
members can also check for updates or download documents.
To visit the collaboration group’s web page, open the ACI
website home page, click on Committees, Directory of
Committees, and then click on ACI Advocacy Collaboration
Groups. You will then find a link to the MCC-Model Codes
Collaboration Group, where you will be able to review code
change proposals and provide input on reason statements. If
you are in an area where the authority having jurisdiction
bases its building code on the I-codes, you will also be invited
to be a coproponent. Discover the opportunities by joining the
collaboration group or a specific subgroup.
The ACI Code Advocacy Engineers have observed that the
level of member engagement tends to be most directly
associated with technical topics. Thus, model code advocacy
collaboration subgroups have been established by topic. These
technical topics are organized by the principal model codes
and chapters with provisions pertaining to concrete:
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Fig. 1: Model codes collaboration group page
• MCC-01 IBC00 Building Code: General;
• MCC-02 IBC07 Building Code: Fire and Smoke;
• MCC-03 IBC16 Building Code: Structural;
• MCC-04 IBC17 Building Code: Inspections and Tests;
• MCC-05 IBC18 Building Code: Soils and Foundations;
• MCC-06 IBC19 Building Code: Concrete;
• MCC-07 IEBC Existing Building Code;
• MCC-08 IECC-C Energy Code - Commercial;
• MCC-09 IECC-R Energy Code - Residential;
• MCC-10 IPSDC Private Sewerage Disposal Code;
• MCC-11 IRC Residential Code; and
• MCC-12 ISPSC Swimming Pool Code.
Remember that the key part of advocacy involves effort at
the local level, especially fostering support for ACI positions
on proposed code changes. This involves reaching out to ACI
members and industry partners to gain support from everyone
who influences model code development: engineers,
architects, contractors, researchers, testing agencies, installers,
material suppliers, developers, builders, owners, and
especially code and other government officials.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 29
24 Hours of Concrete
Knowledge—A Worldwide
Experience
by Robert Howell

T
he ACI International Activities department recently that could advance the science of concrete production and
produced a unique, first-ever event called “24 Hours of construction. The speakers explained many advancements in
Concrete Knowledge,” featuring 48 presentations from production and placement of concrete, including aggregate
presenters located around the globe. This free conference testing for sulfides to avoid concrete expansion, replacing
brought together more than 700 attendees from over portland cements with limestone calcined clay cements (LC3),
60 countries to learn about innovations and interesting and means for reducing the carbon footprint of cement
concrete projects in various regions. ACI international producers.
chapters and global industry partners cohosted and moderated Challenging tall-building projects constructed in Ecuador,
the program over the course of 24 hours. ACI Vice Presidents Mexico, New Zealand, Australia, and Egypt were discussed.
Charles Nmai and Tony Nanni served as
global moderators for the conference.
The event started at 3:00 p.m. Eastern
Daylight Time (EDT) on July 13, 2021, and it
ended at 3:00 p.m. EDT on July 14. After an
introduction from ACI world headquarters in
Farmington Hills, MI, USA, the talks started in
Canada, moved to Central and South American
countries as well as to Mexico, traveled to New
Zealand and Australia, then to Japan and South
Korea, then to Singapore and Thailand, and then
to India. The baton was then passed to speakers
in the Middle East—with presentations from Route of “24 Hours of Concrete Knowledge” event that began in Farmington
Egypt, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates Hills, MI, USA (airport code DTW), and finished in Santiago, Chile (airport code
SCL), representing 47,800 miles (76,930 km)
(UAE)—then to Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,
Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, and
Ireland. The spotlight then shifted back to
South America, with presentations from Brazil
and Chile.
Bernie Pekor, ACI Director of International
Business Development, and Ahmad Mhanna,
ACI Middle East Regional Director, moderated
the live Q&A sessions after each presentation.

Focus on Innovation and

Construction Challenges
Many presentations showcased leading-edge A world map showing countries with registered attendees for “24 Hours of
concrete technologies and sustainability research Concrete Knowledge”
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30 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Projects included the Iconic Tower in Alexandria, Egypt,
which is now the tallest building in Africa. Other interesting
concrete building construction projects included an offshore
concrete floating wind farm structure called Hywind Tampen
in Norway. Two outstanding projects in Brazil were discussed:
a high-tech particle accelerator circular-shaped research
facility known as Sirius, the most complex scientific
infrastructure ever built in the country; and the reconstruction
of the famous Maracaña Arena, a 1950s-era reinforced
concrete stadium in Rio de Janeiro that was the home base for
the national Brazilian football team and was rehabilitated for
the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympic games.
Information was provided on precast concrete construction
high-rise building techniques, a hybrid seismic construction
system for buildings in New Zealand with “pretensioned
concrete rocking walls,” and a high-rise precast concrete
modular constructed building in Melbourne, Australia.
Other highlights included presentations discussing
important applications such as additive concrete
manufacturing (3-D printing) for housing and workspace units.
Sustainability
On the topic of sustainability, concepts and issues included
the durability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
Participating ACI International Chapters
ACI Central & Southern Mexico Chapter
ACI China Chapter
ACI Republic of Colombia Chapter
ACI Ecuador Chapter
ACI Egypt Chapter
ACI India Chapter
ACI Iraq Chapter
ACI Italy Chapter
ACI Northwest Mexico Chapter
ACI Québec and Eastern Ontario Chapter
ACI Singapore Chapter
ACI UAE Chapter
Participating ACI International Partners
Asociación Científico-Técnica del Hormigón Estructural
(ACHE)
Concrete Institute of Australia (CIA)
Concrete NZ Learned Society (New Zealand)
Fédération internationale du béton (fib)
Institute of Concrete Technology (ICT)
Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto (IBRACON)
Instituto del Cemento y del Hormigón de Chile (ICH)
Instituto del Cemento y del Concreto de Guatemala (ICCG)
Japan Concrete Institute (JCI)
Korea Concrete Institute (KCI)
Norwegian Concrete Association (NCA)
Thailand Concrete Association (TCA)
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wrapping; sources of fly ash; splash zone cover research by
University of Tokyo investigators; reducing carbon footprint
in cement production from researchers in Norway; and a
sustainable concrete comprised of recycled aggregates and
alternative cements as well as self-healing concrete advances
from researchers in the United Kingdom.
Some presentations focused on damaged concrete, efforts
to find causes, and efforts to repair and rehabilitate these
structures. Case studies included a discussion of an
overloaded precast-prestressed segmental concrete bridge as
well as a building that leaned extensively as the result of the
failure of concrete foundation elements. In the latter case,
remarkable efforts were undertaken by engineers to safely
demolish the building in a high-density neighborhood.
Other discussions involved hot weather concreting
concerns, such as maintaining concrete quality control in
places such as the UAE and Iraq. The use of nonmetallic
reinforcement and strengthening techniques, such as fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping and glass fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars, were additional topics.
Innovations in producing sustainable and more durable
concretes with extended service life expectancies have been
seen in recent numerous tall-building structures and many
multimillion-dollar infrastructure projects around the world.
There is a critical need to improve the performance of
concrete structures worldwide, and a presentation on an
elevated concrete pedestrian rail system in Mumbai, India,
emphasized this.
Sharing Best Practices
The inaugural “24 Hours of Concrete Knowledge”
conference demonstrated that ACI’s mission of “always
advancing” is shared by concrete practitioners around the
globe. ACI plans on bringing this event to the worldwide
concrete community again in 2022. Concrete is essential, and
sharing best practices, advancements in research, and sound
engineering design principles can lead to more productive,
more durable, safer, and more cost-effective infrastructure and
concrete building installations in all nations.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Robert Howell has been a Professional
Development Program Engineer with ACI
since 2014. He has more than 25 years of
structural design experience and previously
was a Lead Structural Engineer with IBI
Group, formerly Giffels Associates, Inc.
Howell received his BS in civil
engineering from Wayne State University,
Detroit, MI, USA, and his MBA in supply
chain management from Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI. He is a licensed professional engineer in the state of Michigan.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 31
 Become an
ACI Sustaining Member
support the concrete industry

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» Two free copies of the ACI Collection of Concrete Codes, Specifications,

and Practices
» Subscription to Concrete International magazine, the ACI Materials Journal,
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» Ability to join three non-code technical committees
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 Extras

» View all the benefits of becoming an ACI Sustaining Member and sign up
today at www.concrete.org/membership

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A Monumental Flood
Mitigation Channel in
Saudi Arabia
The 21 km long lining is the world’s largest concrete structure reinforced with
GFRP bars

by Eduardo A. Villen Salan, Muhammad K. Rahman, Sami Al-Ghamdi, Jihad Sakr, Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani, and
Antonio Nanni

T
he world’s largest concrete
structure reinforced with glass
fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)
bars was completed recently in Saudi
Arabia. The 21.3 km long flood Jazan Economic City

mitigation channel (FMC) was

constructed in southwest Saudi Arabia
on the outskirts of the new Jazan
Economic City (JEC) (Fig. 1). JEC is Red Sea

located about 725 km south of the city

of Jeddah and 80 km from Jazan city. It
covers an area of about 103 km2 and has
a 12 km long coastline on the southern
end of the Red Sea. JEC is in close
proximity to the main east and west
trade routes to Europe, the Far East, and
the Arabian Gulf. It is an advanced
industrial zone equipped with a network
of high-end facilities for heavy
processing industries, including a
400,000 barrels-per-day oil refinery,
hydrocarbon terminal facility,
desalination plant, steel reinforcing bar
plant, copper smelter, aluminum
complex, a major seaport, and the
world’s largest integrated gasification
combined cycled power plant.
This huge endeavor also includes the
development of the area to
accommodate actual and future
companies that, under the light of the
(a) (b)
Fig. 1: Project location: (a) Jazan Economic City is on the coast of the Red Sea; and (b) the
site boundary encloses an area of 103 km2
new refinery, will bring new products, The JEC-FMC is designed to intercept
services, and jobs. State-of-the-art flood flows from the catchments east of
infrastructure, combined with a JEC and divert them through an outfall
favorable location on the Red Sea into the Red Sea, protecting the massive
shipping route, is expected to transform venture from flood damage.
the area into a major regional hub, The organization involved in
contributing to the economic growth of undertaking the construction of this
the region and the Kingdom. A challenging initiative is Saudi Aramco
paramount project being undertaken in Jazan Complex Projects Department
JEC is the construction of the JEC- (JCPD). The hydraulic design and
FMC, running parallel to the north- structural design of JEC-FMC were
south and east-west JEC boundaries. carried out by AECOM. Construction of
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 33
 Unit Conversions
• Admixture dosage: 1 L/m = 3

0.2 gal./yd ;
3

• Area: 1 km = 0.39 mile ;

2 2

• Length: 11km
Density: kg/m = 1.7 lb/yd ;
3 3

• 1 m = 3.3 ft, 1=mm 0.62 mile,

= 0.04 in.;
• Modulus of subgradeton;
Mass: 1 tonne = 1.1
JEC
• 1 kN/m = 0.004 lbf/in.reaction:
3
;3

• Soil bearing capacity: 1 kN/m =

Pressure: 1 MPa = 145 psi;
• 21 lbf/ft ;
2
2

(a) (b)
• Speed: 1 m/s = 3.3 ft/s;
• and
Temperature: °F = 1.8 × °C + 32; Fig. 2: JEC flood mitigation channel: (a) cumulative design flows and required widths; and
(b) the channel passes the Aramco Refinery, located at the southeast corner of the site

• Volume: 1 m = 1.3 yd .
3 3

the channel was carried out by a single
contractor, Al-Yamama Company for
Trading and Contracting (AYC). Design
supervision was carried out by Saudi
Aramco Consulting Services Department
(CSD). A comprehensive research
scope, including the monitoring of
selected research segments in JEC-
FMC, was carried out by King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals
(KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
The Channel
The JEC-FMC is designed to prevent
flooding of the low-lying JEC industries
caused by floodwaters originating from
the catchments on the eastern plain of
the city and the catchment of the Baish
Dam further east. The floodwaters will
be intercepted at the eastern boundary of
JEC and diverted into the Red Sea
through the channel. The JEC-FMC
originates from the upper northeastern
point of the city and runs south, parallel
to the eastern boundary of JEC, before
turning west on the southern edge of the
city and running along the southern
boundary into the Red Sea (Fig. 2). It
protects the residential and industrial
areas and the major Aramco Refinery,
discharging the floodwater into the sea
adjacent to the industrial port (Fig. 2).
For hydraulic performance and
optimal land use, a concrete lining was
the most viable option for the JEC-
FMC. Catering to the accumulating
34 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
floodwaters along the length of the
channel, the cross section of the channel
increases incrementally from the
upstream end to the outfall. The depth of
the channel is kept constant (2 m) over
the entire length of the channel.
Hydraulic and Structural
Design
The channel was designed using
Eurocodes (EN standards), pre-EN
standards revisions of the British
Standards (BS), and other design
standards and manuals.1-13 The channel
geometry was developed based on
catchment models and a 39%
probability of a 100-year return period
flooding event occurring during the
50-year service life of the channel.
The trapezoidal channel was
designed to carry the accumulating
design flows shown in Fig. 2(a). The
figure also shows the required top
widths per the hydraulic design, with
the channel divided into six segments.
Channel side slopes were set at a
gradient of 1:2 (V:H) to meet the
hydraulic requirements. The
longitudinal gradient of the channel was
set at 1 in 900 to 1000 to maintain a
subcritical flow regime with maximum
velocity limited to 4.6 m/s. Because the
natural slope is steeper than the channel
gradient, steps were provided along the
length of the channel with 200 or 1000 mm
drops in the invert level. Table 1 lists
geometric details and the design
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velocity in the JEC-FMC segments. The
width of the channel at the base gradually
increases from 4 to 74 m by increases in
width at five locations, together with a
transition length varying from 6 to 29 m.
The outfall structure is a 300 m long
trapezoidal channel, with the width
varying from 49 to 82 m. The depth of
the channel was maintained at a constant
2 m across the length of the channel. For
the maintenance of the channel, a 5 m
wide access ramp was provided at
selected locations along the length.
In the original design, the thickness
of the base slab was determined to be
200 mm based on the following design
and operation criteria:
• The channel is fully loaded with a 2 m
water column;
• The maintenance vehicle is a
five-axle truck with 10.5 tonne
(23 kip) axle loads as per
Reference 14;
• The soil investigation in the adjacent
areas indicated that the soil is a
cohesionless soil with angle of
internal friction ranging from 30 to
34 degrees and a modulus of
subgrade reaction of 30,000 kN/m3;
• A maximum California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) value of 10% for the
formation, including the drainage
layer;
• An assumption that 2.54 million
standard traffic axles may be applied
over the 50-year design life of the
structure; and
Table 1:
Channel segments, geometry, and hydraulic design parameters. At all sections, the channel geometry is
trapezoidal with 1:2 side slopes and 2 m minimum depth

Design flow, Top width, Design depth, Design freeboard, Design

Channel segment m3/s Length, m Bed width, m m m m velocity, m/s
JEC_FLD0 16 1200 4 12 1.55 0.45 1.49

JEC_FLD1 50 2200 11 19 1.55 0.45 2.37

JEC_FLD2 81 2960 18 26 1.55 0.45 2.52

JEC_FLD3 106 4850 24 32 1.55 0.45 2.66

JEC_FLD4 191 9960 41 49 1.55 0.45 2.82

JEC_FLD5 191 300 74 82 1.10 0.90 2.31

Note: 1 m /s = 264 gal./s; 1 m = 3.3 ft; 1 m/s = 3.3 ft/s
3

• Thermal and shrinkage crack width

limited to 0.3 mm per BS 8007. 8

A typical section of the channel is

shown in Fig. 3. A 1 m wide berm and a
1 m deep downstand beam were
included at the end of each of the sloped
sides to prevent scouring at the back.
Guard rails were provided on the two
edges of the channel, with a 4 m wide
road constructed for access and (a)
maintenance of the channel.
The groundwater table along the
alignment of the channel ranges from 3 to
10 m below the natural ground level.
Weep holes were therefore included in
the design to preclude upward thrust
force on the concrete lining and
dissipate the groundwater pressure if the
water table rises.
The cross section of the JEC-FMC
includes: (b)

• Excavated/backfilled and compacted

ground;
• A filter fabric over the compacted
ground;
• A 200 mm granular drainage layer
placed on the filter fabric for
dissipation of groundwater
pressure;
• A 50 mm thick, lean concrete
blinding layer over the drainage
layer; and
• A 200 mm thick concrete lining.
The weep holes in the base slab
comprise 160 mm diameter PVC pipe
sections extending from the drainage
layer through the concrete lining. They
Fig 3: The flood mitigation channel: (a) cross section showing the original design with
epoxy-coated steel (ECS) bars; and (b) cross section at the upstream end, showing the
revised design with GFRP bars (Note: 1 m = 3.3 ft; 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
were installed in a 4 x 4 m pattern in the at 150 mm centers in both directions. A
base slab. Also, a line of horizontal top clear cover of 75 mm was required
weep holes, also comprised of 160 mm for the bars. The design also called for
diameter PVC pipe, was installed in the partial contraction joints at 7.5 m on
channel sides 200 mm above the base center and expansion joints at 30 m on
slab and spaced at 4 m centers along the center in both the transverse and the
length of the channel. longitudinal directions. The original
In the initial design, the reinforcement design also called for the lining
for the concrete lining comprised 12 mm thickness to taper to 175 mm on the
diameter steel reinforcing bars spaced side slopes.
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 35
Durability Aspects of the Original Design with
Steel Bars
The original goal for the channel was a design life of
50 years, during which minor maintenance would be needed,
and no major repair work should be undertaken. The channel
in the north-south and east-west directions (Fig. 2) traverses
through an undulating terrain, gently falling toward the south
and subsequently to the west up to the outfall. Salt-laden
marshes, flats, and sand dunes characterize the pathway of the
flood mitigation channel. The harsh ambient environmental
conditions in JEC, subsoil chlorides and sulfates (at
concentrations in the soil of about 1.6% and 0.5%, respectively),
widespread sandstorms, and the salt-contaminated floodwater
rolling through the deserts into the channel can expose the
channel to an extreme environment. Because this could lead to
corrosion of reinforcing steel several years ahead of the design
life, the project team decided to reinforce the channel concrete
with epoxy-coated steel (ECS) bars. To minimize the risk of
sulfate attack, the concrete mixture was designed to comprise
345 kg/m3 Type V portland cement and 25 kg/m3 silica fume.
The crack width was predicted based on Reference 10, with
the assumption of 32°C placement temperature and 60°C peak
hydration temperature (without inclusion of solar gain during
the hydration). The temperature change values for the
calculations were determined based on maximum and
minimum average temperatures in Jazan city, and the
calculations included the effect of reduced bond strength of
the ECS bars.
Switching to GFRP Reinforcement
Saudi Aramco has many reinforced concrete structures and
other concrete infrastructure in a host of industrial facilities
for oil and gas production and processing. These facilities are
mostly located on the coastline of the Red Sea and the Arabian
Gulf of the country and in desert areas in the eastern region.
Due to the prevailing harsh environment, corrosion of steel
reinforcement can take place at a rapid pace, leading to
cracking, delamination, and spalling of concrete cover,
eventually causing substantial loss of the total steel section.
In January 2018, Saudi Aramco made the strategic decision
to use nonmetallic reinforcement in concrete structures in
company facilities. In line with this vision, a major decision
Table 2:
Properties of the GFRP bars as provided by three manufacturers
Portion of
total quantity
Manufacturer, of GFRP Nominal bar ASTM bar
production base bars, % diameter, mm No.
Pultron, Dubai 50 14
Galen, Russia 25 12.45
Dextra, China 25 12.7
Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.; 1 mm2 = 0.0016 in.2; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 GPa = 145 ksi
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36 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
was taken to transform the JEC-FMC from a structure
reinforced with ECS bars to a structure reinforced with GFRP
bars. As a result, the project is now expected to provide a
maintenance-free service life exceeding 100 years.
GFRP is a composite, normally comprising vinyl ester
resin and E-CR glass fibers. The use of GFRP bars as a
concrete reinforcement has gained popularity in recent years, as
designers have gained confidence in the material and advances
in manufacturing processes and increased competition have
made it more cost-competitive with conventional reinforcing
steel. In addition to corrosion resistance, GFRP bars offer a high
strength-weight ratio, electromagnetic neutrality, and high
fatigue endurance. Further, the low weight of bars reduces costs
for transportation and installation. While thermal expansion and
stiffness compatibility with concrete are quite good, GFRP bars
have a relatively low elastic modulus, shear strength, and
tensile creep rupture stress. The latter factors are not major
considerations for ground-supported slabs such as the FMC.
After the pertinent redesign, discussion, and securing an
accord with the project contractor, the transformation from
ECS bars to GFRP bars culminated in a contract amendment
in December 2018. Three international GFRP bar vendors
were approved based on their product quality, technical
capabilities, and localization plan. The vendors and important
properties of the supplied bars are listed in Table 2. Although
half of the reinforcing for the JEC-FMC project was not
produced locally, a localization criterion in the selection of
vendors has been deemed highly important for future work,
as local production will minimize delivery time, reduce
material and transportation costs, and enhance the industrial
base in the Kingdom.
Design
The codes and standards used in the project included
References 15 through 28. The alignment and geometric
design of the JEC-FMC were retained as per the original
design. The main criteria considered for the design with GFRP
reinforcement included:
• Crack width limited to 0.7 mm as per ACI 440.1R-1516
(AASHTO LRFD GFRP Guide Specification17 allows
< 1 mm);
• Crack spacing restricted to between 0.9 and 2.4 m; and
Nominal Guaranteed/
cross- measured Ultimate
sectional ultimate tensile tensile strain, Modulus of
area, mm2 strength, MPa % elasticity, GPa
— 149 850 / >900 1.6 52
4 121.7 1065 / 1223 2.4 50.1
4 127 900 1.8 50
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• Limiting tensile stress in GFRP bars to 30 to 40% of the the dowel bar is bonded to the concrete. In the downstream
guaranteed tensile strength. segment, it is allowed to move freely within a plastic pipe
The design of the GFRP-reinforced concrete structure for sleeve. The stainless-steel bars were already procured for the
JEC-FMC was carried out as per ACI 440.1R-15. The project as per the original design, so no consideration was
thickness of both the base slab and side slopes was kept at given for a change to GFRP bars at the expansion joints. The
200 mm to allow greater uniformity during construction. lap length was kept at 750 mm with a clear cover of 75 mm.
Early thermal cracking was based on a casting temperature of
25°C and a relative humidity of 55%. As per Section 7.3.1 of Construction
ACI 440.1R-15, the maximum crack width was based on Construction of the JEC-FMC commenced with a major
aesthetics—the harsh environment has no impact on the GFRP excavation along the alignment of the channel followed by
bars, and the GFRP-reinforced concrete can tolerate higher roller compaction of the subgrade. About 6.2 × 106 m3 of earth
crack widths and lower cover. For crack control, the design was excavated before placement of the geotextile fabric and
called for the GFRP bars to be placed in the top one-third of the 200 mm thick drainage layer. Figure 5 shows the
the slab, so the 75 mm top cover was maintained from the placement of the drainage layer and the lean concrete blinding
original design. Due to the change in the crack width
limitations from 0.3 mm in the original design to 0.7 mm, the
spacing of the GFRP bars was changed from 150 mm on
center. The final design included M13 (No. 4) GFRP bars
spaced at 200 mm on center in both the longitudinal and the
Pipe sleeve at free end
transverse directions.
As per ASTM D7957/7957M,24 M13 GFRP bars have a
nominal diameter of 13.7 mm. A minimum guaranteed tensile Stainless steel dowel
strength of 600 MPa was considered, with an environmental
factor CE of 0.7. The guaranteed modulus of elasticity of the
GFRP bars was 50 GPa. A soil-bearing capacity of 125 kN/m2
and a modulus of subgrade reaction of 30,000 kN/m3 were
considered for the design of the slab.
A typical section of the GFRP-reinforced JEC-FMC at the Fig. 4: Computer rendering of a typical transverse expansion joint
upstream end as well as the original design with ECS bars are
shown in Fig. 3. The section includes a filter fabric placed on
top of the excavated/backfilled and compacted soil, a 200 mm
thick granular drainage layer placed on top of the fabric for
dissipation of groundwater pressure, and a 50 mm thick
blinding concrete layer. The GFRP bars were placed on plastic
pipe chairs over the blinding layer. Weep holes were created
using 160 mm diameter pipes spaced at 4 m centers in both
longitudinal and transverse directions. Finally, a 200 mm thick
concrete lining was placed on the blinding layer.
Concrete Grade C25 (25 MPa compressive strength at
28 days) was recommended as per the design details for the (a)
GFRP-reinforced channel with a cement content of 320 kg/m3.
The microsilica specified for the ECS bar design was
withdrawn, and the cement content was reduced by 50 kg/m3
due to the larger tolerance in crack width and the fact that the
GFRP bars will not corrode.
Based on thermal cracking computations, the spacing of
the contraction joints in the base slab was changed from 7.5 m
on center to 6 m on center in each direction. The contraction
joints were designed to be 10 mm wide and 50 mm deep.
Based on thermal loading, expansion joints were provided
in both longitudinal and transverse directions at 30 m on
(b)
center. A schematic of a transverse expansion joint is shown in
Fig. 4. The joint is 25 mm wide and 200 mm deep. Stainless Fig. 5: Placement of the drainage layer: (a) for the base slab; and (b) for
steel dowel bars, 900 mm long and spaced at 250 mm, were the sloped sides. The drainage layer for each of the sloped sides of the
used to transfer shear at the expansion joints. In one segment, channel was placed after completion of the blinding layer for the base
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 layer. Figure 6 shows the storage and placement of the GFRP
bars for a typical 30 x 30 m panel of the base slab. A crew of
eight worked on each of the panels to tie the GFRP bars into a
grid and construct the formwork for the base slab and side
slab. Figure 7 shows the splice bars that were used to tie the
sloped sides of the channel to the base slab; a segment in
which the GFRP bars have been placed over the entire channel
section, ready for concrete placement; and a detailed view of
the lap splices at the slope-base junction as well as weep holes
(a)
and bar supports (PVC pipe sections).
The concrete mixture comprised:
• 371 kg/m3 of Type V cement;
• 1136 kg/m3 of 19 mm (3/4 in.) maximum size aggregate;
• 773 kg/m3 of fine aggregate;
• 116 kg/m3 of water, resulting in a water-cement ratio of
0.40; and

(b)

(c) (a)

(b)
(d)

(e)
(c)
Fig. 6: The base slab was reinforced with grids of GFRP bars:
(a) delivery of bars; (b) storage of bars on the blinding layer of an Fig. 7: The sloped sides of the JEC-FMC were tied to the base slab
interior panel of the base slab (note openings in the blinding layer for using bespoke splice bars: (a) a worker carries a bundle of splice
later installation of weep hole pipes); (c) initial placement of bars; bars; (b) prior to concrete placement, an overview of an upstream
(d) grid assembly; and (e) final preparation of bar grid and section of the JEC-FMC, showing grids, weep holes, and channel
longitudinal joint formwork edge formwork; and (c) detail of lap splice at base-slope intersection
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• The
6.0 L/m of high-range water-reducing admixture.
3

concrete lining was placed in 6 m wide by 30 m long

panels, in staggered placements as shown in Fig. 8. Two
concrete batching plants were established at the site for the
continuous supply of concrete.

Cost Aspects
After almost 3 years of project execution, Saudi Aramco
and the contractor, AYC, jointly investigated the costs,
advantages, and disadvantages of completing the project using
(a)
GFRP bars in lieu of ECS bars. The study was based on a
typical 200 mm thick, 30 x 30 m panel (Fig. 6). We believe
this assessment could be extended for similar large-scale
projects, with concrete structure supported on grade under the
Saudi Arabian conditions with respect to climate, materials,
and labor costs.
In the original design, 12 mm diameter ECS bars were
placed at 150 mm on center in both directions. A lap length of
600 mm was required, so the typical panel needed about
400 ECS bars totaling 12,480 m in length and 11.1 tonnes in
weight. In the revised design, 13 mm diameter GFRP bars
were placed at 200 mm on center in both directions. A lap
length of 750 mm was required, so the typical panel needed (b)
about 300 GFRP bars totaling 9450 m in length and 3.1 tonnes
in weight. The costs of the two options are summarized in
Table 3. The following discussion provides the basis for the
tabulated costs.
The contemporary market price of ECS cut and bent at site
was $0.74/m. The average market price of GFRP bars,
including transportation, was also $0.74/m. However, an
additional 17% was required for customs and value-added
taxes for the GFRP bars, as they were imported from Dubai,
China, and Russia. These taxes raised the average price for
GFRP bars to $0.87/m. Once GFRP bar producers establish (c)
local plants, transportation and taxes will be reduced, making Fig. 8: Concrete placements at the JEC-FMC: (a) blinding layer in
the GFRP option even more economical. the sloped side; (b) a panel in the base slab; and (c) a panel at a
The original design called for a concrete mixture with sloped side
345 kg/m3 Type V portland cement and 25 kg/m3 silica fume,
at about $97/m3 delivered and placed. The updated design
called for 320 kg/m3 of Type V cement, at about $88/m3 Table 3:
delivered and placed. Either option required 180 m3 of Cost comparison for ECS and GFRP options based on a
concrete for a typical panel. 30 x 30 x 0.2 m slab panel
Other cost items included bar supports and bar ties. ECS GFRP cost /
bars are stiffer than GFRP bars, so fewer supports are needed. Expenditure item ECS bars, $ GFRP bars, $ ECS cost, %
ECS bars required only 900 supports for the typical panel, Reinforcing bars 9235 8222 89
while GFRP bars required 1125 supports per panel. A cost of
Concrete 17,514 15,840 90
$0.54/unit was assumed. The ECS option required 20,400 bar
ties per panel, while the GFRP option required 11,850 ties. A Bar supports 486 608 125
cost of $0.14/tie was assumed. Bar ties 2856 1659 58
Placement of the bars in a typical 30 x 30 x 0.2 m panel
Labor 3852 1284 33
was expected to require 3 days for a team of 12 workers
working on the ECS option and 1.5 days for a team of eight Crane 1068 0 0
workers working on the GFRP option. Further, distribution of Safety gloves 9.60 15 156
ECS reinforcement for the panel would require use of a crane
Total 35,021 27,628 79
during 2 of the 3 days of execution. Handling of the ECS bars
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requires regular gloves with a cost of $0.80/pair, while
handling of the GFRP bars requires leather gloves with a cost
of $1.87/pair.
As Table 3 shows, the GFRP option resulted in a cost
reduction of about 11% for reinforcing bars, 10% for concrete,
42% for bar ties, 100% for crane charges, and 67% for labor.
The total direct cost savings for the GFRP bar option was
therefore 21%. A life-cycle cost analysis (LCA) was not
considered. We anticipate that for similar, large-scale projects,
a significant reduction in cost could also be achieved with
GFRP reinforcing bars.
Qualitative Aspects
The most relevant consideration when using GFRP bars is
that they cannot be bent at site. The material must come
already cut and bent from the manufacturer. This makes the
system rigid and doesn’t allow changes, adjustments, or
replacement of damaged or missing bars. This also affects
activities such as excavation, drainage layer, and blind
concrete, which need to be executed with high accuracy,
leaving low room for tolerance or errors. ECS bars are more
flexible and adaptive under this point of view.
In terms of preservation, GFRP bars are not affected by
chloride-bearing soil and water. However, GFRP bars are
affected by ultraviolet radiation and should be covered if the
exposure exceeds 3 months. The labor required for GFRP bar
placements was significantly reduced compared with
requirements to place conventional reinforcing bars, and no
heavy equipment was needed for assembling the bars on the
base slab and sloping sides of the channel. However, workers
had to constrain the lightweight bars from floating during
concrete placement.
Final Remarks
GFRP bars in concrete structures are now finding extensive
acceptance as a major alternative to address the durability
challenges in harsh conditions. The largest GFRP-bar
reinforced concrete structure has been successfully completed
for a major infrastructure project designed to protect the JEC
in Saudi Arabia from flooding. About 10 million lineal m of
GFRP bars have been used in the channel, along with about
188,000 m3 of structural concrete and 45,000 m3 of blinding
concrete. The benefits accrued by switching from ECS bars to
GFRP bars in the JEC-FMC include high durability and
reduced project execution time.
After the successful completion of this project, many other
projects in Saudi Aramco have adopted GFRP reinforcing bars
in the construction of their concrete works. Saudi Aramco is
collaborating with KFUPM and other research institutions to
close the gap on some of the limitations of the GFRP bars and
provide clarity on design criteria. Recently, Saudi Aramco and
ACI announced the launch of NEx—a Center of Excellence
for Nonmetallic Building Materials—to develop and promote
the use of nonmetallic materials in the building and
construction sector.
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References
1. BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, “Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures—
Part 1-1: General Actions - Densities, Self-weight, Imposed Loads for
Buildings,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium,
2002, 44 pp.
2. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete
Structures—Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings,” European
Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2004, 225 pp.
3. BS EN 1997-1:2004, “Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design—Part 1:
General Rules,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels,
Belgium, 2004, 168 pp.
4. BS 8002:1994, “Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures,”
British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1994, 144 pp.
5. BS 8004:2015, “Code of Practice for Foundations,” British
Standards Institution, London, UK, 2015, 112 pp.
6. BS 6031:2009, “Code of Practice for Earthworks,” British
Standards Institution, London, UK, 2009, 120 pp.
7. BS 8110-1:1997, “Structural Use of Concrete—Part 1: Code of
Practice for Design and Construction,” British Standards Institution,
London, UK, 1997, 168 pp.
8. BS 8007:1987, “Code of Practice for Design of Concrete
Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids,” British Standards Institution,
London, UK, 1987, 32 pp.
9. CIRIA C683, “The Rock Manual. The Use of Rock in Hydraulic
Engineering,” second edition, CIRIA, London, UK, 2007, 35 pp.
10. Bamforth, P.B., CIRIA C660, “Early-Age Thermal Crack Control
in Concrete,” CIRIA, London, UK, 2007, 23 pp.
11. Balkham, M.; Fosbeary, C.; Kitchen, A.; and Rickard, C., CIRIA
C689, “Culvert Design and Operation Guide,” CIRIA, London, UK,
2010, 50 pp.
12. “Design Standard No. 14: Appurtenant Structures for Dams
(Spillways and Outlet Works) Design Standards,” Chapter 3: General
Spillway Design Considerations, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of
Reclamation, Washington, DC, 2014, 253 pp.
13. “Jeddah Storm Water Drainage Manual,” Saudi Aramco, Jazan,
Saudi Arabia, 2014, 232 pp.
14. Hassan, K.E.; Chandler, J.W.E.; Harding, H.M.; and Dudgeon,
R.P., “New Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Designs,” Report
TRL630, Transport Research Laboratory, Berkshire, UK, 2005, 36 pp.
15. ASTM C150/C150M-20, “Standard Specification for Portland
Cement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, 9 pp.
16. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of
Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, 88 pp.
17. “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-
Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic Railings,” first edition,
AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2009, 68 pp.
18. “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,” eighth edition,
AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2017, 438 pp.
19. “Technical Report No. 66: External In-Situ Concrete Paving,”
Concrete Society, Camberley, UK, 2007, 83 pp.
20. “fib Bulletin No. 40: FRP Reinforcement in RC Structures,” fib,
Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, 160 pp.
21. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
22. 12-SAMSS-027, “Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Materials
for Concrete Reinforcement,” Materials System Specification, Saudi
Aramco, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, 2017, 8 pp.
23. SAES-Q-001, “Criteria for Design and Construction of Concrete
Structures,” Saudi Aramco, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, 2016, 24 pp.
24. ASTM D7957/D7957M-17, “Standards Specification for
Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 5 pp.
25. “AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures,” AASHTO,
Washington, DC, 1993, 640 pp.
Eduardo A. Villen Salan has
been involved in the execution of
infrastructure projects for the last
20-plus years, including bridges, high-
speed railways, tunnels, highways,
water treatment plants, pipelines,
channels, refineries, and buildings.
A project management professional
and professional engineer, he serves
as a member of the Saudi Aramco project management team
assigned to the Jazan Complex Projects Department. He
received his master’s degree in civil engineering.
Muhammad K. Rahman is a Researcher
and faculty member at the Center for
Building and Construction Research
Institute at King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and is Vice
President of the ACI Saudi Arabia
Chapter. He received his PhD in
structural engineering and has
conducted several major Saudi Aramco and other client-funded
research projects as principal investigator. His current research
focus is on nonmetallic reinforcement in concrete.
Sami Al-Ghamdi is the Chief
Technology Officer at Novel Nonmetallic
Manufacturing Solutions, a joint venture
between Saudi Aramco and Baker
Hughes. In his 21 years of experience
at Saudi Aramco, he has worked on
the design, consulting, and project
management of large-scale industrial
and infrastructure projects. His
experience also includes the assessment and rehabilitation of
existing structures. He is the Chairman of the civil standards
committee for Saudi Aramco and a member of ISO/TC 71,
Concrete, Reinforced Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete.
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26. DMRB 7.2.1, “HD 24/06: Pavement Design and Maintenance.
Pavement Design and Construction. Traffic Assessment,” Highways
England, London, UK, 2006, 20 pp.
27. ACI Committee 440, “Specification for Construction with
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars (ACI 440.5-08),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 5 pp.
28. ACI Committee 440, “Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Bar Materials for Concrete Reinforcement (ACI
440.6-08) (Reapproved 2017),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 2008, 6 pp.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Jihad Sakr is a Senior Project Manager
at Al-Yamama Company for Trading
& Contracting, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
He has over 25 years of experience
in execution of projects and is adept
in ensuring compliance with Saudi
Aramco procedural, engineering, and
construction guidelines. He specializes
in assessing project needs while
adhering to cost-effective quality control standards. He received
his master’s degree in construction management and a BSc in
civil engineering.
Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani is a Vice
President for Academic Affairs and a
faculty member in the Civil Engineering
Department at KFUPM. For more than 30
years, he has conducted several studies
and participated in funded projects as
a principal investigator on the durability
of construction materials, including
concrete, composite materials, corrosion
of steel reinforcement, and repair and rehabilitation of structures
in marine environments.
Antonio Nanni, FACI, is an Inaugural
Senior Scholar, Professor, and Chair of
the Department of Civil, Architectural,
and Environmental Engineering at the
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
He is Chair of ACI Committee 549,
Thin Reinforced Cementitious Products
and Ferrocement, and a member of
numerous ACI committees, including
ACI Committee 440, Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer Reinforcement. He has received several awards,
including the 2014 IIFC Medal from the International Institute for
FRP in Construction and the 2012 ASCE Henry L. Michel Award
for Industry Advancement of Research.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 41
ACI 318 Shear Design
Method for Prestressed
Concrete Members
Attempt to improve applicability
by Thomas Kang, Deuckhang Lee, Meirzhan Yerzhanov, and Hyunjin Ju
A
s with many previous editions of the Code dating
back to 1963,1 Section 22.5.1 of ACI 318-192
effectively defines the shear strength of a member as
the sum of contributions of the concrete section Vc and the
stirrups Vs. ACI 318-19 provides two methods for calculating
Vc for prestressed concrete (PC) members. An approximate
method is defined in Section 22.5.6.2, and the long-standing,
detailed method is defined in Section 22.5.6.3. This article
discusses both the detailed method, in which Vc is defined as
the lesser of web-shear strength Vcw and flexure-shear strength
Vci, and the approximate method.
Detailed Method
As explained in Reference 3, the Code expression for Vcw is
based on the assumption that a web-shear crack will occur
when the principal stress at the concrete centroid reaches a
concrete tensile strength of 3.5λ fc′
( )
Vcw = 3.5λ fc′ + 0.3 f pc bw d p + Vp (1)
where λ is the lightweight concrete factor; f c′ is the
compressive strength of concrete; fpc is the compressive stress
at the section centroid of the concrete due to the effective
prestress force; bw is the web width of the member; dp is the
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
the prestressed longitudinal reinforcement; and Vp is the
vertical component of the effective prestress force.
The Code permits dp to be no less than 0.80h, where h is
the member height or thickness. When the centroid lies in the
flange of a member, the principal tensile stress must be
calculated at the intersection of the flange and the web. Near
the end of the member, a reduced effective prestress is
determined by taking 50db as the transfer length for strand,
where db is the strand diameter.
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As Kuchma et al. noted,4 the tensile strength of concrete
can vary between 2 fc′ and 4 fc′ (λ was not included in
Reference 3), depending on the level of prestress and axial
compression, if any. However, because the objective should
be to estimate the concrete contribution to shear capacity
rather than predict the cracking load, the authors proposed that
Eq. (1) be based on a lower-bound estimate of the diagonal
cracking load of 2 fc′ rather than 3.5 fc′ .
The origin of Vci can be traced back to a semi-empirical
derivation by Sozen and Hawkins.5 At a given section in a
member, Vci is specified in Section 22.5.6.3.1 of ACI 318-19 as
Vi M cre
Vci = 0.6λ fc′bw d p + Vd + (2a)
M max
Vci ≥ 2λ fc′b w d when Apsfse ≥ 0.4 (Apsfpu + Asfy) (2b)
Vci ≥ 1.7λ fc′b w d when Apsfse < 0.4 (Apsfpu + Asfy) (2c)
where dp need not be less than 0.8h; d is the distance from the
extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension
reinforcement (refer to Eq. (3)); Vd is the shear force at the
section due to unfactored dead load; Vi is the factored shear
force at the section due to externally applied loads occurring
simultaneously with Mmax, which is the maximum factored
moment at the section due to externally applied loads; Mcre is
the moment causing flexural cracking due to externally
applied loads (refer to Eq. (4)); Aps is the area of prestressed
longitudinal tension reinforcement; fse is the effective prestress
in prestressed reinforcement; fpu is the tensile strength of
prestressing reinforcement; and fy is the specified yield
strength for nonprestressed reinforcement.
 Per Kuchma et al.4 and Bondy and Bondy,6 it is reasonable
to define d based on the centroid of the resultant tension force
obtained if all reinforcement is yielding, but need not be less
than 0.8h, as follows
As f y ds + Aps f py d p
d= (3)
As f y + Aps f py
where fy and fpy are the yield strengths of the nonprestressed
and prestressed longitudinal reinforcement; and ds and dp are
the distances from the extreme compression fiber to the
centroids of the nonprestressed and the prestressed
longitudinal reinforcements, respectively.
Per Section 22.5.6.3.1 of ACI 318-19, Mcre is given by

M cre =
I
yt
(
6λ fc′ + f pe − fd (4) )
where I is the moment of inertia of the section about the
centroidal axis; yt is the distance from the centroidal axis of
the gross section to the tension face; fpe is the compressive
stress in the concrete due to effective prestress forces; and fd
is the stress due to unfactored dead load, at the extreme fiber
of the section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads.
Because Vci includes the effect of Vd, including self-weight
apart from externally applied loads, the computational
procedures to estimate all force and stress terms excluding the
effect of Vd are quite cumbersome and difficult to be codified
into commercial software used in practice. The situation is
pointed out in Reference 7, which identifies that the exact
meaning of and how to compute each force and stress term
excluding the effect of Vd is difficult, even in simple design
examples. The complexity is also demonstrated in References 6
to 8.
Approximate Method
In the main body of the 1971 Code,9 an alternative equation
was included, based on a proposal by MacGregor and Hanson3
to simplify the Vci expression. This equation is now termed
an approximate method and is specified in Table 22.5.6.2 of
ACI 318-19 as
 Vu d p 
Vc =  0.6λ fc′ + 700
 Mu 
bw d ≤ 5λ fc′bw d (5)
where Vu and Mu are the factored shear force and flexural
moment, respectively; Vudp/Mu is limited to no more than 1.0;
and dp is not permitted to be taken as 0.80h.
Per Section 22.5.7.3(c) in ACI 318-19, the result from Eq. (5)
shall not exceed the Vcw calculated per Eq. (1) with reduced
effective prestress within the transfer length of pretensioned
members. In addition, Eq. (5) is applicable only when the
effective force of the prestressing reinforcement is not less
than 40% of the tensile strength of the total flexural
reinforcements: Apsfse ≥ 0.4(Apsfpu + Asfy). The limit on Vc in
Eq. (5) represents Vcw. The minimum shear strength (refer to
Eq. (2b)) is the same as for reinforced concrete (RC) members.
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Fig. 1: Contribution of dead load Vd to flexure-shear strength Vci
The Challenge
Engineers consistently point out that ACI shear design
procedures demand high computational efforts, particularly
for Vci, due to interrelated parameters such as design forces
and section properties.4,6 The importance of incorporating
separate shear design methods for pretensioned and post-
tensioned concrete has also been raised, because the shear
design procedure specified in ACI 318 was mostly based on
test results of pretensioned beams.4
The following sections discuss a proposal for improving
the ACI shear design methods for PC members in building
structures. The proposal is in keeping with the design
philosophy and safety level (analytical accuracy) inherent in
ACI 318, while also enhancing its applicability. The proposed
modifications are verified using the current ACI-DAfStb shear
database.10 The shear database has been established by Joint
ACI-ASCE Committee 445, Shear and Torsion, and the
German Committee of Reinforced Concrete for RC and PC
test specimens including pre- and post-tensioned members.
The filtration criteria included:
• h not less than 2.76 in.;
• bw not less than 1.97 in.;
• f c′ not less than 1740 psi and shear span-depth ratio a/d ≥
2.4; and
• βflex ≤ 1.1, where βflex is the ratio between shear strength and
shear force estimated at the flexural strength.
Modification of the Detailed Method
Flexure-shear strength
In Fig. 1, the contribution of Vd to Vci of PC beam
specimens selected from the database is shown. The datasets
used are for PC beams without shear reinforcement, where the
cases governed by Eq. (2b) and (2c) were excluded. As seen
in Fig. 1, the contribution of Vd is up to 3% of the shear
capacity provided by the Vci equation specified in ACI 318-19.
For most of the test specimens, the Vd contribution ranged
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 43
Fig. 2: Influence of longitudinal reinforcement on flexure-shear strength
from 0.9 to 1.5%, with an average value of 1.08%. The
influence of Vd is marginal and can be removed for simplicity
with little impact in terms of accuracy. A similar expression is
already available in Eq. (R22.5.6.3.1d) of ACI 318-19,
Commentary Section R22.5.6.3.1, for noncomposite PC
beams subjected to uniformly distributed loads.
By removing Vd from Eq. (2a), Mcre becomes independent
of the dead load effect. Likewise, fd can also be removed from
Eq. (3). Subsequently, Mcre (Eq. (4)) may be replaced with
( )
M cr = 7.5λ fc′ + f pe I yt , which is the somewhat less
conservative equation typically used for finding the flexural
cracking moment in serviceability design.
As the magnitude of the beneficial fpe increases, VuMcre/Mu
approaches ViMcre/Mmax. Even for very small magnitude cases
of fpe (for example, 1000 psi partial prestressing), removal of
Vd causes a 10% difference on the unconservative side when
compared to the original. Lastly, by replacing Mmax and Vi with
Mu and Vu, computation of Vci is simplified
Vu M cr
Vci = 0.6λ fc′bw d p + (6)
Mu
The first product in Eq. (6) is based on experimental
observations and empirically determined as a function of f c′.
However, recent investigations11-17 show that the shear
capacity of RC and PC members is also significantly affected
by the longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρwt, given as As/bwd +
Aps/bwd.
To verify the effect of ρwt on Eq. (6), 53 samples for which
the mode of shear failure was clearly reported as flexure-shear
were chosen from the shear database,18-22 and the data were
normalized and plotted in Fig. 2. Clearly, as ρwt increases, the
conservatism of Eq. (6) becomes more obvious. To reflect the
effect of ρwt properly, a coefficient K may be adopted from the
current shear design equation used in ACI 318-19 for RC
members. Equation (6) can then be modified as
Vci = 0.6λK fc′bw d p +
Vu M cr
Mu
(7)
where K is 4ρ1/3
wt
, which need not be taken less than 1.0.
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Fig. 3: Effect of prestress on web-shear strength
Web-shear strength
Figure 3 shows the normalized shear strength of test
specimens according to f pc / fc′ for specimens with failure
mode explicitly reported as web-shear only, including 48 PC
members and 145 hollow-core slabs. Black solid and green
dotted lines indicate 3.5 fc′ + 0.3 f pc and 2 fc′ + 0.3 f pc ,
respectively. Per ACI 318-19, the tensile strength of concrete
associated with PC and RC members is 3.5 fc′ and 2 fc′ ,
respectively. As noted by Kuchma et al.,4 this leads to an
abrupt jump in shear capacity even for low levels of prestress
f pc ≈ 0 , 3.5 fc′bw d p . It is noteworthy that even though
3.5 fc′ + 0.3 f pc (current Vcw expression) captures the overall
trend of the web-shear capacities, it overestimates the web-
shear capacity for many specimens with compressive strength
greater than 7.25 ksi. The increase in shear capacity for PC
members compared to that of RC members is as much as
70%, even when the prestressing effect 0.3fpc is not considered
( 3.5 fc′ / 2 fc′ ≈ 1.7 ). Cederwall et al.23 showed that the
increase in shear capacity of PC members was in the realm of
53% when compared to an RC member. Mikata et al.21 also
reported similar observations. Thus, it can be concluded that
the sharp increase in shear capacity attributed to the tensile
strength of concrete could lead to an unsafe design.
The nonnegligible effect of ρwt was confirmed by Saqan
and Frosch,24 and it is now reflected in the ACI 318 Code.
Figure 4(a) shows increasing shear capacity depending on ρwt.
To capture ρwt effects on PC members, the coefficient K can be
used to modify the first term in parentheses in the web-shear
strength model (Eq. (1)), in conjunction with the use of a
factor of 2 rather than 3.5. In ACI 318-19, the web-shear
strength of PC members is a function of fpc. However, as
shown in Fig. 4(b), the slope, when expressed on a
logarithmic scale, reveals that f pc is much closer with the
data trend than fpc. Therefore, the second term in parentheses
must be modified as
( )
Vcw = 2λK fc′ + 12 f pc bw d p + Vp (8)
where K used in Eq. (8) is identical with that in Eq. (7).
 (a) (b)

Fig. 4: Combined effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio and prestress: (a) correlation of normalized shear strength and longitudinal
reinforcement ratio; and (b) correlation of normalized shear strength and prestress level in logarithmic scale

Table 1:
Verification of detailed methods for specimens without shear reinforcement

Flexure-shear Web-shear Web-shear*

Flexure-shear (HCS excluded) (HCS excluded) (HCS only) Detailed method

Modified Modified Modified Modified Modified

Vtest/Vcal ACI 318 model ACI 318 model ACI 318 model ACI 318 model ACI 318 model
Avg. 1.25 1.17 1.47 1.39 1.17 1.13 1.74 1.85 1.69 1.67

SD 0.56 0.49 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.41 0.64 0.66 0.56 0.55
COV 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.33

No. of
359 214 214 145 359
specimens
Vcw/2 for HCS members with untopped depth greater than 12.5 in.
*

Note: Avg. (average), SD (standard deviation), and COV (coefficient of variation) were calculated based on Vtest/Vcal

Verification of modifications Table 2:

The modified Vci presented in Eq. (7) Verification of detailed methods for specimens with shear reinforcement
was verified by comparing results with
the shear database as well as the current Flexure-shear
ACI 318 method. Because hollow-core strength Web-shear strength Detailed method
slabs failed in web-shear,25,26 those
specimens were excluded in the Modified Modified ACI Modified
verification of Vci. Tables 1 and 2 Vtest / Vcal ACI 318 model ACI 318 model 318 model
present statistical values of the strength Avg. 1.11 1.06 1.34 1.29 1.42 1.36
ratios between estimated and observed SD 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.27
shear strength Vtest/Vcal. Equation (7) COV 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20
conservatively estimates the shear
strengths of the specimens regardless of No. of
118
specimens
prestressing method and section shape.
Note: Avg. (average), SD (standard deviation), and COV (coefficient of variation) were calculated
It also provides comparable results with
based on Vtest/Vcal
the equation for Vci in ACI 318-19.
The coefficient K has no significant
impact on the analytical accuracy of when ρwt is less than 2.0%. core slab members. The proposed
those PC beams with ρwt greater than The tables also present verification method showed comparable or enhanced
2.0%. Further, underestimation of shear results of the proposed Vcw in Eq. (8) for evaluation results for the web-shear
strengths for lightly reinforced PC all test specimens without and with strength of PC members to that of the
beams is alleviated by setting K = 1.0, shear reinforcement, except for hollow- current ACI design method irrespective
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of the presence of shear reinforcement. Figure 5 shows the
comparisons between the web-shear strengths of hollow-core
slab specimens and those estimated by ACI 318 and the
proposed equation.
Per Provision 7.6.3.1 of ACI 318-19, precast prestressed
hollow-core slabs with untopped depth exceeding 12.5 in.
require minimum shear reinforcement if Vu exceeds 0.5ϕVcw,
where ϕ is the strength reduction factor. This rule was applied
for hollow-core slab members with h > 12.5 in., comprising
about 40% of the documented hollow-core specimens by
using Vcal = ϕVcw/2, with ϕ = 1.0. The proposed and current
ACI 318 methods present almost the same accuracy in terms
of coefficient of variation (COV) values on Vtest/Vcal, indicating
that the proposed modification regarding Vcw will have no
significant impact on the hollow-core slab industry.
Figures 6 and 7 compare shear strengths of test specimens
without and with shear reinforcement and those estimated
from the detailed method specified in ACI 318-19 and the
modified method. The lesser of Vci and Vcw is taken as Vcal for
the specimens. As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the proposed

(a) (b)

Fig. 5: Verification of prestressed hollow-core slab members considering minimum shear reinforcement provision: (a) modified method; and
(b) ACI 318-19

(a) (b)

Fig. 6: Verification of detailed methods for specimens without shear reinforcement: (a) modified method; and (b) ACI 318-19

(a) (b)

Fig. 7: Verification of detailed methods for specimens with shear reinforcement: (a) modified method; and (b) ACI 318-19
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methodology presents good analytical accuracy, with COV
values of 33% and 20% for the test specimens without and
with shear reinforcement, respectively. These values are
comparable to those obtained using the ACI detailed method.
It is noteworthy that the primary purpose of the modification
is to provide a more straightforward shear design
methodology for PC members. In addition, the modified
method provides better results in terms of accuracy.

Modification of the Approximate Method

The shear strength at a particular section of a PC member
is governed by one of two failure modes. Shear strengths near
simple end supports and contraflexure points are likely to be
governed by web-shear failure, while flexure-shear failure Fig. 8: Schematic description of key concept in approximate method
becomes the dominant mechanism at larger distances from
end supports. Figure 8 is a schematic comparison of the ACI
318 approximate and detailed methods.
Modification of the approximate method consists of two
steps to reflect the two different shear failure mechanisms. In
the first step, a condition for the applicable range of the
modified approximate method is established to promote that
the calculated Vc of PC members is less than Vci estimated
from the detailed method as proposed in Eq. (7). In the second
step, the maximum limit of the modified approximate method
is set to promote that calculated Vc of PC members are also
smaller than Vcw at any given section through the shear span.
To these ends, a simple limit condition can be assigned: fpc >
525 psi.
When fpc > 525 psi is satisfied, the Vc value estimated per Fig. 9: Shear strength estimated by modified approximate method
Eq. (5), along with the coefficient K, is generally lower than
Vci in Eq. (7) at a section. In addition, Vc should also be less
than Vcw as proposed in Eq. (8), for which the term of Vp is Figure 9 shows the applicability of the modified
assumed to be zero and dp is assumed to be very close to d. approximate method considering the new minimum and
Again identifying 525 psi as the minimum required fpc, and maximum limit strengths, 2 K λ fc′bw dv and 5.9 K λ fc′bw dv ,
further assuming that ρwt = 1% and fc' = 5000 psi , the second respectively, in which circle markers represent the test results
term of Eq. (8) simplifies to 12 525 ≈ 275 psi and of PC specimens with fpc > 525 psi, while triangle markers
corresponds to 3.9 K fc′ . Therefore represent those with fpc ≤ 525 psi. Depiction clearly shows that
the modified method can reasonably estimate the shear

( )
Vcw = 2 K fc′ + 12 f pc bw d + Vp
(9)
( )
> 2 K fc′ + 12 525 bw d ≈ 5.9 K fc′bw d
Equation (3) may be used to define d; however, further
simplification is needed, particularly for bonded and
unbonded post-tensioned members with draped tendons. For
simplification of the approximate method, we suggest the use
of a term dv, where dv is the distance from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressed
longitudinal reinforcement dp or 0.80h. In this study, dv = 0.8h
was used, except for HCS without nonprestressed
reinforcement where dv = dp was used. Moreover, the
minimum limit can be set at 2 K λ fc′bw dv rather than Eq. (2c)
because there is no apparent cause for shear strength of PC
members to be less than that of RC members under the same
design conditions.
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strengths of PC members with fpc > 525 psi. With the caveat
that it is only applicable for members with fpc > 525 psi, the
final form of the modified approximate equation can be
expressed as
 Vd 
Vc =  0.6λK fc′ + 700 u v  bw dv (10)
 Mu 
2 K λ fc′bw dv < Vc < 5.9 K λ fc′bw dv (11)
where dv is either dp or 0.80h. Note that the K in Eq. (10) and
(11) is identical (= 4ρ1/3
wt
) with that in Eq. (7), except for the
use of dv for ρwt (= As / bwdv + Aps / bwdv), and it need not be
less than 1.0.
Figures 10 and 11 show comparison of shear strengths of
test specimens without and with shear reinforcement and
those estimated using modified and approximate methods
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 47
 (a) (b)

Fig. 10: Verification of approximate methods for specimens without shear reinforcement: (a) modified method; and (b) ACI 318-19 (Note:
Datapoints with red solid circles and black solid triangles are for beams controlled by the maximum and minimum limits, respectively)

(a) (b)

Fig. 11: Verification of approximate methods for specimens with shear reinforcement: (a) modified method; and (b) ACI 318-19 (Note:
Datapoints with red solid circles and black solid triangles are for beams controlled by the maximum and minimum limits, respectively)

(Vtest/Vcal). No distinct bias was observed in Vtest/Vcal
distribution depending on ρwt, where the shear strengths of the
test specimens were estimated by the modified and ACI
318-19 approximate methods, respectively, if fpc > 525 psi and
Apsfse ≥ 0.4(Apsfpu + Asfy) were satisfied. Otherwise, the detailed
methods were used to estimate the shear strength of the
specimens.
The results estimated from the proposed method are like
those obtained by ACI 318-19. As presented in Table 3, COVs
of Vtest/Vcal were almost the same for proposed and current
ACI 318 methods. It is also noteworthy that the analytical
accuracy of the approximate method is comparable to that
obtained using the detailed method (the lesser of Vci and Vcw)
for specimens with shear reinforcement. For specimens
without shear reinforcement, the approximate method is
inevitably less accurate when compared to that of the detailed
method (shown in Table 1).
As seen in Table 3, there is a decrease in the number of
specimens for which strength is controlled by the maximum
limit ( 5.9 K λ fc′bw dv ) for the modified approximate method,
which can be also found from red solid circles in Fig. 10 and
11. The strengths of most of these specimens are
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underestimated in terms of Vc by the current ACI model.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the current maximum limit
is too conservative to accurately estimate shear capacity of PC
members, whereas the modified model affords the advantage
of improved applicability while still accurate and
conservative.
Concluding Remarks
Because the shear transfer mechanism in prestressed
concrete (PC) members is complex due to various interrelated
influential factors, it is difficult to arrive at a common
consensus for general shear design expressions. Since their
introduction in 1971, shear design provisions specified in the
ACI Code have experienced only subtle changes. Previous
studies have pointed out the overly cumbersome calculation
procedure of ACI 318, especially regarding post-tensioned
members. Moreover, the basis for shear design methods
specified—even in the latest version of the Code (ACI
318-19)—relies on available past test data, where most of the
specimens tested were pretensioned members, while Code
models should also include post-tensioned members.
A suggestion of modifications to the current shear
Table 3:
Verification of approximate methods
Without shear
reinforcement
Modified
Vtest/Vcal ACI 318 model
Avg. 1.92
SD 0.67
COV 0.35
No. of specimens
that satisfied 237
condition
No. of specimens
27
controlled by Vc,max
No. of specimens
5 10
controlled by Vc,min
No. of all
359
specimens
*Vcw/2 for HCS members with untopped depth greater than 12.5 in.
Note: Avg. (average), SD (standard deviation), and COV (coefficient of variation) were calculated
based on Vtest/Vcal
design methods for PC members of
building structures was addressed in
keeping with the basic philosophy and
framework of existing ACI 318 shear
design provisions. The modifications
focused on developing a straightforward
computational process with comparable
analytical accuracy to results
obtainable using current design
methodology.
For the detailed method within ACI
318-19, the Vci equation was modified
by removing the effect of the dead load
Vd. Then, the factored moment Mmax and
shear force Vi occurring simultaneously
due to externally applied load were
simplified to the factored moment Mu
and shear force Vu. Finally, effect of ρwt
was addressed. For the web-shear
strength Vcw, concerns regarding abrupt
strength jump and influence of fpc were
resolved by modifications based on the
current shear database. For the
approximate method in ACI 318-19, a
similar approach was taken, with new
limit conditions presented and a new
References
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI
Only HCS With shear 318-63),” American Concrete Institute,
members* reinforcement Farmington Hills, MI, 1963, 144 pp.
2. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code
Modified Modified
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
ACI 318 model ACI 318 model
318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),”
1.96 2.09 2.20 1.68 1.79 American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
0.69 0.63 0.68 0.33 0.38 MI, 2019, 623 pp.
0.35 0.30 0.31 0.20 0.21 3. MacGregor, J.G., and Hanson, J.M.,
“Proposed Changes in Shear Provisions for
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams,”
232 145 131 70 87
ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 66, No. 4, Apr.
1969, pp. 276-288.
4. Kuchma, D.A.; Hawkins, N.M.;
5 15 3 7 0 Kim, S.-H.; Sun, S.; and Kim, K.S.,
“Simplified Shear Provisions of the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,” PCI
Journal, V. 53, No. 3, May-June 2008,
2 2 2 10
pp. 53-73.
5. Sozen, M.A., and Hawkins, N.M.,
“Discussion of “Shear and Diagonal Tension”
145 118
by ACI-ASCE Committee 326 (426),” ACI
Journal Proceedings, V. 59, Sept. 1962,
pp. 1341-1347.
6. Bondy, K.D., and Bondy, K.B., “Shear
Nonsense …,” Concrete International, V. 38,
No. 10, Oct. 2016, pp. 51-56.
definition of effective depth dv. 7. “Notes on ACI 318-05, Building Code
The modified equations were verified Requirements for Structural Concrete: with
using the shear database for various PC Design Applications,” EB705, M.E. Kamara
members and estimation results were and B.G. Rabbat, eds., Portland Cement
compared with those using the current Association, Skokie, IL, 2005, 1008 pp.
shear design method in ACI 318-19. 8. Yerzhanov, M., and Lee, D., “Shear
COVs calculated using proposed Design Method of Eurasia for Concrete
modifications, regarding tested shear Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117,
strength ratios Vtest/Vcal, were shown to No. 3, May 2020, pp. 207-222.
be close to those obtained from ACI 9. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code
318-19 methods. Proposed changes Requirements fot Reinforced Concrete (ACI
facilitate computation with reduction in 318-71),” American Concrete Institute,
analytical derivation for PC members in Farmington Hills, MI, 1971, 78 pp.
building structures. On this basis, the 10. Dunkelberg, D.; Sneed, L.H.; Zilch, K.;
authors hope this tentative proposal to and Reineck, K.-H., “The 2015 ACI-DAfStb
be addressed in the next Code updating Database of Shear Tests on Slender Prestressed
cycle. Concrete Beams without Stirrups—Overview
and Evaluation of Current Design Approaches,”
Acknowledgments Structural Concrete, V. 19, No. 6, Dec. 2018,
This work was supported by the National pp. 1740-1759.
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) 11. Tompos, E.J., and Frosch, R.J.,
grant funded by the Korea government “Influence of Beam Size, Longitudinal
(MSIT) No. 2018R1D1A1B06044752 and Reinforcement, and Stirrup Effectiveness on
2020R1F1A1048422. The authors would like Concrete Shear Strength,” ACI Structural
to express their special thanks to Karl Heinz Journal, V. 99, No. 5, Sept. Oct. 2002,
Reineck for sharing the shear database. pp. 559-567.
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 49
 12. Cladera, A., and Marí, A., “Experimental Study on High-Strength
Concrete Beams Failing in Shear,” Engineering Structures, V. 27, No. 10, Thomas Kang, FACI, is a Professor
Aug. 2005, pp. 1519-1527. of Structural Engineering at Seoul
13. De Silva, S.; Mutsuyoshi, H.; Witchukreangkrai, E.; and Takagi, National University, Seoul, South
M., “Experimental Study on Shear Cracking Behaviour in I-shaped Korea, having previously served as an
Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams,” Transactions of the Japan Assistant Professor at the University of
Concrete Institute, V. 28, No. 2, 2006, pp. 817-822. Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA, and an
14. Lee, D.; Han, S.-J.; and Kim, K.S., “Dual Potential Capacity Adjunct Professor at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Shear,” Structural
IL, USA. His research interests include
Concrete, V. 17, No. 3, Sept. 2016, pp. 443-456.
the design and behavior of reinforced, prestressed, and precast
15. Lee, D.; Han, S.J.; Hwang, J.H.; Ju, H.; and Kim, K.S.,
concrete structures. He is a member of Joint ACI-PTI Committee
“Simplification and Verification of Dual Potential Capacity Model for
320, Post-Tensioned Structural Concrete Code; Joint ACI-ASCE
Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Shear,” Structural Concrete,
Committees 335, Composite and Hybrid Structures, 352, Joints
V. 18, No. 2, Apr. 2017, pp. 259-277.
and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures, and 423,
16. Lee, D.; Han, S.-J.; Ju, H.; and Kim, K.S., “Shear Strength
Prestressed Concrete; and Joint ACI-ASME Committee 359,
of Prestressed Concrete Beams Considering Bond Mechanism in Concrete Containments for Nuclear Reactors. He is also a
Reinforcements,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 118, No. 3, May 2021, member of ACI Subcommittee 318-T, Post-Tensioned Concrete.
pp. 267-277. He received the 2009 ACI Wason Medal for Most Meritorious
17. Mihaylov, B.I.; Liu, J.; Simionopoulos, K.; Bentz, E C.; and Paper.
Collins, M.P., “Effect of Member Size and Tendon Layout on Shear
Behavior of Post-Tensioned Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, ACI member Deuckhang Lee is an
No. 4, July 2019, pp. 265-274. Associate Professor in the Department of
18. Arthur, P.D., “The Shear Strength of Pre-tensioned I Beams with Architectural Engineering at Chungbuk
Unreinforced Webs,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 17, No. 53, National University, Cheongju, South
Dec. 1965, pp. 199-210. Korea, having previously served as
19. Evans, R.H., and Schumacher, E.G., “Shear Strength of an Assistant Professor at Nazarbayev
Prestressed Beams without Web Reinforcement,” ACI Journal University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan,
Proceedings, V. 60, No. 11, Nov. 1963, pp. 1621-1642. and a Postdoctoral Researcher at
20. Kar, J.N., “Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams without the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Web Reinforcement,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 21, No. 68, Champaign. His research interests include shear, torsional,
Sept. 1969, pp. 159-170. and seismic behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures. He is a member of Joint ACI-ASCE Subcommittee
21. Mikata, Y.; Inoue, S.; Kobayashi, K.; and Nieda, T., “Effect
445-E, Shear & Torsion—Torsion. He received his PhD from the
of Prestress on Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams,”
University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, V. 669, No. 50, 2001,
pp. 149-159.
Meirzhan Yerzhanov is a PhD
22. Mahgoub, M.O., “Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams
Student in the Department of Civil
without Web Reinforcement,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 27,
and Environmental Engineering at
No. 93, Dec. 1975, pp. 219-228.
Nazarbayev University. His research
23. Cederwall, K.; Hedman, O.; and Losberg, A., “Shear Strength of interests include the shear design of
Partially Prestressed Beams with Pretensioned Reinforcement of High reinforced and prestressed concrete.
Grade Deformed Bars,” SP-42, Shear in Reinforced Concrete, American He received his BS and MS from
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1974, pp. 215-230. Nazarbayev University.
24. Saqan, E.I., and Frosch, R.J., “Influence of Flexural
Reinforcement on Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams,” ACI
Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2009, pp. 60-68. Hyunjin Ju is an Assistant Professor in
25. Park, M.-K.; Lee, D.; Han, S.-J.; and Kim, K.S., “Web-Shear the School of Architecture and Design
Capacity of Thick Precast Prestressed Hollow-Core Slab Units Produced Convergence at Hankyong National
by Extrusion Method,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and University, Anseong, South Korea, having
Materials, V. 13, No. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 1-14. previously served as a Postdoctoral
Researcher at the University of Natural
26. Lee, D.; Park, M.-K.; Joo, H.-E.; Han, S.-J.; and Kim, K.S.,
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna,
“Strengths of Thick Prestressed Precast Hollow-Core Slab Members
Austria. His research interests include
Strengthened in Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 2, Mar.
the shear and torsional behavior of
2020, pp. 129-139.
concrete structures. He received his PhD
from the University of Seoul.
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
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Compressive Strength
Recommendations for
Protecting Concrete from
Multiple Freezing-and-
Thawing Cycles
How well do they match the data?
by Ronald L. Kozikowski, James Klinger, and Bruce A. Suprenant
A
CI has published three guides that provide
compressive strength recommendations for protection
of concrete from multiple cycles of freezing and
thawing (F&T): ACI 201.2R-16, “Guide to Durable
Concrete,”1 recommends a 3500 psi (24 MPa) average
in-place compressive strength; ACI 306R-16, “Guide to Cold
Weather Concreting,”2 recommends a 3500 psi compressive
strength during construction; and ACI 308R-16, “Guide to
Curing Concrete,”3 recommends a 4000 psi (28 MPa)
compressive strength while the concrete is in service.
Among the three ACI specifications that are commonly
used in construction, only one provides a strength requirement
for concrete exposed to multiple cycles of F&T during
construction: Section 3.5.3 of ACI 308.1-11, “Specification
for Curing Concrete,”4 states: “Do not expose saturated
concrete to cycles of freezing and thawing until the concrete
has reached the compressive strength of 3500 psi.” ACI
301-20, “Specifications for Structural Concrete,”5 and ACI
306.1-90 (Reapproved 2002), “Standard Specification for
Cold Weather Concreting,”6 are silent on the topic.
In this article, we compare the recommendations in ACI
201.2R, ACI 306R, and ACI 308R and the requirement in ACI
308.1 to data from tests of normalweight and lightweight
concrete specimens exposed to multiple cycles of F&T.
Tests on Concrete in a Saturated Condition
While ACI 201.2R, ACI 306R, and ACI 308R provide
strength recommendations and ACI 308.1 provides a strength
requirement, none of these ACI documents cite references for
their strength recommendations for saturated concrete
exposed to multiple cycles of F&T. Nonetheless, test data
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comprising measured compressive strengths and cyclic F&T
test results are available from Klieger,7 Gebler and Klieger,8
Klieger,9 and Klieger and Hanson10 for the following mixtures:
• Normalweight concrete with portland cement (38 tests)7;
• Normalweight concrete with portland cement and 25% fly
ash (20 tests)8;
• Normalweight concrete with portland cement and sand-
gravel aggregates (15 tests)9; and
• Lightweight concrete with portland cement (40 tests).10
Normalweight concrete with portland cement
Klieger7 presented the percent expansion at 800 cycles of
F&T along with the corresponding cube compressive strength at
the beginning of cyclic F&T. Flexural beam ends were used as
6 in. (152 mm) modified cubes for compressive strength tests and
two complete cycles of F&T were obtained every 24 hours with
the prisms being continually immersed in tap water. The rate of
cooling was approximately 20°F/hour (11°C/hour). Periodic
determination of changes in weight, length, and sonic modulus
were used as durability criteria. The tests were stopped at 800
cycles of F&T or when a test specimen reached 0.10%
expansion. In Fig. 1, expansion at 800 cycles is plotted as a
function of cube compressive strength for 38 tests of concretes
with the water-cement ratio (w/c) ranging from 0.42 to 0.91 and
air contents from 4.3 to 16%. We excluded data for specimens
with air contents below 4%.
Four specimens did not reach 800 cycles before reaching
0.10% expansion. Three of these had low strengths associated
with high w/c values of 0.91, 0.74, and 0.62. ACI 318-19
would not permit concrete with such high w/c values to be
exposed to F&T in a saturated condition.11 Thus, we have
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 51
Fig. 1: Percent expansion after 800 cycles of F&T versus cube
compressive strength for 38 tests (4, 5-1/2, and 7 sack/yd3 [223, 307,
and 390 kg/m3] cement concrete mixtures with 4.3 to 16% air and w/c
between 0.42 and 0.91)7 (Note: 1 psi = 0.007 MPa)
excluded them from consideration in the following discussion.
One specimen exhibited a cube compressive strength of about
5500 psi (38 MPa) yet reached only 170 cycles before
reaching 0.10% expansion. While it appears to be an outlier,
the concrete mixture had a 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) maximum size
aggregate (MSA), an air content of 4.6%, and a w/c of 0.49.
For a mixture with 3/8 in. MSA, ACI 318-19 would require an
air content of 7.5 ± 1.5% (at least 6.0%) and a maximum w/c
of 0.45. Because this mixture would not be permitted by the
Code, it was also discarded from consideration.
Figure 2 shows the curated Klieger data with a linear
regression line. Cube compressive strengths were multiplied
by 0.8 to obtain approximate cylinder compressive strengths.
Vertical lines in Fig. 2 designate minimum strengths for
saturated concrete as stated in four ACI documents:
• 3500 psi per ACI 306R-16, ACI 201.2R-16, and ACI 308.1; and
• 4000 psi per ACI 308R-16.
Based on these limits, a change in F&T behavior should
occur in the strength range of 3500 to 4000 psi. However, as
can be seen in Fig. 2, this does not happen. To the contrary,
the regression line shows a slight increase in F&T resistance
with decreasing compressive strengths.
Based on the test results in Fig. 2, one can argue that ACI
recommendations/requirements are very conservative. ASTM
C666/C666M-15, “Standard Test Method for Resistance of
Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing,” stops F&T testing
at an expansion of 0.10% or 300 cycles. Klieger’s data shows
that saturated concretes with compressive strength as low as
1310 psi (9 MPa) are resistant to 800 F&T cycles.
Normalweight concrete with portland cement and
fly ash
Gebler and Klieger8 presented durability factors for F&T
testing of concrete mixtures with water-cementitious
materials ratios (w/cm) ranging from 0.40 to 0.45 (mixtures
had 25% cement replacement with fly ash by weight) and air
contents from 5.9 to 6.8%. Specimens were tested in
accordance with ASTM C666/C666M, Procedure A.
Concrete prisms, 3 x 3 x 11-1/4 in. (75 x 75 x 285 mm),
were cast and consolidated by standard rodding techniques.
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Fig. 2: Percent expansion after 800 cycles of F&T versus cylinder
compressive strength for 34 tests from Klieger data7 (Note: 1 psi =
0.007 MPa)
Prisms were cured and tested for F&T resistance.
For Set No. 1, after 1 day in molds at 73 ± 3°F (23 ±
1.7°C), prisms were moist cured at 73 ± 3°F for 13 days
followed by storage in laboratory air at 73 ± 3°F and 50 ± 5%
relative humidity (RH) for 14 days.
For Set No. 2, after 1 day in molds at 40 ± 3°F (4.4 ±
1.7°C), prisms were moist cured at 40 ± 3°F for 13 days
followed by storage at 40 ± 3°F and 95 ± 5% RH for 14 days.
Compressive strength at 28 days was measured using three
3 x 6 in. (76 x 152 mm) cylinders for each set of curing
conditions. Cylinder compressive strengths ranged from 2910
to 5250 psi (20 to 36 MPa).
The durability factor at 300 F&T cycles versus cylinder
compressive strength for 20 tests is plotted in Fig. 3.
All the durability factors exceed 80%, which is considered
to indicate good-quality concrete. The trend of the data shows
the durability factor decreasing slightly with lower strength.
The average durability factor for concrete strengths above
4500 psi (31 MPa) was about 100%, while the average
durability factor for concrete strengths less than 4500 psi was
about 95%. The weight loss for concretes cured at 73°F were
all below 5%. The weight loss for concretes with Class C fly ash
cured at 40°F was low; however, several concrete mixtures
with Class F fly ash showed weight loss of up to 18.5%. There
was no significant decrease in the F&T resistance of concretes
in the strength range of 3000 to 4500 psi.
Normalweight concrete with portland cement and
sand-gravel aggregates
Klieger9 evaluated the percent expansion at 300 F&T
cycles along with the corresponding cube compressive
strength at the time of testing. Flexural beam ends were used
as 6 in. modified cubes for compressive strength tests. Two
complete cycles of F&T were obtained every 24 hours, with
the prisms being continually immersed in tap water. The rate
of cooling was approximately 20°F/hour. Periodic
determination of changes in weight, length, and sonic modulus
were used as durability criteria. The F&T tests were stopped at
300 cycles or when a test specimen reached 0.10% expansion.
The percent expansion at 300 F&T cycles versus cylinder
Fig. 3: Results of ASTM C666/C666M testing of two sets of
specimens (20 tests) versus mean compressive strength of three 3 x
6 in. cylinders for concrete mixtures with 517 lb/yd3 cementitious
materials (75% cement and 25% fly ash), 5.9 to 6.8% air, and w/cm of
0.40 and 0.458 (Note: 1 psi = 0.007 MPa)
compressive strength for 15 tests is plotted in Fig. 4. Cube
compressive strengths were multiplied by 0.8 to obtain
approximate cylinder compressive strengths. The cylinder
compressive strengths for concretes with air contents from 5.3
to 12.4% ranged from 2990 to 4740 psi (21 to 33 MPa).
Figure 4 shows that on average, the expansion was lower
for concrete strengths ranging from 3000 to 4500 psi. Three
mixtures with strengths ranging from 3000 to 3500 psi and air
Fig. 4: Percent expansion after 300 cycles of F&T versus cylinder
compressive strength for 15 tests for concrete mixtures with 5.3 to
12.4% air and w/c from 0.39 to 0.509 (Note: 1 psi = 0.007 MPa)
contents from 8.6 to 11.9% had higher expansions yet fell
below the 0.10% limit.
Lightweight concrete with portland cement
Klieger and Hanson10 evaluated durability factors for 3 x 3
x 11-1/4 in. concrete prisms made from lightweight non-air-
entrained and air-entrained mixtures. They also prepared
cylinders for compressive strength, unit weight, and
absorption determinations. For the 3000 psi series, with air
contents ranging from 1.5 to 4.5% for non-air-entrained concrete

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Join your local ACI chapter today to gain greater technical knowledge and network
with leaders in the concrete community. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) has
over 300 professional and student chapters located throughout the world.

Full chapter listing is available online at www.concrete.org/Chapters.

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 53
and 4.4 to 8.6% for air-entrained concrete, one 6 x 12 in. (152 x
305 mm) cylinder from each concrete mixture was cured for 28
days at 73°F and 100% RH. For the 4500 psi series, with air
contents ranging from 0.7 to 3.1% for non-air-entrained concrete
and 4.6 to 7.5% for air-entrained concrete, two 6 x 12 in.
cylinders for each concrete were cured for 7 days at 73°F and
100% RH, followed by 21 days in air at 73°F and 50% RH.
Prisms were cured 14 days at 73°F and 100% RH followed
by 14 days at 73°F and 50% RH. The prisms were then
immersed in water for 3 days prior to the start of the F&T
tests. The prisms were frozen and thawed while continually
immersed in tap water. Two cycles of F&T were obtained
every 24 hours, 7 days per week. The minimum specimen
temperature attained was approximately −10°F (−23°C) and
the maximum was approximately 55°F (13°C).
Klieger and Hanson10 stated that in a recent study of
F&T test procedures, this test produced results
comparable to those obtained by the procedures outlined
in ASTM C290-57T, “Method of Test for Resistance of
Concrete Specimens to Rapid Freezing and Thawing in
Water (Tentative)” (withdrawn in 1971 and replaced by
ASTM C666/C666M). The test prisms were measured
periodically for changes in fundamental transverse
frequency (ASTM C215, “Standard Test Method for
Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional
Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens”), length
(ASTM C157/C157M, “Standard Test Method for Length
Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
Concrete”), and weight.
Durability factors at 300 F&T cycles versus cylinder
compressive strengths for 40 tests of concretes with air
contents between 4.0 and 8.5% are plotted in Fig. 5.
Based on the results, compressive strength may not be the
best indicator of F&T resistance for lightweight concrete.
Many lightweight concrete mixtures had durability factors of
about 80% for compressive strengths ranging from 2000 to

Fig. 5: Results of ASTM C666/C666M testing after 300 cycles of F&T

versus 6 x 12 in. cylinder compressive strength for 40 tests. Tested
concrete mixtures were designed for 3000 and 4500 psi nominal
strength, included nine different lightweight aggregates, and had 4.0
to 8.5% air10 (Note: 1 psi = 0.007 MPa) Fig. 6: Test result from Klieger9 showing fresh air content versus
expansion during 100 cycles of F&T. Note that at air contents below
Table 1: 4%, the expansion is high, indicating poor resistance to F&T
Comparison of ACI recommendations and test results
Recommendation or Reference or Concrete resistant to
Document requirement no. of tests F&T Air content, %
Durable concrete (ACI 201.2R-16) 3500 psi None — —
Cold weather concreting (ACI 306R-16) 3500 psi None — —
External curing of concrete (ACI 308R-16) 4000 psi None — —
Curing concrete (ACI 308.1-11) 3500 psi None — —
Normalweight concrete (Klieger7) — 38 1300 psi* 6
Normalweight concrete with fly ash (Gebler
— 20 2900 psi* 6
and Klieger8)
Normalweight concrete with sand-gravel
— 15 3000 psi* 11
aggregates (Klieger9)
Inconclusive based on
Lightweight concrete (Klieger and Hanson10) — 40 NA
strength
*
No tests for specimens with a lower compressive strength were performed
(Note: 1 psi = 0.007 MPa)
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54 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
6500 psi (14 to 45 MPa), and some lightweight concrete
mixtures had durability factors below 80% for compressive
strengths ranging from 1500 to 5000 psi (10 to 34 MPa).
Analysis and Recommendations
As shown in Table 1, the ACI compressive strength
recommendations/requirements for normalweight concrete
exposed to multiple F&T cycles are very conservative.
Klieger9 concluded that the resistance to multiple F&T cycles
is controlled by air content. Based on the results of his
research, the expansion was high at air contents below 4%,
indicating poor resistance to F&T (shown in Fig. 6).
Thus, a strength recommendation may not be an appropriate
parameter to determine the behavior of concrete exposed to
multiple F&T cycles. Even at the lowest compressive strength,
normalweight concrete specimens with appropriate air contents
performed well in multiple F&T tests. Based on the analysis of
the test results presented in this article, if a compressive
strength recommendation needs to be provided, 1500 psi (with
air content of 6%) might be an appropriate value.
The compressive strength recommendation for lightweight
concrete is more complicated, as the resistance of lightweight
concrete to multiple F&T cycles does not appear to be a
function of strength.
From our analysis of available test data, we urge ACI
Committees 201, Durability of Concrete; 306, Cold Weather
Concreting; and 308, Curing Concrete, to reexamine their
recommendations/requirements for compressive strength of
concrete exposed to multiple cycles of F&T. In addition to
reviewing existing references, this may require obtaining new
test data or of the rationale for the resulting recommendations/
requirements.
References
1. ACI Committee 201, “Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-
16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 84 pp.
2. ACI Committee 306, “Guide to Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306R-
16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 24 pp.
3. ACI Committee 308, “Guide to External Curing of Concrete (ACI
308R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 36 pp.
4. ACI Committee 308, “Specification for Curing Concrete (ACI
308.1-11),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 7 pp.
5. ACI Committee 301, “Specifications for Concrete Construction
(ACI 301-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2020, 69 pp.
6. ACI Committee 306, “Standard Specification for Cold Weather
Concreting (ACI 306.1-90) (Reapproved 2002),” American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1990, 5 pp.
7. Klieger, P., “Effect of Entrained Air on Strength and Durability of
Concrete with Various Sizes of Aggregates,” Highway Research Board,
Bulletin 128: Durability of Concrete, Nov. 1956, pp. 1-19.
8. Gebler, S.H., and Klieger, P., “Effect of Fly Ash on the Durability
of Air-Entrained Concrete,” SP-91, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and
Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 1986, pp. 483-520.
@Seismicisolation
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9. Klieger, P., “Effect of Entrained Air on Concretes Made with
So-Called ‘Sand-Gravel’ Aggregates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 45,
No. 10, Oct. 1948, pp. 149-163.
10. Klieger, P., and Hanson, J.A., “Freezing and Thawing Tests of
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 57,
No. 1, Jan. 1961, pp. 779-796.
11. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 623 pp.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in this
article can be found at www.astm.org.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI member Ronald L. Kozikowski
is Vice President of North S.Tarr
Concrete Consulting, P.C., Dover, NH,
USA, specializing in troubleshooting
of concrete construction issues. He
has over 20 years of experience as a
construction and materials engineer and
is a member of ACI Committees 207,
Mass and Thermally Controlled Concrete;
213, Lightweight Aggregate and Concrete; 301, Specifications
for Structural Concrete; 306, Cold Weather Concreting; and 308,
Curing Concrete; Joint ACI-ASCC Committee 117, Tolerances;
and Joint ACI-CRSI Committee C680, Adhesive Anchor Installer
Certification. He received his BS and MS in civil engineering from
the University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.
ACI member James Klinger is Concrete
Construction Specialist for the American
Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC), St.
Louis, MO, USA. He is a member of Joint
ACI-ASCC Committee 117, Tolerances; ACI
Committees 134, Concrete Constructability,
and 318, Structural Concrete Building Code;
and ACI Subcommittee 318-A, General,
Concrete, and Construction. Klinger
received his master’s degree in structural engineering from the
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Bruce A. Suprenant, FACI, is the ASCC
Technical Director, St. Louis, MO, USA.
He is a member of ACI Committees
134, Concrete Constructability, and
302, Construction of Concrete Floors;
and Joint ACI-ASCC Committees
117, Tolerances, and 310, Decorative
Concrete. His honors include the 2021
ACI Arthur R. Anderson Medal, the 2020
ACI Construction Award, the 2013 ACI
Certification Award, the 2010 ACI Roger H. Corbetta Concrete
Constructor Award, and the 2010 ACI Construction Award.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 55
ACPA’s 2021 Project
Achievement Award
Veterans Parkway—Rice Street to Interstate 90

T
he American Concrete Pipe Association (ACPA)
announced the winner of the association’s 2021 Project
Achievement Award. The project, Veterans Parkway—
Rice Street to Interstate 90 (I-90), is a six-lane divided
highway being constructed to help move large volumes of
traffic through the east and south sides of Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
“We are thrilled to honor such an innovative project where
the use of reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) had a tremendous
impact on the construction outcome,” says Doug Dayton,
ACPA President. “We hope this encourages others to consider
durable, resilient infrastructure solutions such as RCP.”
For Veterans Parkway, Riley Brothers Construction, Inc.,
worked with ACPA member company Hancock Concrete
Products of Sioux Falls, using more than 17,000 ft (5180 m)
of Class II, III, IV, and V RCP; 680 ft (2070 m) of 60 in.
(1525 mm) Class IV and V RCP jacking pipe; 382 ft (1164 m)
of box culvert with a 90-degree bend; and more than 150
From left: Bill Adams, ACPA; Travis Dressen, SDDOT; Scott Hofer
precast inlets and junction boxes. Many other concrete
and Ray Pierson, Hancock Concrete Products; and Jason Kjenstad,
products were used on this project, including the highway
HDR Engineering
pavement, placed by T&R Contracting, Inc., of Sioux Falls.
As with any project of this size, there were many
challenges. The solutions required innovative designs to the engineer of record. Collaboration among the South Dakota
accommodate site conditions, such as jacking twin 60 in. Department of Transportation (SDDOT), HDR Engineering,
RCPs under the interstate to save time and avoid disrupting and Hancock Concrete Products led to innovative designs and
traffic. The project site included a historic wood truss railroad cost savings on multiple aspects of the project. The three
bridge that needed to be protected from erosion, so the box organizations worked as a team to find the best way to
culvert was constructed with a 90-degree bend to create a construct a 90-degree bend for the box culvert; the most
manifold to collect discharge from multiple outlet pipes from cost-effective ways to connect pipes to the walls and bulkhead
a detention pond and safely release the water in one location. on the box culvert; and the best solution for construction of
That same run of five pipes had to be specially designed and the pipe “gallery,” which had a large amount of overfill on top
embedded in flowable fill because of the 64 ft (1950 m) of fill of the pipe.
over the 36 and 42 in. (914 and 1066 mm) Class V pipe. “The adaptability and dependability of the reinforced
To combat surface drainage from a large area north of I-90, concrete pipe on this project provided a way to solve complex
the design directed water through twin 60 in. RCPs. The twin drainage solutions, and Hancock Concrete Products is proud
pipes were jacked under the interstate to allow traffic to to have contributed to its success,” says Ray Pierson, Hancock
continue without disruption, as this section of I-90 carries Concrete Products. “By choosing concrete pipe, SDDOT has
more than 25,000 vehicles per day. provided taxpayers with a drainage solution with long-term
Hancock Concrete Products supplied the pipe, box culvert, strength, longevity, and durability, that is also produced
and precast inlets for the project. HDR Engineering, Inc., was locally and supports our region’s economy.”
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56 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
 The purpose of ACPA’s Project Achievement Award is to
recognize agencies that have demonstrated creative and
innovative accomplishments through projects that use precast
concrete pipes or boxes. The goal is to promote public
awareness of the activities and contributions of public
agencies, ACPA, and ACPA members. For more information,
visit www.concretepipe.org.
Project Credits
Owner: South Dakota Department of Transportation
Designer: HDR Engineering, Inc.
Contractor: Riley Brothers Construction, Inc.
Pipe Producer: Hancock Concrete Products

Selected for reader interest by the editors.

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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 57
Products&PracticeSpotlight

Using Near-Infrared Light to

Measure Moisture

M
any traditional moisture measurement techniques making adjustments will ultimately prevent out-of-tolerance
lack the simplicity and flexibility required for values and quality issues. Such an approach can also allow
frequent spot checks in the laboratory or on the reduced cement use, mixing cycle times, and wastage due to
production line. However, industry innovators have developed incorrect moisture compensation. In the end, this facilitates
instruments that use near-infrared (NIR) light, allowing safety, efficiency, and profitability.
instant measurement of moisture content in virtually any ––Kett US, www.kett.com.
environment.
“NIR moisture meters allow very accurate instant Selected for reader interest by the editors.
measurement of solids, pastes, and liquids without contact or
sample preparation,” says John Bogart, Managing Director of
Kett US, a manufacturer of moisture and organic composition
analyzers. “Once the meter has been calibrated against the lab
or production standard, the calibration is stored in the device
so no calibration is required in the field. Measurements are
fully traceable to the original measurement method.” Because
NIR moisture meters take measurements without contact,
variations in particle size and texture do not affect results.
Further, samples remain unaltered and therefore can be used
for additional tests or returned to the product stream.
“NIR moisture meters follow the principle that water
absorbs certain wavelengths of light,” says Bogart. “The Kett NIR Moisture Meters operate through the use of
meter reflects light off the sample and measures how much spectrophotometric principles:
light has been absorbed, and the result is automatically • A stable tungsten light source radiates light through a
converted into a moisture content reading.” high-speed filter wheel;
Kett’s NIR equipment is designed for ease of use. For • Filters limit light to a narrow bandwidth, at wavelengths
example, the KJT130 Handheld Portable Instant Moisture known to be absorbed by moisture;
Meter is simply pointed at the material sample and the • This light is reflected onto the product sample;
moisture content is instantly shown on a digital display. The • Surface moisture absorbs a portion of the measurement
unit is the size of a compact professional camcorder, is wavelengths;
operated via user-friendly menu commands, and can be used • The remainder is reflected and diffracted;
for frequent spot checks on both stationary and moving • The reflected light is focused by a lens and a lead-
(process line) products. Moisture measurement data can be sulfide detector measures this portion;
stored in the instrument, downloaded continuously, or • To adjust for surface roughness, color, and ambient
manually recorded. “The goal is for any staff member to be conditions, reference light is also directed off the
able to successfully use the moisture meter wherever it is product surface; and
needed, with minimal required training,” says Bogart. “This • The ratio of light absorbed at the two wavelength bands
allows producers to have the certainty that their product is of is calculated and an “absorbance” number obtained.
the highest quality within required specifications to ensure This ratio is used to determine relative moisture values
batch consistency.” on product samples.
Routinely checking moisture content and proactively
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58 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Products &
Practice
LafargeHolcim CementDirect
LafargeHolcim introduced CementDirect, an innovative digital solution that transforms the cement delivery process and
its associated paperwork for ready mixed concrete producers. CementDirect is being rolled out across the United States to
LafargeHolcim cement customers. The app- and web-based solution is engineered to improve the customer experience.
CementDirect enables ready mixed concrete producers to sign off on deliveries; monitor load delivery status in real time;
and access bills of lading, proof of delivery, and historical shipping documents 24/7, all in one place. New users can
download the CementDirect app in their smartphone’s app store and register in the app or through the DirectAccess
customer portal.
––LafargeHolcim, www.holcim.com

Shell 24,000 mAh Jump Starter

Shell 24,000 mAh Jump Starter can be used on a variety of vehicles. It is suitable for gasoline and
diesel engines with displacements of 11 and 8 L (670 and 490 in3), respectively. All Shell Jump
Starters come with advanced safety technologies such as short-circuit, reverse-polarity, over-current,
over-charge, and overload protection, making the units extremely safe. The units have an output
voltage of 12 V and operating temps of −4 to 140°F (−20 to 60°C). The jump starter comes with an
18 V 1A adaptor and a micro USB cable. It is sold under license by Camelion North America Inc.
––Shell Global, www.shell.com

CLC Work Gear FlexGrip Series 363 Work Gloves

Custom LeatherCraft (CLC Work Gear) recently released new gloves to the North
American market. The FlexGrip Series 363 is a line of work gloves designed with a modern
look, extra functionality, and improved comfort. The Series 363 launch brings eight new
glove choices: Utility, Utility Pro, Utility Grip, Impact, Heavy-Duty, Desert Camo, Camo
Impact, and Cut A5 Hi-Viz Utility Gloves. These work gloves provide high dexterity
with three touchscreen fingertips and knitted synthetic leather palms. Their breathable
birdeye mesh fabric back, elastic cuff with textured thermoplastic rubber (TPR) wrist
strap, and medical-grade hook and loop closure allow for adjustable flexibility for everyday comfort. Each of the eight new
options have unique benefits depending upon jobsite requirements and personal preference. The Impact, Heavy-Duty, and
Camo Impact styles are made with extra TPR to help protect fists and knuckles. The Utility Glove is offered in a selection
of three types: the basic Utility for technician work, the Utility Pro for jobs that require more protection, and the Utility
Grip with a silicone palm print for a better grasp on smooth surfaces. The collection also includes an ANSI Cut A5 Hi-Viz
Utility glove for heavy-duty jobs that require cut protection and the Desert Camo option where hard work collides with
outdoor activities.
––CLC Work Gear, www.goclc.com

Husqvarna K1 PACE
K1 PACE is a high-power cutter that can handle heavy-duty jobs. It is
powered by Husqvarna’s new battery system, PACE, and provides no direct
emissions. The K1 PACE offers fewer vibrations, smoother cutting, and a lower
weight to reduce strain on the user’s body. In addition to the power cutter and
battery system, 12 and 14 in. (300 and 350 mm) diamond blades have been
optimized for battery operation. The K1 PACE is also equipped with the X-Halt®
brake function, which can stop the rotation of a blade in a fraction of a second
for enhanced safety.
––Husqvarna Construction, www.husqvarnacp.com
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 59
Products & Practice

Hilti Automated Core-Drilling Solution

Hilti’s DD 250-CA diamond core drill paired with the
Cut Assist Auto Feed unit provides an operator with an
assisted experience by intuitively guiding the drill through
the entire drilling process. With this semiautonomous
core-drilling system, users can achieve significant
productivity gains and convenience on jobsites. The DD
250-CA diamond core drill leverages integrated technology
to provide the operator guidance for proper drill setup,
real-time drilling feedback, and valuable productivity data
once the drilling is complete. The smart tool can be used for
applications including drilling penetrations for ducts, pipes,
and cables and drilling blind holes for setting anchors or
post-installed reinforcing bars. Hilti customers can leverage the DD AF-CA H auto feed unit to assist with the drilling process.
With Hilti Cut Assist technology, the unit delivers greater operator safety, higher worker comfort, and less fatigue when core
drilling in difficult conditions. Intelligent features include automatic surface detection, tracking of drilling depth, water
management, and hole starting and through-hole detection. The combination of these tools allows a single person to perform a
job that historically requires three people.
––Hilti North America, www.hilti.com

MAPEI Ultratop Systems

The Ultratop® systems of high-performance, durable, self-leveling concrete toppings from MAPEI provide the ability
to quickly resurface a wide variety of interior surfaces. Ultratop, Ultratop SP, and Ultratop PC decorative toppings are the
key components of the Ultratop systems. The Ultratop Natural System uses the Ultratop self-leveling, self-curing
topping, which can be installed at 1/4 in. (6 mm) and then sealed with a Mapefloor™ Finish product. The system provides
the high compressive strength necessary for residential applications as well as light commercial installations, such as
malls, shops, hotels, and museums. The Ultratop Polished System uses Ultratop SP and Ultratop PC self-leveling
cementitious toppings to provide a fine-aggregate exposed finish. The system is suitable for light vehicular traffic in
residential, commercial, and industrial applications. It can be installed from 3/8 in. (10 mm) and extended with aggregate
that is up to 1/4 in. The Ultratop Terrazzo System can be installed with large aggregate ranging from 3/8 to 1 in. (10 to
25 mm), providing exposed texture to recreate the look of Venetian cementitious terrazzo.
––MAPEI, www.mapei.com

Berthold Radiometric Level Measurement Technology

Berthold’s noncontact and nonintrusive radiometric
level measurement technology provides an accurate
and reliable clinker level measurement while operating
outside of this extremely high-temperature
environment. The high degree of accuracy, stability,
and repeatability provided with this level measurement
ensures high production rates, optimal efficiency, and
superior product quality. Advantages of Berthold’s
radiometric level measurement technology for the
cement clinker cooler process include accurate and
reliable measurement of clinker level, energy savings
through process optimization, no wear or maintenance,
and no recalibration.
––Berthold Technologies, www.berthold.com
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 Products & Practice

Makita HM1502 and HM1512 Demolition Hammers

The 43 lb (19.5 kg) Demolition Hammer (HM1502) and 45 lb (20.4 kg)
AVT® Demolition Hammer (HM1512) are ideal solutions for heavy
demolition of slabs or lower zones of walls, as well as for digging trenches
or tamping applications. Both demolition hammers feature a powerful 15 A
motor to handle the most demanding concrete applications. The HM1502
delivers 36.2 ft-lb (49.1 J) of impact energy, and the HM1512 delivers
35.7 ft-lb (48.5 J) of impact energy. The in-line body design is better
adapted for working in narrow spaces and provides improved balance for
maneuverability. The soft-start feature suppresses start-up reaction for
smoother starts and better accuracy. A side handle swivels 360 degrees for
increased maneuverability. The HM1512 features Anti-Vibration
Technology (AVT), an internal counterbalance system, and vibration-
absorbing handles that work together to reduce vibration. The easy-to-
operate slide switch can be placed in lock-on position without releasing the
handles. LED power lights indicate switch failure or cord damage, and an
LED service light indicates when the brushes need to be replaced.
––Makita U.S.A., Inc., www.makitatools.com

TRU-Vu VM-13.3G Monitors

VM-13.3G 13.3 in. (340 mm) industrial-grade LCD monitors provide excellent
image quality and robust long-term reliability. They are compact, measuring
12 x 7 x 1.5 in. (300 x 180 x 40 mm), and feature 1920 x 1080 full high-definition
resolution and 400 nits of brightness, ensuring brilliant color images. The rugged,
powder-coated steel enclosure and TRU-Tuff treatment ensure maximum shock
and vibration resistance for demanding applications. An operating temperature of
−4 to 158°F (−20 to 70°C) ensures that these units can operate in nearly any
environment. VM-13.3G monitors are ideal for manufacturing plants,
construction equipment, inspection and surveillance systems, and more.
––TRU-Vu Monitors, Inc., www.tru-vumonitors.com

Web Notes CSI and Ron Blank & Associates “Specifications 101” Series
“Specifications 101” (Spec 101) is a new six-part series that clearly identifies
the underlying elements of construction specifications and their importance in
coordinating with construction documentation. The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI), a national not-for-profit
association dedicated to improving the communication of construction information, and Ron Blank & Associates, Inc.,
a provider of American Institute of Architects education for design professionals, produced this new education series
designed for professionals striving for accuracy and efficiency in the built environment. The online courses incorporate
video, audio narration, animation, and music to provide an engaging experience for design and construction
professionals. The Spec 101 series guides participants through the nomenclature, intent, and processes of construction
specifications, as defined through the collective expertise and experience of CSI member professionals. The core ideas
of specifications serve as the backbone for many of CSI’s certifications, publications, formats, and standards. The six
education modules in the Spec 101 series are available for purchase in the CSI Learning Library at www.csiresources.
org/learning/library.
––Construction Specifications Institute, www.csiresources.org/home
––Ron Blank & Associates, Inc., www.ronblank.com
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Product
Showcase
Testing Equipment
Olson Instruments Light Weight Deflectometer
The Olson Instruments Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) can be used to
measure soil modulus to ensure soil compaction requirements on a project. The LWD
field unit is designed for quick and easy on-site testing with immediate results
displayed in either in.-lb or SI units. The LWD measures the actual impulse force
with an in-line load cell that reduces inherent error in the calculation of stiffness and
modulus based on soil type.
––Olson Instruments, Inc., www.olsoninstruments.com

Screening Eagle Pundit PI8000 Ultrasonic Method for Pile Testing

The two-in-one patented design of the Pundit PI8000 supports both pile
integrity testing and impact echo testing in one sensor for increased versatility
and efficiency. The PI8000 has been carefully designed to perform in the
toughest conditions while being ergonomically optimized to provide a
comfortable experience for the user. Together with the PI8000, the Pundit
Impact software delivers an intuitive and efficient workflow with app-assisted
checks and seamless comparison of multiple piles directly from the
construction site. The Pundit Impact app brings data visualization to a whole
new level with the flexible heatmap for instant uniformity assessment. With
the real-time connectivity features to confirm data quality before even leaving
the site, users can collaborate with colleagues anywhere in the world. The
PI8000 is also fully integrated into the Workspace app for post-processing
analysis and collaboration of all inspection records.
––Screening Eagle Technologies, www.screeningeagle.com

Controls Group Wizard Auto

Controls Group’s Wizard Auto is a compression and flexural testing machine. It includes
many new features and enhancements to improve user-friendliness, efficiency, operator
comfort, and energy savings. Wizard Auto automatically and accurately performs tests at
the correct test speed, ensuring compliance to standards and reducing operator errors. The
machine features automatic, closed-loop proportional integral derivative (PID) control of
loading rate using variable frequency drive (VFD) inverter-technology control of the
high-specification AC motor. Wizard Auto is easy to use, even by operators with limited
experience. Its noise-reduction features enhance operator comfort, and its efficient design
offers up to 50% reductions in energy consumption relative to more conventional designs.
––CONTROLS S.p.A., www.controls-group.com

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Concrete Resource Subscriptions

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specifications plus 200+ practices

and on-demand (including all guides and reports).

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Industry
Focus
Euclid Chemical Products Featured in The
New American Home
The Euclid Chemical Company partnered with the National
Association of Home Builders on The New American Home
2021 to provide flooring solutions for the 37th annual
project. Located in Winter Park, FL, USA, The New
American Home showcases state-of-the-art materials in home
efficiency, construction, and design. The company’s Level
Top PC-AGG self-leveling overlayment was used in white
throughout the first floor’s main living area, office, and
bathrooms as a polished flooring solution with aesthetic
accents of charcoal. Offering excellent adhesion and long-
term durability, it features microfibers that prevent shrinkage
and cracking. Additionally, Euclid Chemical’s Increte Granite
Coat flooring system was installed in the home’s three-car
garage. Featuring a smooth, high-gloss appearance, this
vinyl-chip epoxy coating provides a chemical- and abrasion-
resistant surface that is easy to maintain.
Euclid Chemical’s Increte Granite Coat flooring system was installed
in The New American Home’s three-car garage
ENGEO San Francisco Materials Testing Lab Is
Caltrans Certified
ENGEO’s San Francisco, CA, USA, materials testing
laboratory is now California Department of Transportation
(Caltrans) certified. ENGEO maintains six soil and materials
testing laboratories managed by licensed geotechnical
engineers. ENGEO’s laboratories are accredited through the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AASHTO re:source, Caltrans,
and California’s Division of the State Architect (DSA).
Programs such as AASHTO re:source and the Cement and
Concrete Reference Laboratory are used for laboratory control
and quality assurance. ENGEO requires laboratory results and
final reports to be reviewed by the appropriate senior
professionals with these programs. The company’s capabilities
include cyclic simple shear and constant-rate-of-strain
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consolidation testing in addition to the wide range of soil and
materials tests offered.
ECOncrete Wins Funding to Lead the LIVING
PORTS Project
ECOncrete® Tech Ltd. won the European Commission
Horizon 2020 Fast Track to Innovation funding program with
a large-scale deployment at the Port of Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
The LIVING PORTS project is designed to produce a
fundamental change in the operations of the coastal and
marine infrastructure industry by shifting away from obsolete
“gray” construction and toward nature-inclusive infrastructure
with structural, environmental, and socioeconomic benefits.
LIVING PORTS will include two large-scale demonstration
sites: a 310 m² (3340 ft2) ECOncrete seawall with an
underwater monitoring and community outreach deck
developed by Cardama Shipyard; and 100 ECOncrete Tide
Pool Armor units and ECO Armor Block units to provide
coastal stabilization as well as habitat creation and ecological
uplift. During the 3-year project, biological and structural
monitoring will be led by the Technical University of Denmark
Civil Engineering and Aquatic Resources Institutes. An Italian
expert team will conduct noise pollution reduction monitoring.
Simpson Strong-Tie Announces 2021 to 2022
Scholarship Winners
Simpson Strong-Tie announced the recipients of its Student
Scholarship for the 2021 to 2022 academic year. Recipients
are undergraduates in their junior and senior years, majoring
in architecture, civil/structural engineering, or construction
management from over 100 eligible schools. One hundred
scholarships of $2000 each were awarded to students across
the country.
The Simpson Strong-Tie Student Scholarship supports
higher education and promotes the design and building of
safer structures in communities by assisting university
students in meeting their tuition costs. To see the full list of
awardees, visit www.strongtie.com/about/company/
scholarships-recipients.
Trimble Launches $200 Million Venture Fund
Trimble recently created Trimble Ventures, a venture fund
focused on investing in early and growth-stage innovative
companies that align with Trimble’s mission of transforming
work in the agriculture, construction, geospatial, and
transportation industries. The allocated $200 million will be
invested in early and growth-stage companies with
technologies and solutions related to hardware and software
applications; artificial intelligence; augmented, virtual, and
mixed reality; autonomy and robotics; blockchain; the Internet
 Industry Focus

of Things (IoT) and analytics; and concrete plant gain insight into the Environmental Design (LEED) and
sustainability. environmental footprint of each other green building certifications, and
In addition to an investment, Trimble concrete mixture. Using this data helps helps organizations better understand
Ventures will bring value to partner support Leadership in Energy and how to achieve carbon reduction targets.
companies by offering hands-on
expertise and insight; industry
experience; and access to customers,
markets, and distribution.

Vectorworks Establishes New

Masonry Building
Office in Australia
To continue to grow and support its
expanding user base, global provider of
Code Requirements
design software Vectorworks, Inc.,
established a new corporate office in
ACI Offers All Recent Editions of Masonry
Australia. Through the acquisition of Building Code Requirements
OzCAD, the Australian distributor of
Vectorworks software for over 20 years,
Vectorworks extended its services to
customers with an Asia-Pacific-based
hub. The Vectorworks Australia office
will build on the technical support, sales
infrastructure, and customer service
created by OzCAD over the past two
decades to magnify its offerings to
Australian designers and beyond. The
Vectorworks Australia office is in
Sydney, New South Wales. Former
OzCAD Manager Annabel Carr will
oversee operations in the office. The American
GCP Partners with Athena Concrete Institute
Sustainable Materials
Institute offers the 2016, 2013,
GCP Applied Technologies Inc.
partnered with the Athena Sustainable
and 2011 editions of
Materials Institute, a nonprofit research
collaborative bringing life-cycle
Building Code Requirements for
assessment (LCA) to the construction Masonry Structures. Available
sector. The new partnership leverages
data for GCP’s concrete admixtures to in both print and digital formats.
develop environmental product
declarations (EPDs) for concrete
mixture designs. GCP’s new EPD Learn more at www.concrete.org
program first collects mixture design
data from the concrete plant, then uses
LCAs of concrete materials and plant
data to generate an EPD report in
accordance with ISO standards. The
third-party-verified reports help the
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 BRAND-BUILDING
Promotional Opportunities
Through ACI
Increase your company’s visibility by reaching thousands
of qualified decision-makers. ACI offers print,
electronic, and other opportunities to help
your business build its brand awareness
and better market its products
and services.

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ACI’s highest level of membership: Sustaining Membership.
ACI SUSTAINING MEMBERSHIP Enhance your company’s exposure to ACI members and customers
while improving access to current concrete construction technology
and information.

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approximately 2000 industry experts. Your business will be in front
THE ACI CONCRETE CONVENTION of industry professionals from across the country and around the
world. Establish and build communication with your target market, as
well as showcase products and services to industry professionals.

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CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL concrete news and technical information. Customers are key decision-
makers deeply involved in concrete construction, engineering, testing,
MAGAZINE (CI) and design. Ads appear in both printed and digital versions of the
magazine. Digital alert and landing page options are also available.

ACI’s free online education presentations web page features over

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SPONSOR ACI ONLINE with new presentations added weekly. Align your brand with these
EDUCATION PRESENTATIONS industry-leading presentations by becoming a sponsor (limited to no
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For more information on how to increase your company’s visibility,

contact Kim Spillane at Kim.Spillane@concrete.org, or call +1.248.848.3197
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www.concrete.org
Meetings
Editor’s Note: Many conference dates were in flux prior to this issue’s publication. Verify all conference dates by visiting
conference websites.

OCTOBER NOVEMBER
14-16 - 2021 Concrete New Zealand Conference, Rotorua, 1-3 - Design-Build Conference & Expo 2021, Denver, CO,
New Zealand USA
www.theconcreteconference.co.nz www.dbia.org/design-build-conference-expo

19-21 - Lightweight Fill Conference, Online 3-4 - International Concrete Conference and Exhibition
www.lightweightfillconference.com Western Europe, Bonn, Germany
www.iccx.org
20-22 - Hardscape North America 2021, Louisville, KY,
USA 10-12 - Asia Concrete Expo, Seoul, South Korea
www.hardscapena.com www.a-concretex.com

21-23 - Society of Women Engineers Annual Conference, 12 - ASCC/TCA Safety Summit 2021, Houston, TX, USA
Indianapolis, IN, USA www.ascconline.org/events
www.swe.org
14-16 - Federation for the European Precast Concrete
25-29 - APT Washington DC 2021, Online Industry Congress 2021, Copenhagen, Denmark
www.apti.org/upcoming-previous-conferences www.bibmcongress.eu

28-30 - NPCA 56th Annual Convention, Colorado 24-25 - 28th Concrete Days 2021, Čestlice, Czech
Springs, CO, USA Republic
www.precast.org/meetings/annual-convention www.cbsbeton.eu/en/seminars

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER
30-2 - World of Concrete Asia 2021, Shanghai, China
http://en.wocasia.cn

30-3 - CACRCS DAYS 2021, Online

www.cte-eventi.com/cacrcs
THE ACI CONCRETE CONVENTION:
FUTURE DATES
DECEMBER
2021 — October 17-21, ACI Virtual Concrete
Convention 6-7 - 2021 TriDurLE Symposium, Online
2022 — March 27-31, Caribe Royale Orlando, www.tridurle.wsu.edu/tridurle-symposium
Orlando, FL, USA
2022 — October 23-27, Hyatt Regency Dallas,
Dallas, TX, USA

For additional information, contact:

Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: +1.248.848.3795
www.concrete.org/events/conventions.aspx
ACI Industry Events Calendar:
For more information and a listing of additional upcoming events,
visit www.concrete.org/events/eventscalendar.aspx. To submit
meeting information, email Rebecca Emanuelsen, Editor, Concrete
International, at rebecca.emanuelsen@concrete.org.

@Seismicisolation
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 67
What’s
New from
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS   Bond and Development in New Types of
PRC-444.2-21: Structural Health Monitoring
Technologies for Concrete Structures—Report
This report gives an overview of structural health
monitoring (SHM) technologies for concrete structures. Data
processing, analysis, and interpretation are not addressed in
this document.
PRC-237-2.21: Form Pressure Exerted by Self-
Consolidating Concrete: Primary Factors and
Prediction Models—Report
This report presents information on key parameters,
including constituent materials; mixture proportioning; and
casting parameters such as the casting rate, concrete
temperature, and reinforcement percentage, affecting
thixotropy and self-consolidating concrete (SCC) form
pressure. Prediction models available for estimating SCC
form pressure are presented. Findings from two round-robin
field studies conducted to validate these models are also
discussed.
ACI UNIVERSITY ONLINE COURSES   existing structures.
On-Demand Course: Changes to the Seismic
Design Provisions of ACI 318-19
Learning Objectives:
1. Summarize the scope of the changes that have been made to
the seismic design provisions of ACI 318-19.
2. Describe the background and rationale behind these
changes.
Concrete and Reinforcement, Part 1
Learning Objectives:
1. Discuss bond performance of plain and ribbed reinforcing
bars embedded in nonconventional concretes, including
steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), high strength
concrete (HSC), and ultra-high-performance concrete
(UHPC).
2. Recognize the effect of steel fibers on reinforcement bond
strength.
3. Discuss bond performance of concrete test specimens under
pullout lab tests subjected to elevated temperatures.
4. Discuss bond performance of shape-memory alloy
reinforcement.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.10 CEU (1.0 PDH)
Bond and Development in New Types of
Concrete and Reinforcement, Part 2
Learning Objectives:
1. Recognize bond performance of alternative types of
concrete and reinforcement.
2. Identify open issues on bond of reinforcement in new and
3. Explain the relevance of bond of reinforcement in structural
performance and design.
4. Learn about the relation between crack control and
reinforcement bond.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.10 CEU (1.00 PDH)

ReadCi
3. Explain the effects these code revisions will have on
seismic design practices.
4. Identify how new seismic detailing rules may affect
construction processes.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.10 CEU (1.0 PDH)

On-Demand Course: Changes to the Seismic

Design Provisions of ACI 318-19—Presented in
Spanish ONLINE COVER-TO-COVER
Learning Objectives:
1. Summarize the scope of the changes that have been made to A full version of the current issue of Concrete
the seismic design provisions of ACI 318-19. International is available to ACI members by
2. Describe the background and rationale behind these logging in at www.concreteinternational.com.
changes.
3. Explain the effects these code revisions will have on Click “download the issue” on the magazine’s
seismic design practices. home page.
4. Identify how new seismic detailing rules may affect
construction processes.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.15 CEU (1.5 PDH)
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68 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Sinopsis en español
Modificación de los códigos I de 2024
Concrete International, V. 43, No. 10, octubre de 2021,
pág. 27-29
El International Code Council (ICC por sus siglas en inglés)
está elaborando las ediciones de 2024 de sus códigos modelo
de construcción. Las propuestas se tramitan en dos grupos:
Grupo A y Grupo B, con finalización en 2021 y 2022,
respectivamente. Es necesario que los miembros del ACI
aboguen por mejorar los códigos I y alinear sus requisitos con
los incluidos en los documentos de los comités del ACI.
24 horas de conocimiento concreto: una experiencia
mundial
Howell, R., Concrete International, V. 43, No. 10, octubre
de 2021, pág. 30-31
Los días 13 y 14 de julio de 2021, ACI organizó una
conferencia virtual gratuita que reunió a más de 700 asistentes
de más de 60 países. Los capítulos internacionales del ACI y
los socios de la industria mundial coorganizaron y moderaron
el programa, mientras que los vicepresidentes del ACI Charles
Nmai y Tony Nanni actuaron como moderadores mundiales.
Durante 24 horas, 48 ponentes de todo el mundo discutieron
sobre innovaciones e interesantes proyectos de concreto.
Cada presentación fue seguida de una sesión de preguntas y
respuestas.
Un canal monumental para mitigar las inundaciones en
Arabia Saudí
Villen Salan, E.A.; Rahman, M.K.; Al-Ghamdi, S.; Sakr,
J.; al-Zahrani, M.M.; y Nanni, A., Concrete International,
V. 43, No. 10, octubre de 2021, pág. 33-41
Recientemente se ha construido un canal de mitigación
de inundaciones de 21.3 km de longitud en las afueras de
la nueva ciudad económica de Jazan (Arabia Saudí). El
revestimiento del canal se compone de concreto reforzado
con barras de polímero reforzado con fibra de vidrio (GFRP
por sus siglas en inglés). Se utilizaron unos 10 millones de
metros lineales de barras de GFRP para reducir el tiempo
de ejecución del proyecto y mejorar la durabilidad de la
estructura en el duro entorno de la región.
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Método de cálculo a cortante ACI 318 para elementos de
concreto preesforzado
Kang, T.; Lee, D.; Yerzhanov, M.; y Ju, H., Concrete
International, V. 43, No. 10, octubre de 2021, pág. 42-50
La norma ACI 318-19 proporciona dos métodos para
calcular la resistencia al cortante de la sección de concreto
de un elemento de concreto preesforzado: un nuevo método
simplificado (sección 22.5.6.2) y un método detallado
(sección 22.5.6.3). El artículo se centra en la modificación del
método detallado y propone cambios para mejorar el proceso
de diseño al cortante del ACI para los elementos de concreto
preesforzado en estructuras de edificios. También se propone
una modificación del método simplificado. Estos cambios
incluyen un proceso computacional más sencillo con una
precisión comparable a la del método de diseño actual.
Recomendaciones de resistencia a la compresión para
proteger el concreto de múltiples ciclos de congelación y
descongelación
Kozikowski, R.L.; Klinger, J.; y Suprenant, B.A., Concrete
International, V. 43, No. 10, octubre de 2021, pág. 51-55
Varios documentos del ACI incluyen requisitos de resistencia
a la compresión o recomendaciones para la protección
del concreto frente a múltiples ciclos de congelación y
descongelación. El artículo compara estos requisitos/
recomendaciones con los datos disponibles de los ensayos de
congelación y descongelación de probetas de concreto normal
y ligero. Basándose en una revisión de los datos existentes,
los autores proponen cambios en los actuales requisitos/
recomendaciones de resistencia a la compresión del ACI para
el concreto expuesto a la congelación y descongelación.
Preguntas y respuestas sobre el concreto: Ajuste del
contenido de aire in situ
Concrete International, V. 43, No. 10, octubre de 2021, pág. 72
La pregunta de este mes se refiere a la adición de un agente
de retracción del aire en la obra para los concretos entregados
con un contenido de aire inferior al especificado en un
proyecto. Analiza la información pertinente proporcionada en
ACI 301-20 y ASTM C94/C94M-21a, así como los límites
del número de revoluciones y el tiempo hasta el final de la
descarga, tal como se especifica actualmente en ASTM C94/
C94M. La sección de Preguntas y Respuestas también incluye
un párrafo sobre el ensayo y la aceptación del contenido de
aire en el concreto bombeado.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 69
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACI’s ANSI-approved standardization
procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/publications/standards/upcomingstandards.aspx. These ACI standards
are not yet official.

Open for
Document number Title Discussion closes
discussion

SPEC-548.Y Epoxy and Aggregate High Friction Surface on Concrete—Specification 8/21/2021 10/5/2021

Type ES (Epoxy Slurry) Polymer Overlay for Bridge and Parking Garage
SPEC-548.9 9/12/2021 10/27/2021
Decks—Specification

Epoxy and Aggregate High Friction Surface on Concrete—Specification (ACI SPEC-548.Y)

The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved processing the subject document through ACI’s Standardization
Procedure in October 2019, as did the ACI Standards Board in July 2021.
Therefore, this draft document is open for public discussion from August 21, 2021, until October 5, 2021. The document
appears on the ACI website, www.concrete.org/discussion.
Pertinent discussion will be available on ACI’s website and announced in a future issue of Concrete International if received
no later than October 5, 2021. Comments should be e-mailed to discussion@concrete.org.

Type ES (Epoxy Slurry) Polymer Overlay for Bridge and Parking Garage Decks—Specification
(ACI SPEC-548.9)
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved processing the subject document through ACI’s Standardization
Procedure in July 2020, as did the ACI Standards Board in August 2021.
Therefore, this draft document is open for public discussion from September 12, 2021, until October 27, 2021. The
document appears on the ACI website, www.concrete.org/discussion.
Pertinent discussion will be available on ACI’s website and announced in a future issue of Concrete International if received
no later than October 27, 2021. Comments should be e-mailed to discussion@concrete.org.

Public Discussion and Closure

Multi-Component-Epoxy Adhesive for Bonding to Concrete—Specification (ACI 548.13)
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee response to
TAC comments in October 2019. The committee responded adequately to TAC’s comments and all balloting rules were adhered
to. Public discussion was announced on February 14, 2021, and closed on March 31, 2021. The committee responded to the
public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on August 23, 2021. The Standards Board approved publication of
the ACI standard August 31, 2021.

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70 OCTOBER 2021 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Advertiser
Index
October CI Advertisers Do you have a story to tell?
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | OCTOBER 2021 71
Concrete
Q&A
Adjusting Air Content On-Site
Q.
As the ready mixed concrete producer for a
project, our quality assurance staff tested the air
content of a load of concrete at the batch plant.
The test revealed that the air content was lower than
specified, so they added an air-entraining admixture (AEA) to
adjust the air content to fall within the range required by the
purchaser. At the jobsite, the owner’s testing agency
determined that the air content was low, but the owner’s
representative would not allow the batch to be dosed with
additional AEA on the basis that the batch ticket showed that
there had already been an AEA addition at the plant. The load
was therefore accepted with no further additions. We have
never experienced this before and believe that additional AEA
should have been allowed. Am I correct, or is there a limit on
how many times AEA can be added to a batch of concrete?
A.
There are no restrictions to adjusting loads of
concrete before they leave the batch plant or in
transit. It is very common to adjust loads for slump
by adding water (within limits) to achieve a slump before
leaving the plant. Also, many truck mixers are equipped with
automated systems that allow additions of water and/or
high-range water-reducing admixtures as needed for
workability. There is no limit on the number of these additions
other than exceeding a maximum allowed. The standards are
also silent on this topic, so adjustments at the plant or in
transit can be considered as part of the original batching
process and do not represent the permitted jobsite adjustments.
AEA additions at the plant to achieve the specified air
content don’t have a negative impact on the product quality.
Neither ACI 301-201 nor ASTM C94/C94M-21a2 place limits
on how many times AEA can be added to the load of concrete,
but both provide information pertinent to on-site additions of
AEA. The following sections highlight the relevant content:
ACI 301-20—According to ACI 301, Section 1.7.8.1, if air
content measured at the point of delivery is below the lower
specified limit (with tolerances on the total air content as
delivered of ±1.5% per Table 4.2.2.6(c)1), adjustments in
accordance with ASTM C94/C94M are allowed unless otherwise
specified. Even though highly unlikely, per Section 1.7.8.1 in
the OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST, the
specifier has the option of specifying “if on-site addition of
air-entraining agent is not permitted if air content as delivered
is less than required.”
ASTM C94/C94M-21a—Per ASTM C94/C94M, Section 8.3,
based on preliminary sample test results, “the manufacturer
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may use additional air-entraining admixture to achieve the
desired air content level, followed by a minimum of 30
revolutions at mixing speed, so long as the revolution limit of
6.1.9 is not exceeded.” Per Section 6.1.9: “Purchaser shall
state any drum revolution limit as to when the concrete
discharge must begin.” However, if the purchaser doesn’t
provide a limit on drum revolutions, “the manufacturer shall
determine and communicate the limit to the purchaser prior to
delivery.”
Note that previous versions of ASTM C94/C94M limited
the number of drum revolutions to 300; however, this
requirement was removed from the standard starting with its
2014 version.
Additional Comments
AEA additions may also be limited by the elapsed time
from the start of mixing to discharging. Per Note 9, a 1-1/2
hour time limit is no longer included in ASTM C94/C94M.
Per Section 6.1.10 in that standard, the “Purchaser shall state a
time limit…” If the purchaser does not specify this limit, “the
manufacturer shall establish and communicate the limit to the
purchaser prior to delivery.” This time limit must be provided
on the delivery ticket. The start of mixing for the time limit is
defined in Section 12.3 for central-mixed concrete and Section
12.5 for truck-mixed concrete. Further, the time limit should
be based on “ambient conditions, types of cementitious
materials and admixtures used, placement procedures, and
projected transportation time.”
Lastly, when it comes to pumped concrete, per ACI 301,
Section 4.2.2.4(c) of the OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
CHECKLIST, the specifier can request to measure the air
content at the point of placement and determine acceptance
limits at the point of delivery based on the loss of air during
pumping.
References
1. ACI Committee 301, “Specifications for Concrete Construction
(ACI 301-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2020, 69 pp.
2. ASTM C94/C94M-21a, “Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed
Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, 15 pp.
Thanks to Karthik H. Obla, Vice President, Technical Services, and Colin
L. Lobo, Executive Vice President, Engineering, National Ready Mixed
Concrete Association (NRMCA), Alexandria, VA, USA, for reviewing
the answer to this question.
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