NATURAL DISASTER: LANDSLIDE

Compiled By:
Name : FERNEUS GALINGGING
JESEN PURBA
NOVIA NURUL
INDI FADILA
Class : XI IPA 2

SMA N 1 BATANG GANSAL

T.A 2022/2023
 A CKNOWLEDGMENT
Praise be to the presence of God Almighty, because of all His blessings, the writer was
able to complete the paper entitled "Natural Disaster: Landslide". Without his help, the writer
would not have been able to complete this thesis properly. In preparing this paper, the author
faced many obstacles. However, the author realizes that the smoothness in preparing this
material is thanks to the help, encouragement, and cooperation of all parties who have assisted in
the completion of this paper so that the obstacles the author faces can be overcome.
In writing this paper the author feels that there are still many shortcomings in both
writing techniques and material, given the abilities of the author. For this reason, criticism and
suggestions from all parties are highly expected for the improvement of this paper. Hopefully
this material can be useful and contribute thoughts to those in need, especially for writers so that
the expected goals can be achieved. Thank You.

Sungai Akar, November 2022

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Formulation
1.3 Purpose of Writing

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Landslide
2.2 Landslide Occurrence Process
2.3 Types of Landslides
2.4 Causes of Landslide
2.5 Impacts Due to Landslides

CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
3.2 Suggestion

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Indonesia is a country that is vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters, namely
disasters caused by climate change and weather (Susanti et al, 2017: 50). According to Law
Number 24 of 2007, a disaster is an event or series of events that threatens and disrupts people's
lives and livelihoods caused, both by natural factors and/or non-natural factors as well as human
factors, resulting in human casualties, environmental damage, loss of property, and
psychological impacts. Disasters occur because of threats and vulnerabilities without the capacity
of the community to cope with them. Disasters can threaten all regions in Indonesia, both in the
mainland, mountains and in coastal areas, including in Central Java Province (Hilmi et al, 2012).
One type of disaster in Indonesia that has the potential to damage the environment, harm material
prices and cause loss of life is a landslide disaster.
Based on disaster data records from the National Disaster Management Agency,
landslides are included in deadly disasters, because many victims die as a result of this disaster.
A study from BNPB stated that 40.9 million Indonesians live in landslide-prone areas (BNPB, 30
April 2019). Dwikorita Karnawati (2001: 12) mentions that the general symptoms of landslides
in an area can be seen as follows: 1) the appearance of cracks on the slopes parallel to the
direction of the cliff; 2) landslides occur after rain comes; 3) the appearance of a new spring
suddenly; 4) the cliff became brittle and the pebbles started falling. Explanation of the signs of
landslides is actually not difficult for the local community to know, so it is important that
education to recognize the signs of landslides is important as an anticipatory step to reduce the
risk of impacts caused.
The occurrence of landslides can be triggered by high rainfall or earthquakes.
Earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia result in several areas also prone to landslides. Slopes that
are not supported by various plants with strong roots make the area more prone to landslides.
The danger of landslides is higher when the slope, rock weathering, rock layering structure, and
soil texture increase, indicating a higher level of landslide hazard (Priyono et al, 2006).

1.2 Problem Formulation

Based on the background described above, the identification of the problem at this
writing is:
1. What is a landslide?
2. How is the process of landslides?
3. What are the types of landslides?
4. What causes landslides?
5. What are the impacts caused by landslides?

1.3 Writing Objectives

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the objectives of this writing are:
1. Knowing what is meant by landslides
2. Know the process of landslides
3. Know the types of landslides.
4. Know the causes of landslides
5. Understand the impact of landslides

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Landslides
One type of disaster in Indonesia that has the potential to damage the environment,
harm property prices and cause casualties is a landslide disaster. Mass movements of land or
often called landslides are one of the natural disasters that often hit hilly areas in the wet tropics.
Mass movement, generally caused by gravitational forces and sometimes vibrations or
earthquakes also support this occurrence. Mass movement in the form of landslides occurs due to
sliding debris along the landslide plane which is the boundary for the movement of soil or rock
masses (Hardiyatmo, 2006: 2).
Ground motion is the process of moving a mass of rock/soil due to gravitational forces.
Ground movement is often referred to as a landslide from a mass of soil/rock and is generally
interpreted as a movement of soil and/or rock from its place of origin due to the influence of
gravity (Noor, 2006: 106). The existence of ground motion is caused by internal factors and
external factors. Internal factors that can. The cause of soil movement is the weak cohesion of
the soil/rock so that the grains of soil/rock can be released from their bonds and move downward
by dragging other grains around them to form a larger mass.
The weak binding capacity of the rock/rock can be caused by the nature of the porosity
and permeability of the soil/rock as well as the intensive fracture of the soil/rock mass.
Meanwhile, external factors that can trigger soil movement consist of various complex causes
such as slope angle, soil/rock moisture due to ingress of rainwater, land cover and land
management patterns, erosion by watercourses, human activities such as excavation and so on.

2.2 Landslide Occurrence Process

Arsyad (1989) suggests that landslides occur as a result of the sliding of a volume of
soil above a somewhat impermeable layer that is saturated with water. A layer consisting of clay
(containing clay content) after being saturated with water will act as a slide launcher, which will
occur if the following 3 conditions are met:
1. The existence of slopes that are steep enough so that the soil mass can move or slide down.
2. There is a layer below the surface of the soil mass that is somewhat impermeable and soft,
which will become the sliding plane and
3. There is sufficient water in the soil so that the layer of soil mass directly above the
impermeable becomes saturated. .

2.3 Types of Landslide

 Mass movement is the movement of a large mass of soil along its critical failure plane.
This mass movement moves down the slope-forming material in the form of soil, rock, artificial
embankment or a mixture of other materials. According to Cruden and Varnes (1992) in (Hary
Chardiyatmo, 2006: 15), the characteristics of the slope-forming mass movement can be divided
into five types, including:
1. Falls
2. Rubble (topples)
3. Avalanches (slides)
4. Spreads
5. Flows

1. Falls are falling movements of slope-forming material (soil or rock) in the air without any
interaction between the parts of the material that slides. Falls occur without any landslide planes
and occur mostly on steep or vertical slopes consisting of rocks that have continuous planes
(discontinuities). Fall on soil usually occurs when eroded material lies on more erosion-resistant
soil, for example in a layer of clean sand or a lake over a layer of clay. Fall is one of the main
erosion mechanisms of heavily overconsolidated clay. Landslides in clay occur when rainwater
fills cracks at the tops of steep slopes. The fall caused by the shallow crack collapses forward.

2. Collapse (topples) is the movement of collapsing material and usually occurs on very steep to
upright rock slopes that have relatively vertical areas of discontinuity. Type the movement is
almost the same as the fall, only the movement of rock slides is rolling over until it collapses
which results in the rock being separated from the surface of the slope. The main factor causing
the collapse is water filling the cracks.

3. Slides are the movement of slope-forming material caused by shear failure along one or more
failure planes. Soil masses that move can unite or fragment. The total material displacement prior
to a failure depends on the magnitude of the strain to achieve the peak shear strength and on the
thickness of the failure zone. The total displacement is less in the overconsolidated rigid slab.
Zaruba and Menci (1969) in (Hary C Hardiyatmo, 2006:19), from observations in the field
concluded that stiff plate soils can experience shear displacement of up to 2.5% of the thickness
of the landslide zone. For stiff shales the shear displacement can reach about 0.8%.

4. The distribution which includes translational landslides is called lateral spreading which is a
combination of the expansion of the soil mass and the descent of the rock mass into fragments
into the soft material below (Cruden and Varnes, 1992 in (Hary C Hardiyatmo, 2006: 27).
Lateral landslides occurs during heavy rains in Algeria, in the form of blocks of limestone
(limestone) sinking into different layers of marl below. This layer of marl is weakened by the
effects of weathering (Drouhin et al, 1948 in Hary C Hardiyatmo, 2006: 27)

5. Flow (flows) is the movement of crushed material downslope and flows like a viscous liquid.
Flow often occurs in relatively narrow shear planes. Material carried by the flow can consist of
various kinds of soil particles (including large stones), wood, ratings and others. other.

2.4 Causes of Landslides

The causes of landslides are generally characterized by the appearance of cracks in the
slope parallel to the direction of the cliff. Landslides usually occur after rain, because many new
springs appear suddenly, cliffs become brittle, and lots of pebbles start falling. Apart from these
general causes, other factors include:
1. Steep slopes. Steep slopes are formed due to the erosion of river water, springs, sea water, and
wind. Steep slopes will increase the driving force, so if the slope angle reaches 180o it will be
very prone to landslides.
2. Less dense and thick soil. The types of soil that are less dense are loam and clay soils with a
thickness of more than 2.5 meters. These types of soil have the potential for landslides to occur,
if it rains. Besides that, this soil is very vulnerable to soil movement because it is soft exposed to
water and cracked due to heat. Less Strong Rock.
3. Rocks that are less strong are very susceptible to landslides, if they are found in areas that
have very steep slopes.
4. Type of Land Arrangement. The types of land use that often occur in landslides are in rice
fields, cultivation, and the presence of puddles on steep slopes. In rice fields the roots are not
strong enough to bind the soil grains and make the soil soft and saturated with water so that
landslides easily occur. Whereas in cultivation areas, the cause of landslides is that tree roots are
unable to penetrate deep landslide areas and usually occur in areas of old landslides.
5. Vibration. Vibration is caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, engine vibrations, and
vehicle traffic vibrations.
6. Lowering of the Lake. As a result of the very fast water level shrinkage in the lake, it can
cause the retaining force of the slope to be lost, with a slope angle of 220o so that landslides and
subsidence of the soil are easy to occur which are usually followed by cracks.
7. There is an additional burden. As a result of additional loads, such as building loads on slopes
and vehicles, it will increase the driving force for landslides, especially in road bends in valley
areas. As a result there will be land subsidence and cracks in the direction of the valley.
8. Erosion (Erosion). Erosion occurs a lot in streams that lead to cliffs and due to deforestation
around river bends, resulting in steep cliffs.
9. There is heap material on the cliffs. In expanding and developing settlement land, cliff cutting
and valley filling are generally carried out. The heaped soil in the valley has not yet become as
perfect as the original soil beneath it. Thus, if there is rain, there will be land subsidence which is
then followed by ground cracks.
10. Old Avalanche. Old landslides generally occur during and after deposition of volcanic
material on relatively steep slopes or during and after faults in the earth's crust.
11. There is a Discontinuity Field (Discontinuous Field). These non-sustainable areas are weak
areas and can function as landslide slide fields.
12. Deforestation. Landslides occur as a result of deforestation, because groundwater binding is
lacking.
13. Garbage Disposal Area. The use of a low layer of soil for disposal of waste in large quantities
can cause landslides, especially when added to the pouring rain.

2.5 Impacts due to landslides

Positive impacts:
1. When a disaster such as a landslide occurs, this can increase self-awareness so that no further
logging occurs and expands land.
2. Increasing awareness for disaster victims and concern for others in general. Make an attitude
of alert and alert for people who live in areas prone to landslides.
3. Can be used as motivation and research by geologists what can cause landslides to occur.
Negative Impacts:
1. Resulting in the homes of people living in the landslide area losing their homes.
2. Resulting in casualties.
3. Cut off transportation routes when landslides cover the main roads.
4. Resulting in the economy faltering in areas where landslides occurred.
5. Losses for the State due to infrastructure buried by landslides

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Mass movements of land or often called landslides are one of the natural disasters that
often hit hilly areas in the wet tropics. Movement of masses, generally caused by gravitational
forces and sometimes vibrations or earthquakes also support this occurrence. Mass movements in
the form of landslides occur due to sliding debris along the landslide plane which is the limit for
the movement of soil or rock masses (Hardiyatmo, 2006: 2). A layer consisting of clay
(containing clay content) after being saturated with water will act as a slide launcher.
A slide will occur if the following 3 conditions are fulfilled: there is a slope that is
steep enough so that the soil mass can move or slide down. there is a layer below the surface of
the soil mass which is somewhat impermeable and soft, which will become the sliding plane and
there is enough water in the soil so that the layer of soil mass just above the impermeable
becomes saturated. The characteristics of mass movement forming slopes can be divided into
five types, including: falls, topples, slides, spreads, flows. The impact of the disaster has
damaged infrastructure, harmed property and killed lives. man. Community protection against
the dangers and threats of landslides must be prioritized and urgently needed to be carried out in
order to continue the sustainability of people's lives and welfare.

3.2 Suggestion
Knowledge and capacity of the community about disaster management need attention.
The more people are prepared to face disasters, the risks and impacts of disasters can be handled
properly. Furthermore, it is important for the government to involve itself actively, especially in
the stage of community preparedness in dealing with landslides.

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