Meaning of Data Base Management System (DBMS):

A data base is an organized collection of information.

A data base management system (DBMS) allows entering, store, manipulating

and retrieving information organized into data bases.

DBMS is a collection of programs that enable users to create and maintain a

database. The DBMS is hence a general purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating databases
for various applications.

Database management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of interrelated

data and a set of programs to access that data. The collection data is usually
referred to as data base which contains information about one particular
enterprise.

The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both

convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing data base information.
The DBMS is the interface between the user of application programs on one
hand and the data base on the other.

The objective of a database management system is to facilitate the creation of

data structures and relieve the programmer of the problems of setting up
complicated files. Data base management systems have developed from a
concept of the data base as something distinct from the programs accessing it.

In addition to easing processing, this approach has tended to highlight the

importance of data as a resource in the organizations and as something that
has to be carefully managed.
Nature of Data Base Management System:
Features & characteristics of data base management system are as
follows:
1. The data are combined to form operational units to minimize the duplication
of data and increase access to all data in the data base.

2. The advancement in the data base enables to add more data and program to
the system.

3. The capacity to store large amount of data necessary for user’s needs. They
are stored on direct accessible devices for one line support.

4. The control in the systems limits the access to the data base files and builds
the confidentiality of all data in these files.

5. The capacity to interrogating data files, retrieving and modifying data and
recording the changes.

Objectives of Data Base Management System (DBMS):

The objectives of a data base management system are to facilitate the creation
of data structures and relieve the programmer of the problems of setting up
complicated files.

The objectives of DBMS can be narrated as follows:

1. Eliminate redundant data.

2. Make access to the data easy for the user.

3. Provide for mass storage of relevant data.

4. Protect the data from physical harm and un-authorized systems.

5. Allow for growth in the data base system.

6. Make the latest modifications to the data base available immediately.

7. Allow for multiple users to be active at one time.

8. Provide prompt response to user requests for data.

Functions of Data Base Management System (DBMS):

Every computer application has unique requirements. For example, special
purpose software systems that handle personnel, inventory, and marketing
data, may differ not only in the type of information these store, but also in the
facilities they provide for data entry and retrieval.

The cost of designing and building special purpose software systems for Data
management tasks often prohibits otherwise cost effective automation. Data
base management systems are general purpose programs that dramatically
reduce the time necessary to computerize an application.

The purpose of DBMS is to provide following main functions:

1. A mechanism for organizing, structuring and storing data.

2. A mechanism for accessing data that provides a measure of data

independence, i.e., to some extent it insulates application programs from
changes to the data structure.

3. Creating program and data independence. Either one can be altered

independently of the other.

4. Reducing data redundancy.

5. Providing security to the user’s data. Access is limited to authorized users by

pass words or similar schemes.

6. Reducing physical storage requirements by separating the logical and

physical aspects of the data base.
Merits of DBMS:
Advantages and merits of DBMS are as follows:
1. Integrity

2. Security

3. Data independence

4. Shared data

5. Conflict resolution

6. Reduction of redundancies.

1. Integrity:
Centralised control can also ensure that adequate checks are incorporated in
the DBMS to provide data integrity. Data integrity means that the data
contained in the data base is both accurate and consistent. Therefore, Data
values being entered for storage could be checked to ensure that they fall
within a specified range and are of the correct format.

For example, the value for the age of an employee may be in the range of 16
and 75.

Another integrity check that should be incorporated in the data base is to

ensure that if there is a reference to certain object, that object must exist. In
the case of an automatic teller machine, for example, a user is not allowed to
transfer funds from a non-existent savings account to a checking account.

2. Security:
Data is of vital importance to an organization and may be confidential. Such
confidential data must not be accessed by un-authorized persons. The data
base administrator (DBA) who has the ultimate responsibility for the data in
the DBMS can ensure that proper access procedures are followed, including
proper authentication schemes for access to the DBMS and additional checks
before permitting access to sensitive data.
Different levels of security could be implemented for various types of data and
operations. The enforcement of security could be data value dependent (e.g., a
manager has access to the salary details of employees in his department only),
as well as data type dependent (but the manager cannot access the medical
history of any employee, including those in his department).

3. Data Independence:
Data independence is usually considered from two points of view; physical
data independence and logical data independence. Physical data independence
allows changes in the physical storage devices or organisation of the files to be
made without requiring changes in the conceptual view or any of the external
views and hence in the application programs using the data base.

Thus, the files may migrate from one type of physical media to another or the
file structure may change without any need for changes in the application
programs. Logical data independence implies that application programs need
not be changed if fields are added to an existing record; nor do they have to be
changed if fields not used by application programs are deleted.

Logical data independence indicates that the conceptual schema can be

changed without affecting the existing external schemas. Data independence is
advantageous in the data base environment since it allows for changes at one
level of the data base without affecting other levels. These changes are
absorbed by the mappings between the levels.

4. Shared Data:
A data base allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of
application programs or users. In the example discussed earlier, the
applications for the public relations and payroll departments could share the
data contained for the record type employee.
5. Conflict Resolution:
Since the data base is under the control of the data base administrator (DBA),
he should resolve the conflicting requirements of various users and
applications. In essence, the DBA chooses the best file structure and access
method to get optimal performance for the critical applications, while
permitting less critical applications to continue to use the data base, albeit with
the relative response.

6. Reduction of Redundancies:
Centralised control of data by the DBA avoids unnecessary duplication of data
and effectively reduces the total amount of data storage required. It also
eliminates the extra processing necessary to trace the required data in a large
mass of data.

Another advantage of avoiding duplication is the elimination of the

inconsistencies that tend to be present in redundant data files. Any
redundancies that exist in the DBMS are controlled and the system ensures
that these multiple copies are consistent.

Disadvantages of DBMS:
Disadvantages of data base management system are:
1. Complexity of backup and recovery

2. Problem associated with centralization

3. Cost of software, hardware and migration.

1. Complexity of Backup and Recovery:

Backup and recovery operations are very complex in a data base management
system (DBMS) environment and this is evident in concurrent multi user data
base system. A data base system requires a certain amount of controlled
redundancies and duplication to enable assess to related data items.
2. Problem Associated with Centralization:
Centralization increases a potential severity of security breaches and
disruption of the operation of the organization because of down time and
failures. The centralization means that the data is accessible from a single data
source or a data base.

The decentralization of the data base that is the replacement of a single

centralized data base by independent and co-operating distributed data bases
solves the problem arise out because of the centralization that is the problem of
failures and down time.

3. Cost of Software, Hardware and Migration:

For a well-designed and effective data base system, it is necessary to purchase
and develop the software’s and hardware has to be upgraded to allow for the
extensive programs and the work spaces required for their execution and
storage. It involves a lot of cost. An additional cost is that of migration that
means the shift from a traditional separate application environment to an
integrated application environment.