MEDICAL HISTOLOGY

FOR SECOND YEAR MBBS

QUICK REVIEW OF HISTOLOGY AT A GLANCE

SYED USAMA QUTBI

MBBS BATCH’ 25
SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC
KARACHI MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE
QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 1

QUICK REVIEW OF HISTOLOGY SECOND YEAR MBBS

#CHAPTER12 : NERVOUS SYSTEM

CEREBRAL CORTEX

⚫ .Old type of cortex is known as ‘’allocortex’’

⚫ .New cortex is called ‘’neocortex’’

⚫ .In the internal pyramidal layer of primary motor area giant pyramidal cells, called Betz cells are found.

⚫ Axons of pyramidal cells forms projection or association fibres

⚫ NON PYRAMIDAL CELLS: granule cells ( stelette or star shape cells), horizontal cells, martinoti cells, fusiform cells (spindle shape)

. There are six layers of cerebral cortex :

1) Molecular layer or plexiform layer

2) External Granular layer

3) External pyramidal layer

4) Internal Granular area

5) Internal Pyrimidal layer

6) Multiform layer or polymorphic layer

CEREBELLUM

⚫ .The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres and a central vermis.

⚫ .Cerebellar cortex has three layers :

1) Molecular layer – Basket & stellate cells.

2) Purkinjee cell layer : Purkinjee cells (cyto contain numerous nisles granules)

3) Granular layer - Granule cells. (layer show irregular light staining areas called glomeruli or cerebellar island)

⚫ .Afferent fibers of cerebellum include 1) climbing fibers that originate from inferior olivary nucleus & 2) Mossy fibers that originate in spinal cord or brain stem .

SPINAL CORD

⚫ . Spinal cord has a ‘H-shaped’ appearance of the grey matter with anterior , posterior & lateral horns.

⚫ .Outer to the grey matter there is white matter of the spinal cord divided into dorsal & ventrolateral white columns.

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 2

#CHAPTER16 : ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .

ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS show affinity for chromium salts and take brown colour by pottasium dichromate stain belongs to DNES cells

APUD CELLS take up amine precursors and decarboxylate into biologic amines

PITUITARY GLAND

⚫ . The hypophysis or the pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland producing several hormones .

⚫ .Hypophysis divided into (i) adenohypophysis (ii) neurohypophysis.

⚫ .Neurohypophysis derived from the neuroectoderm (diencephelon) forms posterior pituitary .

⚫ .Adenohypophysis derived from the Rathke’s pouch (oral ectoderm) forms anterior pituitary .

⚫ .The adenophypophysis divided into : pars distalis & pars intermedia .

⚫ . An extension of pars distalis is known as pars tuberalis .

⚫ .The neurohypophysis is divided into two parts : pars nervosa and infundibulum .

⚫ . Chromophobes and chromophils are the cells of pars distalis based upon the old classification .

⚫ Chromophils stain well and chromophones stain poorly

⚫ .On basis of their hormonal secretory activity there are five cell types :

1) Somatotropes (acidophilic) - most cells of pars distalis

2) Mammotropes (acidophilic)

3) Corticotropes (basophilic)

4) Gonadotropes ( basophilic)

5) Thryotropes (basophilic) .

PARS INTERMEDIA contain melanotropes synthesize special protein pro opiomelanocortin POMC

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OR PARS NERVOSA contain glial cells called pituicytes

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 3

ADRENAL GLAND

⚫ .The adrenal gland is divided into outer cortex and inner medulla . The cortex further divided into three zones :

1) zona glomerulosa: - aldosteron

2) zona fasiculata: binucleated cells are seen and consists of cells known as spongiocytes . - cortisol

3) zona reticularis : lipofusin pigments are present - androgens

⚫ .The adrenal medulla consists of mainly chromaffin cells on their strong ability to chromium salts .

⚫ .The medullary cells contain a variety of soluble proteins called chromogranins.

THYROID GLAND

⚫ .The parenchyma of thyroid gland consists of thyroid follicles surrounding a colloid.

⚫ . There are two types of cells in thyroid gland called : (1) follicular cells ( thyrocytes or principle cells) (2) parafollicular cells.

⚫ .The follicular cells in inactive state are simple cuboidal but in hyperactive state assume columnar shape .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 4

⚫ .Parafollicular cells also called ‘’C-cells’’ secrete hormone calcitonin which lowers the plasma calcium level acting as an antagonist to Parathyroid hormone .

PARATHYROID GLAND

.The parathyroid gland consists of

(1) chief cells or principal cells (numerous) - release PTH

(2) oxyphill cells - appears at puberty have more mitochondria

PINEAL GLAND

⚫ .Pineal gland consists of (1) pinealocytes (2) interstitial cells (glial cells)

⚫ .Pinealocytes secrete melatonin.

⚫ . Calcified concretions appear in pineal ECM, these mulberry shaped structures are titled as ‘’CORPORA ARENACEA’’.

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 5

#CHAPTER_18 (DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)

- TONGUE

⚫ .The epithelium is of stratified squamous type, being non-keratinized on the ventral (lower surface) and partially keratinized on the dorsal (upper) surface of
the tongue .

⚫ .The dorsal surface of tongue divided into anterior 2/3rd & posterior 1/3rd by a V-shaped sulcus terminalis .

⚫ .There are lingual papillae on the dorsal surface of tongue & of four types :

(a) Filiform- no taste buds, pointed, keratinized

(b) Fungiform- tastebuds, non kera

(c) Circumvallate- taste buds, gustatory ducts or von ebners gland , non kera

(d) Foliate- taste buds , non kera

⚫ All papillae have st. sQ. Non kera except filliform

⚫ .Filform papillae are the most numerous of lingual papillae .

⚫ .Fungiform papillae are the most abundant at the tip of the tongue .

⚫ .Numerous taste buds are present on circumvallate papillae .

⚫ .There are Von Ebner’s glands , anterior lingual glands & mucous glands present in the tongue .

⚫ .Foliate papillae are less in number and present on the sides of the tongue .

TASTE BUDS: sustenticular cells, neuroepithelial cells, and basal cells

-ESOPHAGUS :

⚫ .Mucosa further divided into :

1) Epithelium : Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium .

2) Lamina Propria : CT and lymphatic nodules.

3) Muscularis mucosa :Smooth muscles running mainly in longitudinal direction.

⚫ - Submucosa : Has esophageal glands proper. Vessels , nerves and lymphatics

⚫ -Muscularis externa (V.IMP) : esophagus consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal layers but differ in the way that it has both skeletal and smooth muscles
in following arrangement .

⚫ UPPER 1/3RD : ONLY SKELETAL

⚫ MIDDLE 1/3RD : MIXTURE OF SMOOTH & SKELETAL

⚫ LOWER 1/3RD : ONLY SMOOTH .

⚫ -Abdominal part of esophagus is serosa , whereas thoracic & cervical part is adventitia.

STOMACH : (IMP)

⚫ .Mucosa of empty stomach thrown into longitudinal folds called ‘rugae’ simple columnar epithelium (juxta luminal occluding junctions)

⚫ .No glands present in the submucosa of the stomach .

⚫ .Mucularis externa composed of three layers of smooth muscle :

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC
QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 6

(1) inner oblique

(2) middle circular (thickened at pylorus to form the pyloric sphincter)

(3) outer longitudinal .

⚫ Lamina propria consists of three types of glands :

⚫ -Fundic glands

⚫ -Cardiac glands

⚫ -Pyloric glands . - G cells for gastrin

.Cells of the fundic gland :

(1) Mucous neck cells

(2) Parietal cells (most imp)

(3) Chief cells a.k.a (zymogenic cells or peptic cells) secretes pepsinogen. Nd gastric lipase

(4) Endocrine cells- serotonin

(5) Stem cells.

Parietal cells :

⚫ .Secrete HCL & intrinsic factor and are also called oxyntic cells .

⚫ .Large round to pyramidal cells.

⚫ .Centrally located nucleus, large Golgi apparatus , eosinophilic stain .

⚫ .EM study reveals presence of intracellular canaliculus .

⚫ .There are microtubules and vesicles .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 7

SMALL INTESTINE :

-Several features that increase the surface area for absorption includes :

(1) Plicae Circularis (a.k.a) Valves of Kerckering .

.Most pronounced in jejunum and absent in the proximal part of duodenum and distal half of ileum .

(2) Villi

.Ten-fold increase in surface area .

.Difference in the shape of villi in different parts of small intestine : mixture of leaf-shaped & finger like villi in duodenum . Ileum entirely has finger shaped villi .

(3) Microvilli

. Enterocytes have microvilli on their apical surfaces .

.Increase surface area by a factor of 20 (MOST) .

(4) Crypts of leiberkuhn

-The mucosa of the small intestine is lined by simple columnar epithelium .

-This epithelium consists of 5 types of cells :

(1) Enterocytes

(2) Goblet cells

(3) Enteroendocrine cells

(4) Paneth cells

(5) M cells.

Features of cells

ENTEROCYTES :

⚫ -Tall columnar cells , oval nucleus .

⚫ -apical surface has thousands of microvilli.

⚫ -Hence a striated brush border .

⚫ -EM reveals a glycocalyx coat on tip of microvilli.

⚫ -Bind to each other by junctional complexes .

GOBLET CELLS :

⚫ -Mucus secreting , unicellular .

⚫ -few microvilli.

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS : (remember just the name) .

PANETH CELLS :

⚫ -exculsively in the bottom of crypts of Leiberkuhn .

⚫ -Secretory product has the ability to kill certain bacteria and protozoa , hence regulate intestinal flora . bactericidal agent

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 8

M-cells :

⚫ -These are antigen-transporting cells .

⚫ -Play a very important role in the immunological surveillance of the intestinal luminal regions .

⚫ -The submucosa of the small intestine there are glands called Brunners gland of the duodenum .

⚫ -The muscularis externa consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscles in between which they consist of Myenteric plexus .

⚫ -Only the posterior surface of duodenum has adventitia , the rest of small intestine has serosa .

DUODENUM bruners gland JEJENUM intestinal gland ILEUM payers patches

COLON :

⚫ -The muscularis externa of colon consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle .

⚫ No plica no villi, lamina propria with MALT

⚫ -The outer longitudinal are gathered into three, flat bands called teniae coli .

⚫ -The serosa of colon is characterized by presence of numerous small protuberances called appendices epiploicae composed of adipose tissue .

APPENDIX :

⚫ -The lamina propria of the appendix is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes and contains numerous lymphoid nodules .

⚫ -Teniae coli and villi are absent . BUT crypts of liberkune with goblet cells

RECTUM & ANAL CANAL : (IMP)

⚫ -Rectum is mostly like the colon .

⚫ -The anal canal mucosa shows a number of longitudinal folds called anal columns .

⚫ -The depressions between anal columns are called anal sinuses .

⚫ -The lower ends of the columns are joined to one another by mucosal folds known as anal valves .

⚫ - Above the level of anal valves , mucosa is lined by simple columnar epithelium .

⚫ - Below the level of anal valves, mucosa is lined by stratified squamous non keratinized type .

⚫ -There are anal glands in the submucosa .

⚫ -The muscularis externa consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle .

⚫ -At level of anal columns the inner circular layer becomes thickened to form the internal anal sphincter .

⚫ -The external anal sphincter consists of skeletal muscle belongs to pelvic floor musculature .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 9

SALIVARY GLANDS :

⚫ -The salivary glands are compounds having a highly branched duct system . compound tbuloacinar gland

⚫ Plasma cells- igA antibodies

⚫ SEROUS CELLS-apical region have zymogen granules (acidophilic stain) basal region (basophilic stain)- intercellular canaliculi exist btw cells

⚫ MUCOUS CELLS -

⚫ MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS- contain actin and myosin contractile cells

-Ducts classified into generally three types : (1) intercalated (2) striated (3) excretory .

⚫ INTERCALATED DUCTS : SIMPLE CUBOID EPITHELIUM

⚫ STRIATED DUCTS :LOW COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM .

⚫ INTRALOBULAR DUCTS = INTERCALATED + STRIATED DUCTS .

⚫ EXCRETORY DUCTS = INTERLOBULAR(simpl cuboidal) + INTRALOBULAR/intralobar (pseudost. Columnar) + MAIN DUCTS (st. Colum epi)

⚫ -The main duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium that changes to stratified squamous non keratinized near its opening to oral cavity .

PAROTID = SEROUS IN NATURE . Adipocytes abundant (intercalated ducts long, striated ducts large)

SUBMANDIBULAR = MIXED . crescent shae appearnce due to serous demilunes (intercala ducts short and narrow, striatted ducts long)

SUBLINGUAL = MUCOUS IN NATURE . bear serous demilunes (short intercala and striated ducts)
SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC
QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 10

PANCREAS :

⚫ -Major part of the organ is made up of exocrine portion .

⚫ -The endocrine consists of islets of Langherans .

⚫ -There are serous cells in the pancreatic acini , apical region contains acidophilic zymogen granules .

⚫ -Some secretions of the pancreatic acini also exhibit low cuboidal epithelial cells known as ‘’centro-acinar cells’’

-A cells secrete – glucagon .

-B cells secrete – insulin . predominantly 70% cells

-D cells secrete- somatostatin .

PP cells- pancreatic polypeptides

DUCT; intercalated, interlobar, intralocular and main ducts

Main pancreatic duct= st. Columnar epithelium

LIVER : (VERY IMPORTANT) do from laiq then revise from here

⚫ -The liver is covered by a thin connective tissue capsule called ‘’Glisson’s capsule’’.

⚫ - FIG 18-15 OF LAIQ HUSSAIN HISTOLOGY IS A MUST!!

⚫ -The parenchyma consists of epithelial cells called hepatocytes arranged as anastomotic plates .

⚫ -Between the plates are present blood sinosoids called hepatic sinusoids .

-Three types of lobules in liver structure :

(a) Classic Hepatic Lobule .

(b) Portal Lobule .

( c ) Hepatic acinus .

-There’s a relatively large venule called ‘central vein ‘ in the classic lobule .

-At the angles of the hexagonal hepatic lobules are present roughly triangle areas called portal areas .

-Bile flows in narrow channels called Bile canaliculi .

Features of hepatocytes : (imp)

1) polygonal cells with six or more surfaces . nuclei have heterochromatin

2) packed closely , arranged as anastomotic plates arranged radially around the central vein .

3) most have single spherical nucleus .

4) Have the usual cell organelles e.g Golgi , mitochondria.

5) Presence of intracellular channels called bile canaliculi .

6) The surface of the hepatocyte is separated from the wall of the sinusoid by a narrow space that contains type III collaged called the ‘’perisinusoidal space’’ or space
of DISSE .

-The perisinusoidal space consists of star shaped cells called hepatic stellate cells (or Ito cells) . stores vitA

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 11

-Hepatic sinusoids have two types of cells :

.(1) ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

(2) KUPFFER CELLS .

All tubular passage of biliary tree have cholangiocytes except bile canaliculi. Bile canaliculi form by cell emmbrane of hepatocytes

⚫ Bile canaliculi drain into canal of hering, drain into bile ductules

⚫ Bile ductules= cuboidal cholangiocytes

⚫ Interlobular duct+ R L hepatic duct= columnar cholangiocytes

#CHAPTER19 (URINARY SYSTEM)

KIDNEY

⚫ - The human kidney has two main regions called – ‘’medulla’’ & ‘’cortex.’’

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 12

⚫ - The uriniferous tubule has two parts – ‘’a nephron’’ & ‘’a collecting tubule.’’

⚫ - There are three types of nephrons –

(1) ‘’superficial’’ cortical (2) midcortical or intermediate cortical , (3) juxtamedullary nephrons.

- Differences among these three nephrons include.

(1) having their renal corpuscles in outer part of renal cortex & consist short loop of Henle.

- (2) having their corpuscles in midregion of cortex and loop of Henle of intermediate length.

- (3) having their corpuscles in deepest part of cortex and long loop of Henle’s.

⚫ - Renal corpuscle has a Bowmann’s capsul & glomerulus.

⚫ - The podocytes are large , irregularly star-shaped cells which share a common basal lamina with the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries .

⚫ - Numerous secondary processes, known as PEDICELS make direct contact with the capsular surface of the common basal lamina .

⚫ - The Foot processes (pedicels) of each podocytes interdigitate with those of the neighbouring podocytes. The elongated spaces between the interdigitating
pedicels are called ‘’filtration slits.’’

⚫ - The filtration barrier constituted by structures that intervene between the blood in the glomerular capillaries & the filtrate in the capsular space .

⚫ - Barrier consists of 3 components :

⚫ .The fenestrated capillary endothelium .

⚫ .The glomerular basement membrane .

⚫ . The filtration slits with slits diaphragms .

-The PCT (proximal convulated tubule) is the tortuous and the longest part of nephron .

⚫ -Examination of a cross section of the proximal convulated tubule under LM reveals that this part of the nephron is lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium .

⚫ -Each lining cell contains a centrally located spherical nucleus, luminal surface of cells shows a ‘’brush-border.’’ and long microvilli and apical canaliculi

⚫ -The neighbouring cells of PCT are bound to each other by junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions & zonulae adherentes.

--The Loop of Henle consists of four parts : (i) a thick descending segment . (ii) a thin descending segment (iii) thin ascending segment (iv) thick ascending segment .

-The distal tubule of the nephron comprises of two parts – pars recta (distal straight tubule) & pars convulata (distal convulated tubule) .

⚫ -Distal straight tubule lined by simple cuboidal epi cells .

⚫ -Distal convulated tubule have no brush border unlike PCT and have very small microvilli unlike PCT aswell .

⚫ -In other differences from PCT, the Distal Convulated tubule has is smaller in diameter & begins at the vascular pole .

⚫ -Principal function of DCT is the resorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate .

-Collecting tubules & collecting ducts :

⚫ . Collecting tubules have an average diameter of 40 micrometers and have simple cuboidal epithelium .

⚫ .Collecting ducts are lined by simple columnar epithelium .

⚫ . Collecting ducts contain two types of cells called the light cells & the dark cells .

⚫ .The light cells are also called the principal cells pale staining , oval , centrally placed nuclei .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 13

⚫ .The dark cells are also called intercalated cells , are fewer and contain central round nuclei .

-JG APPARATUS :

.comprises of three components (i) Macula Densa (ii) JG cells (iii) Extraglomerular mesangial cells .

Features of Macula Densa cells :

. Simple cuboidal epithelium.

. Cells are tall columnar in shape , Golgi apparatus is located in subnuclear position . Darker , denser appearance .

JG CELLS Features :

. Large size and their nuclei are spherical. Cytoplasm full of granules , which do not stain . secrete rennin .

-Extraglomerular mesangial cells are also called lacis cells .

URETER :

⚫ .THREE COATS (i) Mucosa (ii) Muscularis (iii) Adventitia .

⚫ .Mucosa . into folds, star shaped lumen . transitional epithelium with 3-5 cell layers .lamina propria has CT .

⚫ .Muscularis thick with two layers of smooth muscle not clearly demarcated . Inner longitudinal , outer circular layer whereas a third layer of longitudinally
running muscle fibers is added outer to the circular layer .

⚫ .The adventita outermost layer , with loose CT , blood vessls , lymphatics .

URINARY BLADDER :

⚫ MUCOSA numerous folds that disappear when bladder is distended with urine . Epithelium Transitional epithelium , layers change with state of distention .
In empty transitional epithelium shows 6-8 layers whereas in distended it shows 2-3 layers . PLAQUES region present on the epithelium of the urinary bladder .

⚫ MUSCULARIS Consists of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle fibers and distinction into layers is not possible except in the neck region of the bladder .

⚫ In this region , thin inner longitudinal , thick middle circular, thin outer longitudinal .

⚫ Adventitia/Serosa Most covered by adventita , superior surface covered by serosa .

URETHRA :

FEMALE URETHRA Initial part of urethra lined by transitional epithelium whereas remaining part lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium .
Numerous mucous secreting simple acinar glands called urethral glands or glands of Littre.

MALE URETHRA Prostatic urethra = Transitional epithelium .

Membranous urethra = Stratified columnar epithelium interspersed with patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium .

Penile Urethra = Psuedostratified epithelium except at its distal part where it is lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium .

⚫ BOWMANS CAPS= SIMPLE SQ.

⚫ PCT= SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

⚫ THIN LIMB= SIM SQ.

⚫ THICK LIMB = SIMPL CUBOIDAL

⚫ DCT= SIMPL CUBOIDAL

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 14

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 15

#CHAPTER_20 ( MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM) .

TESTES

⚫ - Each testes is covered by a thick capsule of dense irregular CT called tunica albuginea .

⚫ - Thin and incomplete CT septa called septula testis radiate from the mediastinum testis to the capsule and divide further the interior of organ to 250 pyrimadal
intercommunicating compartments called testicular lobules .

⚫ - Beneath tunica albuginea a layer called tunica vasculosa lining septula testis .

⚫ - Each testicular lobes contains one to four highly convulated seminferous tubules .

⚫ - Seminferous tubules are 0.2 mm in diameter .

⚫ - Tubuli recti constitute the initial part of the male genital duct system .

⚫ - The tubuli recti pass into mediastinum testis to join a network of anastomosing channels called rete testis .

- SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES ARE LINED BY A COMPLEX SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM WHICH IS MODIFIED STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM .

⚫ - Spermatogonia are the cells of seminiferous epithelium and are divided into TYPE A DARK & TYPE A PALE spermatogonia along with TYPE B spermatogonia
depending on the nuclear structure .

⚫ - Sertoli cells also called the sustenacular cells , tall columnar cells extend from basal lamina to the lumen of seminiferous tubules .

⚫ - Sertoli cell has nucleus that exhibits distinctive features like (foldings in nuclear envelope ) or ( nucleolus being prominent) .

⚫ - Has lipid droplets, glycogen granules, spindle shaped crystalloid . ER , GOLGI, mitochondria under EM .

⚫ - Cells of lateral wall bound by occluding junctiond .

⚫ - Basal compartment has spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes .

⚫ - Adluminal compartment has secondary spermatocytes, spermatids , spermatozoa.

- FUNCTIONS ** physical and nutritional support to developing germ cells , important blood-testis barrier formation , phagocytosis , secretion of AMH (antimullerian
hormone) , antigen binding protein production , secretion of inhibin .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 16

⚫ - Occluding junctions between the adjacent sertoli cells establish a blood-testis barrier between the basal and adluminal compartments of seminiferous
tubules .

⚫ - Role in isolating the haploid germ cells in a compartment to prevent any kind of immune response against the cells .

⚫ - Interstitial cells of leydig arranged as groups in close association to blood capillaries have following features large ovoid cells , central dark staining nucleus ,
eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in lipid droplets . Rod shaped crystalloids of Reinke are commonly seen in the cytoplasm of interstitial cells . They secrete the male
sex hormone testosterone .

⚫ -Tubuli recti or vasa recta proximal part lined by sertoli cells whereas distal part lined by simple cuboidal epithelium .

⚫ - Rete testis have simple cuboidal epithelium .

⚫ - Ductuli efferentes has columnar epithelium .

-EPIDIDYMIS :

⚫ .Coma shaped body that overlies the posterior superior surface of tests

⚫ .Cross section reveals that the duct of epididymis is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium .

⚫ Functions include the storage of spermatozoa, its transport to the ductus deferens , reabsorption of most of the fluid leaving testes .

-DUCTUS DEFERENS (VAS DEFERENS) .

⚫ .Three coats (Mucosa, Muscularis , Adventita ) .

⚫ -Mucosa lumen star shaped , pseudostratified columnar epithelium in which tall columnar cells bear stereocilia .

⚫ -Muscularis Composed of three layers of smooth muscle thin inner longitudinal, thick middle circular , thick outer longitudinal .

⚫ - Adventita

⚫ -The distal end of the ductus deferens is dilated to form the ampulla .

SEMINAL VESICLES :

⚫ Mucosa thrown into longitudinal folds. Lining epithelium of pseudostratified columnar variety .

⚫ Principal cells tall columnar and bear short microvilli on apical surface . Short basal cells rest on basal lamina .

⚫ -Muscularis Consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle .

⚫ - Seminal vesicles functions as glands which secrete a yellow viscous fluid that constitutes about 70 % of the volume of semen .

⚫ - The secretion also contains the yellowish pigment called ‘’FLAVIN’’.

PROSTRATE GLAND (IMP) .

⚫ .Largest accessory sex gland of male .

⚫ . Covered by a thin capsule of dense irregular CT.

⚫ . Stroma of the prostrate is fibromuscular consisting of collagen , elastic & smooth muscle fibers.

⚫ .Parenchyma has 30-50 tubuloacinar glands .

⚫ -Mucosal glands , submucosal glands & main prostratic glands .

⚫ - Small spherical bodies known as prostratic concentrations or CORPORA AMYLACEA are observed in the lumina of some of the prostatic alveoli .

- The parenchyma of the gland is divided into three zones :

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 17

- (i) peripheral zone = contains the main prostatic glands about 70% of glandular mass . major site of prostatic cancer.

- (ii) transitional zone = contains the submucosal glands , site of BPH ( BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA) .

- Central Zone = mucosal glands , resistant to hyperplasia as well as malignancy .

#CHAPTER21 ( FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

OVARY

⚫ - The surface of ovary is covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium ( also called germinal epithelium) .

⚫ - Ovary consists of two zones (central deep zone of medulla & outer zone of cortex) .

⚫ -The ovarian cortex has scattered spherical bodies called ovarian follicles .

⚫ - A layer of dense CT , known as tunica albuginea lies between germinal epithelium & underlying cortex .

⚫ - The ovaries of a female child contain only one type of ovarian follicles called primordial follicles .

⚫ - Ovary of an adult female has three varieties of ovarian follicles .

⚫ - Primordial follicle under the influence of gonadotropic hormones secreted by adenohyophyisis is called the growing follicles .

⚫ - Only one growing follicles mature while others undergo atresia .

⚫ - Remains of the ovulated follicle are converted into temperory glandular structure called corpus luteum .

⚫ - Primordial follicle has an immature ovum arrested in prophase of meiosis I .

⚫ - The oocyte of primordial follicle contains a large , eccentric situarted, vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 18

⚫ - The follicular cells also called granulose cells are squamous epithelial cells that surround the oocyte and attached to each other by desmosomes.

⚫ - Primordial follicle grows into Unilaminar primary follicle Multilaminar primary follicle Secondar follicle Mature Graafian follicle .

⚫ - At Unilaminar primary follicle stage , a layer of amorphous , homogeneous material appears between the oocyte and the granulose cells called ‘’zona
pellucida.’’

⚫ - Layers of theca interna & theca externa are formed during the Multilaminar follicle stage .

⚫ - The inner layer theca interna consists mainly of cuboidal secretory cells . Synthesize and secrete the androgen androstenedione, which passes to the
granulose cells where it is converted into estrogen called estradiol .

⚫ - Theca externa outer layer of theca folliculi consist of fibroblasts,collagen fibers & smooth muscle fibers.

⚫ - Secondary follicle stage is characterized by the presence of a cavity called the antrum folliculi .

⚫ - The liquor folliculi is an exudate of plasma that appear in the clefts between the stratum granalosum .

⚫ - Most secondary follicles undergo atresia , one of them matures and becomes a Graafian follicle or a tertiary follicle .

⚫ - Ruptured follicle does not disintegrate but once is transformed into a temperory endocrine organ called corpus luteum .

⚫ - The granulose lutein cells are pale staining , large cells, cytoplasm yellowish with the lutein pigment , principal function to secrete progesterone .

⚫ - The theca lutein cells have fat droplets in cytoplasm , mitochondria with tubular cristae, SER. Secretes estrogens as well as progesterones .

⚫ - Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in autolysis of the lutein cells and increase in CT, finally the whole mass is transformed into a whitish scar called
corpus albicans .

UTERINE TUBES .

⚫ -Mucosa longitudinal folds throughout the length , epithelium lining the oviducts is of simple columnar variety and contains either ciliated or non ciliated
cells . Lamina propria of uterine tubes has loose CT, reticular & collagen fibers .

⚫ -Muscularis thick inner circular & a thin outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle fibers .

⚫ -Outermost covering of the uterine tube is called ‘’serosa.’’

UTERUS .

-OUTER LAYER = PERIMETRIUM

-MIDDLE LAYER = MYOMETRIUM

-INNER LAYER = ENDOMETRIUM .

⚫ -Perimetrium is either serosa or adventitia depending on the surface of uterus being examined .

⚫ -Myometrium is the thickest coat with three layers of smooth muscles. (i) thin outer layer of longitudinally arranged muscles. (ii) middle layer of circularly
disposed muscle fibers. (iii) inner layer of longitudinal muscles .

⚫ - Endometrium = lining epithelium is of simple columnar variety with two types of cells (i) ciliated (ii) secretory .

⚫ -The functionalis also called the stratum functonale is the thick superficial zone which is sloughed off at the beginning of each menstrual cycle .

⚫ -The basalis or stratum basale is the deeper, narrower zone of the endometrium .

⚫ -4 phases of menstrual cycle (i) proliferative (ii) secretory (iii) premenstrual (iv) menstrual .

VAGINA :

-THREE COATS ( MUCOSA, MUSCULARIS, ADVENTITIA) .

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 19

⚫ -MUCOSA transverse folds or rugae, two layers = epithelium & lamina propria.

⚫ Epithelium of the stratified squamous non keratinized variety although some of the superficial cells of the epithelium contains keratohyalin granules.

⚫ Lamina propria with layer of loose CT, containing a number of elastic fibers .

⚫ Muscularis Consists of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged into two intermingling layers , the inner layer is composed mainly of the circularly arranged
muscle fibers. The thick outer layer is composed of bundles of longitudinally running smooth muscle fibers .

⚫ Adventita layer of dense CT that binds the vagina to the surrounding structures .

-The vaginal wall has no glands.

#CHAPTER22 (EAR)

⚫ - Auricle is composed of ‘’ELASTIC CARTILAGE.’’

⚫ - The cartilaginous part of meatus contains ‘’ceruminous glands.’’

⚫ - Secretory product of sebaceous & ceruminous glands mix to form the ear wax.

⚫ - Auditory tube is lined by pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium.

⚫ - Membranous labyrinth is filled with fluid called ‘’endolymph.’’

⚫ - Osseous labyrinth consist of central cavity called ‘’vestibule.’’

⚫ - Cristae ampullaris are 3 in number whereas macula are two in number.

⚫ - Stereocilia of Hair cells are embedded in a thick glycoprotein material called ‘’cupula.’’

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC

QUICK REVIW OF MEDICAL HISTOLOGY 20

⚫ - Otoliths are composed of calcium carbonate.

⚫ - Tectorial membrane overlies the organ of corti.

#CHAPTER_23 (EYE)

⚫ -Middle layer of eyeball is also called ‘’uveal region.’’

⚫ - Corneoscleral junction is called corneal limbus .

⚫ -Corneal epithelium = Stratified squamous non-keratinized.

⚫ -Bowmann’s membrane of cornea contains type-1 collagen fibers.

⚫ -Retina develops as invagination of forebrain called the ‘’optic vesicle.’’

⚫ -Dilated fibers radiating from the ciliary processes are called ‘’zonular fibers.’’

⚫ -Contraction of longitudinal fibers of ciliary muscles Facilitates the drainage of Aqueous Humor.

⚫ - Contraction of radial fibers of ciliary muscle cause the lens to flatten for the distant vision .

⚫ - Retinal pigment epithelium is a single layer of low columnar cells.

⚫ - Lens capsule contain collagen type IV

BY USAMA QUTBI II MBBS CONVENTIONAL 2025

SYED USAMA QUTBI MBBS BATCH 25 KMDC