MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

MAHATMA GANDHI COMBINED

SCHOOL

FIELD PROJECT G12

TITLE: DEFORESTATION
NAME: ………………………………
EXAMINATION NUMBER:
…………………
TEACHER’S NAME:
………………………
CENTER NUMBER:
……………………

DEFORESTATION IN CHONGWE CHALENGA AREA

Table of contents

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………2
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….…..3
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………….……..4
Introduction………………………….,……………………………………………………….5
Background…………………………………………………………………,…………………5
Location of the study…………………………………………………………………………..6
Problem statement……………………………………………………………………………7
AIM of the study……………………………………………………………………….,……..9
Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………9
Research question……………………………………………………………………………10
Literature review…………………………………………………………………………….10
Limitations of the study………………………………………………………………………13
Data presentation……………………………………………………………,………………14
Data interpretation…………………………………………………………………………..15
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………..15
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….16
Recommendation………….....................................................................................................16
Reference……………………………………………………………………….....................18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the following people for their assistance during the collection of data
during my research

My teacher, Mrs Nyambe as well as school stuff for th support rendered.

I would also like to thank my parents for helping me compile the project and my brother who
helped me financially.

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my parents,mum and dad who have enable me all the necessary
materials to carry out the research effectively. I also dedicate it to my whole family and my
best friends Peter, beauty and memory.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this piece of research has not appear in any publication apart from this
one unless or otherwise the source has been quoted . It is out of my own hard work and effort.
 INTRODUCTION

A forest is defined as a community or assemblage of ecosystem dominated by trees and other

woody vegetation. The forest play key role in climatic systems and comprising the habitats of
at least half of the species of the planet. Forest ecosystem exist in a delicate balance with the
trees and photosynthesizing plants. The plant take in carbon dioxide from the air to
manufacture food and give oxygen to the human beings.

Deforestation is the clearing or removal of trees from an area of woodland which can be due
to the human desperate need for the resources the forest provide. Deforestation is also known
to contribute to intensified soil erosion. Loss ground cover can result in increased erosion
leading to sedimentation of water ways which have a negative impact on fishery and dams
operation . Deforestation is also a potential prime cause of climate change and it is also brings
desertfication which means the land start turning into desert due to cutting down of trees

BACKGROUND

The background of Deforestation in chongwe chalenga area. Chalenga area is located in

Lusaka province chongwe district in Chief

Nkhomesha who is also known as mukamambo the second

It Is about 100 kilometers East side of the chongwe town it lies at North of lwimba stream
which goes into Zambezi River.

People who live there are soli and few Tonga, these people started cutting down trees in
2001,for charcoal manufacturing and cultivation. These unauthorised activities going
on in the forest cause a lost of resources
 LOCATION OF THE STUDY

The study area was Chongwe, a rural district in Lusaka province of Zambia .The district is
situated to the east of Lusaka, astride the Great North Road. Local relief in the district varies
between
300 and 1300 meters above sea level (Smart Zambia Institute, SZI 2019). The geographical
coordinates for Chongwe are 15° 21' 0" South and 28° 42' 0" East. The Soli people are the
original
inhabitants of Chongwe district under the chieftainship of Nkomeshya MukamamboII
(Moonga and
Moonga, 2016).
The physiography of Chongwe district is divided into three parts. The first region consists of a
series
of east-west hill ranges at 1,200 – 1,500 m above sea level to the north. The second region is a
plateau
area in the middle at an altitude of 910 - 1,200 m above sea level. The third region is a hilly
escarpment to the south that merges into the Zambezi Valleys or trough (CDC, 2006).
8Chongwe district has three main types of vegetation. These include dry miombo
(Brachystegia)
woodland, mopane (Colophospermu mmopane) woodland, and munga (Acacia) woodlands.
The
vegetation, however, has been tempered with due to settlement, charcoal production and
agriculture.
In Zambia, most of the rural people derive their livelihoods from charcoal production and
gardening.
Both charcoal production and agriculture are very common in Chongwe district because of its
proximity to Lusaka where the products find a ready market. Agriculture is the mainstay of
the economy of the district. Agricultural activities include crop production, horticultural
production andlivestock production(Milupi et.al. 2019; 2020).Two forest reserves in the
district, No.75 (Soli) and
No. 199 (Kanakantapa) were converted to an agriculture settlement scheme in 1992 to resettle
unemployed urban youths and other general members of the public (SZI, 2019).
In 2010, Chongwe district had a population of 182,174 people (CSO, 2010). Of these, 92,909
(51%)
are female while 89,265 (49%) are male (CSO, 2010). The district‟s annual population
growth rate is
2.5% while the population density is 22.2 persons per square kilometre
Map of chongwe district
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

This particular research is about the ethical issues arising from the high level of Deforestation
going on in chongwe chalenga area, which is under Chief control and headmans however,
although the Chief and headmans are in control, Deforestation in chalenga is still going on at a
very high rate.

The local people have settled in the forest, manufacturing charcoal and farming, even though
it is not legal to do so. Deforestation has caused environmental degradation in the forest.

The many causes of Deforestation are the following:

 Agriculture expansion
 Wood extraction
 Charcoal manufacturing
 Infrastructure
 AIM OF THE STUDY

•
To find the prevention of Deforestation

•
To introduce a policy which will be followed by people

•
To teach people the importance of forest.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

•
To investigate why Deforestation is still going on in chalenga even though they were

stopped

•
To investigate the effect of Deforestation on the natural environment including

inhabitants.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 Why Deforestation is still going on in chalenga

 What consequences does Deforestation have on the natural environment and
it’s inhabitants.
 How can we stop people from cutting down of trees
 How can Deforestation be prevented
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature on ecosystem services provides a wide view of the various concepts and approaches
to

impacts of deforestation on ecosystem services. This chapter dwells on the importance of

ecosystems and the type of ecosystem services available in the study area. Such arguments
provide

the foundation upon which the research was built. The presentation outlines the inter
relationships

of various factors in the ecosystem including loss of forest and soil.

Understanding the dynamics of land-use and land-cover has increasingly been recognized as
one

of the key research imperatives in global environmental change research (Geist & Lambin,
2001)

and further says that since the 1980s, numerous attempts have been made to explain the
causative

pattern of tropical deforestation. Deforestation is complete removal of forest cover for another
land

use (FAO, 2005).

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, an ecosystem is a dynamic

complex
of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment interacting
as a

functional unit. In addition, the report further state that ecosystem services are the benefits
people

obtain from ecosystems, which include provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and

fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality;
cultural

services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services
such as

soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling (Table 1).

Changes in these services, affect human well-being through impacts on security, the necessary

material for a good life, health, and social and cultural relations (Figure 2). These constituents
of

well-being are in turn influenced by and influence the freedoms and choices available to
people

(MEA, 2005)

While there is no single, agreed method of categorizing all ecosystem services, the Millenium

Ecosystem Assessment framework is widely accepted and is seen as a useful starting point.
(Defra,

2007).
 LIMITATIONS Of THE STUDY

The study was confined to chalenga forest and local inhabitants in and around the area . The
focus was restricted to ethical issues arising from an analysis of data emerging from
occurrence of Deforestation in area.

As the study was done during the rainy season, most of people were not found in their home
as they were busy farming.

This involved a lot of time as chalenga is quite vast movement in the forest was also a
problem, as the bicycle was using could not move properly. Hence most of the movements
was done by foot . Furthermore, many of the focal person were afraid of open interviews as
they feared to be evicted from the forest. Lastly financial resources were also a limiting factor
on the coverage of the study.

DATA PRESENTATION

During my research I interviewed 40 respondents, 30 were local

people of chongwe chalenga area and the other 10 were the area
councilors, member of parliament and. So on and so forth. The 40
people interviewed 26 were men and 14 were women. People of age
from 15 to 20 said that causes of deforestation is lack of employment,
from 20 to 40 years said that basic needs and from 40 to 60 said that
poverty. The table below shows the data presented above.
Age of people Number of people Number of people Number of female Number of male
who was interviewed in interviewed
interviewed side the forest outside the forest

15-20 years 5 8 3 10

20-40 years 10 10 8 12

50-60 years 5 2 3 4

DATA INTERPRETATION

1. Poverty: according to what I researched poverty is having no money, no food and

clothes or what to rely on
2. Lack of employment: people they have what do this makes the to start cutting down
trees for charcoal manufacturing 9rder thhem to find money
 3. Lack basic needs people in rural areas they don’t have enough properties for them to
access find their basic needs such as going to school.

METHODOLOGY

The methods which were used in order find out current state of Deforestation in chalenga area,
the data was collected.

through focus group discussion and indepth interviews with focal person and physical
observation in the forest and also through internet research.

CONCLUSION

This chapter has discussed the background of the study by giving an overview of forest and
their importance.it has explained what Deforestation is along with it’s effect on the land. It has
furthermore identify the statement of the problem, aim, objectives, research question,
limitations of the study and lastly the methodology being used.

Recommendation

Having looked at Deforestation the cause and impact on environment, I would like to advise
the nation to create some policy towards environment such as,
 1. Each and every families must engage themselves in planting trees in order to reduce
Deforestation
2. The government to employ individuals in order to reduce charcoal production
3. The headmans and Chief to advise the community to form groups teach them about the
importance of forest

REFERENCES

 Zambia's Vanishing Forests. Living on Earth; Public Radio International. March 4, 1994
http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=94-P13-
00009&segmentID=3

 Kutsch, Werner; Merbold, L Lutz; Ziegler, Waldemar; Mukelabai, Mukufute M;

Muchinda,
Maurice; Kolle, Olaf; and Scholes, Robert J. 2011. The charcoal trap: Miombo
forests and the energy needs of people. Carbon Balance and Management, vol. 6,
no. 1, pp. 5-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3189094/pdf/1750-0680-
6-5.pdf

 Unruh, Jon; Cligget, Lisa; Hay, Rod. 2005. Migrant land rights reception and
‘clearing to claim’ in sub-Saharan Africa: A deforestation example from southern
Zambia. Natural Resources Forum 29, pp. 190–198.
http://landportal.info/sites/default/files/final_publication_nrf_00129_x.pdf

 Abbot, P. G. and Ogle, A. 2007. PAPER II: Policy Options for Miombo Woodlands.
Center for International Forestry Research.
http://www.cifor.org/miombo/docs/PolicyOptions_November2007-Genesis.pdf

 News papers and news

 Internet research