Overview of

Computer Aided Design

ME F318

&

Course Conduct
 Computer Aided Design (CAD)
CONTENTS
Brief History of computer-aided design

CAD Process

What is CAD?

Advantages & Applications of CAD

Challenges | Present & Future

Lab component of the course

Introduction to parameterization of curves

Course Objectives | Chapter wise Objectives | Course Handout

2 Computer Aided Design

Traditional Design

World War-II Era | Design of B17 Flying Fortress Bomber

How was it designed

3 Computer Aided Design
Computer Aided Design

21st Century | Design of 787 Dreamliner

4 Computer Aided Design

 History of CAD

Before 1980 Decade by Decade

Year Event
The first graphic system was developed in mid 1950 by the US Air
1950’s Force's ‘ Air Defense System ’ . The system was developed at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory.
SYSTEM: SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment)
Until this time, design of complex part was very time consuming,
Design iterations, performance testing were impossible to complete on
time and under the budget.
First commercial CAD system emerged when companies like GM,
1960’s Boeing and Lockheed developed mainframe computer based
design systems.
Because of high cost of CAD systems, CAD was used primarily by
1970’s
large engineering firms until the introduction of mini computers.

5 Computer Aided Design

 History of CAD

In 80’s Year by Year

Year Event
1980 T&W Systems releases Versa CAD
1980 Matra Datavision founded as part of Lagardene Group and starts producing CAD/CAM software.
1981 Dassault Systems is created.
1981 Computer graphics from Cornell University founded 3D/Eye Inc., a pioneered 3D and graphics
technology.
1981 Unigraphics introduced the first solid modeling system, UniSolid.
It was based on PADL-2, and was sold as a stand-alone product to Unigraphics.
1982 CATIA Version 1 is announced as an add-on product for 3D design, surface modeling and NC
programming.
1982 In 1982 mini computers with much more power at less cost started to appear. This was a major
step forward and by 1984 the technology began to be competitive with traditional methods.
For many years aircraft had of course been designed using computers, but now it was becoming
possible to economically design other domestic products with complex 3D shapes using a
computer.
1982 Autodesk was founded by sixteen people in April 1982 in California by initiative of John Walker in
idea to create a CAD program for a price of $1000 to can run on PC. John Walker has been
running Marinchip Systems for two years before. The first version of AutoCAD was based on a
CAD program wrote in 1981 by Mike Riddle called MicroCAD, changed later in Interact.
1989 Parametric Technology ships the first version of Pro/ENGINEER.

6 Computer Aided Design

 CAD/M Process

Traditional Product Cycle

product design
drafting
concept engineering

customers order new

process
and equipment
planning
markets and tooling

quality production
production
control scheduling

What were the drawbacks?

7 Computer Aided Design
 CAD/M Process

Product Cycle with CAD CAM Overlaid

Computer- Computer-
Aided automated drafting
Design and documentation

product design
drafting
concept engineering

customers order new Computer-

process
and equipment aided process
planning
markets and tooling planning

quality production
production
control scheduling

Computer- Computer-controlled Computer scheduling,

aided quality robots, material requirements planning,
control machines, etc. shop floor control

8 Computer Aided Design

What is CAD?

CAD | Computer Aided Design

 Traditional designs are evaluated for their validity and
performance via Computer Aided Design (CAD).
Analysis C
Modeling (structural, Thermal, Dynamic, Manufacturing
Coupled, Fatigue, Buckling)

 Computer Aided Design is Modeling, Analysis, and

Manufacturing. CAD is CAD/CAM.
9 Computer Aided Design
What is CAD?

Analysis | Simulation | Optimization

 Analysis is use of mathematical techniques such as
FEA/FEM for designing a safe product (Structural. Thermal.
Dynamic, Coupled, Fatigue, Creep, Fracture, Buckling,….,….)

 Simulation can be used to study how a mechanical

assembly with various moving parts work together, on a
computer screen, before actually building it.

 Optimization ‘Most optimal design’ that meets the

designer’s requirements. Most optimal could mean least
weight, smallest number of parts, least friction, highest
reliability, etc. depending on the designer’s primary objective.

10 Computer Aided Design

What is CAD?

CAE: Dynamic Analysis | Simulation |

11 Computer Aided Design

What is CAD?

CG | Computer Graphics
Use of computers for graphics, display and animation.
Broad coverage:
 Geometric Transformations
 Viewing in 2-D & 3-D
 Animation
 Hidden line algorithm
 Shading and colouring
 Clipping and windowing

12 Computer Aided Design

What is CAD?

CAD is a Meeting Point of Modelling, CAE, CAM, CG

CG

CAE CAD CAM

Modelling
13 Computer Aided Design
What is CAD?

Modern CAD/CAE/CAM Practice

14 Computer Aided Design

Applications of CAD

Applications Mechanical Engineering

15 Computer Aided Design

Applications of CAD

Applications: Architecture | Construction | Interior

16 Computer Aided Design

Applications of CAD

Advanced Applications Medical Profession

NATURE IS NEVER GEOMETRIC - WHY IS YOUR

IMPLANT AFTER 50 (!) YEARS STILL A SIMPLE
METAL SCREW?

17 Computer Aided Design

 Applications of CAD

Advanced Applications Medical Profession

NATURE IS NEVER GEOMETRIC - WHY IS YOUR IMPLANT AFTER

50 (!) YEARS STILL A SIMPLE METAL SCREW?

18 Computer Aided Design

Applications of CAD

Advanced Applications Medical Profession

19 Computer Aided Design

 Challenges | Present & Future

Future Challenges
Each generation demands more.
Features are set by the software industry leaders – we
have to guess when new features will be required by the
market.
Large international teams working on the product or
assembly.
The complexity of our designs is growing faster.

Generative design is the future !

20 Computer Aided Design

 Parametric Approach Vs. Algebraic Approach
Representation of solid model with Parametric Equations
instead of Algebraic Equations
 Analytic Curves
Understand Parametric form of Analytic Curves
 Synthetic Curves
Understand Parametric form of Synthetic Curves
 Synthetic Curves | Hermite Cubic Spline
Generate Hermite Cubic Spline Curve using Parametric form
 Synthetic Curves | Bezier Curve
Generate Bezier Curve using Parametric form
 Synthetic Curve | B-Spline
Generate B-Spline Curve using Parametric form
 Analytic Surfaces
Understand Parametric form of Analytic Surfaces
 Synthetic Surfaces
Understand Parametric form of Synthetic Surfaces and
Generate: Hermite Cubic, Bezier, B-Spline
 3-D Solid Modelling
Understand generation of Wire Frame Solid Modelling
 3-D Solid Modelling
Understand generation of Surface Solid Modelling
 3-D Solid Modelling
Understand Constructive Solid Geometry
 Assembly Modeling
Understand and Generate Assembly Tree
Understand Basics of FEA and workout on Structural,
Thermal, Dynamic and Advanced FE Analysis using ANSYS
 Engineering drawings
Understand how to generate engineering drawing
Take away…..Computer Aided Design
 Solid Modelling (Parametric Approach)

 Finite Element Analysis (Structural,

Thermal, Dynamic and Advanced)

 Introduction to Engineering drawing

 Exposure to CAD Software
 Exposure to MATLAB software
Course will be useful………

PS, Placement, Higher studies

Parameterization of analytic and synthetic curves
Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design
Introduction to computer-aided design (CAD)

Knuckle joint
Car body Aircraft body
Why CAD?
 To release the drawings of objects
 To visualize the 3D shape of objects
 To conduct engineering analyses
How to do it better?
 Facilitate better representation of the object shape
 Lessen the computation cost less time and memory usage
 Improve the design for better performance, ergonomics and aesthetics
Computer-aided design Slide #1
Introduction to curves

Examples of wireframe models made in AutoCAD

 Geometric modeling is the basic task in CAD.
 Wireframe model basic tool to visualize the 3D shape of an object.
 Clearly, wireframe model is made of several curves connected together
 Two types of curves analytic, synthetic.
 Analytic curves line, arc, circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola.
 Synthetic curves cubic spline, B-spline, Bezier curve.
Computer-aided design Slide #2
Non-parametric representation and its disadvantages
 Nonparametric equations of curves can be explicit or implicit
 In non-parametric explicit form,
 The explicit form is a one to one relationship.
 In non-parametric implicit form, the below two equations must be solved at each point

Disadvantages
 It is compute-intensive.
 It is axis-dependent whereas real-world objects are not
 Computed points are not evenly distributed.

Computer-aided design Slide #3

Example: Non-parametric representation of a unit circle

No. x y
y = +(1 – x2)1/2
1 0 1
2 0.25 0.97
3 0.5 0.87
4 0.75 0.66
5 1 0

 Equal increments in x are taken to compute y using the above equation

 Resulting y values are not equally spaced visualization is poor
 True shape is not retained
 Calculation must be repeated for each point computationally expensive
Computer-aided design Slide #4
What is parametrization?

Each point on the curve is expressed as a function of a parameter u

Computer-aided design Slide #5

Parameterization of analytic curves
 Parametric equation of a circle on a 2D plane (x-y) is P(u) = [x y] = [r.cos u r.sin u]
 Equal increments in u are taken to obtain points of a unit circle
u X Y
0 1 0
π/8 0.92 0.38
π/4 0.707 0.707
3π/2 0.38 0.92
u
π/2 1 0

 y intercepts are equally spaced; visualization is good, true shape retained.

 However, it is computationally expensive as the calculation of trigonometric
functions, cos u and sin u, must be repeated for every point

Computer-aided design Slide #6

Parameteric representation of circle
 How to avoid repetitive calculations of trigonometric functions ?
 Use a fixed parameter increment called ‘du’, and write recursive relations
 Given: increment du and point (xn, yn), Is it possible to find the successive point?
xn = r cos un and yn = r sin un ---------------------------------(a)
xn+1 = r cos(un + du) and yn+1 = r sin(un + du) -----------------------(b)
Using angle sum formula,
xn+1 = r (cos un * cos du – sin un * sin du) and
yn+1 = r (cos un * sin du + sin un * cos du) ------------------------------------------(c)
Using Equation (a), we get,
xn+1 = xn * cos du – yn * sin du and
Recursive relations
yn+1 = xn * sin du + yn * cos du ---------------------------------(d)
Computer-aided design Slide #7
Parametric representation of analytic curves

Line Ellipse
P(u) = P1 + u(P2 – P1) , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 P(u) = [A.cos u B.sin u] 0≤u≤2π
xn+1= xn.cos du – (A/B).yn.sin du
yn+1= yn.cos du + (A/B).xn.sin du

Computer-aided design Slide #8

Parametric representation of analytic curves
Hyperbola Parabola
P(u) = [± A.sec u ± B.tan u] P(u) = [A.u2 2.A.u ]
B.xn xn+1= xn + yn.du + A.(du)2
xn+1= ±
B.cos du – yn.sin du yn+1= yn + 2A.du
B.yn + B.tan du
yn+1= ±
B – yn.tan du

Directrix
Focus Axis of symmetry

Computer-aided design Slide #9

Need for synthetic curves

 What if only a collection of measured data points are available for design?
 What if an existing curve must change to meet new design requirements?
Analytic curves are not sufficient
 A synthetic curve offers more flexibility and control of its shape
 It is described by a set of data points (control points)

1. Hermite cubic spline 2. Bezier curve 3. B-spline

Computer-aided design Slide #10

Parametric synthetic curve 1. Hermite cubic spline

 Two end points and tangent vectors to define curve shape

 Curve passes through the data (end) points
 Shape can be changed only using end points and/or tangent vectors
 For complex shapes, multiple curves must be connected by defining the continuity condition
 e.g. C2-continuity of 2 curves with 3 points, P0, P1, and P2:
 Applying the above condition to the tangent equation, we get,
Computer-aided design Slide #11
Parametric synthetic curve 2. Bezier curve

 Characteristic polygon created by joining the control (data) points

 The curve is always tangent to the first and the last polygon segment
 The curve shape tends to follow the polygon shape
 Just adding one point at any vertex changes shape
 Only the control points determine the shape
 Reversing sequence of points does not change shape
 Closed curve can be generated by closing the polygon
 But, the degree of the curve is dependent on the number of control points

Computer-aided design Slide #12

Parametric synthetic curve 3. B-spline

 Degree (k-1) does not depend on the number of control points, but limited to 2 ≤ k ≤ n+1
 Local shape change is possible without changing degree.
 Degree can be changed without changing the control points
 Curve is pulled more sharply towards its control points by increasing its multiplicity.
 This curve offers the most flexibility and is sufficient for all engineering applications

Computer-aided design Slide #13

Summary
 Mathematical representation of curves is important in wireframe modeling.
 Non-parametric curve costly, does not capture the true shape of the curve.
 Parametric equations of analytic curves must support recursive relations.
 Computation requires only 3-5 input values depending on the analytic curve type.
 Synthetic curve offers more flexibility and utility than analytic curve.
 Cubic spline passes through the input points, but shape is not obvious.
 Bezier curve shape is obvious from input points and polygon shape.
tweaking the curve shape involves maneuvering input points only.
number of input points decides the degree of the curve.
 B-spline degree of the curve is NOT dependent on the input points
offers greater flexibility to the user than the other synthetic curves

Computer-aided design Slide #14

 THANK YOU !

Computer-aided design