2 4 Writing Proofs PDF

2-4
Writing Proofs
Explain how the figure illustrates that each 3. Line n contains points C, D, and E.
statement is true. Then state the postulate that
SOLUTION:
can be used to show each statement is true.
Identify line n and locate the points on it.
The front bottom edge of the figure is line n which
contains points D, C, and E. Postulate 2.3, which
states a line contains at least two points.
ANSWER:
The front bottom edge of the figure is line n which
contains points D, C, and E. Postulate 2.3, which
states a line contains at least two points.
1. Planes P and Q intersect in line r.
4. Plane P contains the points A, F, and D.
SOLUTION:
Identify planes P and Q and locate their intersection. SOLUTION:
The left side and front side have a common edge line Identify Plane P and locate the points on it..
r. Planes P and Q only intersect along line r. The left side of the figure or plane P contains points
Postulate 2.7, which states that if two planes A, F, and D. Postulate 2.4, which states a plane,
intersect, then their intersection is a line. contains at least three noncollinear points.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
The left side and front side have a common edge line The left side of the figure or plane P contains points
r. Planes P and Q only intersect along line r. A, F, and D. Postulate 2.4, which states a plane,
Postulate 2.7, which states that if two planes contains at least three noncollinear points.
intersect, then their intersection is a line.
5. Line n lies in plane Q.
2. Lines r and n intersect at point D. SOLUTION:
Identify plane Q and locate line n .
SOLUTION: Points D and E, which are on line n, lie in plane Q.
Identify lines r and n and locate their intersection. Postulate 2.5, which states that if two points lie in a
The edges of the figure form intersecting lines. Lines plane, then the entire line containing those points lies
r and n intersect at only one place, point D. Postulate in that plane.
2.6, which states if two lines intersect, their
intersection is exactly one point. ANSWER:
Points D and E, which are on line n, lie in plane Q.
ANSWER: Postulate 2.5, which states that if two points lie in a
The edges of the figure form intersecting lines. Lines plane, then the entire line containing those points lies
r and n intersect at only one place, point D. Postulate in that plane.
2.6, which states if two lines intersect, their
intersection is exactly one point.
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2-4 Writing Proofs
Determine whether each statement is always, 7. The intersection of three planes is a line.
sometimes, or never true. Explain your
SOLUTION:
reasoning.
6. If the plane contains a line and a line contains a point, If three planes intersect, then their intersection may
then the plane contains the point. be a line or a point. Postulate 2.7 states that two
planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
SOLUTION: Therefore, the statement is sometimes true.
Consider the statement: If the plane contains a line
and a line contains a point, then the plane contains the
point.

Postulate 2.5 states that if two points lie in a plane,
then the entire line containing those points lies in that
plane.
ANSWER:
Always; Postulate 2.5 states that if two points lie in a
plane, then the entire line containing those points lies
in that plane.
ANSWER:
Sometimes; if three planes intersect, then their
intersection may be a line or a point.
8. Line r contains only point P.
SOLUTION:
The postulate 2.3 states that a line contains at least
two points. Therefore, line r must include at least one
point besides point P, and the statement that the line
contains only point P is never true.
ANSWER:
Never; Postulate 2.3 states that a line contains at
least two points.

2-4 Writing Proofs
In the figure, is in plane P and M is on . 11. N and K are collinear.

State the postulate that can be used to show
SOLUTION:
each statement is true.
N and K are two points in the figure. No other
relevant information is provided.

Postulate 2.1 states that through any two points, there
is exactly one line. So, we can draw a line through
the points N and K. So, they are collinear.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.1; through any two points, there is exactly
one line.
9. M, K, and N are coplanar.
SOLUTION: 12. Points N, K, and A are coplanar.
M, K, and N are all points and they are not collinear. SOLUTION:
Postulate 2.2 states that through any three N, K, and A are three points in the figure. We do not
noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane. So, know for sure that N is on plane P. No other relevant
there exist a plane through the points M, K, and N. information is provided.
So, M, K, and N are coplanar.
Postulate 2.4 states that a plane contains at least
ANSWER:
three non-collinear points. Here, the points N, K, and
Postulate 2.2; through any three noncollinear points,
A are on a plane, most likely plane P. So, they are
there is exactly one plane.
coplanar.
10. contains points N and M. ANSWER:

Postulate 2.4; a plane contains at least three non-
SOLUTION:
collinear points.
It is stated in that M is on N is a part of the
name of , so N must also be on .
Postulate 2.3 states that a line contains at least two
points. Here, N and M are on the line
Therefore, contains the points N and M.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.3; a line contains at least two points.

2-4 Writing Proofs
13. Complete the following flow proof. 14. Write a flow proof.
Given: Given:
Prove: x = 4 Prove: y = 8
SOLUTION:
Use what you know about this problem and about
algebra to complete the flow proof.
SOLUTION:
Use the givens, and what you know about geometry
The first statement is given. and algebraic properties of equality to write a flow
proof.
a. Given
Write out each step of the proof and connect the
steps in order using boxes and arrows to make the
The second statement shows adding 12 to both flow proof.
sides.
b. Addition Property

The third statement shows substituting a simplified
expression
c. Substitution Property

The last step suggests dividing, so divide by 5.
d. x = 4
ANSWER:

ANSWER:
a. Given
b. Addition Property
c. Substitution Property
d. x = 4

2-4 Writing Proofs
15. Write a paragraph proof. CAKES Explain how the picture illustrates that
Given: Y is the midpoint of . each statement is true. Then state the postulate
that can be used to show each
Prove: statement is true.

SOLUTION:
You are given a midpoint and a pair of congruent
segments, XY and WY. Use your knowledge of
midpoints and congruent segments to obtain
information about WY and YZ, the segments that you
are trying to prove congruent.
16. Lines intersect at point K.
Because Y is the midpoint of , by the SOLUTION:
Midpoint Theorem. By the Symmetric Property,
Identify lines and locate the point at the
can be written as . Therefore,
intersection.
by the Transitive Property.
The top edges of the bottom layer form intersecting
ANSWER: lines. Lines n and of this cake intersect only once
Because Y is the midpoint of , by the at point K. Postulate 2.6 states that if two lines
Midpoint Theorem. By the Symmetric Property, intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
can be written as . Therefore, ANSWER:
by the Transitive Property.
The top edges of the bottom layer form intersecting
lines. Lines n and of this cake intersect only once
at point K. Postulate 2.6; if two lines intersect, then
their intersection is exactly one point.
17. Planes P and Q intersect in line m.
SOLUTION:
Identify planes P and Q and locate line m.
The edges of the sides of the bottom layer of the
cake intersect. Plane P and Q of this cake intersect
only once in line m. Postulate 2.7 states that if two
planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
ANSWER:
The edges of the sides of the bottom layer of the
cake intersect. Plane P and Q of this cake intersect
only once in line m. Postulate 2.7; if two planes
intersect, then their intersection is a line.

2-4 Writing Proofs
18. Points D, K, and H determine a plane. 21. Points E, F, and G are coplanar.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Locate points D, K, and H. Locate points E, F, and G.
The bottom left part of the cake is a side. This side The bottom right part of the cake is a side. The side
contains the points D, K, and H and forms a plane. contains points K, E, F, and G and forms a plane.
Postulate 2.2 states that through any three Postulate 2.2 states that through any three
noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane. noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
The bottom left part of the cake is a side. This side The bottom right part of the cake is a side. The side
contains the points D, K, and H and forms a plane. contains points K, E, F, and G and forms a plane.
Postulate 2.2; through any three noncollinear points, Postulate 2.2; through any three noncollinear points,
there is exactly one plane. there is exactly one plane.
19. Point D is also on the line n through points C and K. 22. lies in plane Q.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Identify line n.and locate points D, C and K. Identify plane Q and locate line EF.
The top edge of the bottom layer of the cake is a The bottom part of the cake is a side. Connecting the
straight line n. Points C, D, and K lie along this edge, points E and F forms a line, which is contained on
so they lie along line n. Postulate 2.3 states that a line this side. Postulate 2.5 states that if two points lie in a
contains at least two points. plane, then the entire line containing those points lies
in that plane.
ANSWER:
The top edge of the bottom layer of the cake is a ANSWER:
straight line n. Points C, D, and K lie along this edge, The bottom part of the cake is a side. Connecting the
so they lie along line n. Postulate 2.3; a line contains points E and F forms a line, which is contained on
at least two points. this side. Postulate 2.5; if two points lie in a plane,
then the entire line containing those points lies in that
20. Points D and H are collinear.
plane.
SOLUTION:
23. Lines h and g intersect at point J.
Identify points D and H.
Only one line can be drawn between the points D and SOLUTION:
H. Locate lines h and g.
Postulate 2.1 states that through any two points, there The top edges of the bottom layer form intersecting
is exactly one line. lines. Lines h and g of this cake intersect only once
at point J. Postulate 2.6 states that if two lines
ANSWER:
intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
Only one line can be drawn between the points D and
H. ANSWER:
Postulate 2.1; through any two points, there is exactly The top edges of the bottom layer form intersecting
one line. lines. Lines h and g of this cake intersect only once
at point J. Postulate 2.6; if two lines intersect, then

2-4 Writing Proofs
Determine whether each statement is always, 26. If points M, N, and P lie in plane X, then they are
sometimes, or never true. Explain. collinear.
24. There is exactly one plane that contains noncollinear
SOLUTION:
points A, B, and C.
The points do not have to be collinear to lie in a plane.
SOLUTION: Therefore, the statement is sometimes true.
Postulate 2.2 states that through any three
noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Therefore, the statement is always true.
For example, plane K contains three noncollinear
points.
ANSWER:
Sometimes; the points do not have to be collinear to
lie in a plane.
27. Points X and Y are in plane Z. Any point collinear
with X and Y is in plane Z.
ANSWER:
Always; Postulate 2.2 states that through any three SOLUTION:
non-collinear points, there is exactly one plane. Postulate 2.5 states if two points lie in a plane, then
the entire line containing those points lies in that
25. There are at least three lines through points J and K. plane. Therefore, the statement is always true. In the
figure below, points VWXY are all on line n which is in
SOLUTION: plane Z. Any other point on the line n will also be on
Postulate 2.1 states through any two points, there is plane Z.
exactly one line. Therefore, the statement is never
true.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Never; Postulate 2.1 states through any two points, Always; Postulate 2.5 states if two points lie in a
there is exactly one line. plane, then the entire line containing those points lies
in that plane.

2-4 Writing Proofs
28. The intersection of two planes can be a point. 30. Write a flow proof.

SOLUTION: Given:
Postulate 2.7 states if two planes intersect, then their Prove: y = 14
intersection is a line. Therefore, the statement is
never true. SOLUTION:
To write a flow proof, start with the given information
and use properties of equality until you reach the
statement you want to prove.

Given:
Prove: y = 14

ANSWER:
Never; Postulate 2.7 states if two planes intersect,
then their intersection is a line.
29. Points A, B, and C determine a plane.
SOLUTION:
The points must be non-collinear to determine a plane
by postulate 2.2. Therefore, the statement is
sometimes true.
Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
ANSWER:
Three collinear points determine a line.
ANSWER:
Sometimes; the points must be non-collinear.

2-4 Writing Proofs
31. Write a flow proof. 32. Write a paragraph proof.
Given: Point L is the midpoint of intersects Given: C is the midpoint of . B is the midpoint of
at K. .
Prove: Prove:
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
You are given midpoints for two segments, and
You are given that L is the midpoint of and
. Use your knowledge of midpoints and congruent
. Use your knowledge of midpoints and
segments to obtain information about and ,
congruent segments to obtain information about
the segments that you are trying to prove congruent.
and , the segments that you are trying to prove

congruent.
Proof: We are given that C is the midpoint of and

B is the midpoint of . By the definition of
Given: L is the midpoint of intersects at
midpoint, . Using the
K. definition of congruent segments, AC = CB and CB =
Prove: BD.
Proof: We are given that L is the midpoint of and AC = BD by the Transitive Property of Equality.
. By the Midpoint Theorem, . By Thus, by the definition of congruent
the Transitive Property of Congruence, . segments.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
We are given that C is the midpoint of and B is
Proof: We are given that L is the midpoint of and
the midpoint of . By the definition of midpoint,
. By the Midpoint Theorem, . By
. Using the definition of
the Transitive Property of Congruence, . congruent segments, AC = CB and CB = BD.
AC = BD by the Transitive Property of Equality.
Thus, by the definition of congruent
segments.

2-4 Writing Proofs
33. ARGUMENTS Emilio and his friends spent
Saturday afternoon at the park. There were several
people there with bikes and skateboards. There were
a total of 11 bikes and skateboards that had a total of
36 wheels. Use a paragraph proof to show how many
bikes and how many skateboards were there.
SOLUTION:
You are given a the total of bikes and skateboards
and the total number of wheels. Use your knowledge
of algebra and equations to obtain information about
the number of bikes and skateboards.

From the given information, there are a total of 11 a. Which of the two routes covers the shortest
bikes and skateboards, so if b represents bikes and s distance? Explain your reasoning.
represents skateboards, b + s = 11. The equation can b. If the distance from point A to point B along
also be written s = 11 − b. There are a total of 36 Southside Boulevard is 10.5 miles and the distance
wheels, so 2b + 4s = 36, since each bike has two along I-295 is 11.6 miles, which route is faster,
wheels and each skateboard has four wheels. assuming that Keisha drives the speed limit?
Substitute the equation s = 11 − b into the equation 2b
+ 4s = 36 to eliminate one variable, resulting in 2b + SOLUTION:
4(11 − b) = 36. Simplify the equation to 2b + 44 − 4b a. Since there is a line between any two points, and
= 36 and solve to get b = 4. If there are 4 bikes, there Southside Blvd is the line between point A and point
are 11 − 4, or 7 skateboards. Therefore, there are 4 B, it is the shortest route between the two.
bikes and 7 skateboards. between point A and point B, it is the shortest route
between the two.
ANSWER: b. The speed limit on Southside Boulevard is 55 miles
Sample answer: From the given information, there per hour and the speed limit on I−295 is 70 miles per
are a total of 11 bikes and skateboards, so if b hour. The distance from point A to point B along
represents bikes and s represents skateboards, b + s Southside Boulevard is 10.5 miles and the distance
= 11. The equation can also be written s = 11 − b. along I-295 is 11.6 miles. So, it takes
There are a total of 36 wheels, so 2b + 4s = 36, since
along the Southside
each bike has two wheels and each skateboard has
four wheels. Substitute the equation s = 11 − b into
Boulevard and it takes
the equation 2b + 4s = 36 to eliminate one variable,
resulting in 2b + 4(11 − b) = 36. Simplify the equation along the I−295 if Keisha drives the speed limit. So,
to 2b + 44 − 4b = 36 and solve to get b = 4. If there the route I–295 is faster.
are 4 bikes, there are 11 − 4, or 7 skateboards.
ANSWER:
Therefore, there are 4 bikes and 7 skateboards.
a. Southside Blvd.; sample answer: Since there is a
34. DRIVING Keisha is traveling from point A to point line between any two points, and Southside Blvd is
B. Two possible routes are shown on the map. the line between point A and point B, it is the shortest
Assume that the speed limit on Southside Boulevard route between the two.
is 55 miles per hour and the speed limit on I−295 is 70 b. I−295
miles per hour.

2-4 Writing Proofs
In the figure, and lie in plane P and 36. Points C and B are collinear.

and lie in plane Q. State the postulate SOLUTION:
that can be used to show each statement is true. Identify C and B in the figure. If points C and B are
collinear, then a line can be drawn through the two
points. Postulate 2.1 states that through any two
points, there is exactly one line.
35. contains points E, F, and G.
SOLUTION:
Identify , locate the points on the line. Postulate
2.3 states that a line contains at least two points.
Points E, F, and G are on .
ANSWER:
ANSWER: Postulate 2.1; through any two points, there is exactly
Postulate 2.3; a line contains at least two points. one line.

2-4 Writing Proofs
37. lies in plane P. 39. Points C, B, and D are coplanar.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Identify plane P and locate . Locate points C, D, and B. Identify the plan(s) they
Postulate 2.5 states that if two points lie in a plane, are on.
then the entire line containing those points lies in that Postulate 2.2 states that through any three
plane. Both A and D line on plane P, so the line noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.

through them, , is also on plane P.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.2; through any three noncollinear points,
there is exactly one plane.
40. Plane Q contains the points C, H, D, and J.
SOLUTION:
Identify plane Q and locate the points on it.
Postulate 2.4 states that a plane contains at least
three noncollinear points.
Plane Q contains the points C, H, D, and J.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.5; if two points lie in a plane, then the ANSWER:
entire line containing those points lies in that plane. Postulate 2.4; a plane contains at least three
noncollinear points.
38. Points D and F are collinear.
SOLUTION: 41. intersect at point E

Locate points D and F . Postulate 2.1 states that SOLUTION:
through any two points, there is exactly one line.
Locate .
Therefore, you can draw a line through points D and
Postulate 2.6 states that if two lines intersect, then
F.
are both on plane P and intersect at
point E.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.6; if two lines intersect, then their
intersection is exactly one point.
ANSWER:
Postulate 2.1; through any two points, there is exactly
one line.

2-4 Writing Proofs
42. Plane P and plane Q intersect at 43. ARGUMENTS Roofs are designed based on the
materials used to ensure that water does not leak into
SOLUTION: the buildings they cover. Some roofs are constructed
Identify plane P and plane Q and locate . from waterproof material, and others are constructed
Postulate 2.7 states that if two planes intersect, then for watershed, or gravity removal of water. The pitch
of a roof is the rise over the run, which is generally
their intersection is a line. Thus is the line of
measured in rise per foot of run. Use the statements
intersection of plane P and plane Q.
below to write a paragraph proof justifying the
ANSWER: following statement: The pitch of the roof in Den’s
Postulate 2.7; if two planes intersect, then their design is not steep enough.
intersection is a line.
• Waterproof roofs should have a minimum slope of
0.25 inch per foot.
• Watershed roofs should have a minimum slope of 4
inches per foot.
• Den is designing a house with a watershed roof.
• The pitch in Den’s design is 2 inches per foot.
SOLUTION:
Den is designing a watershed roof, so the minimum
pitch for a waterproof roof are irrelevant to the
question. We need to compare the pitch of Den's
watershed roof with the minimum pitch for watershed
roofs.

Sample answer: Since Den is designing a watershed
roof, the pitch of the roof should be a minimum of 4
inches per foot. The pitch of the roof in Den’s design
is 2 inches per foot, which is less than 4 inches per
foot. Therefore, the pitch of the roof in Den’s design
is not steep enough.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: Since Den is designing a watershed
roof, the pitch of the roof should be a minimum of 4
inches per foot. The pitch of the roof in Den’s design
is 2 inches per foot, which is less than 4 inches per
foot. Therefore, the pitch of the roof in Den’s design
is not steep enough.

2-4 Writing Proofs
44. ARGUMENTS If is congruent to and A, B, 45. SENSE-MAKING The photo on page 149 is of the

rotunda in the capital building in St. Paul, Minnesota.
and D are collinear, then B is the midpoint of .
A rotunda is a round building, usually covered by a
Write a flow proof to prove this statement.
dome. Use Postulate 2.1 to help you answer
SOLUTION: Exercises a–c.
The proof should begin with the given, which is that
is congruent to and A, B, and D are a. If you were standing in the middle of the rotunda,
collinear. Then use the definition of congruence and which arched exit is the closest to you?
the definition of midpoint to complete the proof. b. What information did you use to formulate your
answer?
c. What term describes the shortest distance from the
center of a circle to a point on the circle?
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: a. The base of a rotunda is a circle. All points from
the center to points on the circle are equidistant.
Thus, all of the exits are the same distance from the
center.
b. The distance from the center of a circle to any
point on the circle is equal, and through any two
points, there is exactly one line (Postulate 2.1). That
means that there is a line between the center and
each of the exits, and they are all the same length.
c. The radius is the shortest distance from the center
of a circle to a point on the circle.
ANSWER:
a. All of the exits are the same distance from the
center.
b. Sample answer: The distance from the center of a
circle to any point on the circle is equal, and through
any two points, there is exactly one line. That means
that there is a line between the center and each of
the exits, and they are all the same length.
c. radius

2-4 Writing Proofs
46. OPEN ENDED Draw a figure that satisfies five of 47. CHALLENGE Use the following true statement
the seven postulates you have learned. Explain which and the definitions and postulates you have learned to
postulates you chose and how your figure satisfies answer each question.
each postulate. Two planes are perpendicular if and only if one
plane contains a line perpendicular to the second
SOLUTION:
plane.
Sample answer: It satisfies Postulates 2.1 and 2.3
because points A and B are on line n It satisfies 2.2
and 2.4 because 3 points lie in the plane. It satisfies
Postulate 2.5 because points A and B lie in plane P, so
line n also lies in plane P. a. Through a given point, there passes one and only
one plane perpendicular to a given line. If plane Q is
ANSWER: perpendicular to line P at point X and line a lies in
plane P, what must also be true?

b. Through a given point, there passes one and only
Sample answer: It satisfies Postulates 2.1 and 2.3 one line perpendicular to a given plane. If plane Q is
because points A and B are on line n. It satisfies 2.2 perpendicular to plane P at point X and line a lies in
and 2.4 because 3 points lie in the plane. It satisfies plane Q, what must also be true?
Postulate 2.5 because points A and B lie in plane P, so SOLUTION:
line n also lies in plane P. a. Two planes are perpendicular if and only if one
plane contains a line perpendicular to the second
plane. Here, plane Q is perpendicular to line at
point X and line lies in plane P, so plane Q is
perpendicular to P.

b. Through a given point, there passes one and only
one line perpendicular to a given plane. If plane Q is
perpendicular to plane P at point X and line a lies in
plane Q, then line a is perpendicular to plane P.
ANSWER:
a. Plane Q is perpendicular to plane P.

b. Line a is perpendicular to plane P.

2-4 Writing Proofs
48. REASONING Determine if each statement is 49. ERROR ANALYSIS Blake and Katrina were asked
sometimes, always, or never true. Explain your to write a flow proof for the following. Is either of
reasoning or provide a counterexample. them correct? Explain.

Given:
a. Through any three points there is exactly one
Prove:
plane.

b. Three coplanar lines have two points of
intersection.
SOLUTION:
a. Three points may all be in a line, and then there are
many planes through that line. If the points are not in
a line, then there is exactly one plane in which they
lie.
b. Three coplanar lines, may or may not cross. If
they cross, there can be 1, 2 or 3 points of
intersection. Thus three coplanar lines may have 0, 1,
2, or 3 points of intersection, as shown in the figures
below. SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
a. Sometimes; the statement is not true when all the Blake first uses the Distributive Property and then
points are collinear, it is true otherwise. uses other properties of equality correctly to find the
b. Sometimes; the statement is not true when all solution.
three lines are parallel. It is true when one line is
perpendicular to the other two parallel lines. Katrina first uses the Division Property and then uses
other properties of equality correctly to find the
solution.

Both flow proofs are mathematically correct.
ANSWER:
Blake and Katrina used different algebraic methods,
but both proofs are correct.

2-4 Writing Proofs
50. WRITING IN MATH Describe the differences 51. Using the point, line, and plane postulates, determine
between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, the true statements from the diagram. Select all that
conjectures, and theorems. Describe how these tools apply.
are used to understand and prove geometric A Line m contains points E, F, and G.
relationships. B Lines s and t intersect at point A.
C Points A, B, and C determine a plane.
SOLUTION:
D Planes P and Q intersect at line m.
Think of the definitions of undefined terms, E Points F and G lie in plane Q and on line m. Line m
definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems. lies entirely in plane P.
How are they used?
F Points A and C determine a line.

Sample answer: Undefined terms are not formally
defined. They are only explained using examples and
descriptions. These undefined terms are used in
combination with terms that are formally defined to
develop new definitions. A conjecture is a statement
reached using inductive reasoning, and may or may
not be provable using deductive reasoning. A
postulate is a statement that is accepted as true
without formal proof, and is built upon the properties
of undefined terms and definitions. Once a statement
or conjecture has been proven, using postulates,
definitions, and undefined terms, it is called a SOLUTION:
theorem. Theorems can be used to prove other Consider each statement.
theorems.
A Line m contains points E, F, and G.
ANSWER:
True, all three points lie on the same line.
Sample answer: Undefined terms are not formally
defined. They are only explained using examples and
B Lines s and t intersect at point A.
descriptions. These undefined terms are used in
They do intersect, but at point D not at point A.
combination with terms that are formally defined to

develop new definitions. A conjecture is a statement
C Points A, B, and C determine a plane.
reached using inductive reasoning, and may or may
They are not collinear, so they determine a plane.
not be provable using deductive reasoning. A

postulate is a statement that is accepted as true
D Planes P and Q intersect at line m.
without formal proof, and is built upon the properties
If two planes intersect, they intersect in a line, and
of undefined terms and definitions. Once a statement
line m is where these planes intersect.
or conjecture has been proven, using postulates,

definitions, and undefined terms, it is called a
theorem. Theorems can be used to prove other E Points F and G lie in plane Q and on line m. Line m
theorems. lies entirely in plane P.
Line m extends beyond plane P.

F Points A and C determine a line.
Any two points determine a line.

ANSWER:
A, C, D, F

2-4 Writing Proofs
52. Which statement cannot be true? 53. The image illustrates the statement is the only

line through points A and B.
A Three noncollinear points can determine a plane. Which postulate proves this statement is true?
B If two lines intersect, it is at one and only one
point.
C At least two lines, can contain the same two
points.
D A midpoint divides a segment into two congruent
segments.
SOLUTION:
Postulate 2.4 states that "a plane contains at least
three noncollinear points." Choice A is true. A A line contains at least two points.
Postulate 2.6 states that "if two lines intersect, then B A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
their intersection is exactly one point." Choice B is
C Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
true.
D Through any three noncollinear points, there is
The midpoint theorem states that a midpoint, divides a
exactly one plane.
segment into two congruent segments, so choice D is
true. SOLUTION:
Choice C is the correct answer. Consider which postulate proves the statement.

ANSWER:
The statement is about two points and a line not three
C points and a plane, so B and D are incorrect.
The statement says it is "the only line" and choice C
includes "exactly one" but choice A does not.

ANSWER:
C

2-4 Writing Proofs
54. Complete the following statement: 55. Which statement is missing from the following proof?
Three lines ____________ intersect at two different
points.

A always
B sometimes
C never Given: LP = PM, JP = PK, LP = JP
D not enough information Prove:

SOLUTION:
Because LP = PM and JP = PK, P is the midpoint of
Three lines ____________ intersect at two different
and by definition of midpoint. By the
points.
Midpoint Theorem, and .
Three lines can meet at two different points if two of Therefore by the Transitive Property.
the lines are parallel.
Three lines can meet at three points if none are A LP = JP
parallel, as in the sides of a triangle. B LP = PK
Three lines can meet at one point like radii of a circle. C PM = JP
Three lines can meet at no points if all three lines are D PM = PK
parallel.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: To prove the two longer segments are congruent it is
sometimes not sufficient to say the pieces of one are congruent
and the pieces of the other are congruent, you have
to know that the pieces of both are congruent to each
other, and LP = JP is a given, but is not included in
the proof.
ANSWER:
A

2-4 Writing Proofs
56. MULTI-STEP
Given:
Prove: x = 12
a. Write a proof using a flow proof or a paragraph
proof.
b. Explain your reasoning on why you chose the
specific form of the proof.
SOLUTION:
Either method of proof is acceptable, the paragraph
proof requires more words and the flow proof
requires an organized set of images.

a.
b. Sample answer: I chose a flow proof because the
boxes and arrows provide a visual for the logical
progression of my argument.
ANSWER:
a.
b. Sample answer: I chose a flow proof because the
boxes and arrows provide a visual for the logical
progression of my argument.

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In the figure, is in plane P and M is on . 11. N and K are collinear.

10. contains points N and M. ANSWER:

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19. Point D is also on the line n through points C and K. 22. lies in plane Q.

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In the figure, and lie in plane P and 36. Points C and B are collinear.

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37. lies in plane P. 39. Points C, B, and D are coplanar.

SOLUTION: 41. intersect at point E

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44. ARGUMENTS If is congruent to and A, B, 45. SENSE-MAKING The photo on page 149 is of the

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52. Which statement cannot be true? 53. The image illustrates the statement is the only

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