Name: JOHANNA MARIE C. BOQUIRON.

FEBRUARY 27,2023
Course & Section: BSCE-2A. MONDAY, 7:30-9:00 AM

GEOL 40
PRELIM EXAM
I. Definition of Terms.
1. GEOLOGY - The word geology means 'Study of the Earth'. Also known as geoscience or earth
science, Geology is the primary Earth science and looks at how the earth formed, its structure
and composition, and the types of processes acting on it.

2. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY - Engineering geology seeks to identify potential geologic hazards

that could affect human-made structures or urban developments. Through advanced education
in soil and rock mechanics, hydrology, geotechnics, and civil design, an engineering geologist is
uniquely suited to understand earth-structure interactions and recommend actions to reduce
potential hazards.

3. PETROLOGY - scientific study of rocks that deals with their composition, texture, and
structure; their occurrence and distribution; and their origin in relation to physicochemical
conditions and geologic processes. It is concerned with all three major types of rocks—igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary.

4. MINERALOGY - is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry,

crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized
artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and
formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.

5. LITHOSPHERE - The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface. It is rugged,
dense, and mostly made out of solid rock. It is consists of the crust, the actual surface of Earth
that we walk on, and the upper part of the mantle, the rocky majority of the inner Earth
between the core and the crust.

6. ROCKS - Rock is a solid mineral substance on the surface or under the soil, forming part of the
earth surface. The outer layer of the world forms rocks. In geological definition, rocks are
formed by the combination of one or more minerals.

7. MINERALS - A mineral is an inorganic element that occurs naturally and has a definite
chemical composition and ordered atomic structure.

8. SOIL - Soil is one of the most important elements of an ecosystem, and it contains both biotic
and abiotic factors. The composition of abiotic factors is particularly important as it can impact
the biotic factors, such as what kinds of plants can grow in an ecosystem.
9. IGNEOUS ROCKS - Igneous rocks are formed from solidified magma or lava. Magma is
thought to be generated within the layer of partially molten rock underlying Earth’s crust at a
depth below about 60 kilometres (40 miles). Lava is liquid magma on the Earth’s surface, and
the solidified rock formed by cooled lava

10. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Sedimentary rocks are formed from deposited and lithified mineral
material. Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock

11. METAMORPHIC ROCKS -Metamorphic rocks are those formed by changes in preexisting
rocks under the influence of high temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions. The
changes can be chemical (compositional) and physical (textural) in character. Metamorphic
rocks are often formed by processes deep within the Earth that produce new minerals,
textures, and crystal structures.

12. CHEMICAL WEATHERING - Rocks may decompose or dissolve and at the same time changes
in composition through a certain chemical process to form residual materials. This is called
chemical weathering. There are three very common chemical processes involved with chemical
weathering.

13. MECHANICAL WEATHERING - Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock without

changing its chemical composition. This means the rock breaks up without its chemical makeup
changing.

14. MAGMA - Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rocks, crystallized minerals,
solids, and dissolved gases. Magma is found below the surface of the earth.

15. INTRUSIVE ROCK - Intrusive rock, also called plutonic rock, igneous rock formed from
magma forced into older rocks at depths within the Earth’s crust, which then slowly solidifies
below the Earth’s surface, though it may later be exposed by erosion.

II. Enumeration.

Classes of Rocks

1. Sedimentary rocks
2. Igneous rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks

Structure of the Earth

4. Crust

5. Mantle

6. Core

Samples of Igneous rocks

 7. Basalt

8. Granite

9. Diorite

10. Obsidian

Rock Forming Minerals

11. Limestone

12. Quartz

13. Florite

14. Biotite

15. Calcite

Samples of Sedimentary rocks

16. Shale

17. Conglomerate

18. Mudstone

19. Chert

20. Breccia

Samples of Metamorphic rocks

21. Marble

22. Gneisis

23. Slate

24. Hornfels

25. Quartzite

III. Essay.

1. Give your insights on historical Geology.

Historical geology is the study of the Earth's long and complex history, spanning billions of
years. This field of geology aims to understand the processes that have shaped the Earth's
surface and its interior over time, including the formation of continents, the evolution of life,
and the occurrence of major events such as mass extinctions, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite
impacts. By examining the rock record and the fossils contained within it, historical geologists
can reconstruct the history of the Earth and its inhabitants.

One of the key insights gained from historical geology is the concept of deep time. Through the
study of rock layers, fossils, and other geological features, scientists have developed an
understanding of the immense span of time over which the Earth has evolved. This perspective
has helped us to appreciate the scale and scope of geological processes, and to better
understand the significance of events that have shaped the Earth's history. By studying the
patterns and trends that emerge over long periods of time, historical geologists are able to
make predictions about future geological events and the evolution of the Earth's systems.

2. Explain the formation of rock and its cycle.

Rocks are formed through a variety of geological processes that occur over millions of
years. The three main types of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, and each type
forms through a different set of processes.

Igneous rocks: Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies. This
process can occur either underground or on the earth's surface. When magma cools slowly
underground, it forms coarse-grained igneous rocks, such as granite. When magma cools
rapidly on the surface, it forms fine-grained igneous rocks, such as basalt.

Sedimentary rocks: Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and compression of
sediment, which can include rock fragments, minerals, and organic material. This sediment is
usually deposited in layers at the bottom of oceans, lakes, or rivers. Over time, the weight of
the sediment compresses the layers beneath it, forming sedimentary rocks such as sandstone
or limestone.

Metamorphic rocks: Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to high
pressure, high temperature, or both. This can occur when rocks are buried deep underground,
or when they come into contact with hot magma. The heat and pressure cause the minerals in
the rock to recrystallize, forming new minerals and changing the texture and structure of the
rock. Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble and slate.

The rock cycle describes the process by which rocks are constantly transformed from one
type to another. For example, igneous rocks can be eroded by wind and water to form
sediment, which can then be compressed to form sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks
can then be subjected to heat and pressure, transforming them into metamorphic rocks.
Finally, these rocks can be melted and re-formed into new igneous rocks.

Overall, the rock cycle is a complex and ongoing process that reflects the dynamic nature
of the Earth's geology.