Roman
large numbers by only using
Mathematics
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Roman Numerals - The well known
numerals originated in
ancient Rome. It uses the
letters I ,V,X,L,C,D, and M as
symbols representing a
specific number. In 900 and
800 B.C, the first usage of
symbols began. The following
are the Roman numerals and
their counterparts:
I – 1, V - 5 , X - 10 , L - 50 , C
– 100 , D – 500, M – 1000
2. Abacus - Another tool
originating from the Romans
is the abacus. It served as a
tool for calculating. It
features counters that slide
along rods or in grooves.
Mayan
Mathematics
BACKGROUND
Mayans settled down to an
agricultural lifestyle sometime
around 1800 B.C. Astronomy was
considered critical in
foreshadowing the turning of
seasons and the expectations of
harvest. It is believed that Mayan
mathematics was born directly as a
consequence of Mayan astronomy.
They kept track of the movements
of Sun, Moon, Venus and other
observable bodies.
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Hand Counting - Mayan math
started with the counting of
fingers and then adding toes.
Therefore it is based on 20
units. One of the biggest
purpose was to represent
3 symbols.
2. Mayan Numbering System:
The Mayan number system is
basically a vigesimal number
system. The use of 20 as
base is also found in later
civilizations such as the
Aztecs. However, the number
system of the Mayans was a
bit more complex in that they
used base 5 within the base
20.
However, the Mayans
actually had two number
systems.
1st, a system that used 5 as
its base and only represented
number from 1 up to 9.
2nd, a system that used 20
as its base and was used to
represent numbers starting
from 20.
Indian
Mathematics
BACKGROUND
The techniques of
trigonometry, algebra,
algorithm, square root, cube
root, negative numbers, and
the most significant decimal
system are concepts which
were discovered by Indian
mathematician from ancient
India and are employed
worldwide even today.
Indian geniuses have made
revolutionary changes in the
world of mathematics; let’s
find who they are and what exactly
did they contribute to
the world!
SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Aryabhata
He was the one to
discover the value the
number zero. He gave
the value of pi (π) up to
four decimals.
2. Brahmagupta
Fibonacci Identity,
Sine table, Pythagorean
Triples, Introduction
of ‘0’, First general formula
for solving quadratic
equations.
3. Bhaskara
Contributed in calculus
that is applied to
astronomical problems
and computations
4. Hemchandra
Fibonacci sequence,
Cadences of length n
5. Srinivasa
Ramanujan Contributed in analytical
theory of numbers
elliptic functions, ,
continued fractions, and
infinite series.
6. Satyendra Nath
Bose Quantum mechanics,
Bose-Einstein statistics
and the theory of
Bose Einstein condensate.
Chinese
Mathematics
BACKGROUND
Chinese society nourished long
before those Greece and Rome. In
1400 BCE, they were already
keeping records of astronomical
events on bone fragments and
already had a positional
numeration system that used 9
signs. However, with the scarcity of
reliable sources of information, the
history of the ancient orient was
almost completely sealed.
Additionally, preservation of books
in Ancient Chinese times was
difficult.
(There’s a story in 221 BCE, under
the Emperor Shin Huang-ti in
China, when he tried to destroy all
books of learning and nearly
succeeded. Fortunately, many
books are secretly hidden,
preserved and reproduced).
SIGNIFICANT BOOKS
1. "Suan Shu Shu" or "Book
on Numbers and
Computation" (written
between 202 BC and 186
BC and discovered on
December–January 1983–
1984)
(It consists of 69
mathematical problems
from a variety of sources.
The problems cover
elementary arithmetic;
fractions; inverse
proportion; factorization of
numbers; geometric
progressions. Each
problem has a question,
an answer, followed by a
method.)
2. "Jiuzhang Suanshu" or
"Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Arts"
(discovered on 150 BC)
(It is a practical handbook
of mathematics consisting
of 246 problems intended
to provide methods to be
used to solve everyday problems of
engineering,
surveying, trade and
taxation.)
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Chinese Rod Numerals - are
small bars that were used in
calculation. These are made
from shapes of counting rods.
- these are a true positional
numeral system with digits
for 1-9 and blank for 0 (475
BCE to the 16th Century). - it
is written in two positions,
vertical (called Zongs) and
horizontal (called Hengs). It
also represents integers
(negative and positive
numbers).
Islamic
Mathematics
BACKGR0UND
The Islamic Empire, which included
much of present-day Iran, Iraq,
Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Syria,
Afghanistan, Pakistan,
southwestern India, and northern
Africa and western Europe,
contributed significantly to the
development of mathematics. They
melded the mathematical
developments of ancient Greece
and India. Because of the Islamic
prohibition on depicting the human
form, structures were often
decorated with elaborate geometric
patterns, elevating mathematics to
the level of an art form.
Islamic artists eventually
uncovered all the 2-D symmetry
shapes. Islamic science and
mathematics flourished from the
ninth through the fifteenth century,
owing to the Quran's
encouragement of learning. The
House of Wisdom in Baghdad,
which began translating Greek and
Indian mathematical and
astronomical texts into Arabic in
the year 810, is widely credited for
advancing these fields in the
Islamic world. One of the most
accomplished early Muslim
mathematicians was Muhammad
Al-Khwarizmi, a Persian who lived
in the 9th century.
The Hindu numeral system (1
through 9 and 0) was embraced by
Al-most Khwarizmi because he saw
its potential to transform Islamic
(and, subsequently, Western)
mathematics. The entirety of the
Islamic world quickly embraced it,
followed by Europe. The concepts
of "reduction" and "balance" were
introduced by Al-Khwarizmi, and he
gave a detailed description of how
to solve polynomial equations up to
the second degree.
To help people see the big picture,
he contributed to the development
of the robust abstract
mathematical language in use
today.
1. Binomial Theorem
Al-mathematical Karaji's induction
proved the binomial theorem. (x +
y)2 is a binomial that can only be
added, subtracted, multiplied, and
exponentiated by positive whole
numbers. Expanding a binomial
forms Pascal's Triangle, named
after 17th-century French
mathematician Blaise Pascal. AlKaraji
had researched this triangle
centuries before Pascal in India,
Persia, China, and Italy.
2. Spherical Trigonometry
It is possible that Nasir Al-Din AlTusi,
a Persian astronomer,
physicist, and mathematician from
the 13th century, was the first to
study trigonometry as a distinct
mathematical subject from
astronomy. His work was the first
comprehensive explanation of
spherical trigonometry, and it built
on that of Greek mathematicians
like Menelaus of Alexandria and
Indian work on the sine function.
He also provided the first
enumeration of the six different
examples of a right triangle in
spherical trigonometry. Though the
sine law for spherical triangles had
been established earlier by 10th
century Persians Abul Wafa Buzjani
and Abu Nasr Mansur, one of his
main contributions to mathematics
was the formulation of the
renowned rule of sines for plane
triangles, a(sin A) = b(sin B) = c(sin
C).
Medieval
European
Mathematics
BACKGROUND
Much mathematics and astronomy
available in the 12th century was
written in Arabic, the European
learned Arabic. By the end of the
12th century, the best
mathematics was done in Christian
Italy. During this century there was
a scale of transition of Arabic works
in Latin.
Europe had fallen into the Dark
Ages, in which science,
mathematics and almost all
intellectual endeavor stagnated.
SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES AND
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Boethius – one of the most
influential early medieval
philosophers. His most
famous work, The
Consolation of Philosophy,
was most widely translated
the reproduced secular work
from the 8th century until the
end of Middle Ages.
Boethius’ Quadrivium: is a
four subject, or arts (namely
Arithmetic, Geometry, Music
and Astronomy), taught after
teaching the trivium.
2. Nicomachus of Gerasa – was
an important ancient
mathematician best known
for his work, “Introduction to
Arithmetic and Manual of
Harmonics in Greek.” He was
born in Gerasa, in the Roman
Province of Syria, and was
strongly influenced by
Aristotle. He was a
Neopythagorean who wrote
about the mystical properties
of numbers.
Arithmetic Sequence: an
arithmetic progression (AP) or
arithmetic sequence is a
sequence of numbers such
that the difference between
the consecutive terms is
constant.
3. Leonardo Pisano – is a better
known by his nickname
“Fibonacci”. He was an Italian
mathematician from the
Republic of Pisa, considered
to be “the most talented
western mathematician of
the Middle Ages” The name
he is commonly called,
Fibonacci, was made up in
1838 by the Franco-Italian
historian Guillaume Libri and
is short for filius Bonacci.
Fibonacci Sequence: is a
series of numbers in which
the next number is calculated
by adding the previous 2
numbers.
4. Nicole Oresme – also known
as Nicolas Oresme, was a
significant philosopher of the
later Middle Ages. Oresme was a
determined opponent
of Astrology, which he
attacked on religious and
scientific grounds. In De
proportionibus proportionum
(On Ratio of Ratios) Oresme
first fixed examined raising
rational number to rational
powers before extending his
work to include irrational
power. He first developed the
first proof of the divergence
(an infinite series that is not
convergent) of the harmonic
series.