CHAPTER 12

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometry comes from the Greek root words, “trigonon” meaning

triangle and “metria” meaning measure. The word trigonometry means
triangle measurement. Thus, most trigonometric applications involve solving
parts of a triangle if some parts are given.

12.1 Distance Formula

Objective: To define and apply the distance formula.

The distance between any two points on the plane is the length of the
line segment joining them. Let P1 x1, y1  and P2 x2 , y2  be any two points which
do not lie on one line parallel to any of the axes and let d be the distance
from P1 to P2 . The distance between any two points on a plane is derived
using the Pythagorean Theorem.

Looking at the figure below, the length of P1C is denoted by P1C  x2  x1 .

Likewise, the length of P2C is denoted by P2C  y2  y1 . By Pythagorean
Theorem,
2 2 2 2 2
P1P2  P1C  P2C  x2  x1  y2  y1
y
 d 2  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
2
P1P2

P2(x2,y2)
P1P2  d  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2 Y2

y2  y1
Remark 1 : x2  x1 2  x1  x2 2 d
 y2  y1 2   y1  y2 2 Y1
C(x2, x1)
P1 x1 , y1 

Therefore, we can also say that x

d x1  x2  2
  y1  y2  2 x1
x2  x1
x2

Remark 2: The distance d between any two distinct points on a plane is

always positive.

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Example a. Find the distance between P1 2,5 and P2 10,1.
d 10  22  1   52
d 82  62  64  36  10
 1  1 2
Example b. Find the distance between P 1,  , Q   , 
 2  2 3
PQ  1   12 2   12  23 2
2 2
 1  1 2
 1       
 2  2 3
3  3 4
2 2

    
2  6 
9 49
 
4 36
81  49 130
 
36 6

Example c. Find the distance d between the following points.

1) A (0,6), B (5,0) 4) P (-4,1), Q (0,4)
2) C (-3, -3), D (2,1)    
5) R 3, 12 , S 2, 32
3) E (-2,4), F (3,0) 6) U  41 , 15  , 13 , 14 

12.2 Measures of Angles and Arcs

Objectives: 1. To measure angles in degrees and in radians.

2. To change from degree measure to radian
measure of an angle and vice versa.
3. To define important terms related to measurement of
angles.

Definition 1. Angle: An angle is the union of 2 rays with a common end

point called the vertex of the angle. In trigonometry, an angle is formed
by rotating a ray about its vertex from the initial side to the terminal
side.
terminal side


initial side

250
Definition 2. Angle in Standard Position: When the vertex of an angle is
the origin of the coordinate plane and its initial side lies on the positive
x-axis, the angle is said to be in standard position. AOB is in the
standard position.

O A

Definition 3. Angle Measure : The measure of an angle is the amount of

rotation of a ray from the initial side to the terminal side. If the angle is
formed by a counterclockwise rotation, its measure is positive. If an
angle is formed by a clockwise rotation, its measure is negative.

Definition 4. Degree : The unit of angle measure is degree.

One full counterclockwise rotation measures 360

One full clockwise rotation measures - 360 .
The terminal and the initial side of the angle coincides
under a full rotation.

Definition 5. Central Angle : In a circle, the central angle is an angle whose

vertex is the center of the circle and whose sides are radii of the circle.

 B
o

Central Angle θ Arc AB

Definition 6. Arc : Given two distinct points A and B on the circle, the part
of the circle from A to B is called an arc, denoted by arc AB.

Definition 7. Radian : When a central angle of a circle intercepts an arc that

has the same length as the radius of the circle, the measure of this
angle is 1 radian (1 rad).

Definition 8. Arc Length : In a circle of radius r, the length of an arc

intercepted by the central angle  in radians, is the arc length s.

251
 s
s  r  s
r 
r

Definition 9. Unit Circle : A unit circle is a circle whose radius is one unit.

Definition 10. Angle Measure in Radius  r  : The measure of the angle in

radians is the length of the arc which this angle intercepts on a unit
circle.

12.3 Conversion of Angle Measures from Degrees to Radians and from

Radians to Degrees.

If  is a complete counterclockwise rotation of a ray, then  = 2  radians.

 = 2  radians = 360 or  rad = 180


To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees by .
180
 
For instance, 90   radians
180 2

180
To convert from radians to degrees, multiply the number of radians by .

 180
For instance,   45
4 

Example a. Express each angle measure in radians.

1) 150 2) 450 3) 1350 4) 1500 5) 2250

Example b. Express each angle measure in degrees.

 2 7 4 11
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
6 3 6 3 6

12.4 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

Objectives:
1. To evaluate the trigonometric functions of special angles.
2. To evaluate the trigonometric functions  in a given right
triangle.
3. To derive the six fundamental trigonometric identities.

252
 Given a right triangle ABC with sides a, b, c, and angle  .

B With respect to  , a is the opposite side

b is the adjacent side
c is the hypotenuse.
a c
θ
C b A

12.4.1 Trigonometric Functions of 

opposite side a
sine θ  sin   
hypotenuse c

adjacent side b
cosine θ  cos   
hypotenuse c

opposite side a
tangent θ  tan  
adjacent side b

adjacent side b
cotangent θ  cot   
opposite side a

hypotenuse c
secant θ  sec  
adjacent side b

hypotenuse c
cosecant θ  csc  
opposite side a

Find the trigonometric functions of  based on the given figure.

Example a. Given ABC with sides 5, 4, 3

A

4 5

B 3 C

253
 Give the trigonometric functions of 
4 5
sin   csc 
5 4
3 5
cos   sec 
5 3
4 3
tan  cot  
3 4

Example b. Given DEF with sides 5,12, x.

12 x

D 5 F

Find x and the trigonometric functions of 

Solution: By Pythagorean theorem, we have

x 122  52  144  25  169

x  13

12 13
sin   csc 
13 12
5 13
cos   sec 
13 5
12 5
tan  cot  
5 12

12.5 Trigonometric Identities

A. Pythagorean Identities
The identities derived in this section are called Pythagorean
identities because we derive these identities using the Pythagorean
theorem.

Given ABC with sides x, y, r and angle  , make the appropriate

substitution of the different trigonometric functions of θ in the
Pythagorean Theorem.

254
 A

r
y

B
C x

with respect to 
y = opposite side
x = adjacent side
r = hypotenuse

The trigonometric functions of  are the following

y r
sin   csc 
r y
x r
cos   sec 
r x
y x
tan  cot  
x y

From the Pythagorean theorem we have

x2  y 2  r 2
Dividing both sides of the equation by r 2 , gives
x2 y2 r 2
 
r2 r2 r2
2 2
 x  y
    1
r r

y x
Since sin   and cos  , then
r r

sin 2  cos 2  1 or sin 2   cos 2   1 (1)

From (1), we can also write

sin 2   1  cos 2  and cos 2   1  sin 2 

255
To get the second identity, we divide both sides of the equation
x2  y 2  r 2 by x2

x2 y2 r2
 
x2 x2 x2
Therefore
2 2
 y r
1     
x  x

y r
Since tan  and sec  , then
x x

1  tan 2  sec 2 or 1  tan2   sec2  (2)

From (2), we can write

tan 2  sec 2  1 and sec2   tan2   1

To derive the third trigonometric identity, we divide both sides of the

equation
x2  y 2  r 2 by y 2 .
Then,
x2 y2 r 2
 
y2 y2 y2
2 2
x r
   1   
 y  y
Since
x r
cot   and csc 
y y
then

cot  2  1  csc 2 or cot 2   1  csc2  (3)

From (3), we can also write

cot  2  csc 2  1 and csc2   cot 2   1

256
Let us look again at our formulas:

y r
sin   csc 
r y
x r
cos   sec 
r x
y x
tan  cot  
x y

Since sin  and cscθ are reciprocals of each other, then

.
1 1
sin   or csc  or sin  csc  1
csc sin  (4)

Likewise, cos  and secθ are reciprocals of each other, then

.
1 1 (5)
cos  or sec  or cos  sec  1
sec cos

Since tan and cot  are also reciprocals of each other, then

1 1 (6)
tan  or cot   or tan cot   1
cot  tan

We can also observe that

y x
y sin  x cos 
tan   r  , cot    r 
x x cos y y sin 
r r

Therefore,

sin  cos  (7)

tan  and cot  
cos  sin 

257
12.6 Proving Trigonometric Identities

Objective: To prove trigonometric identities.

The process of verifying that one side of an equation is equal to the other
side is known as proving identities. This is done by transforming one side at
a time by means of a series of substitutions the fundamental trigonometric
identities until it is equal to the other side. In some cases, it is easier to
prove an identity by transforming both sides separately but simultaneously
until both sides reduces to identical expressions.

Note that to prove a trigonometric identity we transform the more

complicated side of the identity until it is equal to the other side.

Examples:

cos  tan  sec

a. Prove :   sin 
sec  tan

Solution :
The more complicated form is the left side.
sin  1
cos  
cos  tan  sec cos cos
 , Express tan  and sec
sec  tan 1 sin   in terms of sin  and

cos cos cosθ.

cos 2   sin   1
 , Multiply both numerator
1  sin 
and denominator by cos  .

 sin 2   sin 
 , Since cos2  = 1- sin2
1  sin 

 sin  sin   1

1  sin 

  sin 

cos  tan  sec

Therefore,   sin 
sec  tan

258
 1 1
b. Prove : 2 tan  
sec  tan sec  tan

Solution : The more complicated side is the right side.

1

1

1

1
, Epress sec 
sec  tan sec  tan 1 sin  1 sin 
  and tan  in
cos  cos  cos  cos 
terms of sin 

1

1 and cos  .
1  sin  1  sin 
cos  cos 

cos cos
= 
1  sin  1  sin 

cos 1  sin    cos 1  sin  

=
1  sin 2 

=
cos  cos sin   cos  sin  cos
, Since cos2  = 1 – sin2 
cos 2 

2 sin  cos 
=
cos 2 

2 sin 
=
cos 
sin 
= 2 tan , Since tan 
cos

1 1
Therefore,   2 tan
sec  tan sec  tan

259
 tan x  cot x
c. Prove:  1  2 cos 2 x
tan x  cot x
Solution:
sin x cos x
 Express tan x and cot x in
tan x  cot x cos x sin x
 terms of sin x and cos x.
tan x  cot x sin x cos x

cos x sin x

sin 2 x  cos 2 x
sin x cos x Multiply both numerator
 and denominator by
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
sinx cosx.
sin x cos x

sin 2 x  cos 2 x

sin 2 x  cos 2 x

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x since sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1

= 1 – cos2 x – cos2 x

= 1 – 2cos2 x

tan x  cot x
Therefore,  1  2 cos 2 x
tan x  cot x

1  sec cos  1
d. Prove : 
1  sec cos  1

Solution :
1
1 Express sec  in
1  sec cos terms of cos  .

1  sec 1
1
cos
cos   1
 cos  Multiply both numerator
cos   1
and denominator by cos θ
cos 

cos   1

cos   1

260
 1  sec cos  1
Therefore, 
1  sec cos  1

sin  1  cos
e. Prove :   2 csc  2 cot 
1  cos sin 

Solution :
sin  1  cos sin 2   1  cos  1  cos 
  ,
1  cos sin  1  cos  sin

sin 2   1  cos 2 

1  cos  sin

1  cos 2   1  cos 2 
 , since sin2  = 1- cos2
1  cos  sin

2  2 cos 2 

1  cos  sin 



2 1  cos 2  
1  cos  sin 
2 1  cos  1  cos 

1  cos  sin 

2 1  cos 
 ,
sin 

2 2 cos
  , distributing the denominator
sin  sin 
1
since csc  and
sin 
= 2csc  -2cot  cos 
cot  
sin 

sin  1  cos 
Therefore,   2 csc  2 cot 
1  cos  sin 

261
 Exercise

Prove each of the following identities.

1. csc  sin  cot  cos 11. sec  tan sin   cos

2. tan x sin x  sec x  cos x 12. sin x  cos x cot x  csc x

1  sin  cos
3.  13. tan x  cot x cot x  csc2 x
cos 1  sin 

csc x  1 cot x sin x cos x

4.  14 .  1
cot x csc x  1 csc x sec x

sin 2 x sin x  tan x

5.  1  cos x 15.  sin x
1  cos x 1  sec x

1  cos 
 csc  cot  
sin x sec x
 1  cos 2 x 16.
2
6.
tan x  cot x 1  cos 

csc x 1  cot x
7. tan  cot   sec csc 17. 
sec x 1  tan x

tan 2   sin 2 
8. sin xcot x  csc x   1  cos x  18.  tan 2 
sin 
2

1 cot 2  tan 2 
9. 19.  
sin 2   cos 2  1  cot 2  1  tan 2 

csc2  1  cos 2 
10. 20. csc2   tan 2   
sec2   tan 2  cos 2 

262
 WORKSHEET 23
Proving Trigonometric Identities

Name ____________________________ Section ______Date _____Score ______

Prove the following.

1. csc   1sin    cos 

2 2 2

1  sin  cos  2
2.  
cos  1  sin  cos 

cos x
3.  1  sin x
sec x  tan x

1  cot 2 x 1
4. 
csc x sin x

5) tan  sec  2  1  sin 

1  sin 

263
12.7 The Unit Circle and the Trigonometric Functions

II B (0,1) I

R=1
r=1
yy

C(-1,0) 0 x A(1,0)

III IV

D (0,-1)

In the figure above, ray OA passes through the point (1,0) and makes
an angle of 0˚ with the positive x-axis. The ray OB passes through (0,1) and
makes an angle of 90˚ with the positive x-axis. The ray OC passes through (-
1,0) and makes an angle of 180˚ with the positive x-axis. The ray OD passes
through (0,-1) and makes an angle of 270˚ with the positive x-axis.

From the unit circle above, we have the trigonometric ratios in

simplified form.

y y 1
sin    y csc 
r 1 y
x x 1
cos     x sec 
r 1 x
y x
tan  cot  
x y

264
12.7.1 Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles and Quadrantal
Angles

From the unit circle, we can derive the trigonometric functions of

special angles like 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 180, 270, 360.

y
B(0,1)

r =1 y
C (-1,0)  A(1,0) x
O x

D (0, -1)

1 1
sin 0  y  0 csc 0   undefined
y 0
1 1
cos 0  x  1 sec 0    1
x 1

y 0 x 1
tan 0   0 cot 0   undefined
x 1 y 0

1 1
sin 90  y  1 csc 90   1
y 1

1 1
cos 90  x  0 sec 90   undefined
x 0

y 1 x 0
tan 90   undefined cot 90   0
x 0 y 1

265
 1 1
sin 180  y  0 csc 180   undefined
y 0

1 1
cos 180  x  1 sec 180    1
x 1

y 0 x 1
tan 180   0 cot 180   undefined
x 1 y 0

1 1
sin 270  y  1 csc 270    1
y 1

1 1
cos 270  x  0 sec 270   undefined
x 0

y 1 x 0
tan 270   undefined cot 270   0
x 0 y 1

1 1
sin 360  y  0 csc 360   undefined
y 0

1 1
cos 360  x  1 sec 360   1
x 1

y 0 x 1
tan 360   0 cot 360   undefined
x 1 y 0

266
 From the unit circle, we can derive the trigonometric functions of 30.

y
B(0,1)

E
r =1 y
C (-1,0) x A(1,0) x
O
F

D (0, -1)

In the unit circle above, m AOE is 30 .  FOE is an equilateral

triangle.

AE = y = ½ . We solve for x by Pythagorean Theorem.

2
1
r x y
2 2 2
 1  x  
2 2
2
1
1  x2
4
3 3 3
x2   x 
4 4 2

1 1
sin 30  y  csc 30  2
2 y

3 1 2 2 3
cos 30  x  sec 30   or
2 x 3 3

y 1 3 1 3 x
tan 30     or cot 30   3
x 2 2 3 3 y

267
 From the unit circle, we can also derive the trigonometric functions of
60.

y B(0,1)
E

r =1 y
C (-1,0) x A(1,0) x
O

D (0, -1)

In the unit circle above, m AOE is 60 .  AOE is an equilateral

1
triangle. Since AO = 2x or AO = 1, we have 2x = 1 or x = .
2
We solve for y by Pythagorean Theorem.
E
2
1 1
12     y 2  y2  1 
2 4
1 y 1
3 3
y2   y x
4 4
1 1
3 2 2
y
2

3 1 2 2 3
sin 60  y  csc 60   or
2 y 3 3

1 1
cos 60  x  sec 60  2
2 x

y 3 1 x 1 3
tan 60     3 cot 60   or
x 2 2 y 3 3

268
 Using the unit circle, we can also derive the trigonometric functions of
45.

Y B(0,1)

r =1y
C (-1,0) x G A(1,0) x
O y
r=1
F

D (0, -1)

In the unit circle above, m AOE is 45 .  FOE is an isosceles right

triangle.

We solve for y by Pythagorean Theorem.

2 y 2  12  12  4y2  2

2 2 2
y2   y 
4 4 2

2
Since  GOE is also an isosceles right triangle, x = y = .
2
Therefore,

2
sin 45  cos 45  , sec 45  csc 45  2 , tan 45  cot 45  1
2

269
 Table of Values of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions
of Special Angles

    2 3 5
r 0 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
1 2 3 3 2 1
sin  0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 1 2 3
cos  1 0 - - - -1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
tan  0 1 3 undefined - 3 -1 - 0
3 3

12.7.2 Signs of Trigonometric Functions of Angles.

From the unit circle, we can also determine the algebraic signs of
trigonometric functions of angles.
y
II B(0,1) I
(-x, y) (x, y)

r =1 y
C (-1,0)  A(1,0) x
O x

III IV
(-x,-y) (x,-y)
D (0, -1)

Table of Signs of Trigonometric Functions of Angles in Four Quadrants

Quadrant I II III IV

Function
sin  + + - -
cos  + - - +
tan  + - + -
cot  + - + -
sec  + - - +
csc  + + - -

270
 In the first quadrant, x and y are both positive, therefore all
trigonometric functions are positive.

In the second quadrant, x is negative while y is positive, therefore only

the sine and cosecant functions are positive.

In the third quadrant, x and y are both negative, therefore only the
tangent and cotangent functions are positive.

In the fourth quadrant, x is positive while y is negative, therefore only

the cosine and secant functions are positive.

Example a. Write the signs of each of the following trigonometric functions

on the blank before each number.

____ 1. sin 91 ____ 6. csc 190

____ 2. cos 47 ____ 7. cos 130
____ 3. tan 225 ____ 8. tan 315
____ 4. cot 110 ____ 9. sec 78
____ 5. sec 300 ____10. csc155

Example b. In what quadrant is the terminal side of  located for each of

the given conditions.

Conditions Quadrant
1. sin  is + and cos  is + _______

2. sin  is - and cos  is - _______

3. tan  is + and cos  is - _______

4. cot  is - and cos  is + _______

5. sec  is - and csc  is + _______

6. csc  is - and sec  is - _______

7. tan  is - and sin  is - _______

8. cot  is - and cos  is - _______

9. sin  is + and sec  is - _______

10. cos  is - and csc  is - _______

271
Example c. If the terminal side of angle  is in the second quadrant, and sin
3
 is , find the values of the other trigonometric functions of
5
.

Solution 1 Solution 2

From the trigonometric identity We can also construct a reference

sin 2   cos 2   1 triangle on the second quadrant with
hypotenuse r = 5 and y = 3. by
Pythagorean theorem, we find the
cos  =  1 sin 2 
value of x.
2 52  x 2  y 2
3 5
cos  =  1    25 = x 2  9
5 3
θ
9 16
cos  =  1  =  x 2  25  9  16 x
25 25
x =  16  4 But we take only
4
cos  =  , But we take only x = - 4 since the terminal side of
5
angle  is in the second
4
cos  =  since the terminal quadrant.
5
side of θ is in the second quadrant. Therefore cos  = 
4
.
5

The values of the other trigonometric functions of  are as follows:

3 4 5 5
tan    , cot    , sec    , csc  
4 3 4 3

Exercises

Given in standard position, give the required values in the following

problems.

1. If the terminal side of angle  in standard position is in the first

1
quadrant, and tan  is , find the values of the other trigonometric
3
functions of  .

272
2. If the terminal side of angle  in standard position is in the fourth
2
quadrant, and csc  is , find the values of the other trigonometric
3
functions of  .

3. If the terminal side of the angle  in standard position is in the third

quadrant and sec  = 2 find the values of the other trigonometric functions
of  .

4. If the terminal side of  in standard position is in the first quadrant and

csc  = 3, find the values of the other trigonometric fu7ntions of  .

5. If the terminal side of  in standard position is in the second quadrant and

1
cos  = 3 , find the values of the other trigonometric functions of  .
2

6. If the terminal side of  in standard position is in the third quadrant and

5
tan  is , find the values of the other trigonometric functions of  .
6

7. If the terminal side of  in standard position is in the fourth quadrant and

sec  = 2, find the values of the other trigonometric functions of  .

8. If the terminal side of  in standard position is in the second quadrant

2
and sin  = , find the values of the other trigonometric functions of  .
3

12.8 Trigonometric Functions of Complementary Angles.

A
 A and  B are complemntary angles.
ie., A  B  90

b c

C B
a

273
 a b c c
SinA  sin B  csc A  csc B 
c c a b
b a c c
cos A  cos B  sec A  sec B 
c c b a
a b b a
tan A  tan B  cot A  cot B 
b a a b

We can observe that for complementary angles A and B,

sin A = cos B tan A = cot B sec A = csc B
cos A = sin B cot A = tan B csc A = sec B

Examples:
1. sin 30  cos 60
2. csc 30  sec 60
3. tan 38  cot 52

Exercises

Find the value of A given the following conditions.

1. sin A  cos 77

2. cos A  sin 33

3. tan A  cot 15

4. cot 2 A  tan 70

5. sec 3 A  csc 30

6. csc 4 A  sec 80

274
12.9 Addition and Reduction Formulas

Let u and v be angles such that u > v, then we have the following
addition formulas:

1. cos u  v   cos u cos v  sin u sin v

2. cos u  v   cos u cos v  sin u sin v
3. sin u  v   sin u cos v  cos u sin v
4. sin u  v   sin u cos v  cos u sin v
tan u  tan v
5. tan u  v  
1  tan u tan v
tan u  tan v
6. tan u  v  
1  tan u tan v

Reduction Formulas:
1. sin   v   sin v 4. sin   v    sin v
2. cos   v    cos v 5. cos   v    cos v
3. tan   v    tan v 6. tan   v   tan v

12.10 Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas: If u = v, then we have

1. sin 2u  2 sin u cos u

2. cos 2u  cos 2 u  sin 2 u or 2 cos 2 u  1  cos 2u or 1  2 sin 2 u  cos 2u
u 1  cos u
3. sin 
2 2

u 1  cos u
4. cos 
2 2
u sin u u 1  cos u
5. tan  or tan 
2 1  cos u 2 sin u

275
Examples:

Derive the value of the following functions using the above formulas.

a. sin 15  sin 45  30 

 sin 45 cos 30  cos 45 sin 30
2 3 2 1
    
2  2  2  2 
6 2 6 2
sin 15   
4 4 4

b. sin 105  sin 60  45 

 sin 60 cos 45  cos 60 sin 45
3 2  1 2 
    
2  2  2  2 
6 2 6 2
sin 105   
4 4 4
c. cos 15  cos 45  30 
  

 cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30

2 3 2 1
    
2  2  2  2 
6 2 6 2
cos 15   
4 4 4


d . cos 150   cos 90   60  
 cos 90  cos 60   sin 90  sin 60 
 1   3 
 0    1
 2   2 
3
cos 150   
2

276
e. tan120  tan 60  60  
tan 60  tan 60 


1  tan 60 tan 60  
3 3

1 3 3   
2 3 2 3
tan120    3
1 3  2

  
f . cos 120  cos 2 60
 cos 60   sin 60 
 2  2

2
 1   3 
2

   
 2   2 
1 3 2 1
cos 120    
4 4 4 2


g. sin 60  sin 2 30  
 2 sin 30 cos 30 


 1   3 
 2   
 2   2 
3
sin 60 
2
 90 
h. cos 45  cos 


 2 
1  cos 90

2
1 0

2
1 2 2
cos 45   
2 2 2

277
 Exercises

Derive the value of the following using the formulas.


1. tan15  tan 45  30 

2. cos 105  cos 60  45 

3. sin 75  sin 45  30 

4. cos 120  cos 60  60 

5. cos 135  cos 90  45 

6. cos 180  cos 90  90 
Use any formula.

7. sin 150 

8. tan105 

9. cos 75 

10. sin 170 

278
 WORKSHEET 24
Trigonometric Functions of Angles and Addition Formulas

Name ____________________________ Section ______Date _____Score ______

3
1. If the terminal side of angle  is in the second quadrant and cos  
5
, find the other trigonometric functions of  .

 12
2. If the terminal side of angle  is in the fourth quadrant and sin  
13
, find the other trigonometric functions of  .

3. Derive the values of the following functions by using the formulas:

 
a) cos 90  cos 45  45  cos 2 45   

 
b) sin 120  sin 60  60  sin 2 60   


c) tan 135  tan 90  45 


d ) tan 105  tan 45  60 


e) sin 15  sin 60  45 


f ) tan 150  tan 180  30 


g ) cos 15  cos 60  45 

 30 
h) sin 15  sin 


 2 

279
12.11The Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Objectives: 1. To determine the positions of important arcs on a unit

circle.
2. To graph the sine, cosine and tangent functions over a
given interval.
12.11.1Position of Important Arcs on a Unit Circle
y 
2
3 
4 4

 0 x
2

5 7
4 4
3
2

2 y 2 
3 3
5

6
6

 0
x
2

7
11
6
6

5
4
3
3
280
 The values of trigonometric functions of special arcs can be derived
using congruent triangles. The sign of each function will depend on the
quadrant where the arc is located.

The trigonometric functions can be graphed on the Cartesian

Coordinate System with x representing the values of the angles and y
representing the values of the trigonometric functions.

After one complete clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, the values

of the sine and cosine function repeat, thus the graph of sine and cosine
functions are completed within a period of 2 and repeat within the next
period of length 2 . The sine and cosine functions are therefore called
periodic functions.

10.11.2 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

To sketch the graphs the sine and cosine functions, refer to the table of
values of below
X 0   3  5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
sin x 0 2 1 2 0  2 -1  2 0
2 2 2 2
cos x 1 2 0  2 -1  2 0 2 1
2 2 2 2

y
y  cos x
1

y  sin x
x
  3
2
2 2
-1

12.11.3 Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Function

According to our table of values of trigonometric functions, tangent is

 3
not defined for    ,  , ... As  approaches these values, the value of
2 2
281
tan  increases or decreases without bound. The tangent function is
discontinuous since its graph has breaks. One complete graph of the
tangent function is formed within a period of  . After this period, the graph
of the tangent function repeats.

To graph the tangent and cotangent functions, refer to the table of values
below.

  3  5 3 7 2
X 0 4 2 4 4 2 4

ta 1 1
n 0 1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0
x undefine 1 undefine
d d
cot 1 1 1
x 0 1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0
undefine undefine 1 undefine
d d d

y y  tan y  cot 


   3 2
2 -1 2 2

-2

-3

We can observe that the graph of the cotangent function above has the
same period as the tangent function but it is continuous over the interval
0   .

282
 Exercises

1. Sketch the graph of y = sin  over the interval  2    2 .

2. a) Sketch the graph of y = sin  over the interval 0    4 .

b) Sketch the graph of y = csc  over the interval 0    4 .

3. Sketch the graph of y = cos  over the interval  2    2 .

 3
4. a) Sketch the graph of y = cos  over the interval   .
2 2

 3
b) Sketch the graph of y = sec  over the interval   .
2 2

 3
5. Sketch the graph of y = tan  over the interval   .
2 2

6. Sketch the graph of y = cot  over the interval       .

283